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Liu G, Shu W, Chen Y, Fu Y, Fang S, Zheng H, Cheng W, Lin Q, Hu Y, Jiang N, Yu B. Bone-derived PDGF-BB enhances hippocampal non-specific transcytosis through microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:111. [PMID: 38685040 PMCID: PMC11057146 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome plays a crucial role in cognitive decline and brain-blood barrier (BBB) breakdown. However, whether the bone-brain axis participates in this pathological process remains unknown. Here, we report that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secretion by preosteoclasts in the bone accelerates neuroinflammation. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), a nonspecific transcytosis marker, was upregulated during HFD challenge. MAIN BODY Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb transgenic mice with high PDGF-BB concentrations in the circulation recapitulated the HFD-induced neuroinflammation and transcytosis shift. Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb knockout mice were partially rescued from hippocampal neuroinflammation and transcytosis shifts in HFD-challenged mice. HFD-induced PDGF-BB elevation aggravated microglia-associated neuroinflammation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, which increased ALPL expression and transcytosis shift through enhancing protein 1 (SP1) translocation in endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the role of bone-secreted PDGF-BB in neuroinflammation and the transcytosis shift in the hippocampal region during HFD challenge and identify a novel mechanism of microglia-endothelial crosstalk in HFD-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiao Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, South China University, Hengyang, China
| | - Haonan Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weike Cheng
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Lin
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Zhao YT, Deng J, Liu HM, Wei JY, Fan HT, Liu M, Xu T, Chen TF, He JY, Sun WM, Jia TY, Zhang XQ, Xin WJ. Adaptation of prelimbic cortex mediated by IL-6/STAT3/Acp5 pathway contributes to the comorbidity of neuropathic pain and depression in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:144. [PMID: 35690777 PMCID: PMC9188197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adaption of brain region is fundamental to the development and maintenance of nervous system disorders. The prelimbic cortex (PrL) participates in the affective components of the pain sensation. However, whether and how the adaptation of PrL contributes to the comorbidity of neuropathic pain and depression are unknown. Methods Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), genetic knockdown or overexpression, we systematically investigated the activity of PrL region in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain/depression comorbid using the combined approaches of immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavior. Results The activity of PrL and the excitability of pyramidal neurons were decreased, and the osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (Acp5) expression in PrL neurons was upregulated following the acquisition of spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced comorbidity. Genetic knockdown of Acp5 in pyramidal neurons, but not parvalbumin (PV) neurons or somatostatin (SST) neurons, attenuated the decrease of spike number, depression-like behavior and mechanical allodynia in comorbidity rats. Overexpression of Acp5 in PrL pyramidal neurons decreased the spike number and induced the comorbid-like behavior in naïve rats. Moreover, the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3) were significantly increased following the acquisition of comorbidity in rats. Increased binding of STAT3 to the Acp5 gene promoter and the interaction between STAT3 and p300 enhanced acetylation of histone H3 and facilitated the transcription of Acp5 in PrL in the modeled rodents. Inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 pathway prevented the Acp5 upregulation and attenuated the comorbid-like behaviors in rats. Conclusions These data suggest that the adaptation of PrL mediated by IL-6/STAT3/Acp5 pathway contributed to the comorbidity of neuropathic pain/depression induced by SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhao
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan Medical School and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan Medical School and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Ming Liu
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan Medical School and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-You Wei
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hai-Ting Fan
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Zhongshan Medical School and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jing-Yi He
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao-Yu Jia
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Xin
- Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China. .,Zhongshan Medical School and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,China Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Couasnay G, Madel MB, Lim J, Lee B, Elefteriou F. Sites of Cre-recombinase activity in mouse lines targeting skeletal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1661-1679. [PMID: 34278610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene recombination in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. Evidence indicates, however, that Cre transgenic lines have a far more nuanced and broader pattern of Cre activity than initially thought, exhibiting "off-target" activity in tissues/cells other than the ones they were originally designed to target. With the goal of facilitating the comparison and selection of optimal Cre lines to be used for the study of gene function, we have summarized in a single manuscript the major sites and timing of Cre activity of the main Cre lines available to target bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, tenocytes, and osteoclasts, along with their reported sites of "off-target" Cre activity. We also discuss characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these Cre lines for users to avoid common risks related to overinterpretation or misinterpretation based on the assumption of strict cell-type specificity or unaccounted effect of the Cre transgene or Cre inducers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Feder D, Mohd-Pahmi SH, Hussein WM, Guddat LW, McGeary RP, Schenk G. Rational Design of Potent Inhibitors of a Metallohydrolase Using a Fragment-Based Approach. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3342-3359. [PMID: 34331400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metallohydrolases form a large group of enzymes that have fundamental importance in a broad range of biological functions. Among them, the purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) have gained attention due to their crucial role in the acquisition and use of phosphate by plants and also as a promising target for novel treatments of bone-related disorders and cancer. To date, no crystal structure of a mammalian PAP with drug-like molecules bound near the active site is available. Herein, we used a fragment-based design approach using structures of a mammalian PAP in complex with the MaybridgeTM fragment CC063346, the amino acid L-glutamine and the buffer molecule HEPES, as well as various solvent molecules to guide the design of highly potent and efficient mammalian PAP inhibitors. These inhibitors have improved aqueous solubility when compared to the clinically most promising PAP inhibitors available to date. Furthermore, drug-like fragments bound in newly discovered binding sites mapped out additional scaffolds for further inhibitor discovery, as well as scaffolds for the design of inhibitors with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Siti H Mohd-Pahmi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ross P McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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5
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Byrgazov K, Lind T, Rasmusson AJ, Andersson C, Slipicevic A, Lehmann F, Gullbo J, Melhus H, Larsson R, Fryknäs M. Melphalan flufenamide inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing proliferation of monocytes. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101098. [PMID: 34150958 PMCID: PMC8192817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloma bone disease is a major complication in multiple myeloma affecting quality of life and survival. It is characterized by increased activity of osteoclasts, bone resorbing cells. Myeloma microenvironment promotes excessive osteoclastogenesis, a process of production of osteoclasts from their precursors, monocytes. The effects of two anti-myeloma drugs, melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) and melphalan, on the activity and proliferation of osteoclasts and their progenitors, monocytes, were assessed in this study. In line with previous research, differentiation of monocytes was associated with increased expression of genes encoding DNA damage repair proteins. Hence monocytes were more sensitive to DNA damage-causing alkylating agents than their differentiated progeny, osteoclasts. In addition, differentiated progeny of monocytes showed increased gene expression of immune checkpoint ligands which may potentially create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Melflufen was ten-fold more active than melphalan in inhibiting proliferation of osteoclast progenitors. Furthermore, melflufen was also superior to melphalan in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. These results demonstrate that melflufen may exert beneficial effects in patients with multiple myeloma such as reducing bone resorption and immunosuppressive milieu by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annica J Rasmusson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Jarrar H, Çetin Altındal D, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Effect of melatonin/BMP-2 co-delivery scaffolds on the osteoclast activity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:32. [PMID: 33751250 PMCID: PMC7983354 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein two (BMP-2) has been widely used as an osteoinductive agent in the treatment of bone diseases. However, some side effects, such as osteoclast activation have emerged when it was used at high doses. In this study, by considering the osteoclast-suppressing capability of melatonin (MEL), its effect on osteoclast differentiation induced by BMP-2 was investigated. These two factors, MEL and BMP-2, were embedded into chitosan/hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds that were characterized morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). Release profiles of MEL and BMP-2 from scaffolds were determined in vitro and then, the differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells to osteoclasts was investigated on the scaffolds. Results of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, SEM imaging and expression of cathepsin K gene showed that, in the presence of BMP-2, osteoclast differentiation increased, whereas it decreased in MEL and MEL/BMP-2 embedded scaffolds suggesting that melatonin successfully attenuated osteoclast differentiation induced by BMP-2. Thus, the MEL/BMP-2 loaded chitosan/HAp scaffolds that have dual function in enhancing bone formation and inhibiting osteoclast activity are recommended biomaterials in the field of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Jarrar
- Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Ozmen S, Altinkaynak K, Aydin MD, Ahiskalioglu A, Demirci T, Özlü C, Kanat A, Aydin N. Toward understanding the causes of blood pH irregularities and the roles of newly described binuclear neurons of carotid bodies on blood pH regulation during subarachnoid hemorrhage: Experimental study. Neuropathology 2019; 39:259-267. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevilay Ozmen
