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Geng B, Pham N, Xue Q, Zheng X. A three-dimensional vocal fold posturing model based on muscle mechanics and magnetic resonance imaging of a canine larynx. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2597. [PMID: 32359330 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a high-fidelity three-dimensional continuum model of the canine laryngeal framework was developed for simulating laryngeal posturing. By building each muscle and cartilage from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the model is highly realistic in anatomy. The muscle mechanics is modeled using the finite-element method. The model was tested by simulating vocal fold postures under systematic activations of individual as well as groups of laryngeal muscles, and it accurately predicted vocal fold posturing parameters reported from in vivo canine larynges. As a demonstration of its application, the model was then used to investigate muscle controls of arytenoid movements, medial surface morphology, and vocal fold abduction. The results show that the traditionally categorized adductor and abductor muscles can have opposite effects on vocal fold posturing, making highly complex laryngeal adjustments in speech and singing possible. These results demonstrate that a realistic comprehensive larynx model is feasible, which is a critical step toward a causal physics-based model of voice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Ngoc Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
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Palaparthi A, Smith S, Titze IR. Mapping Thyroarytenoid and Cricothyroid Activations to Postural and Acoustic Features in a Fiber-Gel Model of the Vocal Folds. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:4671. [PMID: 35265343 PMCID: PMC8903205 DOI: 10.3390/app9214671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Any specific vowel sound that humans produce can be represented in terms of four perceptual features in addition to the vowel category. They are pitch, loudness, brightness, and roughness. Corresponding acoustic features chosen here are fundamental frequency (fo ), sound pressure level (SPL), normalized spectral centroid (NSC), and approximate entropy (ApEn). In this study, thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) activations were varied computationally to study their relationship with these four specific acoustic features. Additionally, postural and material property variables such as vocal fold length (L) and fiber stress (σ) in the three vocal fold tissue layers were also calculated. A fiber-gel finite element model developed at National Center for Voice and Speech was used for this purpose. Muscle activation plots were generated to obtain the dependency of postural and acoustic features on TA and CT muscle activations. These relationships were compared against data obtained from previous in vivo human larynx studies and from canine laryngeal studies. General trends are that fo and SPL increase with CT activation, while NSC decreases when CT activation is raised above 20%. With TA activation, acoustic features have no uniform trends, except SPL increases uniformly with TA if there is a co-variation with CT activation. Trends for postural variables and material properties are also discussed in terms of activation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Palaparthi
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 1901 S Campus Dr, Suite 2120, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Simeon Smith
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 1901 S Campus Dr, Suite 2120, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ingo R. Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, 1901 S Campus Dr, Suite 2120, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Heaton JT, Kobler JB, Otten DM, Hillman RE, Zeitels SM. Development of a Closed-Loop Stimulator for Laryngeal Reanimation: Part 2. Device Testing in the Canine Model of Laryngeal Paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 128:53S-70S. [PMID: 30843434 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418820545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Laryngeal paralysis of central or peripheral origin can potentially be treated using functional electrical stimulation (FES) of laryngeal muscles. Experiments in canines (dogs) were performed using implant prototypes capable of closed-loop FES to refine engineering designs and specifications, test surgical approaches for implantation, and better understand the in vivo effects of laryngeal muscle stimulation on short- and long-term glottic function. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, laboratory. METHODS: We designed and tested a series of microprocessor-based implantable devices that can stimulate glottic opening or closing based on input from physiological control signals (real-time processing of electromyographic [EMG] signals). After acute device testing experiments, 2 dogs were implanted for 8 and 24 months, with periodic testing of closed-loop laryngeal muscle stimulation triggered from EMG signals. In total, 5 dogs were tested for the effects of laryngeal muscle stimulation on vocal fold (VF) posturing in larynges with nerve supplies that were intact (7 VFs), synkinetically reinnervated (2 VFs), or chronically denervated (1 VF). In 3 cases, the stimulation was combined with airflow-driven phonation to study the consequent modulation of phonatory parameters. RESULTS: Initial device prototypes used inductive coupling for power and communication, while later iterations used battery power and infrared light communication (detailed descriptions are provided in the Part 1 companion paper). Two animals were successfully implanted with the inductively powered units, which operated until removed at 8 months in 1 animal or for more than 16 months