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Pereira CGM, Santana ERS, Ramos JER, da Silva HMBS, Nunes MAP, Forbes SC, Santos HO. Low Serum Zinc Levels and Associated Risk Factors in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Oral or Enteral Nutrition: A Case-control Study. Clin Ther 2020; 43:e39-e55. [PMID: 33388174 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether hospitalization and feeding strategy impact the risk of hypozincemia and associated risk factors. METHODS In this case-control study, serum zinc levels were compared between inpatients fed oral nutrition (ON) (n = 76) or enteral nutrition (EN) (n = 191) with outpatient controls (n = 1095). FINDINGS Zinc levels were significantly lower in inpatients receiving EN compared with those receiving ON (P = 0.001). Significant (P < 0.001) β-values of -11.16 and -17.58 for serum zinc concentrations were found for inpatients receiving ON or EN, respectively, compared with the outpatients. Hospitalization and old age were both independent predictors of zinc deficiency. More than 75% of patients >60 years of age fed EN had a zinc concentration <68.75 μg/dL. Low hemoglobin levels increased the risk of low zinc levels for inpatients receiving EN (P = 0.003) and ON (P = 0.026). Age (P < 0.001), noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support (P = 0.016), and critical care (P = 0.018) were risk factors for hypozincemia in patients receiving ON. Low iron levels were associated with hypozincemia (P = 0.001) in patients receiving EN. IMPLICATIONS Hospitalization and being >60 years of age were risk factors for zinc deficiency. Intensive care and noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support were risk factors for hypozincemia in hospitalized patients who were fed orally. Low hemoglobin levels increased the risk of low zinc concentrations for inpatients receiving EN and ON, and low iron levels were associated with hypozincemia only after EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina G M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; São Lucas Hospital, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Erely R S Santana
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Joane E R Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A P Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Wang X, Li X, Ito A, Watanabe Y, Sogo Y, Hirose M, Ohno T, Tsuji NM. Rod-shaped and substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles stimulating type 1 and 2 cytokine secretion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 139:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mertens K, Lowes DA, Webster NR, Talib J, Hall L, Davies MJ, Beattie JH, Galley HF. Low zinc and selenium concentrations in sepsis are associated with oxidative damage and inflammation. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:990-9. [PMID: 25833826 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress with dysregulated inflammation are hallmarks of sepsis. Zinc and selenium have important antioxidant functions, such that they could be important in patients with sepsis. We used an in vitro approach to assess the effect of zinc and selenium on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory responses in conditions mimicking sepsis and related the findings to plasma concentrations and biomarkers in patients with and without sepsis. METHODS Human endothelial cells were exposed to a range of zinc and selenium concentrations in conditions mimicking sepsis. Zinc, selenium, and a series of biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in plasma from critically ill patients with and without sepsis. RESULTS Culturing cells with different concentrations of zinc caused altered zinc transporter protein expression and cellular zinc content, and selenium affected glutathione peroxidase 3 activity. Although zinc or selenium at physiological concentrations had no effect on interleukin-6 release in vitro, higher concentrations of the trace elements were associated with improved mitochondrial function. Plasma zinc and selenium concentrations were low in patients [zinc: median (range) 4.6 (2.1-6.5) μM in control patients without sepsis and 3.1 (1.5-5.4) μM in patients with sepsis, P=0.002; and selenium: 0.78 (0.19-1.32) μM in control patients and 0.42 (0.22-0.91) μM in sepsis patients, P=0.0009]. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, other biomarkers of inflammation, and markers of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were elevated, particularly in patients with sepsis, and were inversely related to plasma zinc and selenium concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Zinc and selenium concentrations were reduced in critically ill patients, with increased oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, particularly in patients with sepsis. Oxidative stress as a result of suboptimal selenium and zinc concentrations might contribute to damage of key proteins. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: registration number NCT01328509.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mertens
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine & Dentistry and
| | - D A Lowes
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine & Dentistry and
| | - N R Webster
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine & Dentistry and
| | - J Talib
- The Heart Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L Hall
