1
|
Batool R, Tian Q, Zhou E, Hasan N. Impact of internal identity asymmetry on employee's behaviors and feelings: A mediating role of psychological distress. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31438. [PMID: 38807868 PMCID: PMC11130678 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals may experience internal identity asymmetry when they feel misidentified and believe their colleagues do not recognize their work-related identities. This research examines the impact of internal identity asymmetry on their behavior and emotional outcomes at the workplace in Pakistan. Data was collected through a survey and received responses from 393 participants at different levels of management in various sectors of Pakistan. A partial least square-based structural equation modeling technique has been used to validate the proposed research model and develop hypotheses. The findings indicate that psychological distress has a positive indirect effect on both outcomes, such as individual work performance and well-being during personal and professional base asymmetries time. The result indicates that employees face psychological distress while experiencing internal identity asymmetries, which may decrease the performance and well-being of the employees. Findings highlight the importance of coping strategies in improving the performance and well-being of employees. Managers can be supportive in maintaining a positive workplace environment where individuals can have a more accurate self-perception and a better understanding of their colleagues' perspectives. This, in turn, enables them to adopt appropriate coping strategies to enhance both performance and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Batool
- School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingfeng Tian
- School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erhua Zhou
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Najmul Hasan
- BRAC Business School, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du X, Xiang G, Xiao M, Liu X, Sun J, Ding C, Chen H. The relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of negative emotions and maladaptive coping. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1449-1462. [PMID: 37435881 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the observed increased feelings of loneliness and problematic smartphone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, further research was needed to determine whether and how the increased loneliness of adolescents during such major public health crisis events affects the risk of problematic smartphone use among adolescents. This study aimed to examine the relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use among Chinese adolescents (aged 10-16 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate the possible mediating role of negative emotions and maladaptive coping. METHODS A total of 672 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.05, SD = 1.51, 50.4% boys, 93.8% from rural areas, 22.5% of whom were only children) took part in this cross-sectional study in April 2022 by completing the Chinese adolescent version of the Loneliness Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (subscale), the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and the Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale. RESULTS The serial mediation model revealed that negative emotions and maladaptive coping independently mediated the relationship between adolescents' loneliness and problematic smartphone use. In addition, the mediation effects of "negative emotions-maladaptive coping" could also mediate the relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness may be positively related to problematic smartphone use through negative emotions and maladaptive coping among adolescents during major public health crisis events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Du
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcan Xiang
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cody Ding
- Department of Educational Psychology, Research and Evaluation, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu CC. Inquiring about Loss Aversion of Achievement Value. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050400. [PMID: 37232637 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the achievement motivation theory, in achievement context, students may have to not only approach success/gain (e.g., strive to get a better grade) but also avoid failure/loss (e.g., avoid performing worse). However, these two types of achievement motivation have often been investigated separately. In contrast, loss aversion, a central argument in prospect theory, posits that avoiding losses has a greater impact on preferences than does approaching gains; suggesting that gain approach and loss avoidance should be treated as asymmetric forces that can be analyzed simultaneously to study approach to gain and avoidance to loss among students in terms of grades. The main purposes of this study were to propose an alternative measure to frame the dynamic evaluation process in the context of achievement that considers students' sensitivity to performance change, and to further investigate students' loss aversion in relation to grades through intrapersonal and interpersonal comparisons. A total of 41 and 72 college students participated in study 1 and study 2, respectively. One-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted for the former sample while the single sample t-tests and independent sample ANOVA were used for the latter. Through the implementation of this alternative measure, the results revealed that (1) college students were more sensitive to performance changes than to their current or final performance, and (2) loss aversion was dependent on the referents. Students were averse to interpersonal loss, but not to intrapersonal loss. These findings indicate the usefulness of the proposed measure for investigating the asymmetric responses between two types of achievement motivation, and the proposed measure can be used to extend and revise the explanatory boundaries of prospect theory and self-discrepancy theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chin Wu