in the second animal. Surgically, the encapsulated implants were well tolerated, and procedures for placing, attaching, and connecting the devices were developed. To simulate EMG control signals in anesthetized animals, we created 2 types of nerve/muscle signal sources. In one approach, a neck muscle had a cuff electrode placed on its motor nerve that was connected to transdermal electrical connection ports for periodic testing. In the second approach, the recurrent laryngeal nerve on one side of the larynx was stimulated to generate a VF EMG signal, which was then used to trigger FES of the paralyzed contralateral side (eg, restoring VF movement symmetry). Implant testing identified effective stimulation parameters and closed-loop stimulation artifact rejection techniques for FES of both healthy and paralyzed VFs. Stimulation levels effective for VF adduction did not cause signs of discomfort during awake testing. CONCLUSION: Our inductive and battery-powered prototypes performed effectively during in vivo testing, and the 2 units that were implanted for long-term evaluation held up well. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that elicited neck strap muscle or laryngeal EMG potentials could be used as a control signal for closed-loop stimulation of laryngeal adduction and vocal pitch modulation, depending on electrode positioning, and that VFs were stimulable in the presence of synkinetic reinnervation or chronic denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Heaton
- 1 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- 2 Division of Laryngeal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James B Kobler
- 1 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- 2 Division of Laryngeal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Otten
- 3 Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Hillman
- 1 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- 2 Division of Laryngeal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Zeitels
- 1 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- 2 Division of Laryngeal Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Chhetri DK, Neubauer J, Sofer E, Berry DA. Influence and interactions of laryngeal adductors and cricothyroid muscles on fundamental frequency and glottal posture control. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 135:2052-64. [PMID: 25235003 PMCID: PMC4188037 DOI: 10.1121/1.4865918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs) in controlling fundamental frequency (F0) and glottal posture remain unclear. In an in vivo canine model, three sets of intrinsic laryngeal muscles-the thyroarytenoid (TA), cricothyroid (CT), and lateral cricoarytenoid plus interarytenoid (LCA/IA) muscle complex-were independently and accurately stimulated in a graded manner using distal laryngeal nerve stimulation. Graded neuromuscular stimulation was used to independently activate these paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles over a range from threshold to maximal activation, to produce 320 distinct laryngeal phonatory postures. At phonation onset these activation conditions were evaluated in terms of their vocal fold strain, glottal width at the vocal processes, fundamental frequency (F0), subglottic pressure, and airflow. F0 ranged from 69 to 772 Hz and clustered into chest-like and falsetto-like groups. CT activation was always required to raise F0, but could also lower F0 at low TA and LCA/IA activation levels. Increasing TA activation first increased then decreased F0 in all CT and LCA/IA activation conditions. Increasing TA activation also facilitated production of high F0 at a lower onset pressure. Independent control of membranous (TA) and cartilaginous (LCA/IA) glottal closure enabled multiple pathways for F0 control via changes in glottal posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Chhetri
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juergen Neubauer
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Elazar Sofer
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - David A Berry
- Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Fink DS, Achkar J, Franco RA, Song PC. Interarytenoid botulinum toxin injection for recalcitrant vocal process granuloma. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:3084-7. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Fink
- Department of Otology and Laryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Jihad Achkar
- Department of Otology and Laryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Ramon A. Franco
- Department of Otology and Laryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Phillip C. Song
- Department of Otology and Laryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
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Berke G, Mendelsohn AH, Howard NS, Zhang Z. Neuromuscular induced phonation in a human ex vivo perfused larynx preparation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:EL114-7. [PMID: 23363190 PMCID: PMC3562273 DOI: 10.1121/1.4776776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Considering differences in laryngeal anatomy, degree of control, and range of voice qualities between animals and humans, investigations of the neuromuscular process of voice control are better conducted using a living human larynx in which parametric stimulation of individual laryngeal muscles is possible. Due to difficulties in access and monitoring of laryngeal muscle activities, such investigations are impossible in living human subject experiments. This study reports the recent success in developing an ex vivo perfused human larynx model, which allows parametric muscle stimulation and observation of its influence on phonation of a virtually living human larynx in a well-controlled laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Berke
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA.
