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Han S, Wang L, Peng X, Wang J, Ou Y, Tao Y, Ding L, Zhang L. Amelogenin-Inspired Autoadaptive Peptide in a Caries Microenvironment Facilitates Long-Term Protection of the Dentin-Pulp Complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39046307 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries, one of the most prevalent infectious diseases, is the primary contributor to the early loss of natural teeth and is a significant public health issue. Known as the tooth's bioactive core, the dentin-pulp complex (DPCX) comprises tightly connected hard and soft tissues that not only serve as a biological barrier for the inner tooth tissue but also produce reparative dentin following mild disruptions. While efforts to preserve DPCX are numerous, most strategies focus on temporary antibacterial measures, inflammation reduction, or tissue regeneration, lacking a comprehensive, long-lasting solution. In this study, TVH-19, an autoadaptive peptide mimicking the pH- and ion-responsive capacity of amelogenin, was designed to exert multifaceted preservation of DPCX, providing a comprehensive strategy for preserving vital pulp. Leveraging its unique amphiphilicity-related cell penetration and ion/pH-responsive self-assembly properties, TVH-19 outperforms conventional pulp preservation materials by being capable of rapid cell penetration, minimizing diffused side effects, providing environment-responsive self-assembly/disassembly for balanced long-term antibacterial and cell protection, and facilitating the formation of lysosomal-escaping intracellular aggregates for the continuous activation of PDGFRα+ dental pulp stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Luoyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yeling Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan & School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Yang D, Jeong Y, Ortinau L, Solidum J, Park D. Mx1 -labeled pulp progenitor cells are main contributors to postnatal odontoblasts and pulp cells in murine molars. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586156. [PMID: 38585950 PMCID: PMC10996506 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration of dentin and odontoblasts from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is essential for permanent tooth maintenance. However, the in vivo identity and role of endogenous DPSCs in reparative dentinogenesis are elusive. Here, using pulp single-cell analysis before and after molar eruption, we revealed that endogenous DPSCs are enriched in Cxcl12- GFP + coronal papilla-like cells with Mx1- Cre labeling. These Mx1 + Cxcl12- GFP + cells are long-term repopulating cells that contribute to the majority of pulp cells and new odontoblasts after eruption. Upon molar injury, Mx1 + DPSCs localize into the injury site and differentiate into new odontoblasts, forming scleraxis -GFP + and osteocalcin -GFP + dentinal tubules and reparative dentin. Single-cell and FACS analysis showed that Mx1 + Cxcl12- GFP + DPSCs are the most primitive cells with stem cell marker expression and odontoblast differentiation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Mx1 labels postnatal DSPCs, which are the main source of pulp cells and new odontoblasts with reparative dentinogenesis in vivo .
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Lee YS, Park Y, Hwang G, Seo H, Ki SH, Bai S, Son C, Roh SM, Park S, Lee D, Lee J, Seo Y, Shon WJ, Jeon D, Jang M, Kim SG, Seo B, Lee G, Park J. Cpne7 deficiency induces cellular senescence and premature aging of dental pulp. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14061. [PMID: 38105557 PMCID: PMC10928576 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Once tooth development is complete, odontoblasts and their progenitor cells in the dental pulp play a major role in protecting tooth vitality from external stresses. Hence, understanding the homeostasis of the mature pulp populations is just as crucial as understanding that of the young, developing ones for managing age-related dentinal damage. Here, it is shown that loss of Cpne7 accelerates cellular senescence in odontoblasts due to oxidative stress and DNA damage accumulation. Thus, in Cpne7-null dental pulp, odontoblast survival is impaired, and aberrant dentin is extensively formed. Intraperitoneal or topical application of CPNE7-derived functional peptide, however, alleviates the DNA damage accumulation and rescues the pathologic dentin phenotype. Notably, a healthy dentin-pulp complex lined with metabolically active odontoblasts is observed in 23-month-old Cpne7-overexpressing transgenic mice. Furthermore, physiologic dentin was regenerated in artificial dentinal defects of Cpne7-overexpressing transgenic mice. Taken together, Cpne7 is indispensable for the maintenance and homeostasis of odontoblasts, while promoting odontoblastic differentiation of the progenitor cells. This research thereby introduces its potential in oral disease-targeted applications, especially age-related dental diseases involving dentinal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yeoung‐Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - Geumbit Hwang
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyejin Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Si Hyoung Ki
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Shengfeng Bai
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Chul Son
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - Seong Min Roh
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - Su‐Jin Park
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - Dong‐Seol Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - Ji‐Hyun Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
| | - You‐Mi Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Won Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Daehyun Jeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Mi Jang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sahng G. Kim