- The Heart Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Present address: Panum Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - J H Beattie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - H F Galley
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine & Dentistry and
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Mocchegiani E, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Piacenza F, Basso A, Malavolta M. Zinc, metallothioneins and immunosenescence: effect of zinc supply as nutrigenomic approach. Biogerontology 2011; 12:455-65. [PMID: 21503725 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is an inevitable biological process associated with gradual and spontaneous biochemical and physiological changes and increased susceptibility to diseases. Nutritional factor, zinc, known to be involved in improving immunity, may remodel some of the age-associated changes, leading to a healthy ageing. "In Vitro" studies involving human lymphocytes exposed to endotoxins, and "in vivo" studies comparing old and young mice fed with low dietary zinc suggest that zinc is important for both innate and adaptive immune efficiency, and more optimal inflammatory/immune response. The intracellular zinc homeostasis is mainly regulated by Metallothioneins (MT), via ion release through the reduction of thiol groups in MT molecule. These processes are crucial because mediating the zinc signalling within the immune cells assigning to zinc a role of "second messenger". Zinc homeostasis is altered in ageing partly due to higher expression levels of MT, leading to an increased sequestration of zinc, resulting in less availability of free intracellular zinc. Improvement of immune functions and stress response systems occurs in elderly after physiological zinc supplementation. The main reason behind these effects seems to be related to a like "hormetic" response induced by zinc. However, the choice of old subjects for zinc supplementation has to be performed in relationship to the specific genetic background of MT and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) because the latter is involved both in MT gene expression and in intracellular zinc homeostasis. Old subjects carrying GG genotypes (termed C- carriers) in IL-6--174G/C locus display increased IL-6 production, low intracellular zinc ion availability, impaired innate immune response and enhanced MT. By contrast, old subjects carrying GC and CC genotypes (termed C+ carriers) in the same IL-6--174 locus displayed satisfactory intracellular zinc and innate immune response. Moreover, male carriers of C+ allele are more prone to reach centenarian age than C- ones. Therefore, old C- subjects are likely to benefit more from zinc supplementation restoring NK cell cytotoxicity and improving the zinc status. Plasma zinc deficiency and the altered immune response is more evident when the genetic variations of IL-6 polymorphism are associated with the genetic variations of MT1A in position +647, suggesting that the genetic variations of IL-6 and MT1A are very useful tools for the identification of old people who effectively need zinc supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Nutrition and Ageing Centre, Italian National Research Centres on Ageing (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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Raymond AD, Gekonge B, Giri MS, Hancock A, Papasavvas E, Chehimi J, Kossenkov AV, Kossevkov AV, Nicols C, Yousef M, Mounzer K, Shull J, Kostman J, Showe L, Montaner LJ. Increased metallothionein gene expression, zinc, and zinc-dependent resistance to apoptosis in circulating monocytes during HIV viremia. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:589-96. [PMID: 20551211 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes exhibit an apoptotic resistance phenotype during HIV viremia in association with increased MT expression. MTs are known to play an important role in zinc metabolism and immune function. We now show, in a cross-sectional study using peripheral monocytes, that expression of MT1 isoforms E, G, H, and X is increased significantly in circulating monocyte cells from HIV+ subjects during chronic viremic episodes as compared with uninfected subjects. This increase in expression is also observed during acute viremia following interruption of suppressive ART. Circulating monocytes from HIV+ donors were also found to have elevated zinc importer gene Zip8 expression in conjunction with elevated intracellular zinc levels in contrast to CD4(+)T-lymphocytes. In vitro HIV-1 infection studies with elutriated MDM confirm a direct relation between HIV-1 infection and increased MDM MT1 (isoform G) gene expression and increased intracellular zinc levels. A direct link between elevated zinc levels and apoptosis resistance was established using a cell-permeable zinc chelator TPEN, which reversed apoptosis resistance effectively in monocytes from HIV-infected to levels comparable with uninfected controls. Taken together, increases in MT gene expression and intracellular zinc levels may contribute directly to maintenance of an immune-activated monocyte by mediating an increased resistance to apoptosis during active HIV-1 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Raymond
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4268, USA