- Department of Early Childhood Education, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pattnaik S, Mmbaga N, White TD, Reger RK. To entrepreneur or not to entrepreneur? How identity discrepancies influence enthusiasm for academic entrepreneurship. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10961-023-09994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRecognizing the commercial potential of university-based inventions and discoveries, legislators and administrators have called upon academic scientists to become academic entrepreneurs. Yet, few academic scientists appear enthusiastic about taking on entrepreneurial activities. The intrinsic reasons underlying the lack of enthusiasm are poorly understood. We extend the research by applying self-discrepancy theory to explore the role of future-oriented self and other guides on enthusiasm for academic entrepreneurship. Integrating self-discrepancy theory with social identity theory, we also examine the moderating effects of scientist identification and academic entrepreneur social identification. We test our model on a sample of National Science Foundation (NSF) funded academic scientists who participated in the Innovation Corps (I-Corps) entrepreneurship training program. We find academic scientists’ self-guides influence their enthusiasm for academic entrepreneurship, while interestingly, their other-guides do not. Additionally, we find that higher identification with a scientist identity enhances the positive effect of the self-guide on entrepreneurial enthusiasm while higher identification with an academic entrepreneur identity attenuates the positive effect. Our paper contributes to the academic entrepreneurship literature by developing and testing a framework that integrates self-discrepancy theory with social identity theory for a nuanced understanding of academic scientists’ thought processes regarding engagement in entrepreneurial activities. Our study has implications for research policy by suggesting a way that universities can identify candidates for academic entrepreneurship activities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fei J, Hu Y, Liang L, Meng C, Mei S. Exploring the Impact of Emotional and Cognitive Factors on Anxiety Symptoms of Chinese Adolescents: a Serial Mediation Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023; 22:1-15. [PMID: 36688112 PMCID: PMC9838377 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-01004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset age of anxiety is decreasing worldwide, yet the majority of the study conducted on anxiety were focused on adult populations. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of psychological capital and coping style tendency on the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety in Chinese adolescents and provide empirical evidence for research and prevention. A cross-sectional study recruited 5747 participants from 5 randomly selected middle schools in the northeast China. Study results showed that high emotional intelligence (P < 0.05), high level of psychological capital (P < 0.05), and positive coping style tendency (P < 0.05) were correlated to lower level of anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Psychological capital and coping style tendency performed partial and serial mediating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety. Teaching adolescents how to regulate emotions can strengthens their positive mentalities, promotes the use of positive coping strategies, and then attenuates the severity of anxiety symptoms in a nonadditive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Fei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Yueyang Hu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Leilei Liang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Cuicui Meng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Songli Mei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gürcan-Yıldırım D, Gençöz T. The association of self-discrepancy with depression and anxiety: Moderator roles of emotion regulation and resilience. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Sonnenburg C, Miller YD. Postnatal Depression: The Role of “Good Mother” Ideals and Maternal Shame in a Community Sample of Mothers in Australia. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Bored stiff: The relationship between meaninglessness, sexual sensation seeking, and promiscuous attitudes via boredom susceptibility. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Existential escape of the bored: A review of meaning-regulation processes under boredom. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1829347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Moynihan