- Department of PathologyMedical Faculty of Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Konca Altinkaynak
- Department of BiochemistryErzurum Research Training Hospital Erzurum Turkey
| | - Mehmet D. Aydin
- Department of NeurosurgeryAtaturk University, Medical Faculty Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ali Ahiskalioglu
- Department of AnesthesiologyMedical Faculty of Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Tuba Demirci
- Department of HistologyMedical Faculty of Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Can Özlü
- Department of HematologyErzurum Research Training Hospital Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kanat
- Department of NeurosurgeryRecep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize Turkey
| | - Nazan Aydin
- Department of PsychiatryBakirkoy Mental Diseases Education Hospital İstanbul Turkey
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8
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Feder D, Gahan LR, McGeary RP, Guddat LW, Schenk G. The Binding Mode of an ADP Analogue to a Metallohydrolase Mimics the Likely Transition State. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1536-1540. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lawrence R. Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ross P. McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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9
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Hussein WM, Feder D, Schenk G, Guddat LW, McGeary RP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel purple acid phosphatase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:61-71. [PMID: 30774855 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic studies in animals have demonstrated a direct association between the level of expression of purple acid phosphatase (PAP; also known as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) and the progression of osteoporosis. Consequently, PAP has emerged as a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat this debilitating disorder. PAPs are binuclear hydrolases that catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphorylated substrates under acidic to neutral conditions. A series of phenyltriazole carboxylic acids, prepared by the reactions of azide derivatives with propiolic acid through copper(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reactions, has been assessed for their inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of pig and red kidney bean PAPs. The binding mode of most of these compounds is purely uncompetitive with K iuc values as low as ∼23 μM for the mammalian enzyme. Molecular modelling has been used to examine the binding modes of these triazole compounds in the presence of a substrate in the active site of the enzyme in order to rationalise their activities and to design more potent and specific derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955.,Helwan University , Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy , Ein Helwan , Helwan , Egypt
| | - Daniel Feder
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955.,The University of Queensland , Australian Centre for Ecogenomics , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
| | - Ross P McGeary
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
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10
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Hussein WM, Feder D, Schenk G, Guddat LW, McGeary RP. Purple acid phosphatase inhibitors as leads for osteoporosis chemotherapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:462-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Krumpel M, Reithmeier A, Senge T, Baeumler TA, Frank M, Nyholm PG, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. The small chemical enzyme inhibitor 5-phenylnicotinic acid/CD13 inhibits cell migration and invasion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/ACP5-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:154-62. [PMID: 26428664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5/uteroferrin/purple acid phosphatase/PP5) has received considerable attention as a newly discovered proinvasion metastasis driver associated with different malignancies. This renders TRAP an interesting target for novel anti-cancer therapy approaches. TRAP exists as two isoforms, 5a and 5b, where the 5a isoform represents an enzymatically less active monomeric precursor to the more enzymatically active 5b isoform generated by proteolytic excision of a repressive loop domain. Recently, three novel lead compounds were identified by fragment-based screening and demonstrated to be efficient TRAP enzyme inhibitors in vitro. We conclude that one of the three compounds i.e. 5-phenylnicotinic acid (CD13) was efficient as a TRAP inhibitor with Kic values in the low micromolar range towards the TRAP 5b isoform, but was not able to inhibit the TRAP 5a isoform. Structure-based docking revealed similar interactions of CD13 with the active site in both TRAP isoforms. In stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, CD13 inhibited intracellular TRAP activity and showed no cytotoxicity at 200 µM. Furthermore, CD13 selectively blocked the TRAP 5b isoform compared to the TRAP 5a in cultured cells, indicating the usefulness of CD13 for assessing the different biological functions of the two TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b in cell systems. Moreover, inhibition of cell migration and invasion of stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 by CD13 was observed. These data establish a proof of principle that a small chemical inhibitor of the TRAP enzyme can block TRAP-dependent functions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krumpel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anja Reithmeier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Teresa Senge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Toni Andreas Baeumler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, PO