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WINARSI HERY, MUCHTADI DEDDY, ZAKARIA FRANSISKARUNGKAT, PURWANTO AGUS. Efek Suplementasi Zn terhadap Status Imun Wanita Premenopause yang Diintervensi dengan Minuman Berisoflavon. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1978-3019(16)30330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Abstract
Zinc is known to be essential for all highly proliferating cells in the human body, especially the immune system. A variety of in vivo and in vitro effects of zinc on immune cells mainly depend on the zinc concentration. All kinds of immune cells show decreased function after zinc depletion. In monocytes, all functions are impaired, whereas in natural killer cells, cytotoxicity is decreased, and in neutrophil granulocytes, phagocytosis is reduced. The normal functions of T cells are impaired, but autoreactivity and alloreactivity are increased. B cells undergo apoptosis. Impaired immune functions due to zinc deficiency are shown to be reversed by an adequate zinc supplementation, which must be adapted to the actual requirements of the patient. High dosages of zinc evoke negative effects on immune cells and show alterations that are similar to those observed with zinc deficiency. Furthermore, when peripheral blood mononuclear cells are incubated with zinc in vitro, the release of cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble IL-2R and interferon-gamma is induced. In a concentration of 100 micro mol/L, zinc suppresses natural killer cell killing and T-cell functions whereas monocytes are activated directly, and in a concentration of 500 micro mol/L, zinc evokes a direct chemotactic activation of neutrophil granulocytes. All of these effects are discussed in this short overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Helge Ibs
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Zn is an essential trace element for all organisms. In human subjects body growth and development is strictly dependent on Zn. The nervous, reproductive and immune systems are particularly influenced by Zn deficiency, as well as by increased levels of Zn. The relationship between Zn and the immune system is complex, since there are four different types of influence associated with Zn. (1) The dietary intake and the resorption of Zn depends on the composition of the diet and also on age and disease status. (2) Zn is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymes influencing various organ functions having a secondary effect on the immune system. (3) Direct effects of Zn on the production, maturation and function of leucocytes. (4) Zn influences the function of immunostimulants used in the experimental systems. Here we summarize all four types of influence on the immune function. Nutritional aspects of Zn, the physiology of Zn, the influence of Zn on enzymes and cellular functions, direct effects of Zn on leucocytes at the cellular and molecular level, Zn-altered function of immunostimulants and the therapeutic use of Zn will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rink
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Lübeck School of Medicine, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Cao J, Cousins RJ. Metallothionein mRNA in monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in cells from dried blood spots increases after zinc supplementation of men. J Nutr 2000; 130:2180-7. [PMID: 10958810 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific, sensitive and reliable index for assessment of human zinc status has not been developed, and continues to present a considerable challenge for nutritionists in the trace element field. We have focused on metallothionein (MT) expression as a potential index. A protocol involving 16 men and a 10-d supplementation period plus a 4-d postsupplementation period was used to examine the relative response of MT expression in erythrocytes, monocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cells from a dried blood spot (DBS). Zinc was supplemented at the current adult male recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 15 mg. Erythrocyte MT protein, as measured by ELISA, increased gradually to about twofold over the placebo group during zinc supplementation and remained elevated for 4 d postsupplementation. Competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that MT mRNA levels in both monocytes and PBMC increased (up to 4.7- and 2.7-fold, respectively) after 2 d of supplementation, with greater expression in monocytes compared with PBMC. Total RNA extracted from dried blood spots, representing cells from 50 microL of blood, showed a comparable change in MT mRNA upon zinc supplementation. In each leukocyte population isolated, when zinc supplementation was withdrawn, MT mRNA levels decreased. Collectively, these experiments show that, in men, MT gene expression increases during supplementation at the RDA, and that the DBS sampling method will be of value in measuring MT expression in a variety of clinical and survey situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Center for Nutritional Sciences, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-0370, USA
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11