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Putri VS, Yusuf A, Tristiana RD. Analysis of Factors Related to Nursing Student Self Wareness in Doing Screening for Psychosocial Problems. JURNAL NERS 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/jn.v15i2.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mental health knowledge is a substantial part of mental health literacy. Many psychosocial problems are transient and are often not noticed. This study aimed to analyze the factors related to student self-awareness in conducting psychosocial screening.Methods: This study used a descriptive-analytic design with cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. A total of 160 respondents was chosen using simple random sampling techniques. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The dependent variable in this study was students’ awareness in conducting psychosocial problems screening. The independent variables in this study were knowledge, social interaction, family support, perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-confidence. Analysis used multiple linear regression statistical tests.Results: The results showed there was a relationship between social interaction (p=0.00), perceived vulnerability (p=0.00), perceived benefits (p=0.001) and self-confidence (p=0,000) with students’ self-awareness in conducting psychosocial screening. There was no relationship between knowledge (p=0.555), family support (p=0.720), perceived severity (p=0.070), perceived barriers (p=0.748) with students’ self-awareness in conducting psychosocial screening.Conclusion:Mental health awareness in nursing student should be enhanced and strengthened with health education. Self-awareness of mental health is important for students. This can prevent mental disorders in the future
Collapse
|
11
|
Reynolds CJ, Knighten KR, Conway P. Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who is deontological? Completing moral dilemmas in front of mirrors increases deontological but not utilitarian response tendencies. Cognition 2019; 192:103993. [PMID: 31229738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Liu JJW, Taillefer SE, Tassone A, Vickers K. The importance of bereavement cognitions on grief symptoms: Applications of cognitive processing therapy. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:552-562. [PMID: 31588857 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1671537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The experience of bereavement and trauma share some overlapping features, such as changes in the cognitive processing of information. This article explored the extent to which cognitive processes during bereavement influence coping outcomes in relation to grief in a sample of university students who had been previously bereaved (N = 104). First, we examined differences in bereavement outcomes based on whether cognitive processes associated with the bereavement were accommodated (n = 55), over-accommodated (n = 25), or assimilated (n = 24). Results indicate that grief-related outcomes significantly differed as a result of cognitive processes. We then compared the degree to which these cognitive processes accounted for grief outcomes in individuals with high and low grief symptoms. In individuals with low grief levels, both depressive symptoms and grief cognitions significantly accounted for grief levels. However, in individuals with high grief levels, only cognitive processes significantly accounted for levels of grief. Results from this study underscore the importance of examining cognitive processes during bereavement. Future research should further examine the underlying mechanisms that contextualize both the bereavement and cognitive processes surrounding the loss. Finally, results from this study highlight the associated cognitive processing of information as a potential topic for targeted treatment in bereavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J W Liu
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Taillefer
- Operational Stress Injury Clinic, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Adrianna Tassone
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kristin Vickers
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emery Trindade PG, Santos RL, Lacerda IB, Johannessen A, Nascimento Dourado MC. Awareness of disease in Alzheimer's disease: what do patients realize about their own condition? Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:1292-1299. [PMID: 30406679 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1488945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We aim to assess different objects of awareness of disease of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mild and moderate stages Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 participants with AD and qualitative analyses were used to analyze the participants' reports. Results: Cognitive impairment was the most peserved area of awareness. The participants' explanations were mainly categorized as biological/genetic and psychosocial causes. Also, awareness of social/emotional functioning and interpersonal relationships were generally well-preserved in this group. Among those who noticed some alterations in social life, there were reports of the feeling of being exposed and how some cognitive symptoms interfere with their functioning. In the emotional state domains, most of the participants reported more sadness than before the onset of dementia. Although most participants noticed a change in routine and the impact on daily life, many did not notice the need of help for general tasks. Conclusion: Our results underpin that most people with AD were able to provide their own subjective report of their experience of living with a disease. Participants' self-reports demonstrated the differences across domains, and this information may contribute to a better understanding of awareness of disease in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gasparini Emery Trindade
