1
|
Grillo AR. Polygene by environment interactions predicting depressive outcomes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024:e33000. [PMID: 39012198 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.33000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a major public health problem with a continued need to uncover its etiology. Current models of depression contend that gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions influence depression risk, and further, that depression is polygenic. Thus, recent models have emphasized two polygenic approaches: a hypothesis-driven multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS; "MGPS × E") and a polygenic risk score (PRS; "PRS × E") derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This review for the first time synthesizes current knowledge on polygene by environment "P × E" interaction research predicting primarily depression-related outcomes, and in brief, neurobiological outcomes. The "environment" of focus in this project is stressful life events. It further discusses findings in the context of differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress theories-two major theories guiding G × E work. This synthesis indicates that, within the MGPS literature, polygenic scores based on the serotonin system, the HPA axis, or across multiple systems, interact with environmental stress exposure to predict outcomes at multiple levels of analyses and most consistently align with differential susceptibility theory. Depressive outcomes are the most studied, but neuroendocrine, and neuroimaging findings are observed as well. By contrast, vast methodological differences between GWAS-based PRS studies contribute to mixed findings that yield inconclusive results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra R Grillo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gueltzow M, Lahtinen H, Bijlsma MJ, Myrskylä M, Martikainen P. Genetic propensity to depression and the role of partnership status. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351:116992. [PMID: 38772210 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Social relationships and genetic propensity are known to affect depression risk, but their joint effects are poorly understood. This study examined the association of a polygenic index for depression with time to antidepressant (AD) purchasing and the moderating role of partnership status. We analysed data from 30,192 Finnish individuals who participated in the FINRISK and Health 2000 and 2011 surveys and had register and medication data available. We measured genetic risk with a polygenic index (PGI) for depression. Depression was assessed through antidepressant purchases. We estimated an accelerated failure time model with partnership status as time-varying and different sets of confounder adjustments. The predicted cumulative hazard of antidepressant purchasing varied across PGI and partnership status. At follow-up year 10, being widowed was associated with the largest cumulative hazard of 0.34 (95%CI: 0.28-0.39) in the 80th and 0.20 (95%CI: 0.17-0.23) in the 20th PGI percentile, followed by divorced, single, married and cohabiting. Cohabiting was associated with a cumulative hazard of 0.19 (95%CI: 0.16-0.23) in the 80th and 0.11 (95%CI: 0.1-0.13) in the 20th PGI percentile. We found no evidence for an interaction between the PGI and partnership status. Results were robust to different model specifications, gender stratification, and the choice of PGI. Although antidepressant purchasing correlated with both PGI and partnership status, we found no evidence that partnership status could partially offset or amplify the association between the PGI for depression and antidepressant purchasing incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gueltzow
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Lahtinen
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarten J Bijlsma
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; Unit PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, and -Economics (PTEE), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Armitage JM, Wootton RE, Davis OSP, Haworth CMA. An exploration into the causal relationships between educational attainment, intelligence, and wellbeing: an observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 3:23. [PMID: 38724617 PMCID: PMC11082190 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-024-00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Educational attainment is associated with a range of positive outcomes, yet its impact on wellbeing is unclear, and complicated by high correlations with intelligence. We use genetic and observational data to investigate for the first time, whether educational attainment and intelligence are causally and independently related to wellbeing. Results from our multivariable Mendelian randomisation demonstrated a positive causal impact of a genetic predisposition to higher educational attainment on wellbeing that remained after accounting for intelligence, and a negative impact of intelligence that was independent of educational attainment. Observational analyses suggested that these associations may be subject to sex differences, with benefits to wellbeing greater for females who attend higher education compared to males. For intelligence, males scoring more highly on measures related to happiness were those with lower intelligence. Our findings demonstrate a unique benefit for wellbeing of staying in school, over and above improving cognitive abilities, with benefits likely to be greater for females compared to males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Armitage
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - R E Wootton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - O S P Davis
- Bristol Medical School (PHS), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C M A Haworth