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Döllinger M, Kobler J, Berry DA, Mehta DD, Luegmair G, Bohr C. Experiments on Analysing Voice Production: Excised (Human, Animal) and In Vivo (Animal) Approaches. Curr Bioinform 2011; 6:286-304. [PMID: 26581597 DOI: 10.2174/157489311796904673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on human and on animal excised specimens as well as in vivo animal preparations are so far the most realistic approaches to simulate the in vivo process of human phonation. These experiments do not have the disadvantage of limited space within the neck and enable studies of the actual organ necessary for phonation, i.e., the larynx. The studies additionally allow the analysis of flow, vocal fold dynamics, and resulting acoustics in relation to well-defined laryngeal alterations. PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper provides an overview of the applications and usefulness of excised (human/animal) specimen and in vivo animal experiments in voice research. These experiments have enabled visualization and analysis of dehydration effects, vocal fold scarring, bifurcation and chaotic vibrations, three-dimensional vibrations, aerodynamic effects, and mucosal wave propagation along the medial surface. Quantitative data will be shown to give an overview of measured laryngeal parameter values. As yet, a full understanding of all existing interactions in voice production has not been achieved, and thus, where possible, we try to indicate areas needing further study. RECENT FINDINGS A further motivation behind this review is to highlight recent findings and technologies related to the study of vocal fold dynamics and its applications. For example, studies of interactions between vocal tract airflow and generation of acoustics have recently shown that airflow superior to the glottis is governed by not only vocal fold dynamics but also by subglottal and supraglottal structures. In addition, promising new methods to investigate kinematics and dynamics have been reported recently, including dynamic optical coherence tomography, X-ray stroboscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction with laser projection systems. Finally, we touch on the relevance of vocal fold dynamics to clinical laryngology and to clinically-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Döllinger
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Kobler
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, 620 Thier Building, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David A Berry
- The Laryngeal Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Head & Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Center, 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1794, USA
| | - Daryush D Mehta
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, 11 Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Georg Luegmair
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Department for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bohr
- University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School, ENT-Hospital, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Thomas LB, Stemple JC, Andreatta RD, Andrade FH. Establishing a new animal model for the study of laryngeal biology and disease: an anatomic study of the mouse larynx. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2009; 52:802-811. [PMID: 18806215 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/08-0087)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal models have contributed greatly to the study of voice, permitting the examination of laryngeal biology and the testing of surgical, medical, and behavioral interventions. Various models have been used. However, until recently, the mouse (Mus musculus) has not been used in laryngeal research, and features of the mouse larynx have not been defined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively describe mouse laryngeal anatomy in relation to known human anatomy. METHODS Larynges of 7 C57BL mice were examined and photographed under stereotactic and light microscopy. RESULTS The authors found that mouse laryngeal organization was similar to that of humans. The hyoid bone and epiglottal, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages were identified. An additional cartilage was present ventrally. Thyroarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, and cricothyroid muscles were grossly positioned as in humans. Interarytenoid muscles were not present; however, a functional counterpart was identified. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide an initial description of mouse laryngeal anatomy. Because of its amenability to genetic engineering, the mouse is the premiere model for the study of disease and the testing of interventions. Introduction of the mouse model for laryngeal study offers a tool for the study of normal laryngeal cell biology and tissue response to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Thomas
- Department of Communication Disorders, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Hunter EJ, Titze IR. Refinements in modeling the passive properties of laryngeal soft tissue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:206-19. [PMID: 17412782 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00892.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonlinear viscoelastic passive properties of three canine intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), and the interarytenoid (IA), were fit to the parameters of a modified Kelvin model. These properties were compared with those of the thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) muscles, as well as previously unpublished viscoelastic characteristics of the human vocal ligament. Passive parameters of the modified Kelvin model were summarized for the vocal ligament, mucosa, and all five laryngeal muscles. Results suggest that the LCA, PCA, and IA muscles are functionally different from the TA and CT muscles in their load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, the LCA, PCA, and IA have a much larger stress-strain hysteresis effect than has been previously reported for the TA and CT or the vocal ligament. The variation in this effect suggests that the connective tissue within the TA and CT muscles is somehow similar to the vocal ligament but different from the LCA, PCA, or IA muscles. Further demonstrating the potential significance of grouping tissues in the laryngeal system by functional groups in the laryngeal system was the unique finding that, over their working elongation range, the LCA and PCA were nearly as exponentially stiff as the vocal ligament. This paper was written in conjunction with an online technical report (http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/library/tech) in which comprehensive muscle data and sensitivity analysis, as well as downloadable data files and computer scripts, are made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Hunter