Box 8963, SE-402 74 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Kirschneck C, Wolf M, Reicheneder C, Wahlmann U, Proff P, Roemer P. Strontium ranelate improved tooth anchorage and reduced root resorption in orthodontic treatment of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Feder D, Hussein WM, Clayton DJ, Kan MW, Schenk G, McGeary RP, Guddat LW. Identification of Purple Acid Phosphatase Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Screening: Promising New Leads for Osteoporosis Therapeutics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:665-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Applications and performance of monoclonal antibodies to human tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Melhus G, Brorson SH, Baekkevold ES, Andersson G, Jemtland R, Olstad OK, Reinholt FP. Gene expression and distribution of key bone turnover markers in the callus of estrogen-deficient, vitamin D-depleted rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:77-89. [PMID: 20495792 PMCID: PMC2887935 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An experimental rat model was used to test the hypothesis that in osteoporosis (OP) the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix in the fracture callus is disturbed. OP was induced at 10 weeks of age by ovariectomy and a vitamin D(3)-deficient diet, and sham-operated animals fed normal diet served as controls. Three months later a closed tibial fracture was made and stabilized with an intramedullary nail. After 3 and 6 weeks of healing, the animals were killed and the fracture calluses examined with global gene expression, in situ mRNA expression, and ultrastructural protein distribution of four bone turnover markers: osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K. Global gene expression showed a relatively small number of differently regulated genes, mostly upregulated and at 3 weeks. The four chosen markers were not differently regulated, and only minor differences in the in situ mRNA expression and ultrastructural protein distribution were detected. Gene expression and composition of fracture calluses are not generally disturbed in experimental OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Melhus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Zenger S, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. Biogenesis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoforms 5a and 5b in stably transfected MDA-MB-231 breast cancer epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Janckila AJ, Yam LT. Biology and clinical significance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases: new perspectives on an old enzyme. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85:465-83. [PMID: 19915788 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been a clinically relevant biomarker for about 50 years. It has always been a reliable and specific cytochemical marker for hairy cell leukemia and for differentiated cells of monocytic lineage. Only recently has the test for serum TRAP activity been accepted as sensitive and specific enough for clinical use as a marker of osteoclasts and bone resorption. This has come about through steady advances in knowledge about TRAP enzymology, structure, function, and molecular regulation and a consequent appreciation that TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b have very different clinical significance. As a measure of osteoclast number and bone resorption, TRAP 5b has diagnostic and prognostic applications in osteoporosis, cancers with bone metastasis, chronic renal failure, and perhaps other metabolic and pathologic bone diseases. Serum TRAP 5a, on the other hand, has no relationship to bone metabolism but seems instead to be a measure of activated macrophages and chronic inflammation. Exploration of the real clinical usefulness of serum TRAP 5a for diagnosis and disease management in a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is only now beginning. This perspective traces the important basic scientific developments that have led up to the refinement of serum TRAP isoform immunoassays and their validation as biomarkers of disease. Many unanswered questions remain, providing a wealth of opportunity for continued research of this multifaceted enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Janckila
- Special Hematology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Ave., Louisville, KY 40206, USA.
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18
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Induction and cellular expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase during dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:599-612. [PMID: 19821118 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as a marker of activated macrophages in macrophage dependent dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. In normal colon, TRAP+/CX(3)CR(1)+ macrophages were located in the upper part of the lamina propria. In the early stage (day 1-3) of acute colitis prior to histopathological changes, induction of the cytokines TNFalpha, IL-12 and IFN gamma occurred concomitant with increased mRNA and enzyme activity of TRAP along with a slight increase of TRAP immunolabelling in macrophages of the upper lamina propria, suggesting induction of TRAP in resident macrophages. Among these cytokines, TNFalpha up-regulated TRAP expression in the RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage cell line. In a later phase (day 7) with fulminant colitis, a massive infiltration of macrophages including recruited TRAP+/CCR2+ cells was observed also in the lower part of the lamina propria as well as in the submuscular layer. Additionally, differentiated cellular expression of pro- and mature TRAP also suggest that mucosal macrophages in the lower part of lamina propria bordering the sub-mucosa provide a source of replenishment of macrophages situated in the upper lamina propria. In conclusion, induction of TRAP provides an early sign of macrophage responsiveness in DSS induced colitis.