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rauf T, Freese J. Genetic influences on depression and selection into adverse life experiences. Soc Sci Med 2024; 344:116633. [PMID: 38324978 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies find that a large number of genetic variants jointly influence the risk of depression, which is summarized by polygenic indices (PGIs) of depressive symptoms and major depression. But PGIs by design remain agnostic about the causal mechanisms linking genes to depression. Meanwhile, the role of adverse life experiences in shaping depression risk is well-documented, including via gene-environment correlation. Building on theoretical work on dynamic and contingent genetic selection, we suggest that genetic influences may lead to differential selection into negative life experiences, forging gene-environment correlations that manifest in various permutations of depressive behaviors and environmental adversities. We also examine the extent to which apparent genetic influences may reflect spurious associations due to factors such as indirect genetic effects. Using data from two large surveys of middle-aged and older US adults, we investigate to what extent a PGI of depression predicts the risk of 27 different adversities. Further, to glean insights about the kinds of processes that might lead to gene-environment correlation, we augment these analyses with data from an original preregistered survey to measure cultural understandings of the behavioral dependence of various adversities. We find that the PGI predicts the risk of majority of adversities, net of class background and prior depression, and that the selection risk is greater for adversities typically perceived as being dependent on peoples' own behaviors. Taken together, our findings suggest that the PGI of depression largely picks up the risk of behaviorally-influenced adversities, but to a lesser degree also captures other environmental influences. The results invite further exploration into the behavioral and interactional processes that lie along the pathways intervening between genetic differences and wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamkinat Rauf
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peter HL, Giglberger M, Streit F, Frank J, Kreuzpointner L, Rietschel M, Kudielka BM, Wüst S. Association of polygenic scores for depression and neuroticism with perceived stress in daily life during a long-lasting stress period. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12872. [PMID: 37876358 PMCID: PMC10733580 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors contribute significantly to interindividual differences in the susceptibility to stress-related disorders. As stress can also be conceptualized as environmental exposure, controlled gene-environment interaction (GxE) studies with an in-depth phenotyping may help to unravel mechanisms underlying the interplay between genetic factors and stress. In a prospective-longitudinal quasi-experimental study, we investigated whether polygenic scores (PGS) for depression (DEP-PGS) and neuroticism (NEU-PGS), respectively, were associated with responses to chronic stress in daily life. We examined law students (n = 432) over 13 months. Participants in the stress group experienced a long-lasting stress phase, namely the preparation for the first state examination for law students. The control group consisted of law students without particular stress exposure. In the present manuscript, we analyzed perceived stress levels assessed at high frequency and in an ecologically valid manner by ambulatory assessments as well as depression symptoms and two parameters of the cortisol awakening response. The latter was only assessed in a subsample (n = 196). No associations between the DEP-PGS and stress-related variables were found. However, for the NEU-PGS we found a significant GxE effect. Only in individuals experiencing academic stress a higher PGS for neuroticism predicted stronger increases of perceived stress levels until the exam. At baseline, a higher NEU-PGS was associated with higher perceived stress levels in both groups. Despite the small sample size, we provide preliminary evidence that the genetic disposition for neuroticism is associated with stress level increases in daily life during a long-lasting stress period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Peter
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | | | - Stefan Wüst
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rauf T. Differential sensitivity to adversity by income: Evidence from a study of Bereavement. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 115:102920. [PMID: 37858363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Adverse life events are often understood as having negative consequences for mental health via objective hardships, which are worse for persons with less income. But adversity can also affect mental health via more subjective mechanisms, and here, it is possible that persons with higher income will exhibit greater psychological sensitivity to negative events, for various reasons. Drawing on multiple sociological literatures, this article theorizes potential mechanisms of increasing sensitivity with income. The proposition of differential sensitivity is tested using the strategic case of spousal and parental bereavement among older US adults. The analyses find consistent evidence of increasing sensitivity of depressive symptoms with income. A series of robustness checks indicate that findings are not due to endogenous or antecedent selection. Further, exploratory analyses of mechanisms suggest that higher sensitivity among the affluent was driven by greater expectations and better relationship quality with the deceased. These findings problematize the conceptualization and assessment of human suffering in economically stratified societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamkinat Rauf