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
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Tellis CM, Rosen C, Thekdi A, Sciote JJ. Anatomy and fiber type composition of human interarytenoid muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004; 113:97-107. [PMID: 14994762 PMCID: PMC3860318 DOI: 10.1177/000348940411300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle investigations, especially those of the interarytenoid (IA) muscle, have been primarily teleologically based. We determined IA muscle anatomy and histochemical and immunohistochemical classification of extrafusal and intrafusal (muscle spindle) fibers in 5 patients. Extrafusal fibers were oxidative type I and glycolytic types IIA and IIX. Intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles were identified by the presence of tonic and neonatal myosin. The results demonstrate that the IA muscle has a phenotype similar to that of limb skeletal muscle. Myosin coexpression, the absence of intrafusal fibers, and fiber type grouping were unusual features found previously in the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, but they were not present in the IA muscle. These findings lead to the conclusion that the IA muscle has functional significance beyond its assumed importance in maintaining vocal fold position during phonation. The presence of spindles demonstrates differences in motor control as compared to the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Further, extrafusal fiber characteristics implicate IA muscle involvement in muscle tension dysphonia and adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Given the unique physiologic characteristics of the human IA muscle, further research into the role of the IA muscle in voice disorders is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Tellis
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hillel AD. The study of laryngeal muscle activity in normal human subjects and in patients with laryngeal dystonia using multiple fine-wire electromyography. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:1-47. [PMID: 11464801 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200104001-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The normal human larynx performs numerous complex tasks with nearly complete reliability. These tasks require precise timing of movements that are effected by the laryngeal muscles. The most specific method to examine these muscles is by electromyography. Although many studies on laryngeal electromyography have been reported using multichannel recordings, none has provided a detailed analysis of each laryngeal muscle's role during a variety of common tasks and the spectrum of normative values. Simultaneous eight-channel, fine-wire electromyographic recordings were made in 11 human subjects. The timing patterns of the laryngeal muscles during the coordinated efforts for phonation and other common glottic functions were examined. In addition, normative values for latencies and amplitudes of response were determined. During simple phonation, a "set pattern" for the thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid , and interarytenoid muscles was found. The thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles demonstrated a burst at onset preceding phonation and then decreased activity, whereas the interarytenoid sustained glottic position during phonation. The coordination of the laryngeal muscles was similarly determined for connected speech, respiration, Valsalva maneuver, cough, throat-clear task, and swallow. These patterns of response, the latencies for activities, and the amplitudes of response in normal subjects provided the basis to examine the abnormal laryngeal function in a group of 59 patients with four clinical varieties of laryngeal dystonia (adductor, tremor, abductor, and mixed). The findings include abnormal patterns of response, increased latencies, and increased amplitudes of recruitment in many tasks including nonphonatory tasks. Although specific distinctions were noted in each group, the responses were remarkably similar, indicating that all clinical varieties of laryngeal dystonia should be classified as mixed dystonia with a clinical preponderance for one or more types of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195-6515, USA
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Herman R, Beckman M, Honda K. Linguistic models of F0 use, physiological models of F0 control, and the issue of "mean response time". LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 1999; 42 ( Pt 4):373-399. [PMID: 10845243 DOI: 10.1177/00238309990420040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates "mean response time" (MRT), a method used in previous studies to relate physiological evidence (recordings of electromyographic activity in the cricothyroid and sternohyoid) to acoustic evidence (fundamental frequency). Rather than averaging over tokens before correlating these signals, we calculated the best response time (RT) for each token, and evaluated the pattern of variability across utterances. Furthermore, rather than correlating over whole utterances, we correlated electromyographic activity (EMG) to fundamental frequency (F0) only over intervals defined in terms of linguistically significant events in the F0 trace, identified using a linguistically motivated model of English intonation. Steep changes in the F0 tended to have better correlation coefficients than shallow ones, which we relate to the physiological model by noting the complex of components contributing to both signal types. Also, the distribution of lead times was easier to interpret when the two tones delimiting the analysis domain had some tight temporal relationship specified by the intonational phonology. Finally, lead times tended to vary as a function of what preceded the target rise or fall. In short, averaging over signals before analysis obscures patterns of variation in the data which may lead to new insights and to new directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herman