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19
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Hollberg K, Marsell R, Norgård M, Larsson T, Jonsson KB, Andersson G. Osteoclast polarization is not required for degradation of bone matrix in rachitic FGF23 transgenic mice. Bone 2008; 42:1111-21. [PMID: 18346951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatemic transgenic (tg) mice overexpressing FGF23 in osteoblasts display disorganized growth plates and reduced bone mineral density characteristic of rickets/osteomalacia. These FGF23 tg mice were used as an in vivo model to examine the relation between osteoclast polarization, secretion of proteolytic enzymes and resorptive activity. Tg mice had increased mRNA expression levels of the osteoblast differentiation marker Runx2 and mineralization-promoting proteins alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein in the long bones compared to wild type (wt) mice. In contrast, expression of alpha1(I) collagen, osteocalcin, dentin matrix protein 1 and osteopontin was unchanged, indicating selective activation of osteoblasts promoting mineralization. The number of osteoclasts was unchanged in tg compared to wt mice, as determined by histomorphometry, serum levels of TRAP 5b activity as well as mRNA expression levels of TRAP and cathepsin K. However, tg mice displayed elevated serum concentrations of C-terminal telopeptide of collagen I (CTX) indicative of increased bone matrix degradation. The majority of osteoclasts in FGF23 tg mice lacked ultrastructural morphological signs of proper polarization. However, they secreted both cathepsin K and MMP-9 at levels comparable to osteoclasts with ruffled borders. Mineralization of bone matrix thus appears essential for inducing osteoclast polarization but not for secretion of osteoclast proteases. Finally, release of CTX by freshly isolated osteoclasts was increased on demineralized compared to mineralized bovine bone slices, indicating that the mineral component limits collagen degradation. We conclude that ruffled borders are implicated in acidification and subsequent demineralization of the bone matrix, however not required for matrix degradation. The data collectively provide evidence that osteoclasts, despite absence of ruffled borders, effectively participate in the degradation of hypomineralized bone matrix in rachitic FGF23 tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hollberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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20
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Hayman AR. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the osteoclast/immune cell dichotomy. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:218-23. [PMID: 18365835 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701694667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), once considered to be just a histochemical marker of osteoclasts is now recognised to be a molecule of widespread occurrence with functions in both the skeleton and the immune system. TRAP is expressed by osteoclasts, macrophages, dendritic cells and a number of other cell types. It has a critical role in many biological processes including skeletal development, collagen synthesis and degradation, the mineralisation of bone, cytokine production by macrophages and dendritic cells, macrophage recruitment, dendritic cell maturation and a role in the development of Th1 responses. TRAP is able to degrade skeletal phosphoproteins including osteopontin (OPN), identical to the T-cell cytokine, Eta-1. In this review, we discuss the role of TRAP in bone and immune cells and suggest that TRAP may be implicated in autoimmune disorders regulated by Th1 inflammatory responses as well as certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Hayman
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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21
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Lång P, van Harmelen V, Rydén M, Kaaman M, Parini P, Carneheim C, Cassady AI, Hume DA, Andersson G, Arner P. Monomeric tartrate resistant acid phosphatase induces insulin sensitive obesity. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1713. [PMID: 18320034 PMCID: PMC2248616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, which may link adipose inflammation to insulin resistance. However, the impact of inflammatory cells in the pathophysiology of obesity remains unclear. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is an enzyme expressed by subsets of macrophages and osteoclasts that exists either as an enzymatically inactive monomer or as an active, proteolytically processed dimer. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using mice over expressing TRAP, we show that over-expression of monomeric, but not the dimeric form in adipose tissue leads to early onset spontaneous hyperplastic obesity i.e. many small fat cells. In vitro, recombinant monomeric, but not proteolytically processed TRAP induced proliferation and differentiation of mouse and human adipocyte precursor cells. In humans, monomeric TRAP was highly expressed in the adipose tissue of obese individuals. In both the mouse model and in the obese humans the source of TRAP in adipose tissue was macrophages. In addition, the obese TRAP over expressing mice exhibited signs of a low-grade inflammatory reaction in adipose tissue without evidence of abnormal adipocyte lipolysis, lipogenesis or insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Monomeric TRAP, most likely secreted from adipose tissue macrophages, induces hyperplastic obesity with normal adipocyte lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lång
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kaaman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - A. Ian Cassady
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - David A. Hume
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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22
