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Rees TA, Tasma Z, Garelja ML, O'Carroll SJ, Walker CS, Hay DL. Calcitonin receptor, calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin distribution in C1/2 dorsal root ganglia. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:36. [PMID: 38481170 PMCID: PMC10938748 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are important for the transmission of sensory information associated with the back of the head and neck, contributing to head pain. Calcitonin receptor (CTR)-based receptors, such as the amylin 1 (AMY1) receptor, and ligands, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and amylin, have been linked to migraine and pain. However, the contribution of this system to nociception involving the cervical DRG is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relative distribution of the CTR, CGRP, and amylin in upper cervical DRG. METHODS CTR, CGRP, and amylin immunofluorescence was examined relative to neural markers in C1/2 DRG from male and female mice, rats, and human cases. Immunofluorescence was supported by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization examining amylin mRNA distribution in rat DRG. RESULTS Amylin immunofluorescence was observed in neuronal soma and fibres. Amylin mRNA (Iapp) was also detected. Amylin and CGRP co-expression was observed in 19% (mouse), 17% (rat), and 36% (human) of DRG neurons in distinct vesicle-like neuronal puncta from one another. CTR immunoreactivity was present in DRG neurons, and both peptides produced receptor signalling in primary DRG cell cultures. CTR-positive neurons frequently co-expressed amylin and/or CGRP (66% rat; 84% human), with some sex differences. CONCLUSIONS Amylin and CGRP could both be local peptide agonists for CTR-based receptors in upper cervical DRG, potentially acting through autocrine and/or paracrine signalling mechanisms to modulate neuron function. Amylin and its receptors could represent novel pain targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael L Garelja
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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Rees TA, Hay DL, Walker CS. Comment on Yoo et al. Amylin Protein Expression in the Rat Brain and Neuro-2a Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4348. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021058. [PMID: 36674572 PMCID: PMC9864805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We read with great interest the recent article by Yoo and colleagues [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A. Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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3
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Rees T, Hendrikse E, Hay D, Walker C. Beyond CGRP: The calcitonin peptide family as targets for migraine and pain. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:381-399. [PMID: 34187083 PMCID: PMC9441195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The CGRP system has emerged as a key pharmacological target for the treatment of migraine. However, some individuals who suffer from migraine have low or no response to anti-CGRP or other treatments, suggesting the need for additional clinical targets. CGRP belongs to the calcitonin family of peptides, which includes calcitonin, amylin, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin 2. These peptides display a range of pro-nociceptive and anti-nociceptive actions, in primary headache conditions such as migraine. Calcitonin family peptides also show expression at sites relevant to migraine and pain. This suggests that calcitonin family peptides and their receptors, beyond CGRP, may be therapeutically useful in the treatment of migraine and other pain disorders. This review considers the localisation of the calcitonin family in peripheral pain pathways and discusses how they may contribute to migraine and pain. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Migraine and Headache Therapy (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.3/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Rees
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E.R Hendrikse
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ
| | - D.L. Hay
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Corresponding author(s): Christopher S Walker, , Debbie L. Hay,
| | - C.S Walker
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Corresponding author(s): Christopher S Walker, , Debbie L. Hay,
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4
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Rees TA, Hay DL, Walker CS. Amylin antibodies frequently display cross-reactivity with CGRP: characterization of eight amylin antibodies. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R697-R703. [PMID: 33565362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00338.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amylin is a 37-amino acid endocrine hormone secreted from the pancreas in response to nutrient intake, acting centrally to promote meal-ending satiation. With many studies linking amylin action to the nervous system, determining the distribution or expression of amylin in the nervous system is critical. However, amylin shares sequence identity and structural homology to the related neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This creates challenges in identifying selective amylin antibodies that do not cross-react with CGRP, especially in neural tissues, where CGRP is densely packed into secretory vesicles. Here, we characterized eight amylin antibodies to determine their ability to detect amylin and cross-react with rat or human αCGRP, using immunoblots and preabsorption controls in rat pancreas. We observed that amylin antibodies frequently cross-reacted with αCGRP and are therefore not suitable for use in tissues that highly express CGRP. Earlier work using these antibodies should be revisited in light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Bubak AN, Como CN, Coughlan CM, Johnson NR, Hassell JE, Mescher T, Niemeyer CS, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Boyd TD, Potter H, Russ HA, Nagel MA. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Primary Human Spinal Astrocytes Produces Intracellular Amylin, Amyloid-β, and an Amyloidogenic Extracellular Environment. