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Saadatmand S, Zohroudi F, Tangestani H. The Effect of Oral Chamomile on Anxiety: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2024; 13:139-147. [PMID: 38784853 PMCID: PMC11109927 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2024.13.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is a prevalent psychiatric issue that affects 4.05% of the global population. As complementary and alternative medicine gains popularity, many individuals with anxiety symptoms seek herbal remedies. This systematic review aims to explore the sedative efficacy of chamomile as an herbal medicine for anxiety treatment. Our search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases until August 2023. Among 389 papers found, after removing duplicates and irrelevant papers, 10 clinical trials investigating the effect of oral consumption of chamomile on anxiety were included. Two researchers independently completed all steps, including the screening process and data extraction. Out of the 10 articles selected, 9 studies have concluded that chamomile is effective in reducing anxiety. Even though, the exact mechanism of chamomile's anxiolytic action is not well understood, evidence suggests that its active compounds, including apigenin, may modulate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by affecting neurotransmitter pathways. This systematic review showed that chamomile potentially has an anxiolytic effect. In addition, due to the side effects of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders, the use of chamomile seems to be effective and less dangerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Saadatmand
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Foad Zohroudi
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Hadith Tangestani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
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Bhattacharya A, Chakraborty M, Chanda A, Alqahtani T, Kumer A, Dhara B, Chattopadhyay M. Neuroendocrine and cellular mechanisms in stress resilience: From hormonal influence in the CNS to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18220. [PMID: 38509751 PMCID: PMC10955164 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in neuroendocrinology challenge the long-held belief that hormonal effects are confined to perivascular tissues and do not extend to the central nervous system (CNS). This paradigm shift, propelled by groundbreaking research, reveals that synthetic hormones, notably in anti-inflammatory medications, significantly influence steroid psychosis, behavioural, and cognitive impairments, as well as neuropeptide functions. A seminal development in this field occurred in 1968 with McEven's proposal that rodent brains are responsive to glucocorticoids, fundamentally altering the understanding of how anxiety impacts CNS functionality and leading to the identification of glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticoids as distinct corticotropic receptors. This paper focuses on the intricate roles of the neuroendocrine, immunological, and CNS in fostering stress resilience, underscored by recent animal model studies. These studies highlight active, compensatory, and passive strategies for resilience, supporting the concept that anxiety and depression are systemic disorders involving dysregulation across both peripheral and central systems. Resilience is conceptualized as a multifaceted process that enhances psychological adaptability to stress through adaptive mechanisms within the immunological system, brain, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and ANS Axis. Furthermore, the paper explores oxidative stress, particularly its origin from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. The mitochondria's role extends beyond ATP production, encompassing lipid, heme, purine, and steroidogenesis synthesis. ROS-induced damage to biomolecules can lead to significant mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis, emphasizing the critical nature of mitochondrial health in overall cellular function and stress resilience. This comprehensive synthesis of neuroendocrinological and cellular biological research offers new insights into the systemic complexity of stress-related disorders and the imperative for multidisciplinary approaches in their study and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Bhattacharya
- Department of PharmacologyCalcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and AHSUluberiaWest BengalIndia
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyCalcutta institute of pharmaceutical technology and AHSUluberiaWest BengalIndia
| | - Ananya Chanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical ScienceAdamas UniversityBarasatWest BengalIndia
| | - Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of PharmacyKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Arts and Sciences, IUBAT‐International University of Business Agriculture and TechnologyDhakaBangladesh
| | - Bikram Dhara
- Center for Global Health ResearchSaveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesChennaiIndia
- Department of Health SciencesNovel Global Community and Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Moitreyee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyMaulana Abul Kalam Azad University of TechnologyKolkataWest BengalIndia
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3
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Singh A, Sarwat M, Gupta S. Pharmacological Mechanism of Herbal Interventions for Bipolar Disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1867-1879. [PMID: 38847247 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128312442240519184440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a neuropsychiatric disease characterized by an abundance of undesired ideas and thoughts associated with recurrent episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. Alterations in the circuits, including the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and limbic system, regulate mood and cause variation in several crucial neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate. Imbalances in dopamine levels have been implicated in the manic phase, while variance in serotonin is linked to depressive episodes. The precise pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is still unknown. Though different treatments are available, like lithium, risperidone, valproic acid, etc., which are widely used, they come with certain limitations, including narrow therapeutic index, hypothyroidism, weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms, etc. The interest in herbal- based treatments for bipolar disorder arises from the desire for alternative, potentially more natural, and holistic approaches with fewer side effects. The current review focuses on the potential effects of herbal drugs and their derivatives to alleviate the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Singh