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cleary JL, Fang Y, Zahodne LB, Bohnert ASB, Burmeister M, Sen S. Polygenic Risk and Social Support in Predicting Depression Under Stress. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:139-145. [PMID: 36628515 PMCID: PMC10355168 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite substantial progress in identifying genomic variation associated with major depression, the mechanisms by which genomic and environmental factors jointly influence depression risk remain unclear. Genomically conferred sensitivity to the social environment may be one mechanism linking genomic variation and depressive symptoms. The authors assessed whether social support affects the likelihood of depression development differently across the spectrum of genomic risk in two samples that experienced substantial life stress: 1,011 first-year training physicians (interns) in the Intern Health Study (IHS) and 435 recently widowed Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants. METHODS Participants' depressive symptoms and social support were assessed with questionnaires that were administered before and after the life stressor. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for major depressive disorder were calculated for both samples. RESULTS Depressive symptom scores increased by 126% after the start of internship in the IHS sample and by 34% after widowing in the HRS sample. There was an interaction between depression PRS and change in social support in the prediction of depressive symptoms in both the IHS sample (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.96, 95% CI=0.93, 0.98) and the HRS sample (IRR=0.78, 95% CI=0.66, 0.92), with higher depression PRS associated with greater sensitivity to changes in social support. Johnson-Neyman intervals indicated a crossover effect, with losses and gains in social support moderating the effect of PRS on depressive symptoms. (Johnson-Neyman interval in the IHS sample, -0.02, 0.71; in the HRS sample, -0.49, 1.92). CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that individuals with high genomic risk for developing increased depressive symptoms under adverse social conditions also benefit more from nurturing social environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cleary
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| | - Laura B Zahodne
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| | - Amy S B Bohnert
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| | - Srijan Sen
- Department of Psychology (Cleary, Zahodne), Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (Cleary, Fang, Burmeister, Sen), VA Center for Clinical Management Research (Bohnert), and Department of Anesthesiology (Bohnert), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Burmeister)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Belsky); Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Palo Alto, Calif. (Domingue)
| | - Benjamin W Domingue
- Department of Epidemiology and Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Belsky); Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Palo Alto, Calif. (Domingue)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Furuya S, Fletcher JM, Zhao Z, Sun Z, Lu Q. Detecting genetic heterogeneities in response to trauma: The case of 9/11. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:100044. [PMID: 36688949 PMCID: PMC9854267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates genetic heterogeneities in response to trauma among U.S. young adults. Using Add Health Wave III, which coincidently overlapped with the September 11 attacks, and a depression mean and variance polygenic scores, we investigate how the polygenic scores moderate the causal effect of 9/11 on mental health. Our results show the presence of genetic heterogeneity, where those with high genetic plasticity experience an increase in depressive symptoms following trauma while those with low genetic plasticity do not. While the documented differences in reactions to trauma are important, we also note our ability to predict responses based only on genetic measures are too imprecise to identify susceptible clinical patients. We, therefore, contend that the expected benefits from genetic screening to identify susceptible individuals after trauma are limited. Our results provide novel evidence of a specific source of an additional heterogeneity contributing to the inequality of health following trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Furuya
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Sociology, USA
| | - Jason M. Fletcher
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Sociology, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, La Follette School of Public Affairs, USA
| | - Zijie Zhao
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, USA
| | - Zhongxuan Sun
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genetic and psychosocial stressors have independent effects on the level of subclinical psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e68. [PMID: 36165168 PMCID: PMC9533114 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Gene x environment (G×E) interactions, i.e. genetic modulation of the sensitivity to environmental factors and/or environmental control of the gene expression, have not been reliably established regarding aetiology of psychotic disorders. Moreover, recent studies have shown associations between the polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRS-SZ) and some risk factors of psychotic disorders, challenging the traditional gene v. environment dichotomy. In the present article, we studied the role of GxE interaction between psychosocial stressors (childhood trauma, stressful life-events, self-reported discrimination experiences and low social capital) and the PRS-SZ on subclinical psychosis in a population-based sample. METHODS Data were drawn from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, in which subjects without psychotic disorders were included in six countries. The sample was restricted to European descendant subjects (n = 706). Subclinical dimensions of psychosis (positive, negative, and depressive) were measured by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) scale. Associations between the PRS-SZ and the psychosocial stressors were tested. For each dimension, the interactions between genes and environment were assessed using linear models and comparing explained variances of 'Genetic' models (solely fitted with PRS-SZ), 'Environmental' models (solely fitted with each environmental stressor), 'Independent' models (with PRS-SZ and each environmental factor), and 'Interaction' models (Independent models plus an interaction term between the PRS-SZ and each environmental factor). Likelihood ration tests (LRT) compared the fit of the different models. RESULTS There were no genes-environment associations. PRS-SZ was associated with positive dimensions (β = 0.092, R2 = 7.50%), and most psychosocial stressors were associated with all three subclinical psychotic dimensions (except social capital and positive dimension). Concerning the positive dimension, Independent models fitted better than Environmental and Genetic models. No significant GxE interaction was observed for any dimension. CONCLUSIONS This study in subjects without psychotic disorders suggests that (i) the aetiological continuum hypothesis could concern particularly the positive dimension of subclinical psychosis, (ii) genetic and environmental factors have independent effects on the level of this positive dimension, (iii) and that interactions between genetic and individual environmental factors could not be identified in this sample.