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1088-1097. [PMID: 31665341 PMCID: PMC7075411 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes zoster is linked to amyloid-associated diseases, including dementia, macular degeneration, and diabetes mellitus, in epidemiological studies. Thus, we examined whether varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-infected cells produce amyloid. METHODS Production of intracellular amyloidogenic proteins (amylin, amyloid precursor protein [APP], and amyloid-β [Aβ]) and amyloid, as well as extracellular amylin, Aβ, and amyloid, was compared between mock- and VZV-infected quiescent primary human spinal astrocytes (qHA-sps). The ability of supernatant from infected cells to induce amylin or Aβ42 aggregation was quantitated. Finally, the amyloidogenic activity of viral peptides was examined. RESULTS VZV-infected qHA-sps, but not mock-infected qHA-sps, contained intracellular amylin, APP, and/or Aβ, and amyloid. No differences in extracellular amylin, Aβ40, or Aβ42 were detected, yet only supernatant from VZV-infected cells induced amylin aggregation and, to a lesser extent, Aβ42 aggregation into amyloid fibrils. VZV glycoprotein B (gB) peptides assembled into fibrils and catalyzed amylin and Aβ42 aggregation. CONCLUSIONS VZV-infected qHA-sps produced intracellular amyloid and their extracellular environment promoted aggregation of cellular peptides into amyloid fibrils that may be due, in part, to VZV gB peptides. These findings suggest that together with host and other environmental factors, VZV infection may increase the toxic amyloid burden and contribute to amyloid-associated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina N Como
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina M Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Teresa Mescher
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christy S Niemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ravi Mahalingam
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy D Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Hendrikse ER, Bower RL, Hay DL, Walker CS. Molecular studies of CGRP and the CGRP family of peptides in the central nervous system. Cephalalgia 2018; 39:403-419. [PMID: 29566540 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418765787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide is an important target for migraine and other painful neurovascular conditions. Understanding the normal biological functions of calcitonin gene-related peptide is critical to understand the mechanisms of calcitonin gene-related peptide-blocking therapies as well as engineering improvements to these medications. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is closely related to other peptides in the calcitonin gene-related peptide family of peptides, including amylin. Relatedness in peptide sequence and in receptor biology makes it difficult to tease apart the contributions that each peptide and receptor makes to physiological processes and to disorders. SUMMARY The focus of this review is the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, related peptides and their receptors in the central nervous system. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is expressed throughout the nervous system, whereas amylin and adrenomedullin have only limited expression at discrete sites in the brain. The components of two receptors that respond to calcitonin gene-related peptide, the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor with receptor activity-modifying protein 1) and the AMY1 receptor (calcitonin receptor with receptor activity-modifying protein 1), are expressed throughout the nervous system. Understanding expression of the peptides and their receptors lays the foundation for more deeply understanding their physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R Hendrikse
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah L Bower
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,2 Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Abstract
Amylin is a 37 amino acid peptide hormone that is closely related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Amylin and CGRP share a receptor and are reported to have several similar biological actions. Given the important role of CGRP in migraine and intense efforts to develop drugs against this target, it is important to consider potential areas of overlap between the amylin and CGRP systems. This short review provides a brief introduction to amylin biology, the use of an amylin analog to treat diabetes, and consideration of whether amylin could have any role in headache disorders. Finally, this review informs readers about the AMY1 (amylin subtype 1) receptor, which is a dual receptor for amylin and CGRP and potentially plays a role in the bioactivity of both of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Hay DL, Chen S, Lutz TA, Parkes DG, Roth JD. Amylin: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Clinical Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:564-600. [PMID: 26071095 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic β-cell hormone that produces effects in several different organ systems. Here, we review the literature in rodents and in humans on amylin research since its discovery as a hormone about 25 years ago. Amylin is a 37-amino-acid peptide that activates its specific receptors, which are multisubunit G protein-coupled receptors resulting from the coexpression of a core receptor protein with receptor activity-modifying proteins, resulting in multiple receptor subtypes. Amylin's major role is as a glucoregulatory hormone, and it is an important regulator of energy metabolism in health and disease. Other amylin actions have also been reported, such as on the cardiovascular system or on bone. Amylin acts principally in the circumventricular organs of the central nervous system and functionally interacts with other metabolically active hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and estradiol. The amylin-based peptide, pramlintide, is used clinically to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies in obesity have shown that amylin agonists could also be useful for weight loss, especially in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Steve Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - David G Parkes
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Jonathan D Roth
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
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9