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Sarwat
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeetha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mony TJ, Elahi F, Choi JW, Park SJ. Neuropharmacological Effects of Terpenoids on Preclinical Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091834. [PMID: 36139909 PMCID: PMC9495487 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are widely distributed in nature, especially in the plant kingdom, and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. In recent years, screening has revealed a wide variety of new terpenoids that are active against different psychiatric disorders. This review synthesized the current published preclinical studies of terpenoid use in psychiatric disorders. This review was extensively investigated to provide empirical evidence regarding the neuropharmacological effects of the vast group of terpenoids in translational models of psychiatric disorders, their relevant mechanisms of action, and treatment regimens with evidence of the safety and psychotropic efficacy. Therefore, we utilized nine (9) electronic databases and performed manual searches of each. The relevant data were retrieved from the articles published until present. We used the search terms "terpenoids" or "terpenes" and "psychiatric disorders" ("psychiatric disorders" OR "psychiatric diseases" OR "neuropsychiatric disorders" OR "psychosis" OR "psychiatric symptoms"). The efficacy of terpenoids or biosynthetic compounds in the terpenoid group was demonstrated in preclinical animal studies. Ginsenosides, bacosides, oleanolic acid, asiatic acid, boswellic acid, mono- and diterpenes, and different forms of saponins and triterpenoids were found to be important bioactive compounds in several preclinical studies of psychosis. Taken together, the findings of the present review indicate that natural terpenoids and their derivatives could achieve remarkable success as an alternative therapeutic option for alleviating the core or associated behavioral features of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Jahan Mony
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (S.J.P.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4955 (J.W.C.); +82-33-250-6441 (S.J.P.); Fax: +82-32-820-4829 (J.W.C.); +82-33-259-5563 (S.J.P.)
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (S.J.P.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4955 (J.W.C.); +82-33-250-6441 (S.J.P.); Fax: +82-32-820-4829 (J.W.C.); +82-33-259-5563 (S.J.P.)
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Asgharian P, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sabernavaei M, Hosseini K, Forouhandeh H, Ebrahimi T, Sharafi-Badr P, Tarhriz V, Soofiyani SR, Helon P, Rajkovic J, Durna Daştan S, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Koch W, Cho WC. Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926607. [PMID: 36188551 PMCID: PMC9521271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mahsa Sabernavaei
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Sharafi-Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Albaiz AS. The Use of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Treating Depression and Anxiety. Cureus 2022; 14:e22278. [PMID: 35198336 PMCID: PMC8853973 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the era of evidence-based medicine, research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased dramatically in recent decades. To date, however, there is no comprehensive review of safflower as an herbal antidepressant and anxiolytic with details on its psychopharmacology and applications in depression and anxiety. Methods This research is a review and qualitative research through an electronic survey among the Saudi population, thus assessing their knowledge about using safflower in treating depression and anxiety. The survey was distributed in Saudi Arabia in December 2021 and the results were finalized in January 2022. Results A total of 1074 Saudi participants were included in the study; 1002 (93.3%) participants reported knowing safflower very well while 72 (6.7%) had never heard of it. Some participants had used safflower infusions to treat anxiety and depression; 446 (44.4%) participants had never used it, but the remaining 558 (55.6%) had used it to varying degrees to treat anxiety and depression. Among the 752 participants who previously tried safflower, 279 (37.1%) reported that safflower was very effective, 389 (51.73%) reported some improvement, and 93 (12.36%) reported no improvement. Conclusion Emerging medical evidence is guiding herbal treatments. This research illustrates that more than 75% of the Saudi population are using Safflower to treat psychological stress. It elaborates that more than half of the population are already using safflower off the label to treat depression and anxiety and that they find it useful. A well-constructed clinical trial is thus critical to prove the evidence-based benefits of safflower in treating depression and anxiety. More studies on possible side effects are required to guarantee its safety. Nature has previously provided remarkable remedies, and more work will illustrate the value of safflower.
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Shahrajabian MH. Powerful Stress Relieving Medicinal Plants for Anger, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Global Pandemic. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:284-310. [PMID: 35319401 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220321102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during a global pandemic. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to the global pandemic are pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom, specific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date, and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants that have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper's-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, hawthorns, and lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for the treatment and alleviation of the negative effects of stress, anger, and depression during the global pandemic.