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Nolan DP, Voorheis HP. Factors that determine the plasma-membrane potential in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4615-23. [PMID: 10903493 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The plasma-membrane potential (Delta(psi)p) in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei was studied using several different radiolabelled probes: 86Rb+ and [14C]SCN- were used to report Delta(psi)p directly because they distribute in easily measured quantities across the plasma membrane only, and [3H]methyltriphenylphosphonium (MePh3P+) was used to report Delta(psi)p only when Delta(psi)m had been abolished with FCCP because it reports the algebraic sum of the two potentials when used alone. The unperturbed Delta(psi)p had a value of -82 mV and was found to be essentially identical with, and determined almost completely by, the potassium diffusion potential, as evidenced by: (a) the lack of effect of valinomycin on the value obtained under appropriate conditions when any of these probes were used; (b) the close agreement of this measured value with that predicted from the measured distribution of K+ across the plasma membrane (-76 mV); (c) the large effect of changes in the extracellular K+ concentration by substitution with Na+ on Delta(psi)p together with the complete lack of effect of substitution of extracellular Na+ by the choline cation or substitution of extracellular Cl- by the gluconate anion on Delta(psi)p. The contribution to Delta(psi)p by electrogenic pumping of Na+/K+-ATPase was found to be small (of the order of 6 mV). H+ was not found to be pumped across the plasma membrane or to contribute to Delta(psi)p.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Nolan
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Abstract
Although the intriguing role of zinc as an essential trace element for immune function is well established, particular progress in determining the molecular principles of action of this ion was made recently. Leukocyte responsiveness is delicately regulated by zinc concentration. Zinc deficiency as well as supraphysiologic levels impair immune function. Furthermore, the activities of many immunostimulants frequently used in immunologic studies are influenced by zinc concentration. Therefore, our knowledge from in vitro studies is widely dependent on the zinc concentration, and when not in physiologic range, immunologic responses are artificially low. Decreased production of TH1 cytokines and interferon-alpha by leukocytes in the healthy elderly person is correlated with low zinc serum level. The defect in interferon-alpha production is reconstituted by the addition of physiologic amounts of zinc in vitro. Interestingly, zinc induces cytokine production by isolated leukocytes. Zinc induces monocytes to produce interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and separated monocytes. This effect is higher in serum-free medium. However, only in the presence of serum does zinc also induce T cells to produce lymphokines. This effect on T cells is mediated by cytokines produced by monocytes. Stimulation also requires cell-to-cell contact of monocytes and T cells. Information is presented to illustrate the concepts that the zinc concentration must be taken into account whenever in vitro studies are made or complex alterations of immune functions are observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rink
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Lübeck School of Medicine, Lübeck, Germany
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Sullivan VK, Burnett FR, Cousins RJ. Metallothionein expression is increased in monocytes and erythrocytes of young men during zinc supplementation. J Nutr 1998; 128:707-13. [PMID: 9521632 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.4.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metallothionein gene is transcriptionally regulated by zinc. Consequently, metallothionein has potential for serving as an index of dietary zinc status in humans. To examine this possibility, an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) based on a sandwich approach that utilizes monoclonal and chicken egg yolk antibodies was used to compare the response of erythrocyte metallothionein protein levels with the response of monocyte metallothionein mRNA levels as measured by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (CRT-PCR) during zinc supplementation. Young male subjects participated in an 18-d supplementation study in which zinc was provided at 50 mg/d. Control subjects received a placebo. The zinc supplement resulted in significantly greater erythrocyte metallothionein levels by d 8 of supplementation compared with controls. Monocyte metallothionein mRNA levels were significantly greater than those of controls by d 2 of supplementation. Both remained elevated through d 18. They returned to base line by 8 and 4 d after supplementation, respectively. The plasma zinc concentration was significantly greater than in controls by d 6 and had returned to control levels by d 22 of supplementation. The results presented here show that both monocyte metallothionein mRNA and erythrocyte metallothionein protein concentrations change in human subjects in response to elevated dietary zinc intake and that monocyte metallothionein mRNA responds more rapidly to elevation of dietary zinc status than erythrocyte metallothionein protein. Consequently, both erythrocyte metallothionein and monocyte metallothionein mRNA may prove to be measures useful for assessment of either zinc depletion or the bioavailability of zinc supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Sullivan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 36211, USA
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14