- Psychology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
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Abstract
Experimental induced phonation in the dog has been used in short-term studies by several investigators and has proved quite useful in laryngeal research. In this study a long-term canine phonation model is described that uses permanently implanted electrodes on the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A serial induced phonation model has not been previously reported and is needed for laryngeal research in which voice results are a primary end point. Inexpensive, reliable, nontoxic electrodes were designed and fabricated. The laryngeal nerves were found to be quite susceptible to injury, necessitating a series of changes in electrode design. Electrode durability and laryngeal nerve viability improved with each design modification; the final design gave a recurrent laryngeal nerve viability rate of 100% at 6 weeks, 83% at 9 weeks, and 73% at 12 weeks. Induced phonation was successfully produced on a repeated basis by stimulating the recurrent laryngeal nerves while passing air through the larynx, in 22 (95.6%) of 23 animals. Stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves increased vocal fold length and tension but was not required for phonation. Technical aspects of chronic implantation and stimulation of the laryngeal nerves are discussed. The development and successful long-term implantation of electrodes on the laryngeal nerves and their use in repeated induced phonation have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Nasri S, Beizai P, Ye M, Sercarz JA, Kim YM, Berke GS. Cross-innervation of the thyroarytenoid muscle by a branch from the external division of the superior laryngeal nerve. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997; 106:594-8. [PMID: 9228862 DOI: 10.1177/000348949710600712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuroanatomy of the larynx was explored in seven dogs to assess whether there is motor innervation to the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle from the external division of the superior laryngeal nerve (ExSLN). In 3 animals, such innervation was identified. Electrical stimulation of microelectrodes applied to the ExSLN resulted in contraction of the TA muscle, indicating that this nerve is motor in function. This was confirmed by electromyographic recordings from the TA muscle. Videolaryngostroboscopy revealed improvement in vocal fold vibration following stimulation of the ExSLN compared to without it. Previously, the TA muscle was thought to be innervated solely by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This additional pathway from the ExSLN to the TA muscle may have important clinical implications in the treatment of neurologic laryngeal disorders such as adductor spasmodic dysphonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nasri
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Medical Center, USA
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McCulloch TM, Perlman AL, Palmer PM, Van Daele DJ. Laryngeal activity during swallow, phonation, and the Valsalva maneuver: an electromyographic analysis. Laryngoscope 1996; 106:1351-8. [PMID: 8914900 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199611000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms of airway protection during swallow, the authors of this study performed an electromyographic (EMG) analysis on the thyroarytenoid (TA) and interarytenoid (IA) muscles during a variety of tasks. The tasks included high, low, and comfortable pitch phonation, the Valsalva maneuver, saliva swallow, and 5- and 10-mL water swallows. Raw EMG signals were analyzed to obtain root mean square data, which correspond to a relative magnitude of muscle activation. The data show that both TA and IA muscles generate a similar level of relative activation, with the greatest electrical activity observed during swallow tasks followed by the Valsalva maneuver and phonation. The duration, onset, offset, and pattern of activity during the swallowing tasks also showed close synchronization between the two muscles. These data can be used in designing therapy for voice disorders and pharyngeal dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McCulloch
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Verneuil A, Kreiman J, Kevorkian K, Gerratt BR, Berke GS. Effects of driving pressure and recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation on glottic vibration in a constant pressure model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 115:15-23. [PMID: 8758624 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-5998(96)70130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glottic phonatory parameters have been studied in constant flow models; however, the lung-thorax system is better viewed as a constant pressure source. Adjusting the driving pressure and recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation as independent variables, rather than as dependent variables, may provide a more physiologic understanding of laryngeal function and glottic parameters, including subglottic pressure, airflow, fundamental frequency, and glottic area. In three dogs subglottic pressure and airflow were measured in two separate conditions: with constant recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation and varying driving pressure, and with constant driving pressure and varying recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation. Videostroboscopic measures on four dogs assessed glottic areas with constant recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation at different driving pressures. With constant recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation, increasing driving pressure had no effect on glottic areas, whereas subglottic pressure, fundamental frequency, and airflow increased significantly. However, changes in subglottic pressure were minimal in comparison with changes in driving pressure. At constant driving pressure, increasing recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation increased subglottic pressure and fundamental frequency and decreased airflow. These findings suggest that during phonation subglottic pressure is primarily dependent on recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation and laryngeal muscular contraction, but not on lung driving pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verneuil
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794, USA
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