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdulkadir M, Hübel C, Herle M, Loos RJF, Breen G, Bulik CM, Micali N. The impact of anorexia nervosa and BMI polygenic risk on childhood growth: A 20-year longitudinal population-based study. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1242-1254. [PMID: 35705101 PMCID: PMC9300758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth deviating from the norm during childhood has been associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity later in life. In this study, we examined whether polygenic scores (PGSs) for AN and BMI are associated with growth trajectories spanning the first two decades of life. AN PGSs and BMI PGSs were calculated for participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 8,654). Using generalized (mixed) linear models, we associated PGSs with trajectories of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI), and bone mineral density (BMD). Female participants with AN PGSs one standard deviation (SD) higher had, on average, 0.004% slower growth in BMI between the ages 6.5 and 24 years and a 0.4% slower gain in BMD between the ages 10 and 24 years. Higher BMI PGSs were associated with faster growth for BMI, FMI, LMI, BMD, and weight trajectories in both sexes throughout childhood. Female participants with both a high AN PGS and a low BMI PGS showed slower growth compared to those with both a low AN PGS and a low BMI PGS. We conclude that AN PGSs and BMI PGSs have detectable sex-specific effects on growth trajectories. Female participants with a high AN PGS and low BMI PGS likely constitute a high-risk group for AN, as their growth was slower compared to their peers with high PGSs on both traits. Further research is needed to better understand how the AN PGS and the BMI PGS co-influence growth during childhood and whether a high BMI PGS can mitigate the effects of a high AN PGS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdulkadir
- Department of Pediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moritz Herle
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Pediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Eating Disorders Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Machlitt-Northen S, Keers R, Munroe PB, Howard DM, Pluess M. Gene-Environment Correlation over Time: A Longitudinal Analysis of Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia and Major Depression in Three British Cohorts Studies. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1136. [PMID: 35885920 PMCID: PMC9320197 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Importantly, environmental and genetic risk factors are often related as evidenced in gene-environment correlation (rGE), which describes the observation that genetic and environmental factors are associated with each other. It is understood that rGE gets stronger over time as individuals select their environments more actively based on their genetic propensities. However, little is known whether rGEs remain stable over time or change across different development periods. Using data from three British longitudinal cohorts, we investigated whether rGE patterns of polygenic risk scores (PRS) for SCZ and MDD changed over time across childhood and adulthood, as well as across both from birth to age 55 and whether results differed between SCZ and MDD. Overall, the majority of rGEs remained stable across the investigated development periods. Furthermore, the few detected rGE changes which did differ between SCZ and MDD, could not be explained by the confounding of clinical cases and are therefore likely the result of actual changes in environmental and cultural risk factors with genetic susceptibility to SCZ and MDD likely playing a less significant role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Machlitt-Northen
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Robert Keers
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - David M. Howard
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK;
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Michael Pluess
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnson R, Sotoudeh R, Conley D. Polygenic Scores for Plasticity: A New Tool for Studying Gene-Environment Interplay. Demography 2022; 59:1045-1070. [PMID: 35553650 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9957418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fertility, health, education, and other outcomes of interest to demographers are the product of an individual's genetic makeup and their social environment. Yet, gene × environment (G×E) research deploys a limited toolkit on the genetic side to study the gene-environment interplay, relying on polygenic scores (PGSs) that reflect the influence of genetics on levels of an outcome. In this article, we develop a genetic summary measure better suited for G×E research: variance polygenic scores (vPGSs), which are PGSs that reflect genetic contributions to plasticity in outcomes. First, we use the UK Biobank (N ∼ 408,000 in the analytic sample) and the Health and Retirement Study (N ∼ 5,700 in the analytic sample) to compare four approaches to constructing PGSs for plasticity. The results show that widely used methods for discovering which genetic variants affect outcome variability fail to serve as distinctive new tools for G×E. Second, using the PGSs that do capture distinctive genetic contributions to plasticity, we analyze heterogeneous effects of a UK education reform on health and educational attainment. The results show the properties of a useful new tool for population scientists studying the interplay of nature and nurture and for population-based studies that are releasing PGSs to applied researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Johnson