- a Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Raquel Luiza Santos
- a Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Isabel Barbeito Lacerda
- a Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Aud Johannessen
- b Norwegian Advisory Unit for Aging and Health Vestfold Health Trust , Tønsberg , Norway.,c University College of Southeast Norway , Notodden , Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Lost in the crowd: Conformity as escape following disbelief in free will. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Debrosse R, Rossignac-Milon M, Taylor DM. When “who we are” and “who I desire to be” appear disconnected: Introducing collective/personal self-discrepancies and investigating their relations with minority students' psychological health. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Hanley AW, Baker AK, Garland EL. Self-interest may not be entirely in the interest of the self: Association between selflessness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017; 117:166-171. [PMID: 29200545 PMCID: PMC5703599 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The association between mindfulness and selflessness is firmly grounded in classical Indo-Sino-Tibetan contemplative traditions, but has received limited empirical attention from Western researchers. In Buddhism, the relationship between mindfulness and the self is of central concern to the cultivation of well-being. Mindfulness is believed to encourage insight into the truly insubstantial nature of the self, an understanding that is thought to encourage well-being. The present study explores these relationships, attending to dispositional mindfulness, the self as it exists on a continuum from self-centered to selfless, and psychological well-being. Results indicate a positive relationship between selflessness, dispositional mindfulness, and psychological well-being. It appears that construing the self as interdependent and interconnected with a broader social, natural, and cosmic context is linked with greater psychological well-being and dispositional mindfulness. Path analyses revealed that selflessness mediated the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Abstract. High (vs. low) levels of boredom are associated with greater (vs. lesser) impulsiveness. It is important to examine the psychological processes that link boredom and impulsiveness to understand this relationship. We propose that heightened impulsiveness in response to boredom partly stems from people’s attempts to deal with meaninglessness when bored. In Studies 1–2, we found that perceived meaninglessness, characteristic of boredom, mediated the relationship between boredom and impulsiveness. In Study 3, we additionally hypothesized that self-awareness serves as a catalyst of boredom-induced impulsiveness by highlighting meaninglessness. Accordingly, Study 3 showed that manipulated boredom promoted impulsiveness through meaninglessness, particularly at greater levels of self-awareness. These studies support our hypothesis that impulsiveness is a response to boredom and the meaninglessness that boredom signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Republic of Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Abstract
It has been suggested that suicidal persons engage in distorted thinking. We propose that suicide can be understood as a distorted goal-directed action. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the specific distortions in the goal-directed processes of suicide as indicated in suicide narratives of 40 persons after a suicide attempt. The findings indicate action distortions such as the disconnect between the wish to die, the action of killing oneself, and the experience of being killed. Furthermore, we found a lack of long-term nonsuicidal pursuits, missing or incomplete action monitoring, and control and regulation processes. The implications for suicide prevention are discussed, and the procedure of self-confrontation interview is suggested as a helpful intervention.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chan MPS, Cheng C. Explaining personality and contextual differences in beneficial role of online versus offline social support: A moderated mediation model. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Marder B, Houghton D, Joinson A, Shankar A, Bull E. Understanding the Psychological Process of Avoidance-Based Self-Regulation on Facebook. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2016; 19:321-7. [PMID: 27096603 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In relation to social network sites, prior research has evidenced behaviors (e.g., censoring) enacted by individuals used to avoid projecting an undesired image to their online audiences. However, no work directly examines the psychological process underpinning such behavior. Drawing upon the theory of self-focused attention and related literature, a model is proposed to fill this research gap. Two studies examine the process whereby public self-awareness (stimulated by engaging with Facebook) leads to a self-comparison with audience expectations and, if discrepant, an increase in social anxiety, which results in the intention to perform avoidance-based self-regulation. By finding support for this process, this research contributes an extended understanding of the psychological factors leading to avoidance-based regulation when online selves are subject to surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Marder