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Pohl S, Mitchison HM, Kohlschütter A, van Diggelen O, Braulke T, Storch S. Increased expression of lysosomal acid phosphatase in CLN3-defective cells and mouse brain tissue. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2177-88. [PMID: 17868323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by defective function of the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein CLN3. The activity of the lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP/ACP2) was found to be significantly increased in the cerebellum and brain stem of Cln3-targeted mice during the early stages of postnatal life. Histochemical localization studies revealed an increased LAP/ACP2 staining intensity in neurons of the cerebral cortex of 48-week-old Cln3-targeted mice as compared with controls. Additionally, the expression of another lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2 was increased in all brain areas. Knockdown of CLN3 expression in HeLa cells by RNA interference also resulted in increased LAP/ACP2 and LAMP-2 expression. Finally in fibroblasts of two juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis patients elevated levels of LAP/ACP2 were found. Both activation of gene transcription and increased protein half-life appear to contribute to increased LAP/ACP2 protein expression in CLN3-deficient cells. The data suggest that lysosomal dysfunction and accumulation of storage material require increased biogenesis of LAP/ACP2 and LAMP-2 positive membranes which makes LAP/ACP2 suitable as biomarker of Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pohl
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Roberts HC, Knott L, Avery NC, Cox TM, Evans MJ, Hayman AR. Altered collagen in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-deficient mice: a role for TRAP in bone collagen metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80:400-10. [PMID: 17551769 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is an iron-containing protein that is highly expressed by osteoclasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The enzyme is secreted by osteoclasts during bone resorption, and serum TRAP activity correlates with resorptive activity in disorders of bone metabolism. TRAP is essential for normal skeletal development. In knockout mice lacking TRAP, bone shape and modeling is altered with increased mineral density. Here, we report the effect of TRAP on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of collagen, the major protein constituting the bone matrix, using these mice. Femurs from TRAP-/- and wild-type mice were used in these studies. The biomechanical properties were investigated using a three-point bending technique. Collagen synthesis was determined by measuring cross-link content using high-performance liquid chromatography and amino acid analysis. Collagen degradation was determined by measuring matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. The rates of collagen synthesis and degradation were significantly greater in bones from TRAP-/- mice compared with wild type. At 8 weeks, there was an increase in the intermediate cross-links but no significant difference in animals aged 6 months. There was a significant increase in mature cross-links at both ages. A significant increase in MMP-2 production both pro and active was observed. A significant increase in ultimate stress and Young's modulus of elasticity was needed to fracture the bones from mice deficient in TRAP. We conclude that both synthesis as well as degradation of collagen are increased when TRAP is absent in mice at 8 weeks and 6 months of age, showing that TRAP has an important role in the metabolism of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Roberts
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
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24
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25
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Wang Y, Andersson G. Expression and proteolytic processing of mammalian purple acid phosphatase in CHO-K1 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 461:85-94. [PMID: 17324376 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rat recombinant purple acid phosphatase (PAP) stably expressed in fibroblast-like CHO-K1 cells was purified and characterized with respect to post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation and proteolytic processing in order to elucidate subcellular and molecular pathways for proteolytic activation. In these cells, proteolytically processed PAP was more abundant than the monomeric form. PAP-transfected CHO-K1 cells were expressing active cathepsin K intracellularly, which was partially co-localized with PAP. However, neither cathepsin K nor trypsin digestion of the purified monomeric PAP in vitro did result in a two-subunit form with kinetic and electrophoretic properties resembling the endogenous cellular two-subunit form. Treatment of PAP-transfected CHO-K1 cells with the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 suggested that only a minor fraction of secreted PAP is processed intracellularly by cysteine proteinases. These data do not support a dominant or critical role for cathepsins or trypsin-like serine proteinases in the proteolytic activation of PAP in CHO-K1 cells, implicating yet unidentified proteinases in the proteolytic processing of both intracellular and secreted PAP in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Wang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
Collagen fragmentation in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explants and stifle synovial fluid was investigated in dogs with ruptured and intact CCL. Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were determined in CCL explant supernatants. Formation of collagen fragments was determined in explant supernatants and stifle synovial fluid. Cathepsin K(+) and TRAP(+) cells were stained specifically in histological sections of CCL. Formation of telopeptide collagen fragments was increased in ruptured CCL explants and stifle synovial fluid from dogs with ruptured CCL. In ruptured CCL explants, release of collagen fragments was associated with extracellular release of TRAP and the presence of cathepsin K(+) cells within CCL tissue. Cathepsin K(+) and TRAP(+) cells were only seen in ruptured CCL. It was concluded that infiltration of the CCL with TRAP(+) cells in dogs with CCL rupture is associated with increased collagenolysis. It is hypothesized that recruitment and activation of TRAP(+) mononuclear cells within the synovium and CCL precipitates CCL rupture through upregulation of collagenolytic enzymes and collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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27