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Marotta A, Todisco N, Di Toro A, Toraldo R, Ponte G, Perrone L. Zinc content of lymphomonocytes in obese children. Nutr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0271-5317(95)02013-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Coyle P, Zalewski PD, Philcox JC, Forbes IJ, Ward AD, Lincoln SF, Mahadevan I, Rofe AM. Measurement of zinc in hepatocytes by using a fluorescent probe, zinquin: relationship to metallothionein and intracellular zinc. Biochem J 1994; 303 ( Pt 3):781-6. [PMID: 7980447 PMCID: PMC1137615 DOI: 10.1042/bj3030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinquin [ethyl (2-methyl-8-p-toluenesulphonamido-6-quinolyloxy)acetate], a new intracellular zinc fluorophore, was used to reveal and to measure Zn in cultured rat hepatocytes before and after metallothionein (MT) induction. Hepatocytes labelled with an intense extranuclear fluorescence. Culture with combinations of Zn, dexamethasone and interleukin-6, increased intracellular MT by 24-fold, Zn 3-fold, and Zinquin fluorescence by approx. 2-fold above control values. Zinquin fluorescence correlated in descending order with the total cellular Zn (r = 0.747), exchangeable Zn (r = 0.735), soluble cytosolic Zn (r = 0.669) and MT (r = 0.666). When Zinquin was incubated with a cytosolic fraction of liver proteins before Sephadex G-75 column chromatography, it fluoresced with free, MT-incorporated and protein-bound Zn. Although only a slight attenuation of fluorescence was seen with high-molecular-mass protein-bound Zn, MT was degraded by 60% in the presence of Zinquin. The undegraded Zn-MT fluoresced at about 20% of the expected intensity. Although Zinquin fluoresces with all cytosolic Zn, caution is required when comparisons are made between samples with different concentrations of MT. This limitation was demonstrated by staining liver slices from adjuvant-treated rats where MT was increased 24-fold, intracellular Zn by 77%, but Zinquin fluorescence by only 19% above controls. Nevertheless, Zinquin should prove to be a useful tool for studying the distribution of Zn in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Coyle
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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Pauwels M, van Weyenbergh J, Soumillion A, Proost P, De Ley M. Induction by zinc of specific metallothionein isoforms in human monocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 220:105-10. [PMID: 8119276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A low-molecular-mass zinc-containing protein was isolated by gel permeation and anion-exchange chromatography of lysates of human monocytes induced with zinc acetate. Characterization by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid sequencing identified the two major charge-separable fractions and an occasionally occurring third fraction as metallothionein-1, metallothionein-2 and metallothionein-0, respectively. Metallothionein-1 was shown to consist of a mixture of isoforms, confirmed as metallothionein-1e, metallothionein-1g and metallothionein-1l by comparison with cDNA sequences obtained by screening a human monocyte cDNA library. We can find no previous observation in the literature of metallothionein-1g at both the protein and RNA level in a non-tumour cell, and of metallothionein-0 in a non-fetal cell or tissue. Since isoform-specific polymerase-chain-reaction amplification showed the presence of metallothionein-0 mRNA in zinc-induced but not in untreated monocytes, these cells can be used as an in vitro system to investigate the expression of this previously considered fetal isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pauwels
- Laboratorium voor Biochemie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Goode HF, Naylor JR, Walker BE. Correction of cellular zinc depletion by oral zinc supplementation in elderly subjects. Clin Nutr 1993; 12:29-32. [PMID: 16843273 DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(93)90142-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1992] [Accepted: 07/16/1992] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune function declines with age, and has been implicated in the increased incidence of cancer and infections in the elderly. In this hospital, many elderly patients have evidence of zinc depletion. In the present study, we supplemented those elderly patients who had depressed polymorphonuclear cell (PMNC) zinc levels with 135 mg oral zinc sulphate for 4 weeks. Plasma and PMNC zinc increased markedly but the percentage of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes expressing the surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 were unchanged. Plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E also remained constant. This study confirms the 25-30% incidence of cellular zinc depletion in this patient population, and demonstrates that zinc concentrations can be brought back to within normal limits by oral zinc supplements, but with no effect on T-cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- Department of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF; UK