- 1 University of Edinburgh Business School , Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - David Houghton
- 2 Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, West Midlands, England
| | - Adam Joinson
- 3 School of Management, University of Bath , Bath, England
| | - Avi Shankar
- 3 School of Management, University of Bath , Bath, England
| | - Eleanor Bull
- 4 NHS Grampian Public Health Directorate, Aberdeen, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peperkorn HM, Diemer JE, Alpers GW, Mühlberger A. Representation of Patients' Hand Modulates Fear Reactions of Patients with Spider Phobia in Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2016; 7:268. [PMID: 26973566 PMCID: PMC4770191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodiment (i.e., the involvement of a bodily representation) is thought to be relevant in emotional experiences. Virtual reality (VR) is a capable means of activating phobic fear in patients. The representation of the patient's body (e.g., the right hand) in VR enhances immersion and increases presence, but its effect on phobic fear is still unknown. We analyzed the influence of the presentation of the participant's hand in VR on presence and fear responses in 32 women with spider phobia and 32 matched controls. Participants sat in front of a table with an acrylic glass container within reaching distance. During the experiment this setup was concealed by a head-mounted display (HMD). The VR scenario presented via HMD showed the same setup, i.e., a table with an acrylic glass container. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. In one group, fear responses were triggered by fear-relevant visual input in VR (virtual spider in the virtual acrylic glass container), while information about a real but unseen neutral control animal (living snake in the acrylic glass container) was given. The second group received fear-relevant information of the real but unseen situation (living spider in the acrylic glass container), but visual input was kept neutral VR (virtual snake in the virtual acrylic glass container). Participants were instructed to touch the acrylic glass container with their right hand in 20 consecutive trials. Visibility of the hand was varied randomly in a within-subjects design. We found for all participants that visibility of the participant's hand increased presence independently of the fear trigger. However, in patients, the influence of the virtual hand on fear depended on the fear trigger. When fear was triggered perceptually, i.e., by a virtual spider, the virtual hand increased fear. When fear was triggered by information about a real spider, the virtual hand had no effect on fear. Our results shed light on the significance of different fear triggers (visual, conceptual) in interaction with body representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia E. Diemer
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | - Georg W. Alpers
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mannheim School of Social Sciences, University of MannheimMannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Busseri MA, Merrick H. Subjective trajectories for life satisfaction: A self-discrepancy perspective. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Jami A. Healthy Reflections: The Influence of Mirror-Induced Self-Awareness on Taste Perceptions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1086/684288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
Wisman A, Heflick N, Goldenberg JL. The great escape: The role of self-esteem and self-related cognition in terror management. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Benish-Weisman M, McDonald KL. Private Self-consciousness and Gender Moderate How Adolescents' Values Relate to Aggression. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Influences of agents with a self-reputation awareness component in an evolutionary spatial IPD game. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99841. [PMID: 24945966 PMCID: PMC4063756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) researchers have shown that strong positive reputations plus an efficient reputation evaluation system encourages both sides to pursue long-term collaboration and to avoid falling into mutual defection cycles. In agent-based environments with reliable reputation rating systems, agents interested in maximizing their private interests must show concern for other agents as well as their own self-reputations--an important capability that standard IPD game agents lack. Here we present a novel learning agent model possessing self-reputation awareness. Agents in our proposed model are capable of evaluating self-behaviors based on a mix of public and private interest considerations, and of testing various solutions aimed at meeting social standards. Simulation results indicate multiple outcomes from the addition of a small percentage of self-reputation awareness agents: faster cooperation, faster movement toward stability in an agent society, a higher level of public interest in the agent society, the resolution of common conflicts between public and private interests, and a lower potential for rational individual behavior to transform into irrational group behavior.