- Division of EndodonticsColumbia University College of Dental MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Byoung‐Moo Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Gene Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Joo‐Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology‐Developmental BiologySchool of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D CenterHysensBio Co., Ltd.GwacheonGyeonggiDoKorea
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Chen JM, Cheng YL, Yang MH, Su C, Yu H. Enhancing the inhibition of dental erosion and abrasion with quercetin-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica nanocomposites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1343329. [PMID: 38405377 PMCID: PMC10885352 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1343329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dental erosion and abrasion pose significant clinical challenges, often leading to exposed dentinal tubules and dentine demineralization. The aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy of quercetin-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica nanocomposites (Q@HMSNs) on the prevention of dentine erosion and abrasion. Method: Q@HMSNs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their biocompatibility. A total of 130 dentine specimens (2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) were prepared and randomly distributed into 5 treatment groups (n = 26): DW (deionized water, negative control), NaF (12.3 mg/mL sodium fluoride, positive control), Q (300 μg/mL quercetin), HMSN (5.0 mg/mL HMSNs), and Q@HMSN (5.0 mg/mL Q@HMSNs). All groups were submitted to in vitro erosive (4 cycles/d) and abrasive (2 cycles/d) challenges for 7 days. The specimens in the DW, NaF, and Q groups were immersed in the respective solutions for 2 min, while treatment was performed for 30 s in the HMSN and Q@HMSN groups. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to additional daily erosion/abrasion cycles for another 7 days. The effects of the materials on dentinal tubule occlusion and demineralized organic matrix (DOM) preservation were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The penetration depth of rhodamine B fluorescein into the etched dentine was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The erosive dentine loss (EDL) and release of type I collagen telopeptide (ICTP) were measured. The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: Q@HMSNs were successfully synthesized and showed minimal toxicity to human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) and gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Q@HMSNs effectively occluded the dentinal tubules, resulting in a thicker DOM in the Q@HMSN group. The CLSM images showed more superficial penetration in the HMSN and Q@HMSN groups than in the quercetin, NaF, and DW groups. The Q@HMSN group exhibited a significantly lower EDL and reduced ICTP levels compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Q@HMSNs hold promise for inhibiting dentine erosion and abrasion by promoting tubule occlusion and DOM preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ling Cheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Hui Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Shin B, Seo JH, Kim W, Ahn YJ, Kim HY, Shon WJ. The flow behavior and sealing ability of calcium silicate root canal cement containing dimethyl sulfoxide: An in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106156. [PMID: 38041883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To develop a calcium silicate (CaSi)-based cement containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and cement deliver device for new root canal filling technique, and to assess the flow behavior, leakage, and root canal filling quality of CaSi containing DMSO. METHODS CaSi containing DMSO (CSC-DMSO) and CaSi containing PEG (CSC-PEG) were prepared, and the flow characteristics of both cements were compared in gypsum and resin channels using a high-speed camera. Eight root canals were obturated by CSC-DMSO or CSC-PEG using a cement delivery device, and root canal filling quality was assessed in terms of filling length using periapical radiographs. The filling length was evaluated by 'apico-coronal extension,' measuring length in reference to apical constriction. Microleakage was measured for thirty human molars that were randomly filled with CSC-DMSO, CSC-PEG, or gutta-percha and AH plus. Preliminary obturation of CSC-DMSO with cement delivery device in human teeth was analyzed in terms of filling length and void, using periapical radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal Wallis test for simulated root canal fillings and one-way ANOVA for leakage test. RESULTS The flow speed of CSC-DMSO reduced in gypsum channels compared to resin channels, but CSC-PEG did not exhibit significant differences in the channels. The median absolute value of apico-coronal extension was significantly lower in CSC-DMSO compared to CSC-PEG (p < 0.05). Microleakage did not statistically differ between the groups (p > 0.05). In the preliminary obturation, the mean apico-coronal extension of CSC-DMSO was -0.297 ± 0.724 mm, while CSC-PEG was not feasible due to excess apical extrusions. CONCLUSIONS CSC-DMSO could be considered as an alternative filling material for root canal obturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Ahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lee M, Lee YS, Shon WJ, Park JC. Physiologic dentin regeneration: its past, present, and future perspectives. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1313927. [PMID: 38148896 PMCID: PMC10750396 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1313927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative dentistry has rapidly progressed since the advancement of stem cell biology and material science. However, more emphasis has been placed on the success of tissue formation than on how well the newly generated tissue retains the original structure and function. Once dentin is lost, tertiary dentinogenesis can be induced by new odontoblastic differentiation or re-activation of existing odontoblasts. The characteristic morphology of odontoblasts generates the tubular nature of dentin, which is a reservoir of fluid, ions, and a number of growth factors, and protects the inner pulp tissue. Therefore, understanding the dynamic but delicate process of new dentin formation by odontoblasts, or odontoblast-like cells, following dentinal defects is crucial. In this regard, various efforts have been conducted to identify novel molecules and materials that can promote the regeneration of dentin with strength and longevity. In this review, we focus on recent progress in dentin regeneration research with biological molecules identified, and discuss its potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Haidar M, Raslan N. Comparative study of articaine 4% versus lidocaine 2% in the local anesthesia of permanent mandibular first molars affected by MIH: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2023; 24:621-630. [PMID: 37526883 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study compares articaine 4% with lidocaine 2% in terms of injection pain and effectiveness of anesthesia when treating permanent mandibular first molars (PMFMs) affected by molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). In addition to comparing the complications of local anesthesia for both solutions. METHODS The sample included 20 children. Each child was randomly assigned to either articaine 4% or lidocaine 2% in their first session with the other solution being used at the subsequent session. Injection pain and the effectiveness of anesthesia were assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces® Pain Rating Scale and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale. Parents were asked to report any complications of local anesthesia. The Wilcoxon-matched pairs signed-rank test was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Patients experienced greater pain when receiving articaine 4% injections according to both scales, differences were statistically significant when using the Wong-Baker Faces® Pain Rating scale (p < 0.05). Whereas, the FLACC scale did not show such differences (P > 0.05). Although there were no significant differences between the two solutions regarding the effectiveness of local anesthesia according to both scales (P > 0.05), articaine 4% was clinically found to be more effective than lidocaine 2%. No complications of local anesthesia were reported. CONCLUSIONS Articaine 4% injection was more painful than lidocaine 2%. However, both solutions were effective in anesthetizing PMFMs affected by MIH and without anesthetic complications in the studied sample. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial, NCT05200884, ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05200884 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haidar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.
| | - N Raslan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria
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Park EH, Na YK, Gug H, Lee DS, Park JC, Park SH, Shon WJ. Development of a new universal adhesive containing CPNE7-derived peptide and its potential role in reducing postoperative sensitivity. Dent Mater J 2023:2022-181. [PMID: 37271544 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative sensitivity (POS) is the most common clinical dental complaint after tooth preparation and resin-based composite restoration. In our previous study, copine 7 (CPNE7) and CPNE7-derived peptide (CPNE7-DP) induced in vitro odontoblast differentiation and in vivo dentin formation. Here, we incorporated CPNE7-DP into All-Bond Universal (ABU) adhesive, developing ABU/CPNE7-DP. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of reducing POS using ABU/CPNE7-DP. We first determined the stability of CPNE7-DP under low pH. Furthermore, we evaluated its dentinal tubule penetration, in vitro odontogenic differentiation potential, in vivo tertiary dentin formation and its effects on bonding performance. CPNE7-DP was stable at pH 1.2, even lower than ABU's pH of 3.2. ABU/CPNE7-DP can penetrate dentinal tubules, stimulate odontoblast differentiation in vitro and generate tertiary dentin with tubular structure in vivo without interfering with bonding performance. Therefore, ABU/CPNE7-DP may serve as a novel bioactive adhesive for reducing POS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyun Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Yun Kyung Na
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Hyeri Gug
- Laboratory for The Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University
| | - Dong-Seol Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for The Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
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Yi L, Wu H, Xu Y, Yu J, Zhao Y, Yang H, Huang C. Biomineralization-inspired sandwich dentin desensitization strategy based on multifunctional nanocomposite with yolk-shell structure. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:127-143. [PMID: 36408803 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04993g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) treatment is far from being unequivocal in providing a superior strategy that combines immediate and long-term efficiency of dentinal tubule (DT) occlusion and clinical applicability. In order to achieve this aim, a type of multifunctional yolk-shell nanocomposite with acid resistance, mechanical resistance and biomineralization properties was developed in this study, which consists of a silica/mesoporous titanium-zirconium nanocarrier (STZ) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) liquid precursor. First, the nanocomposite, named as PSTZ, immediately occluded DTs and demonstrated outstanding acid and mechanical resistance. Second, the PSTZ nanocomposite induced intrafibrillar mineralization of single-layer collagen fibrils and remineralization of demineralized dentin matrix. Finally, PSTZ promoted the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells by releasing ACP and silicon ions. The reconstruction of the dentin-mimicking hierarchical structure and the introduction of newly formed minerals in the upper, middle and lower segments of DTs, defined as sandwich-like structures, markedly reduced the permeability and achieved superior long-term sealing effects. The nanocomposite material based on mesoporous yolk-shell carriers and liquid-phase mineralized precursors developed in this study represents a versatile biomimetic sandwich desensitization strategy and offers fresh insight into the clinical management of DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Yi