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A Polygenic Approach to Understanding Resilience to Peer Victimisation. Behav Genet 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34635963 PMCID: PMC8770424 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest an individual’s risk of depression following adversity may be moderated by their genetic liability. No study, however, has examined peer victimisation, an experience repeatedly associated with mental illness. We explore whether the negative mental health outcomes following victimisation can be partly attributed to genetic factors using polygenic scores for depression and wellbeing. Among participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we show that polygenic scores and peer victimisation are significant independent predictors of depressive symptoms (n=2268) and wellbeing (n=2299) in early adulthood. When testing for interaction effects, our results lead us to conclude that low mental health and wellbeing following peer victimisation is unlikely to be explained by a moderating effect of genetic factors, as indexed by current polygenic scores. Genetic profiling is therefore unlikely to be effective in identifying those more vulnerable to the effects of victimisation at present. The reasons why some go on to experience mental health problems following victimisation, while others remain resilient, requires further exploration, but our results rule out a major influence of current polygenic scores.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gustavson DE, Coleman PL, Iversen JR, Maes HH, Gordon RL, Lense MD. Mental health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:370. [PMID: 34226495 PMCID: PMC8257764 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Is engaging with music good for your mental health? This question has long been the topic of empirical clinical and nonclinical investigations, with studies indicating positive associations between music engagement and quality of life, reduced depression or anxiety symptoms, and less frequent substance use. However, many earlier investigations were limited by small populations and methodological limitations, and it has also been suggested that aspects of music engagement may even be associated with worse mental health outcomes. The purpose of this scoping review is first to summarize the existing state of music engagement and mental health studies, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. We focus on broad domains of mental health diagnoses including internalizing psychopathology (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses), externalizing psychopathology (e.g., substance use), and thought disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). Second, we propose a theoretical model to inform future work that describes the importance of simultaneously considering music-mental health associations at the levels of (1) correlated genetic and/or environmental influences vs. (bi)directional associations, (2) interactions with genetic risk factors, (3) treatment efficacy, and (4) mediation through brain structure and function. Finally, we describe how recent advances in large-scale data collection, including genetic, neuroimaging, and electronic health record studies, allow for a more rigorous examination of these associations that can also elucidate their neurobiological substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Peyton L. Coleman
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - John R. Iversen
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Miriam D. Lense
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jamshidi J, Williams LM, Schofield PR, Park HRP, Montalto A, Chilver MR, Bryant RA, Toma C, Fullerton JM, Gatt JM. Diverse phenotypic measurements of wellbeing: Heritability, temporal stability and the variance explained by polygenic scores. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12694. [PMID: 32785990 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wellbeing, a key aspect of mental health, is moderately heritable with varying estimates reported from independent studies employing a variety of instruments. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled the construction of polygenic scores (PGS) for wellbeing, providing the opportunity for direct comparisons of the variance explained by PGS for different instruments commonly employed in the field. Nine wellbeing measurements (multi-item and single-item), two personality domains (NEO-FFI neuroticism and extraversion), plus the depression domain of the DASS-42 were drawn from a larger self-report battery applied to the TWIN-E study-an Australian longitudinal twin cohort (N = 1660). Heritability was estimated using univariate twin modeling and 12-month test-retest reliability was estimated using intra-class correlation. PGS were constructed using wellbeing GWAS summary-statistics from Baselmans et al. (Nat Genet. 2019), and the variance explained estimated using linear models. Last, a GWAS was performed using COMPAS-W, a quantitative composite wellbeing measure, to explore its utility in genomic studies. Heritability estimates ranged from 23% to 47% across instruments, and multi-item measures showed higher heritability and test-retest reliability than single-item measures. The variance explained by PGS was ~0.5% to 1.5%, with considerable variation between measures, and within each measure over 12 months. Five loci with suggestive association (p < 1 × 10-5 ) were identified from this initial COMPAS-W wellbeing GWAS. This work highlights the variability across measures currently employed in wellbeing research, with multi-item and composite measures favored over single-item measures. While wellbeing PGS are useful in a research setting, they explain little of the phenotypic variance, highlighting gaps for improved gene discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Jamshidi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudio Toma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sleep-wake disorders in Alzheimer's disease: further genetic analyses in relation to objective sleep measures. Int Psychogeriatr 2020; 32:807-813. [PMID: 31739820 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219001777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents updated analyses on the genetic associations of sleep disruption in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We published previously a study of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in eight genes related to circadian rhythms and objective measures of sleep-wake disturbances in 124 individuals with