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Funhoff EG, de Jongh TE, Averill BA. Direct observation of multiple protonation states in recombinant human purple acid phosphatase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:550-63. [PMID: 16096803 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, most spectroscopic studies on mammalian purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) have been performed at a single pH, typically pH 5. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is, however, pH dependent, with optimal pH values of 5.5-6.2 (depending on the form). For example, the pH optimum of PAPs isolated as single polypeptides is around pH 5.5, which is substantially lower that of proteolytically cleaved PAPs (ca. pH 6.2). In addition, the catalytic activity of single polypeptide PAPs at their optimal pH values is four to fivefold lower than that of the proteolytically cleaved enzymes. In order to elucidate the chemical basis for the pH dependence of these enzymes, the spectroscopic properties of both the single polypeptide and proteolytically cleaved forms of recombinant human PAP (recHPAP) and their complexes with inhibitory anions have been examined over the pH range 4 to 8. The EPR spectra of both forms of recHPAP are pH dependent and show the presence of three species: an inactive low pH form (pH<pK( a,1)), an active form (pK( a,1)<pH<pK( a,2)), and an inactive high pH form (pH>pK( a,2)). The pK( a,1) values observed by EPR for the single polypeptide and proteolytically cleaved forms are similar to those previously observed in kinetics studies. The spectroscopic properties of the enzyme-phosphate complex (which should mimic the enzyme-substrate complex), the enzyme-fluoride complex, and the enzyme-fluoride-phosphate complex (which should mimic the ternary enzyme-substrate-hydroxide complex) were also examined. EPR spectra show that phosphate binds to the diiron center of the proteolytically cleaved form of the enzyme, but not to that of the single polypeptide form. EPR spectra also show that fluoride binds only to the low pH form of the enzymes, in which it presumably replaces a coordinated water molecule. The binding of fluoride and phosphate to form a ternary complex appears to be cooperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico G Funhoff
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 12, 1018 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Funhoff EG, Wang Y, Andersson G, Averill BA. Substrate positioning by His92 is important in catalysis by purple acid phosphatase. FEBS J 2005; 272:2968-77. [PMID: 15955057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of single polypeptide mammalian purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) results in the loss of an interaction between the loop residue Asp146 and the active site residues Asn91 and/or His92. While Asn91 is a ligand to the divalent metal of the mixed-valent di-iron center, the role of His92 in the catalytic mechanism is unknown. Site-directed mutagenesis of His92 was performed to examine the role of this residue in single polypeptide PAP. Conversion of His92 into Ala, which eliminates polar interactions of this residue with the active site, resulted in a 10-fold decrease in catalytic activity at the optimal pH. Conversely, conversion of this residue into Asn, which cannot function as either a proton donor or acceptor, but can provide hydrogen-bonding interactions, resulted in a three-fold increase in activity at the optimal pH. Both mutant enzymes had more acidic pH optima, with pK(es,1) values consistent with the involvement of an iron(III) hydroxide unit or a hydroxide in the second coordination sphere in catalysis. These results, together with EPR data, support a role of His92 in positioning either the nucleophile or the substrate, rather than directly in acid or base catalysis. The existence of an extensive hydrogen-bonding network that could fine-tune the position of His92 is consistent with this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico G Funhoff
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Truong NT, Naseri JI, Vogel A, Rompel A, Krebs B. Structure–function relationships of purple acid phosphatase from red kidney beans based on heterologously expressed mutants. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:38-45. [PMID: 16009331 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purple acid phosphatases are binuclear metalloenzymes, which catalyze the conversion of orthophosphoric monoesters to alcohol and orthophosphate. The enzyme from red kidney beans is characterized with a Fe(III)-Zn(II) active center. So far, the reaction mechanisms postulated for PAPs assume the essentiality of two amino acids, residing near the bimetallic active site. Based on the amino acid sequence of kidney bean PAP (kbPAP), residues H296 and H202 are believed to be essential for catalytic function of the enzyme. In the present study, the role of residue H202 has been elucidated. Mutants H202A and H202R were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Based on kinetic studies, residue H202 is assumed to play a role in stabilizing the transition state, particularly in charge compensation, steric positioning of the substrate, and facilitating the release of the product by protonating the substrate leaving groups. The study confirmed the essentiality and elucidates the functional role of H202 in the catalytic mechanism of kbPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thanh Truong
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Wang Y, Norgård M, Andersson G. N-glycosylation influences the latency and catalytic properties of mammalian purple acid phosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 435:147-56. [PMID: 15680916 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purple acid phosphatase (PAP), also known as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or uteroferrin, contains two potential consensus N-glycosylation sites at Asn(97) and Asn(128). In this study, endogenous rat bone PAP was found to possess similar N-glycan structures as rat recombinant PAP heterologously expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells. PAP from Sf9 cells was shown to contain two N-linked oligosaccharides, whereas PAP expressed by mammalian CHO-K1 cells was less extensively glycosylated. The extent of N-glycosylation affected the catalytic properties of the enzyme, as N97Q and N128Q mutants, containing a single oligosaccharide chain, exhibited a lower substrate affinity and catalytic activity compared to those of the fully glycosylated PAP in the native, monomeric state. The differences in substrate affinity and catalytic activity were abolished and partially restored, respectively, by proteolytic cleavage in the loop domain, indicating that the extent of N-glycosylation influences the interaction of the repressive loop domain with catalytically important residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Wang