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Hu J, Teng J, Wang W, Yang N, Tian H, Zhang W, Peng X, Zhang J. Clinical efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine Xiao Yao San in insomnia combined with anxiety. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27608. [PMID: 34713840 PMCID: PMC8556059 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with long-term insomnia generally experience anxiety and depression. Traditional sleeping pills and anti-anxiety drugs have certain limitations. Xiao Yao San (XYS), a complementary and alternative therapy, has been widely used to treat insomnia combined with anxiety. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XYS in the treatment of insomnia combined with anxiety. METHODS Related literature was retrieved from 8 electronic databases from the establishment time to March 2021. The subjects were diagnosed with insomnia combined with anxiety. We assessed the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) according to the Cochrane Handbook. Data analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS The analysis includes 9 RCTs involving 681 patients. Meta-analysis supported that as an auxiliary drug for Western medicine (WM), XYS could enhance the clinical efficacy of insomnia calculated according to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score scale (risk ratio [RR]: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.43; P = .0002) and reduced the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale (mean difference [MD]: -5.19; 95% CI: -7.78 to -2.60; P < .001), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (MD: -3.35; 95% CI: -4.86 to -1.84; P < .001), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (MD: -9.38; 95% CI: -10.20 to -8.75; P < .001), TCM syndrome score scale for insomnia (MD: -4.45; 95% CI: -6.65 to -2.24; P < .001), and TCM syndrome score scale for anxiety (MD: -5.54; 95% CI: -9.48 to -1.6; P = .006). The summary analysis also shows that the separate use of XYS was advantageous in reducing the scores of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (MD: -3.70; 95% CI: -6.31 to -1.09; P = .005), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (MD: -1.82; 95% CI: -2.39 to -1.24; P < .001), and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (MD: -10.79; 95% CI: -14.09 to -7.49; P < .001). The incidence of adverse events with XYS as an ancillary drug or used separately was lower than that in the WM. CONCLUSION Our systematic evaluation and meta-analysis showed that XYS combined with WM or XYS alone was beneficial for improving sleep quality and relieving anxiety. Due to the low methodological quality, small sample size, and significant heterogeneity of RCTs, more rigorous and scientific clinical trials are required to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of XYS. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020190613.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Wanyu Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Ni Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haoyu Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Peng
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
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Tammadon MR, Nobahar M, Hydarinia-Naieni Z, Ebrahimian A, Ghorbani R, Vafaei AA. The Effects of Valerian on Sleep Quality, Depression, and State Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial. Oman Med J 2021; 36:e255. [PMID: 33936782 PMCID: PMC8077445 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2021.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study sought to determine the effects of valerian on sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted on 39 patients undergoing HD allocated into a valerian and placebo group. In the first phase of the study, group A (n = 19) received valerian and group B (n = 20) received a placebo one hour before sleep every night for a total of one month. Sleep quality, state anxiety, and depression were assessed in the patients at the beginning and end of the intervention using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. In the second phase, the two groups' treatment regimen was swapped. After a one-month washout period, the same process was repeated on the crossover groups (i.e., group A received placebo and group B received valerian). RESULTS In the first phase, the mean sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety scores showed significant reductions in both groups, but the reduction was significantly higher in group A compared to group B (7.6 vs. 3.2, p< 0.001; 6.5 vs. 2.3, p =0.013; 14.6 vs. 7.3, p =0.003, respectively). In the second phase, the mean sleep disorder, depression, and state anxiety scores showed significant reductions in both groups, but the reduction was significantly lower in group A compared to group B (1.4 vs. 4.6, p< 0.001; 1.2 vs. 3.8, p =0.002; 1.5 vs. 6.2, p< 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Valerian significantly improved sleep quality, the symptoms of state anxiety, and depression in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Tammadon
- Department of Medicine, Kowsar Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Monir Nobahar
- Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Corresponding author:
| | - Zaynab Hydarinia-Naieni
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbasali Ebrahimian
- Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Li ZH, Ma PK, Huang YF, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Chen JH, Guo CE, Chen N, Bi XN, Zhang YJ. Jiaotai Pill () Alleviates Insomnia through Regulating Monoamine and Organic Cation Transporters in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:183-191. [PMID: 33420587 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the effect and mechanism of Jiaotai Pill (, JTP) on insomniac rats. METHODS The insomniac model was established by intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). In behavioral experiments, rats were divided into control, insomniac model, JTP [3.3 g/(kg•d)], and diazepam [4 mg/(kg•d)] groups. The treatment effect of JTP was evaluated by weight measurement (increasement of body weight), open field test (number of crossings) and forced swimming test (immobility time). A high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) method was built to determine the concentration of monoamine transmitters in hypothalamus and peripheral organs from normal, model, JTP, citalopram [30 mg/(kg•d)], maprotiline [40 mg/(kg•d)] and bupropion [40 mg/(kg•d)] groups. Expressions of serotonin transporter (SERT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot in normal, model and JTP groups. A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established to determine the pharmacokinetics, urine cumulative excretion of metformin in vivo, and tissue slice uptake in vitro, which were applied to assess the activity of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in hypothalamus and peripheral organs. RESULTS Compared with the insomniac model group, the body weight and