AD. Here, we present new relevant analyses using polygenic risk scores (PRS) and variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) enumerations. PRS were calculated using the genetic data from the original participants and relevant genome wide association studies (GWAS). VNTRs for the same circadian rhythm genes studied with SNPs were obtained from a separate cohort of participants using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Objectively (wrist actigraphy) determined wake after sleep onset (WASO) was used as a measure of sleep disruption. None of the PRS were associated with sleep disturbance. Computer analyses using VNTRseek software generated a total of 30 VNTRs for the circadian-related genes but none appear relevant to our objective sleep measure. In addition, of 71 neurotransmitter function-related genes, 29 genes had VNTRs that differed from the reference VNTR, but it was not clear if any of these might affect circadian function in AD patients. Although we have not found in either the current analyses or in our previous published analyses of SNPs any direct linkages between identified genetic factors and WASO, research in this area remains in its infancy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Domingue BW, Duncan L, Harrati A, Belsky DW. Short-Term Mental Health Sequelae of Bereavement Predict Long-Term Physical Health Decline in Older Adults: U.S. Health and Retirement Study Analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1231-1240. [PMID: 32246152 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spousal death is a common late-life event with health-related sequelae. Evidence linking poor mental health to disease suggests the hypothesis that poor mental health following death of a spouse could be a harbinger of physical health decline. Thus, identification of bereavement-related mental health symptoms could provide an opportunity for prevention. METHODS We analyzed data from N = 39,162 individuals followed from 1994 to 2016 in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study; N = 5,061 were widowed during follow-up. We tested change in mental and physical health from prebereavement through the 5 years following spousal death. RESULTS Bereaved spouses experienced an increase in depressive symptoms following their spouses' deaths but the depressive shock attenuated within 1 year. Bereaved spouses experienced increases in disability, chronic-disease morbidity, and hospitalization, which grew in magnitude over time, especially among older respondents. Bereaved spouses were at increased risk of death compared to nonbereaved respondents. The magnitude of depressive symptoms in the immediate aftermath of spousal death predicted physical-health decline and mortality risk over 5 years of follow-up. DISCUSSION Bereavement-related depressive symptoms indicate a risk for physical health decline and death in older adults. Screening for depressive symptoms in bereaved older adults may represent an opportunity for intervention to preserve healthy life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Domingue
- Stanford Graduate School of Education and Stanford Population Health Sciences, California
| | - Laramie Duncan
- Stanford Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California
| | - Amal Harrati
- Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, California
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Choi KW, Stein MB, Dunn EC, Koenen KC, Smoller JW. Genomics and psychological resilience: a research agenda. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1770-1778. [PMID: 31341239 PMCID: PMC6874722 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although exposure to adversity increases risk for poor mental health outcomes, many people exposed to adversity do not develop such outcomes. Psychological resilience, defined broadly as positive emotional and/or behavioral adaptation to adversity, may be influenced by genetic factors that have remained largely unexplored in the era of large-scale genome-wide studies. In this perspective, we provide an integrative framework for studying human genome-wide variation underlying resilience. We first outline three complementary working definitions of psychological resilience-as a capacity, process, and outcome. For each definition, we review emerging empirical evidence, including findings from positive psychology, to illustrate how a resilience-based framework can guide novel and fruitful directions for the field of psychiatric genomics, distinct from the ongoing study of psychiatric risk and related traits. Finally, we provide practical recommendations for future genomic research on resilience, highlighting a need to augment cross-sectional findings with prospective designs that include detailed measurement of adversities and outcomes. A research framework that explicitly addresses resilience could help us to probe biological mechanisms of stress adaptation, identify individuals who may benefit the most from prevention and early intervention, and ascertain modifiable protective factors that mitigate negative outcomes even for those at high genetic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Henry & Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li FR, Zhang XR, Zhong WF, Li ZH, Gao X, Kraus VB, Lv YB, Zou MC, Chen GC, Chen PL, Zhang MY, Kur AKA, Shi XM, Wu XB, Mao C. Glycated Hemoglobin and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Adults With and Without Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3345-3354. [PMID: 30896760 PMCID: PMC7328059 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The patterns of associations between glycated Hb (HbA1c) and mortality are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the extent to which ranges of HbA1c levels are associated with the risk of mortality among participants with and without diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS This was a nationwide, community-based prospective cohort study. Included were 15,869 participants (median age 64 years) of the Health and Retirement Study, with available HbA1c data and without a history of cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% CIs for mortality. RESULTS A total of 2133 participants died during a median follow-up of 5.8 years. In participants with diabetes, those with an HbA1c level of 6.5% were at the lowest risk of all-cause mortality. When HbA1c level was <5.6% or >7.4%, the increased all-cause mortality risk became statistically significant as compared with an HbA1c level of 6.5%. As for participants without diabetes, those with an HbA1c level of 5.4% were at the lowest risk of all-cause mortality. When the HbA1c level was <5.0%, the increased all-cause mortality risk became statistically significant as compared with an HbA1c level of 5.4%. However, we did not observe a statistically significant elevated risk of all-cause mortality above an HbA1c level of 5.4%. CONCLUSIONS A U-shaped and reverse J-shaped association for all-cause mortality was found among participants with and without diabetes. The corresponding optimal ranges for overall survival are predicted to be 5.6% and 7.4% and 5.0% and 6.5%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ru Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fang Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yue-Bin Lv