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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31
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Carlinfante G, Vassiliou D, Svensson O, Wendel M, Heinegård D, Andersson G. Differential expression of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein in bone metastasis of breast and prostate carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20:437-44. [PMID: 14524533 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025419708343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer often metastasise to the skeleton. Interestingly, the histopathological characteristics of the bone lesions that arise from these two cancer types differ. Breast tumours give rise to metastases in the skeleton with a mixed lytic/sclerotic pattern, whereas a predominantly sclerotic pattern is seen in metastases from prostate tumours. Osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) are bone matrix proteins that have been implicated in the selective affinity of cancer cells for bone. In the present study, 21 patient cases with skeletal metastasis and their respective primary tumours (12 with breast cancer, 9 with prostate cancer) were investigated by immunohistochemistry in order to assess the level of OPN and BSP. Moderate to strong OPN expression was found in 42% of all breast tumours and in 56% of all prostate tumours. Significantly more breast cancer bone metastases exhibited high OPN expression, 83%, as compared with prostate tumour bone metastases, 11% (P = 0.0019). In contrast, moderate to strong BSP expression was found in 33% of breast tumours and in 89% of prostate tumours. In the bone lesions, only 33% of breast tumour metastases showed moderate/strong BSP expression compared to 100% of prostate tumour metastases (P = 0.0046). This divergent pattern of OPN/BSP expression could be an important determinant for the different characteristics of these two types of bone metastasis, i.e., lytic vs. sclerotic, consistent with the proposed role of OPN in differentiation and activation of osteoclasts and of BSP as a stimulator of bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carlinfante
- Division of Pathology/IMPI, Karolinska Institute, and Clinical Research Centre, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
TRACP is a lysosomal enzyme found in diverse tissues, where it is expressed in dendritic cells as well as osteoclasts and macrophages. To investigate the function of TRACP in vivo, we have generated mice in which the gene-encoding TRACP has been selectively disrupted by targeted homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells. Homozygous TRACP "knockout" mice have progressive foreshortening and deformity of the long bones and axial skeleton suggesting a role for TRACP in endochondral ossification. There is increased mineralization reflecting a mild osteopetrosis caused by reduced osteoclast modeling activity. These knockout mice also display an impairment of macrophage function with abnormal immunomodulatory cytokine responses. Superoxide formation and nitrite production were enhanced in stimulated macrophages lacking TRACP as was the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-12. TRACP knockout mice showed delayed clearance of the microbial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus after sublethal intraperitoneal inoculation. The macrophages lacking TRACP showed an increase in tartrate-sensitive lysosomal acid phosphatase activity (LAP). The TRACP knockout mice were bred with mice lacking LAP. Mice lacking both TRACP and LAP had even shorter bones than the TRACP single knockouts. Osteopontin, identical to the T-cell cytokine eta-1, accumulated adjacent to actively resorbing osteoclasts suggesting that both phosphatases are important for processing this protein. We propose that TRACP may be an important regulator of osteopontin/eta-1 activity common to both the immune system and skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Hayman
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
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Andersson G, Ek-Rylander B, Hollberg K, Ljusberg-Sjölander J, Lång P, Norgård M, Wang Y, Zhang SJ. TRACP as an osteopontin phosphatase. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:1912-5. [PMID: 14584906 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.10.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TRACP is synthesized as a latent proenzyme requiring proteolytic processing to attain maximal phosphatase activity. Excision of an exposed loop domain abolishes the interaction between the loop residue Asp146 and a ligand to the redox-sensitive iron of the active site, most likely Asn91, providing a mechanism for the enzyme repression. Both cathepsin K and L efficiently cleave in the loop domain and activate the latent enzyme, and we propose that cathepsin K acts as a physiological activator of TRACP in osteoclasts, whereas cathepsin L might fulfill a similar role in different types of macrophages. Considering the rather broad substrate specificity of TRACP, a tight regulation of its activity in the cell appears warranted. Besides proteolytic cleavage, the enzyme should need a specific local environment with a slightly acidic pH and reducing equivalents to keep the enzyme fully active. Cellular subcompartments where these required conditions prevail are potential subcellular site(s) of TRACP action. Of bone phosphoproteins shown to be substrates for TRACP, both osteopontin and bone sialoprotein are colocalized with TRACP in the resorption lacuna of the osteoclasts, and dephosphorylation of OPN impair its ability to promote adhesion as well as migration of osteoclasts in vitro. A role for TRACP as an osteopontin phosphatase in bone is therefore suggested. The expression of TRACP as well as OPN in other tissues with possible interactions between the two could suggest a more general function for TRACP as a regulator of OPN phosphorylation and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Andersson
- Karolinska Institutet, IMPI, Division of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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