spontaneous locomotor were increased, and the immobility time was decreased after treatment with JTP (P<0.01). Both serotonin and dopamine contents in hypothalamus and peripheral organs were increased (P<0.01). The norepinephrine content was increased in peripheral organs and decreased in hypothalamus (P<0.05 or P<0.01). At the same time, SERT, DAT, OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 were down-regulated in hypothalamus and peripheral organs (P<0.05). NET was down-regulated in peripheral organs and up-regulated in hypothalamus (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, the activity of OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs was inhibited (P<0.05). CONCLUSION JTP alleviates insomnia through regulation of monoaminergic system and OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Peng-Kai Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | | | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chang-E Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xin-Ning Bi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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11
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Soleymani A, Cheng Q. Traditional herbal medicines to overcome stress, anxiety and improve mental health in outbreaks of human coronaviruses. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1237-1247. [PMID: 33350538 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mental health condition is including depression and anxiety, and they may impact wellbeing, personal relationships and productivity of both genders. Herbal medicines have been used to treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms for centuries. SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are related to coronavirus types. SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-2020) are the main coronavirus outbreaks. Both anxiety and depression are more serious to be considered and improved for all general public during fight with these diseases. In this mini-review article, we have mentioned the key role some of the most important plants and herbs for treatment of stress and anxiety and improve mental health against SARS and SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of traditional Asian medicine, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad H Shahrajabian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Soleymani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, China
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12
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Tang SW, Tang WH, Leonard BE. Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 28649903 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1346279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Herbs are frequently and concurrently used with prescribed drugs by patients worldwide. While clinical trials have found some herbs to be as useful as standard psychiatric drugs, most clinicians are unaware of their pharmacological mechanisms.Methods: We searched English language and other language literature with English abstracts listed in PubMed website, supplemented by additional through Google Scholar's free academic paper abstract website for publications on herbs, focussing on their clinical use in mental disorders, their neurobiology and their pharmacology.Results: A major reason for herbs remaining outside of mainstream psychiatry is that the terminology and concepts in herbal medicine are not familiar to psychiatrists in general. Many publications regarding the use of herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders are deficient in details regarding diagnosis, criteria for response and the neurobiology details compared with publications on standard psychotropic drugs. Nomenclature for herbal medicine is usually confusing and is not conducive to an easy understanding of their mode of action in psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The recent neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropics methodology would be a logical application to herbal medicine in facilitating a better understanding of the use of herbal medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu W Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wayne H Tang
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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13
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Roh D, Jung JH, Yoon KH, Lee CH, Kang LY, Lee S, Shin K, Kim DH. Valerian extract alters functional brain connectivity: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Phytother Res 2019; 33:939-948. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daeyoung Roh
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Jung
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Yoon
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Lee
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Lee Young Kang
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Sang‐Kyu Lee
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Kitack Shin
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of PsychiatryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
- Mind‐neuromodulation LaboratoryHallym University College of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
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14
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Urdaneta KE, Castillo MA, Montiel N, Semprún-Hernández N, Antonucci N, Siniscalco D. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Potential Neuro-Psychopharmacotherapeutic Plant-Based Drugs. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:433-444. [PMID: 30427697 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nola Montiel
- Cátedra Libre de Autismo, Vicerrectorado Académico, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Nicola Antonucci
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, Italy.,Italian Group for Studying Autism-GISA, Brescia, Italy
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15
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Anheyer D, Haller H, Klose P, Cramer H, Dobos G. [Herbal medicines for psychiatric disorders]. DER NERVENARZT 2018; 89:1009-1013. [PMID: 29846749 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-018-0539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany herbal medicines are traditionally frequently used. They represent an important therapeutic option, especially in self-medication. METHODS Current systematic review articles and meta-analyses were evaluated and summarized with respect to the evidence of phytotherapeutic drugs for selected psychiatric indications. RESULTS Apart from the use of St. John's wort for depression, no other herb has so far shown convincing evidence. CONCLUSION Due to the promising effects and the low side effect potential within the existing studies, further randomized controlled trials (e. g. for Passiflora incarnata, Rhodiola rosea and Lavendula officinalis) are definitely indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anheyer