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Chen Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Pei-Liang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Yi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Akech Kuol Akech Kur
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Bo Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Chen Mao, PhD, or Xian-Bo Wu, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. E-mail: or
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Chen Mao, PhD, or Xian-Bo Wu, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510000 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Genetic Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis is Associated with Increased Striatal Volume in Healthy Young Adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10994. [PMID: 31358859 PMCID: PMC6662838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease, has recently been associated with increased striatal volume and decreased intracranial volume (ICV) in longstanding patients. As inflammation has been shown to precede the clinical diagnosis of RA and it is a known moderator of neuro- and gliogenesis, we were interested in testing whether these brain morphological changes appear before the clinical onset of disease in healthy young adult volunteers, as a function of relative genetic risk for RA. Genetic and structural MRI data were available for 516 healthy non-Hispanic Caucasian university students (275 women, mean age 19.78 ± 1.24 years). Polygenic risk scores were computed for each individual based on a genome-wide association study of RA, so that higher scores indicated higher risk. Striatal volume (sum of caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens volumes) and ICV were derived for each individual from high-resolution T1-weighted images. After controlling for sex, age, genetic components of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and depressive symptoms, we found that higher RA polygenic risk scores were associated with increased striatal volume, but not decreased ICV. Our findings suggest that increased striatal volume may be linked to processes that precede disease onset, such as inflammation, while decreased ICV may relate to disease progression.
Collapse
|
22
|
Stein MB, Choi KW, Jain S, Campbell-Sills L, Chen CY, Gelernter J, He F, Heeringa SG, Maihofer AX, Nievergelt C, Nock MK, Ripke S, Sun X, Kessler RC, Smoller JW, Ursano RJ. Genome-wide analyses of psychological resilience in U.S. Army soldiers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:310-319. [PMID: 31081985 PMCID: PMC6551278 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Though a growing body of preclinical and translational research is illuminating a biological basis for resilience to stress, little is known about the genetic basis of psychological resilience in humans. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of self-assessed (by questionnaire) and outcome-based (incident mental disorders from predeployment to postdeployment) resilience among European (EUR) ancestry soldiers in the Army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers. Self-assessed resilience (N = 11,492) was found to have significant common-variant heritability (h2 = 0.162, se = 0.050, p = 5.37 × 10-4 ), and to be significantly negatively genetically correlated with neuroticism (rg = -0.388, p = .0092). GWAS results from the EUR soldiers revealed a genome-wide significant locus on an intergenic region on Chr 4 upstream from doublecortin-like kinase 2 (DCLK2) (four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LD; top SNP: rs4260523 [p = 5.65 × 10-9 ] is an eQTL in frontal cortex), a member of the doublecortin family of kinases that promote survival and regeneration of injured neurons. A second gene, kelch-like family member 36 (KLHL36) was detected at gene-wise genome-wide significance [p = 1.89 × 10-6 ]. A polygenic risk score derived from the self-assessed resilience GWAS was not significantly associated with outcome-based resilience. In very preliminary results, genome-wide significant association with outcome-based resilience was found for one locus (top SNP: rs12580015 [p = 2.37 × 10-8 ]) on Chr 12 downstream from solute carrier family 15 member 5 (SLC15A5) in subjects (N = 581) exposed to the highest level of deployment stress. The further study of genetic determinants of resilience has the potential to illuminate the molecular bases of stress-related psychopathology and point to new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Karmel W. Choi
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Laura Campbell-Sills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut,Departments of Genetics and Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Feng He