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongling Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yue Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yaning Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Lee J, Hwang G, Gug H, Lee JH, Park SJ, Park JC. Desensitizing toothpastes for dentin sealing and tertiary dentin formation in vitro and in vivo: a comparative analysis. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:483. [PMID: 36368979 PMCID: PMC9652853 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dentin hypersensitivity is a painful response to external stimuli applied to exposed dentinal tubules. Various toothpastes with active desensitizing ingredients for the relief of dentin hypersensitivity are commercially available. However, data from several studies suggest that the effects of desensitizing toothpastes are unstable and brief. This study aimed to investigate the effect of toothpastes containing CPNE7-derived oligopeptide (CPNE7-DP) and other active desensitizing ingredients in the dentin microleakage, tubule occlusion and tertiary dentin formation. Methods Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we evaluated the patency of dentinal tubules on the surface of human dentin disks after brushing experiments with the various toothpastes. Dentin was histologically evaluated in a hypersensitivity model of canine teeth, after the exposed dentin area was brushed for 6 weeks. The toothpaste used in group 1 (control) did not contain any desensitizing ingredients; that used in group 2 contained CPNE7-DP; Colgate Sensitive was used in group 3; and Sensodyne Rapid Relief was used in group 4. Finally, we conducted microleakage analysis to investigate the dentin sealing effect. The microleakage analysis data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). Results In the SEM images, all four groups of teeth exhibited partial occlusion of the dentinal tubules on the tooth surface. In the in vivo hypersensitivity model, group 2 exhibited a newly formed tertiary dentin, whereas no new hard tissue formation was observed in groups 1, 3, and 4. Microleakage analysis revealed that the volume of dentinal fluid flow was significantly smaller in group 2 than in group 1. Conclusions These results indicate that CPNE7-DP is a promising active ingredient with long-term dentin sealing effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02558-8.
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11
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Novel Strategy for Dental Caries by Physiologic Dentin Regeneration with CPNE7 peptide. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The development and repair of dentin are strictly regulated by hundreds of genes. Abnormal dentin development is directly caused by gene mutations and dysregulation. Understanding and mastering this signal network is of great significance to the study of tooth development, tissue regeneration, aging, and repair and the treatment of dental diseases. It is necessary to understand the formation and repair mechanism of dentin in order to better treat the dentin lesions caused by various abnormal properties, whether it is to explore the reasons for the formation of dentin defects or to develop clinical drugs to strengthen the method of repairing dentin. Molecular biology of genes related to dentin development and repair are the most important basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Han Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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13
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Zhu P, Qian T, Si C, Liu Y, Cui L, Huang W, Fu L, Deng C, Zeng T. High expression of CPNE5 and CPNE9 predicts positive prognosis in multiple myeloma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:77-85. [PMID: 33780365 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CPNEs are significant biomarkers which can affect the progression and prognosis of various tumor diseases. However, the prognosis role of CPNEs in multiple myeloma (MM) is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognosis role of CPNEs in MM. METHODS Seven hundred and thirty-five samples from two independent data sets were involved to analyze the clinical and molecular characteristics, and prognosis role of the expression of CPNE1-9 in MM. RESULTS MM patients with higher expressions of CPNE5 and CPNE9 had longer event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with CPNE5low and CPNE9low expression groups (EFS: P= 0.0054, 0.0065; OS: P= 0.015, 0.016, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that CPNE5 was an independent favorable predictor for EFS and OS (EFS: P= 0.005; OS: P= 0.006), and CPNE9 was an independent positive indicator for EFS (P= 0.002). Moreover, the survival probability and the cumulative event of EFS and OS in CPNE5highCPNE9high group were significantly longer than other groups. CONCLUSIONS High expressions of CPNE5 and CPNE9 might be used as positive indicators for MM, and their combination was a better predictor for the survival of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaozeng Si
- Information Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Longzhen Cui