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Goode HF, Burns E, Walker BE. Vitamin C depletion and pressure sores in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1992; 305:925-7. [PMID: 1458073 PMCID: PMC1883546 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6859.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the contribution of specific nutritional deficiencies (as indicated by zinc; vitamin A, C, and E; albumin; and haemoglobin concentrations) to the risk of pressure sores. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING St James's University Hospital, Leeds. SUBJECTS 21 elderly patients presenting consecutively to the orthopaedic unit with femoral neck fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Full thickness epidermal break over a pressure bearing surface. RESULTS 10 patients (48%) developed a pressure sore during their hospital stay. Indices of zinc status and concentrations of albumin, haemoglobin, and vitamins A and E were similar in patients who developed a pressure sore and those who did not. Mean leucocyte vitamin C concentration, however, was 6.3 (SD 2.2) micrograms/10(8) cells in patients who developed a pressure sore as compared with 12.8 (4.6) micrograms/10(8) cells in patients who did not. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of leucocyte vitamin C appear to be associated with subsequent development of pressure sores in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- St James's University Hospital, Leeds
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Webb AM, Russell J, Elstein M. Comparison of Yuzpe regimen, danazol, and mifepristone (RU486) in oral postcoital contraception. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1992; 305:927-31. [PMID: 1458074 PMCID: PMC1883543 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6859.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and acceptability of three regimens of postcoital contraception. DESIGN Randomised group comparison of ethinyloestradiol 100 micrograms plus levonorgestrel 500 micrograms repeated after 12 hours (Yuzpe method); danazol 600 mg repeated after 12 hours; and mifepristone 600 mg single dose. SETTING Community family planning clinic. SUBJECTS 616 consecutive women with regular cycles aged 16 to 45 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of pregnancies, incidence of side effects, and timing of next period. RESULTS The raw pregnancy rates (with 95% confidence intervals) for the Yuzpe, danazol, and mifepristone groups were 2.62% (0.86% to 6.00%), 4.66% (2.15% to 8.67%), and 0% (0% to 1.87%) respectively. Overall, these rates differed significantly (chi 2 = 8.988, df = 2; p = 0.011). The differences between the mifepristone and Yuzpe groups and between the mifepristone and danazol groups were also significant. Side effects were more common and more severe in the Yuzpe group (133 women (70%)) than in either the danazol group (58 (30%)) or the mifepristone group (72 (37%)). The Yuzpe regimen tended to induce bleeding early but mifepristone prolonged the cycle. Three women bled more than seven days late in the Yuzpe group compared with 49 in the mifepristone group. CONCLUSIONS Mifepristone was effective in reducing expected pregnancy rates and the Yuzpe method also had a clinical effect. Danazol had little or no effect. A further multicentre trial is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Webb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Manchester
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20
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Taylor CM, Goode HF, Aggett PJ, Bremner I, Walker BE, Kelleher J. Symptomatic zinc deficiency in experimental zinc deprivation. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:83-4. [PMID: 1740525 PMCID: PMC495830 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.45.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of indices of poor zinc status was undertaken in five male subjects in whom dietary zinc intake was reduced from 85 mumol d-1 in an initial phase of the study to 14 mumol d-1. One of the subjects developed features consistent with zinc deficiency after receiving the low zinc diet for 12 days. These features included retroauricular acneform macullo-papular lesions on the face, neck, and shoulders and reductions in plasma zinc, red blood cell zinc, neutrophil zinc and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. Alcohol induced hepatitis, which was suspected in this subject, may have caused a predisposition to altered zinc metabolism and possible zinc deficiency which was exacerbated by subsequent zinc deprivation. The report supports the value of neutrophil zinc concentration as an indicator of poor zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Taylor
- Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
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21
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Peretz A, Nève J, Jeghers O, Leclercq N, Praet JP, Vertongen F, Famaey JP. Interest of zinc determination in leucocyte fractions for the assessment of marginal zinc status. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 203:35-46. [PMID: 1769119 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the sensitivity of leucocyte zinc determination in the assessment of zinc status, an isolation procedure of mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear (PMNC) cell fractions was developed. Zinc concentrations in cells from healthy subjects were (mean +/- SD, in mumol/10(10) cells): 0.81 +/- 0.24 in MNC and 0.55 +/- 0.06 in PMNC. In patients suffering from several diseases known to be associated with a marginal impairment in zinc status (cirrhosis, cancer, obesity, endocrine and rheumatic diseases), these concentrations did not differ from those in controls except in rheumatic patients in whom MNC zinc was increased (1.05 +/- 0.42 mumol/10(10) cells) and correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.41, P less than 0.01). This relation was also significant in the whole study population (r = 0.39, P less than 0.01). Leucocyte zinc therefore appears to have a limited value in the assessment of marginally impaired zinc status, except in inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peretz
- Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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22
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Goode HF, Rathbone BJ, Kelleher J, Walker BE. Monocyte zinc and in vitro prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 beta production by cultured peripheral blood monocytes in patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:627-33. [PMID: 2022165 DOI: 10.1007/bf01297030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between zinc status and prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 beta production by cultured monocytes in patients with Crohn's disease. Monocyte zinc was significantly decreased in both 12 inpatients and 22 outpatients compared with controls (P less than 0.001) but lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear cell zinc were normal. When cultured monocytes from 10 outpatients with Crohn's disease were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, prostaglandin E2 production increased markedly, coupled with a fall in monocyte zinc. In matched controls, prostaglandin E2 production was significantly less and monocyte zinc remained stable. No difference in interleukin-1 release was noted between patients and controls. The addition of prednisolone to cell cultures suppressed prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 synthesis, and monocyte zinc did not change. Zinc chloride augmented prostaglandin E2 production in patients, but not controls, and interleukin-1 remained stable. These results demonstrate a link between low monocyte zinc concentration and excessive prostaglandin production in patients with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- Department of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, U.K
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23
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Aggett
- Department of Child Health, University of Aberdeen
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25
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du Preez MJ, Lockett CJ. Effect of clopamide, a thiazide diuretic, on copper and zinc levels in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1991; 10:34-7. [PMID: 2010578 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1991.10718123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiazide diuretics, which are often prescribed to treat mild to moderate hypertension, commonly cause an increase in urinary zinc (Zn) excretion. Metabolic interrelationships between Zn and copper (Cu) are known to exist; consequently, Zn might influence Cu levels. This study aims to determine whether or not Cu and Zn levels in hypertensive patients were influenced by treatment with clopamide, a thiazide diuretic. Eight male patients, aged 36-59 and with an average supine diastolic pressure of 95-115 mm Hg, were treated with single daily doses of clopamide 5 mg as monotherapy for 16 weeks. Plasma, erythrocyte (RBC), and mononuclear leukocyte (WBC) levels of Cu and Zn were determined immediately before therapy (week 0) and again at weeks 8 and 16. There was a significant fall in Cu in mononuclear WBCs from 13.25 (SEM = 0.86) to 1.9 fg/cell (SEM = 0.56) (p less than 0.001) and an increase in Zn from 33.87 (SEM = 3.7) to 70.8 fg/cell (SEM = 11.7) (p less than 0.001), with no change in either cell count or measurable cell volume. Plasma Cu levels increased significantly (p less than 0.001), but the Zn levels decreased only slightly (p less than 0.03). Changes in RBC Cu levels during the treatment period were not significantly altered (p less than 0.1). Zn levels in RBCs were significantly (p less than 0.04) lower. It is concluded that treatment with clopamide may induce some changes in Cu and Zn levels in normal hypertensives, particularly in WBCs. Further investigation is needed to determine the extent of this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J du Preez
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Natal, Congella, South Africa
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26
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Goode HF, Kelleher J, Walker BE. The effects of acute infection on indices of zinc status. Clin Nutr 1991; 10:55-9. [PMID: 16839895 DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(91)90082-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1990] [Accepted: 08/13/1990] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various indices of zinc status were assessed in 12 patients with acute urinary tract or chest infections on Day 1 and Day 7 of the infection. Leucocyte counts were raised on Day 1 but had returned to near normal by Day 7. Plasma zinc was decreased on Day 1 in conjunction with depressed plasma albumin concentrations (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) but both had returned to normal by Day 7. Mononuclear cell zinc was raised in all patients on Day 1 compared to Day 7 and control values, but polymorphonuclear cell zinc remained unchanged. However, polymorphonuclear cell alkaline phosphatase activity was grossly increased on Day 1 and correlated with leucocyte count (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was variable. These results indicate that in patients with infections measurement of plasma mononuclear cell zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity are misleading indicators of zinc status. Polymorphonuclear cell zinc is unaffected by leucocytosis, inflammation and stress and may therefore provide a more reliable index of zinc status in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- University of Leeds, Department of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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27