- Klinik für Naturheilkunde und Integrative Medizin, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - H Haller
- Klinik für Naturheilkunde und Integrative Medizin, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276, Essen, Deutschland
| | - P Klose
- Klinik für Naturheilkunde und Integrative Medizin, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276, Essen, Deutschland
| | - H Cramer
- Klinik für Naturheilkunde und Integrative Medizin, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276, Essen, Deutschland
| | - G Dobos
- Klinik für Naturheilkunde und Integrative Medizin, Knappschafts-Krankenhaus, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34a, 45276, Essen, Deutschland
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16
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Ranjbar M, Salehi A, Rezaeizadeh H, Zarshenas MM, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Mirabzadeh M, Firoozabadi A. Efficacy of a Combination of Melissa officinalis L. and Nepeta Menthoides Boiss. & Buhse on Insomnia: A Triple-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:1197-1203. [PMID: 29741926 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that has not been well managed thus far. There are numerous medicaments for treatment of insomnia, but they have undesirable side effects that make herbal medicine a more viable option. OBJECTIVES The effectiveness of a combination of Melissa officinalis L. (dry powder) and Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse (freeze-dried aqueous extract) on insomnia was evaluated. DESIGN AND SETTING Insomniacs who met the entry criteria participated in a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial at the Persian Medicine (PM) clinic in Tehran. INTERVENTIONS The subjects received either 1000 mg of M. officinalis plus 400 mg N. menthoides or a placebo nightly for four weeks in accordance with prescriptions from the pharmaceutical manuscripts on PM and the results of previous studies. OUTCOME MEASURES The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), sleep diary, and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used for assessment of insomnia. RESULTS Comparison of the treatment and placebo groups showed a significant decrease in the mean difference of ISI (4.97 ± 4.69 vs. 1.60 ± 3.70; p =; 0.002) and total PSQI (4.14 ± 3.69 vs. 1.42 ± 2.81; p = 0.001) scores in the treatment group. A significant increase was also observed in total sleep time of treatment group (p < 0.001) based on the sleep diary. CONCLUSIONS A combination of M. officinalis and N. menthoides Boiss. & Buhse could be an alternative sleep improvement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ranjbar
- 1 Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
- 2 Research Centre for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Salehi
- 2 Research Centre for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaeizadeh
- 3 Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Zarshenas
- 4 Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
- 5 Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khosro Sadeghniiat-Haghighi
- 6 Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mirabzadeh
- 7 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Firoozabadi
- 2 Research Centre for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
- 8 Hafez Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Belica AL, Ćetković NB, Milić NB, Milošević NP. Herbal Therapy in Pregnancy-What to Expect when you Expect? Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701201236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal therapy in pregnancy is common for pregnancy related nausea, vomiting, gestational diabetes, anxiety, insomnia, and preparation for labor, as well as for treating infections. Many conventional drugs may interfere with fetal development and herbal products are considered to be safe. However, herbal therapy requires competent healthcare professional advice before prescribing. Knowledge about the possible adverse effects of active compounds of the herbs on pregnancy outcome is limited. Interference of herbal ingredients with conventional medication or the ailment should also not be excluded. For many herbal products, the pharmacological effect is not clinically proven, and the safe usage in pregnancy is not guaranteed. Here, based on published clinical trials, an overview is given of the efficacy and safety for fetal development and pregnancy outcome of the most frequently used herbs: ginger, cranberry, echinacea, mint, chamomile, valerian, flaxseed, tea and raspberry leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur L. Belica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinics for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 3-9, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nenad B. Ćetković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinics for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 3-9, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša B. Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša P. Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
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18
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Bounda GA, Feng YU. Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:225-36. [PMID: 26130933 PMCID: PMC4471648 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.157957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PMT), officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, is one of the most popular perennial Chinese traditional medicines known as He shou wu in China and East Asia, and as Fo-ti in North America. Mounting pharmacological studies have stressed out its key benefice for the treatment of various diseases and medical conditions such as liver injury, cancer, diabetes, alopecia, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases as well. International databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science citation Index and Google Scholar were searched for clinical studies recently published on P. multiflorum. Various clinical studies published articles were retrieved, providing information relevant to pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis, sleep disorders, dyslipidemia treatment, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review is an effort to update the clinical picture of investigations ever carried on PMT and/or its isolated bio-compounds and to enlighten its therapeutic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Armel Bounda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - YU Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
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19
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Porter RJ. Neglected areas of psychiatric practice and research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48:695-6. [PMID: 25048650 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414543428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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