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Siqueira VDS, Castillo AES, Mateo-Castillo JF, Pinto LDC, Garib D, Pinheiro CR. Dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate: Origin and therapies. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2021; 15:42-46. [PMID: 33927840 PMCID: PMC8058161 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Dental hypersensitivity is due to the exposure of the dentin layer after wear of enamel or cementum, exposing the dentinal tubules and the nerve endings of odontoblasts within these tubules. The present study aimed to assess the factors related to dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate and the most common therapy received. Methods. The medical records of 536 patients with cleft lip and/or palate (281 males, 255 females) with a mean age of 18 were analyzed in a single center. The inclusion criterion was patients reporting dental hypersensitivity from May 2015 to October 2019. The origin of dental hypersensitivity was evaluated considering orthodontic movement, periodontal diseases, and reversible and irreversible pulpitis. The therapy indicated by the dental professionals for dental hypersensitivity were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results. Of 61 teeth with dental hypersensitivity, 10 were attributed to orthodontic movement, 21 to periodontal problems, 27 to reversible pulpitis, and three to irreversible pulpitis. The most used therapies were the application of fluoride varnish and prophylaxis, dentifrice indication for dental sensitivity, free gingival grafts, pulpectomy, desensitizing agent application, conservative endodontic treatment (direct pulp protection), and restoration of non-carious cervical lesions. Conclusion. Reversible pulpitis was the most prevalent etiologic factor of dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate. Dentifrices for dental sensitivity and fluoride varnish application were frequently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Da Silva Siqueira
- Dentistry Department, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Francisco Mateo-Castillo
- Dentistry Department, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidiane De Castro Pinto
- Dentistry Department, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Garib
- Dentistry Department, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Batzorig B, Nakano K, Murata K, Maesako M, Inoue K, Kishimoto T, Tomoda S, Maeda H, Horie T, Fujitani M. Effects of Various Desensitizing Agents on the Microtensile Bond Strength of a Hypersensitive Dentin Model Produced <i>in vitro</i> Using a One-step Self-etch System. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bayarmaa Batzorig
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kenjiro Nakano
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kosei Murata
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Mayumi Maesako
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kazuho Inoue
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Takafumi Kishimoto
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Shigetaka Tomoda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Taku Horie
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Morioki Fujitani
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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16
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Lee YS, Park YH, Lee DS, Seo YM, Lee JH, Park JH, Choung HW, Park SH, Shon WJ, Park JC. Tubular Dentin Regeneration Using a CPNE7-Derived Functional Peptide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4618. [PMID: 33081300 PMCID: PMC7603008 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We aim to examine the effects of a newly developed peptide derived from CPNE7 (Cpne7-DP) in tertiary dentin formation and peritubular space occlusion, and comprehensively evaluate its potential as a bioactive therapeutic agent. Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and a mouse pre-odontoblast cell line, MDPC-23, were chosen for in vitro studies to characterize lineage-specific cell responses after Cpne7-DP treatment. Whether Cpne7-DP reproduces the dentin regenerative potential of CPNE7 was tested using a beagle dog model by generating dentinal defects of various degrees in vivo. Peritubular space occlusion was further examined by scanning electron microscopy and microleakage test, while overall mineralization capacity of Cpne7-DP was tested ex vivo. CPNE7 promotes tubular dentin formation under both shallow and deep dentinal defects, and the functional peptide Cpne7-DP induces odontoblast-like differentiation in vitro, mineralization ex vivo, and tubular dentin formation in in vivo beagle dog dentin exposure and pulp exposure models. Moreover, Cpne7-DP leads to peritubular space occlusion and maintains stability under different conditions. We show that CPNE7 and its derivative functional peptide Cpne7-DP promotes dentin regeneration in dentinal defects of various degrees and that the regenerated hard tissue demonstrates the characteristics of true dentin. Limitations of the current dental materials including post-operative hypersensitivity make biological repair of dentin a field of growing interest. Here, we suggest that the dual functions of Cpne7-DP in tubular dentin formation and peritubular space occlusion are promising for the treatment of dentinal loss and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology—Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (Y.-H.P.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - Yeoung-Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology—Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (Y.-H.P.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - Dong-Seol Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology—Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (Y.-H.P.); (D.-S.L.)
| | - You-Mi Seo
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-M.S.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-M.S.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Joo-Hwang Park
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-M.S.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Han-Wool Choung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-H.P.); (W.J.S.)
| | - Won Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-H.P.); (W.J.S.)
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology—Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (Y.-H.P.); (D.-S.L.)
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