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Schousboe I. The inositol-phospholipid-accelerated activation of prekallikrein by activated factor XII at physiological ionic strength requires zinc ions and high-Mr kininogen. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:495-9. [PMID: 2226467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a system consisting of purified proteins inositol-phospholipid-accelerated activation of prekallikrein by alpha-factor XIIa was determined by measuring the appearance of kallikrein amidolytic activity towards the chromogenic substrate, H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-NH-PhNO2 (PhNO2, 4-nitrophenyl). The activation reaction was ionic-strength dependent. In the absence of high-Mr kininogen optimal activity was recorded at I = 50 mM. Searching for conditions, which could change this optimum towards physiological values, high-Mr kininogen was added. This resulted in an inhibition of the activity, with no change in ionic strength optimum. If, however, Zn2+ were added concomitant with high-Mr kininogen, the inhibition was abolished and optimal activity recorded at physiological ionic strength. The optimal Zn2+ concentration was found to be 0.1 mM. Kinetic analysis of the reaction demonstrated that the kcat/Km was 1.2 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 in the absence and 1.1 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 in the presence of Zn2+. Zn2+ were also required for inositol-phospholipid-accelerated initiation of the contact activation in whole plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schousboe
- Department of Biochemistry C, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Leung RS, Turnbull AJ, Taylor JA, Russell-Jones R, Thompson RP. Neutrophil zinc levels in psoriasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1990; 123:319-23. [PMID: 2145027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The median zinc content of neutrophils was significantly reduced in 16 patients with psoriasis in comparison to both normal controls and six patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis (P less than 0.05). This reduction was unrelated to the extent of skin involvement. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc levels were unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Leung
- St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Rayne Institute, St Thomas's Hospital, London, U.K
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Goode HF, Kelleher J, Walker BE. Relation between zinc status and hepatic functional reserve in patients with liver disease. Gut 1990; 31:694-7. [PMID: 2379875 PMCID: PMC1378499 DOI: 10.1136/gut.31.6.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Patients with liver disease may be at risk of zinc depletion. We measured polymorphonuclear cell, mononuclear cell, plasma, and erythrocyte zinc values, and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity to assess zinc status in 17 patients with non-alcoholic liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis) and 13 patients with alcoholic liver disease. The plasma zinc concentration was reduced in both patient groups and correlated strongly with the plasma albumin concentration. The mean polymorphonuclear cell zinc value in both groups was similar to that of controls but when results were combined and grouped according to hepatic functional reserve, patients with more severe liver damage (grade C) had a lower polymorphonuclear cell zinc value (mean (SD) 0.86 (0.24) nmol/mg protein) than patients with grade A (1.44 (0.43) nmol/mg protein, p less than 0.01) or grade B liver damage (1.08 (0.30) nmol/mg protein, p less than 0.05), or control subjects (1.26 (0.28) nmol/mg protein, p less than 0.001). The polymorphonuclear cell zinc value did not correlate with other indices of zinc status. The mononuclear cell zinc value was normal in all patients and was unrelated to hepatic damage. The erythrocyte zinc value and carbonic anhydrase activity were raised in alcoholic patients only. Since the polymorphonuclear cell zinc concentration is low in human experimental zinc deficiency and also correlates with tissue zinc, we suggest that our results provide evidence of progressive leucocyte zinc depletion in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Goode
- Department of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds
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30
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Abstracts of Communications. Proc Nutr Soc 1990. [DOI: 10.1079/pns19900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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