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven G. Heeringa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Caroline Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kwong ASF, López-López JA, Hammerton G, Manley D, Timpson NJ, Leckie G, Pearson RM. Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Associated With Trajectories of Depression Symptoms From Adolescence to Young Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e196587. [PMID: 31251383 PMCID: PMC6604106 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Less favorable trajectories of depressive mood from adolescence to early adulthood are associated with current and later psychopathology, impaired educational attainment, and social dysfunction, yet the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with these trajectories are not fully established. Examining what risk factors are associated with different trajectories of depressive mood could help identify the nature of depression symptoms and improve preventive interventions for those at most risk. Objective To examine the differential associations of genetic and environmental risk factors with trajectories of depression symptoms among individuals observed from ages 10 to 24 years. Design, Setting, and Participants In a longitudinal cohort study established in 1990 and currently ongoing (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]), growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of depression symptoms in 9394 individuals in the United Kingdom. Associations of different risk factors with these trajectories were then examined. Analysis was conducted between August 2018 and January 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Trajectories were composed from depression symptoms measured using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at 9 occasions from ages 10 to 24 years. Risk factors included sex, a polygenic risk score taken from a recent genome-wide association study of depression symptoms, maternal postnatal depression, partner cruelty to the offspring's mother when the child was aged 2 to 4 years, childhood anxiety at age 8 years, and being bullied at age 10 years. Results Data on all risk factors, confounders, and the outcome were available for 3525 individuals, including 1771 (50.2%) who were female. Trajectories were assessed between the mean (SD) age of 10.7 (0.3) years and mean (SD) age of 23.8 (0.5) years. Overall, 5 distinct trajectories of depression symptoms were identified: (1) stable low (2506 individuals [71.1%]), (2) adolescent limited (325 individuals [9.2%]), (3) childhood limited (203 individuals [5.8%]), (4) early-adult onset (393 individuals [11.1%]), and (5) childhood persistent (98 individuals [2.8%]). Of all the associations of risk factors with trajectories, sex (odds ratio [OR], 6.45; 95% CI, 2.89-14.38), the polygenic risk score for depression symptoms (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10-1.96), and childhood anxiety (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.16-1.45) showed the strongest association with the childhood-persistent trajectory of depression symptoms compared with the stable-low trajectory. Maternal postnatal depression (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.41-4.07) had the strongest association with the early-adult-onset trajectory, while partner cruelty to mother (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.36-3.90) had the strongest association with the adolescent-limited trajectory. Bullying (OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 4.92-13.26) showed the strongest association with the childhood-limited trajectory. Conclusions and Relevance The least favorable trajectories of depression symptoms (childhood persistent and early-adult onset) were associated with both genetic and environmental risk factors, but the 2 trajectories of limited duration that had resolved by early adulthood (childhood limited and adolescent limited) were not associated with the polygenic risk score or maternal postnatal depression. Bullying was strongly associated with both the childhood-persistent and childhood-limited trajectories, suggesting that this risk factor may have a time-specific effect. These findings suggest that examining genetic and multiple time-specific environmental antecedents could help identify trajectories of varying onset and chronicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. F. Kwong
- Medical Research Center Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - José A. López-López
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Medical Research Center Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Manley
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Center Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Leckie
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Medical Research Center Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Avinun R, Nevo A, Knodt AR, Elliott ML, Hariri AR. A genome-wide association study-derived polygenic score for interleukin-1β is associated with hippocampal volume in two samples. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3910-3917. [PMID: 31119842 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has a modulatory effect on the hippocampus, a brain structure important for learning and memory as well as linked with both psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we used an imaging genetics strategy to test an association between an IL-1β polygenic score and hippocampal volume in two independent samples. Our polygenic score was derived using summary statistics from a recent genome-wide association study of circulating cytokines that included IL-1β (N = 3,309). In the first sample of 512 non-Hispanic Caucasian university students (274 women, mean age 19.78 ± 1.24 years) from the Duke Neurogenetics Study, we identified a significant positive correlation between IL-1β polygenic scores and hippocampal volume. This positive association was successfully replicated in a second sample of 7,960 white British volunteers (4,158 women, mean age 62.63 ± 7.45 years) from the UK Biobank. Our results lend further support in humans, to the link between IL-1β and the structure of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reut Avinun
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Nevo
- Cardiothoracic Division, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maxwell L Elliott
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Richmond-Rakerd L, Belsky DW. Swedish Register Analysis of Divorce and Alcohol Use Disorder Highlights Social Relationships as a Target for Preventive Psychiatry and Genetic Research. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:411-413. [PMID: 28457162 PMCID: PMC5506830 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Richmond-Rakerd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Veterans Administration Health System, Durham NC
| | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University
- Duke University Population Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|