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet amyloid polypeptide is originally isolated as the chief constituent of amyloid deposits in type 2 diabetic islets. Islet amyloid polypeptide hyposecretion was known in type 1 diabetics and this study aimed to detect possibly reduced islet amyloid polypeptide-positive cells in type 1 diabetic islets. RESULTS Non-diabetic control islets showed about 60% of islet cells were insulin cells, and 60% of insulin cells were positive for IAPP. In type 1 diabetic islets, islets were generally smaller than control islets, consisting of weaker positive cells for insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide. Medium-sized islets still retained some insulin positive cells, whereas islet amyloid polypeptide positive cells were much less or even absent, but some insulin-negative cells were weakly islet amyloid polypeptide positive. An occasional extra-large islet, representing regenerating islets, consisting of more than 100 islet cells revealed less than 35% insulin and 20% islet amyloid polypeptide positive cells with relatively increased glucagon and somatostatin cells. Both normal and type 1 diabetic islets revealed scattered, densely insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide positive sickle-shaped cytoplasm without granular appearance, consistent with degenerating insulin cells. METHODS Using commercially available rabbit anti-islet amyloid polypeptide antibody, immunostaning was performed on ten cases of type 1 diabetic pancreata and eight non-diabetic controls. Both control and type 1 diabetic pancreata were systematically immunostained for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and islet amyloid polypeptide. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Control islets consisted of about 60% insulin cells, and about 34% of islet cells were amyloid polypeptide positive with scattered and densely positive for insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide without granular appearance, consistent with degenerating β cells. All islets, including occasional extra-large islets from type 1 diabetics, showed less insulin cells and less islet amyloid polypeptide positive cells with twice increased glucagon and somatostatin cells of the control islets, but some insulin-negative cells were positive for islet amyloid polypeptide, suggesting the presence of islet amyloid polypeptide in degenerating and extra-large regenerating islets. Thus, this immunocytochemical staining revealed generally less islet amyloid positive cells in type 1 diabetic islets, corresponding to severe hyposecretion of islet amyloid polypeptide in type 1 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Tomita
- Department of Integrative Bioscience, Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Liu SH, Patel S, Gingras MC, Nemunaitis J, Zhou G, Chen C, Li M, Fisher W, Gibbs R, Brunicardi FC. PDX-1: demonstration of oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2010; 117:723-33. [PMID: 20886630 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) is a transcription factor that regulates embryologic pancreas development and insulin expression in the adult islet; however, it is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PDX-1 in tumorigenesis in human cells. METHODS In vitro cell proliferation, invasion, and transformation were performed in human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293), pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa2, and human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells transiently or stably expressing PDX-1 or green fluorescent protein (GFP) PDX-1, with or without cotransfection of PDX-1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). In vivo tumor formation was carried out in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with subcutaneous injection of HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 stably transfected cells. Cell cycle was analyzed by Western blot or immunostaining. Microarray of RNA from pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells with and without PDX-1 shRNA was performed and analyzed. RESULTS Transient and stable expressing PDX-1 significantly increased cell proliferation and invasion in HEK 293, human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE), and MIA PaCa2 cells versus controls (P < .05), human PDX-1 shRNA reversed these effects. Expression of PDX-1 significantly increased colony formation in HEK 293, HPDE, and MIA PaCa2 cells versus controls in vitro (P < .05). PDX-1 promoted HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 tumor formation in SCID mice as compared with that of control (P < .05). PDX-1 overexpression disrupted cell cycles proteins. PDX-1 expression was confirmed by Western blot and tracked by viewing of GFP-PDX-1 expression. Microarray data support an oncogenic role of PDX-1 in pancreas cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS PDX-1 induced increased cell proliferation, invasion, and colony formation in vitro, and resulted in markedly increased HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 tumor formation in SCID mice. These data suggest that PDX-1 is a potential oncogene that regulates tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-He Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gutiérrez-González L, Wright NA. Biology of intestinal metaplasia in 2008: more than a simple phenotypic alteration. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40:510-22. [PMID: 18400571 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review concentrates on one main aspect of cancerization in the oesophagus and stomach: principally, intestinal metaplasia. There are at least two other important pathways that lead to cancer and do not need such a morphological transformation. One is the gastric type of carcinoma on the Lauren classification, which arises directly from the stem cell zone and is the signet ring form of cancer, while the other is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM)--spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2) expressing metaplasia, where the gastric glands become filled with TFF2-expressing cells and may also lead to gastric dysplasia and cancer. The development of intestinal metaplasia is complex. Here, we examine intestinal metaplasia in molecular terms, noting the over-expression of Cdx1, Cdx2, Pdx1, Oct1, TFF3 and the downregulation of Hedgehog signalling; Runx3 is deactivated by epigenetic silencing, and pathways such as Wnt and MARK/ERK are involved. These changes start to explain the principles of the development of intestinal metaplasia and suggest that the regulation of these genes is of importance in the development of gastric cancer.
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12
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Lennerz JK, Rühle V, Ceppa EP, Neuhuber WL, Bunnett NW, Grady EF, Messlinger K. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminovascular system: Differences between peripheral and central CGRP receptor distribution. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1277-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hougaard DM, Larsson LI. Carboxypeptidase E in rat antropyloric mucosa: distribution in progenitor and mature endocrine cell types. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 121:55-61. [PMID: 14661109 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Processing of most gut hormones involves cleavage between dibasic amino acids followed by carboxypeptidase-catalyzed removal of the COOH-terminal basic residue, resulting in peptides with a COOH-terminal glycine. Such peptides may subsequently be converted to amidated peptides or can be directly secreted. It is believed that carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is involved in gut hormone processing but its presence in gut endocrine cells has never been studied. We have analyzed the distribution of CPE in the antropyloric mucosa of rat stomach and report that gastrin cells and progenitor gastrin-somatostatin (G/D) cells express CPE while mature somatostatin cells and the majority of serotonin cells fail to express CPE. These data indicate that immature G/D cells are able to process gastrin to glycine-extended forms and that CPE-mediated processing is not a characteristic of mature somatostatin and serotonin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Beales ILP, Calam J. Regulation of amylin release from cultured rabbit gastric fundic mucosal cells. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 3:13. [PMID: 14572315 PMCID: PMC269984 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) is a hormone with suggested roles in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, gastric motor and secretory function and gastroprotection. In the gastric mucosa amylin is found co-localised with somatostatin in D-cells. The factors regulating gastric amylin release are unknown. In this study we have investigated the regulation of amylin release from gastric mucosal cells in primary culture. Rabbit fundic mucosal cells enriched for D-cells by counterflow elutriation were cultured for 40 hours. Amylin and somatostatin release over 2 hours in response to agonists were assessed. Results Amylin release was significantly enhanced by activation of protein kinase C with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, adenylate cyclase with forskolin and elevation of intracellular calcium with A23187. Cholecystokinin (CCK), epinephrine and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) each stimulated amylin release in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal CCK-stimulated release was greater than either epinephrine or GLP-1, even when the effects of the latter two were enhanced by isobutylmethylxanthine. Stimulated amylin release was significantly inhibited by carbachol (by 51–59%) and octreotide (by 33–42%). Somatostatin release paralleled that of amylin. Conclusions The cultured D-cell model provides a means of studying amylin release. Amylin secretion is stimulated by receptor-dependent and -independent activation of Ca2+/protein kinase C and adenylate cyclase pathways. Inhibition involves activation of muscarinic receptors and auto-regulation by somatostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian LP Beales
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom
| | - John Calam
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Tingstedt JE, Tornehave D, Lind P, Nielsen J. Immunohistochemical detection of SWC3, CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 antigens in paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded porcine lymphoid tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 94:123-32. [PMID: 12909409 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the different cell types of the immune system is important for in situ studies on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in various animals, including the pig. Unfortunately, many monoclonal anti-leukocyte antibodies are only useful for staining frozen tissue sections with inherent poor tissue morphology, and are not readily adapted to formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded tissue with well preserved morphology. Seven well characterised monoclonal antibodies against porcine leukocyte antigens were tested on neutral buffered paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded porcine tissue sections using the highly sensitive tyramide signal amplification system. Combining this method with different antigen retrieval techniques enabled us to detect CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8 and SWC3 antigen expressing cells in porcine lymphoid tissue. Thus, we describe herein methods for the detection of several major cell types of the porcine immune system in fixed tissue with optimal preservation of histological details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Erik Tingstedt
- Department of Virology, Danish Veterinary Institute, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark
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Zaki M, Koduru S, McCuen R, Vuyyuru L, Schubert ML. Amylin, released from the gastric fundus, stimulates somatostatin and thus inhibits histamine and acid secretion in mice. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:247-55. [PMID: 12105853 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.34176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Amylin, a peptide that displays 50% homology with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is colocalized with somatostatin in endocrine cells of the gastric fundus. The present study was designed to determine the mechanism of action of amylin on gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion. METHODS Acid secretion was measured in the isolated mouse stomach by titration. Somatostatin and histamine secretion were measured in rat fundic segments by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS In isolated mouse stomach, amylin caused a concentration-dependent decrease in acid secretion. In rat fundic segments, amylin and CGRP each caused a concentration-dependent increase in somatostatin and a decrease in histamine secretion. Changes in histamine secretion induced by amylin reflected changes in somatostatin secretion and could be abolished by addition of somatostatin antibody. Both the somatostatin and the histamine responses to amylin were abolished by the selective amylin antagonist AC187 but were unaffected by the CGRP antagonist CGRP8-37. In contrast, the responses to CGRP were abolished by CGRP8-37 but were unaffected by AC187. AC187 alone decreased somatostatin and increased histamine in fundic segments and increased acid secretion in isolated stomach, indicating that endogenous amylin participates in the regulation of gastric endocrine (somatostatin and histamine) and exocrine (acid) secretion. CONCLUSIONS In gastric fundus, release of amylin from somatostatin cells interacts with distinct amylin receptors to enhance somatostatin secretion via an autocrine pathway that leads to inhibition of histamine and acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaki
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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D'Este L, Wimalawansa SJ, Renda TG. Distribution of amylin-immunoreactive neurons in the monkey hypothalamus and their relationships with the histaminergic system. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2001; 64:295-303. [PMID: 11575425 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.64.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Amylin (AMY) is a 37 amino acid peptide of pancreatic origin that has been localized in peripheral and central nervous structures. Both peripheral and central injection of the peptide causes various effects, including anorectic behavior in rats. Prompted by previous reports showing that the anorectic effect of AMY is mediated by histamine release, we immunohistochemically investigated possible relationships between these two systems at the light microscopical level. Monkey (Macaca fuscata japonica) hypothalamus specimens were submitted to immunohistochemical double staining procedures using AMY and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) antisera. AMY-immunoreactive neurons were found widely distributed in several nuclei of the monkey hypothalamus including the supraoptic, paraventricular, perifornical, periventricular, ventromedial, arcuate, and tuberomammillary nuclei. We detected AMY-immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the hypothalamus, the median eminence and hypothalamus-neurohypophysial tract. Although AMY- and HDC-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies occupied distinct hypothalamic zones, many HDC-immunoreactive cell bodies and dendrites, particularly those in the periventricular, arcuate, and rostral tuberomammillary regions, were surrounded by numerous AMY-immunoreactive nerve fiber varicosities. These findings demonstrate for the first time the presence of a discrete number of AMY-immunoreactive neurons in the monkey hypothalamus and add morphological support to the experimental data demonstrating that AMY probably exerts its influence on food intake via the histaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D'Este
- Institute of Human Anatomy, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies were conducted on rat brainstem using a specific polyclonal antiserum against the COOH-terminal (25-37) of human amylin. Amylin-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the vestibular, cochlear, trapezoid, and inner cerebellar nuclei and in the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Positive cell bodies were also found in lateral, gigantocellular and magnocellular reticular nuclei. Numerous amylin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were shown in the trigeminal spinal tract, in the solitary area and in the area postrema. Amylin-immunoreactive cell bodies were often surrounded by a network of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers. These results provide morphologic evidence that amylin may play a role in some discrete sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D'Este
- Institute of Human Anatomy, University La Sapienza, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, I-00161, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Gastrin is a hormone regulating gastric acid secretion and the growth of the gastrointestinal epithelium. It is expressed by endocrine tumors and by adenocarcinomas of the gastroenteropancreatic region and may represent an autocrine tumor growth factor. Gastrin is also implicated in the genesis of peptic ulcer disease both in conjunction with H. pylori infections and with gastrin-producing tumors. The secretion and expression of gastrin are under the paracrine control of somatostatin, produced by D cells situated in close contact with gastrin-producing G cells. D cells also contain neuronal nitric oxide synthase and appear to regulate apoptosis of G cells by paracrine release of nitric oxide. Both G and D cells are derived from a common multihormonal precursor cell present in the regenerative (isthmus) region of the gastric units. The precursor cells have been suggested to undergo asymmetrical divisions resulting in gastrin- and somatostatin-producing daughter cells that remain in paracrine contact during their migration into the glands. The precursor cells also give rise to the third main antropyloric endocrine cell type; the serotonin-producing EC cell. The maturation of all of these cell types is regulated by a number of transcription factors containing homeobox motifs (Pdx-1, Pax 4 and 6, Isl-1, Nkx6.1). Many of these also regulate the development of the central nervous system and the pancreas. The use of different combinations of these factors for regulating the expression of different hormones may explain the phenomenon of abberant hormone expression during development and carcinogenesis and the occurrence of multihormonal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Larsson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dk-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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