Collapse
|
28
|
Silvia PJ, Moore LC, Nardello JL. Trying and Quitting: How Self-focused Attention Influences Effort During Difficult and Impossible Tasks. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.796086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
29
|
Hong RY, Triyono W, Ong PS. When Being Discrepant from One's Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self–discrepancy theory posits that people experience emotional consequences when they perceive discrepancies between their actual and possible selves. However, the extent to which people react emotionally to these self–discrepancies (i.e. ideal, ought and undesired) may be a function of individual differences in neuroticism. Across both experimental (Study 1; N = 155) and correlational designs (Study 2; N = 139) involving college students, the authors demonstrated that neuroticism moderated the discrepancy–emotion associations such that high–neuroticism individuals showed elevated depression and anxiety symptoms when their self–discrepancies were activated. The heightened symptoms were maintained over time. Negative repetitive thoughts (i.e. rumination and worry) were examined as potential mediating mechanisms between the discrepancy × neuroticism interaction and symptoms. Partial support was obtained in that rumination mediated between undesired discrepancy × neuroticism interaction and anxious/depressive symptoms. Implications and possible theoretical extensions for self–discrepancy theory are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
|
30
|
Silvia PJ, Kelly CS, Zibaie A, Nardello JL, Moore LC. Trait self-focused attention increases sensitivity to nonconscious primes: evidence from effort-related cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:143-8. [PMID: 23524197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of primes presented outside of awareness - ranging from emotional faces to people's first names - can influence the physiological mobilization of effort during active coping tasks. Who responds more strongly to implicit cues? Based on models of self-awareness, the present research examined how individual differences in self-focused attention influence sensitivity to nonconscious primes. Adults completed a challenging cognitive task in which two kinds of primes were presented (people's first names and words related to the task's difficulty). Trait self-focus significantly interacted with both primes to predict effort, measured as systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity. People high in trait self-focus had significantly higher SBP reactivity when primed with words that made the task seem more important (their first names) and harder (high difficulty words). These findings thus expand the evidence for motivational intensity theory's analysis of implicit processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silvia PJ, Phillips AG. Self-Awareness Without Awareness? Implicit Self-Focused Attention and Behavioral Self-Regulation. SELF AND IDENTITY 2012; 12:114-127. [PMID: 23226716 DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.639550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective self-awareness theory contends that focusing attention on the self initiates an automatic comparison of self to standards. To gain evidence for automatic self-standard comparison processes, two experiments manipulated attention to self with subliminal first-name priming. People completed a computer-based parity task after being instructed that the standard was to be fast or to be accurate. Subliminal first name priming increased behavioral adherence to the explicit standard. When told to be fast, self-focused people made more mistakes and had faster response times; when told to be accurate, self-focused people made fewer mistakes. A manipulation of conscious self-awareness (via a mirror) had the same self-regulatory effects. The findings suggest that comparing self to standards can occur automatically and that it is attention to self, not awareness of the self per se, that evokes self-evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng CM, Govorun O, Chartrand TL. Effect of Self-awareness on Negative Affect Among Individuals with Discrepant Low Self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.567022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
Silvia PJ. Mirrors, masks, and motivation: implicit and explicit self-focused attention influence effort-related cardiovascular reactivity. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:192-201. [PMID: 22504295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Using motivational intensity theory as a framework, three experiments examined how implicit self-focus (manipulated with masked first-name priming) and explicit self-focus (manipulated with a large mirror) influence effort-related cardiovascular activity, particularly systolic blood pressure reactivity. Theories of self-focused attention suggest that both implicit and explicit self-focus bring about self-evaluation and thus make meeting a goal more important. For a "do your best" task of unfixed difficulty, implicit and explicit self-focus both increased effort (Experiment 1) compared to a control condition. For a task that varied in difficulty, implicit and explicit self-focus promoted more effort as the task became increasingly hard (Experiments 2 and 3). Taken together, the findings suggest that implicit and explicit self-processes share a similar motivational architecture. The discussion explores the value of integrating motivational intensity theory with self-awareness theory and considers the emerging interest in implicit aspects of effort regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 27402-6170, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Conner TS, Reid KA. Effects of Intensive Mobile Happiness Reporting in Daily Life. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550611419677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Does intensive focus on happiness change the naturalistic experience of happiness over time? In a 2-week text-messaging experiment, young adult participants ( n = 162) reported their current happiness 1, 3, or 6 times daily. Examination of temporal changes in momentary happiness over time showed no group differences, suggesting little evidence for reactivity overall. However, the effects were moderated by current depressive symptoms and neuroticism and to a lesser extent by self-esteem (trend only) and not by trait happiness. Individuals higher in depressive symptoms or neuroticism showed decreased momentary happiness over time with more frequent reporting, whereas individuals lower in depressive symptoms or neuroticism showed the opposite pattern with increased momentary happiness over time with more frequent reporting. Effects for self-esteem were similar but did not reach statistical significance. Findings suggest that intensive happiness reporting through mobile technology may be aversive or beneficial depending upon the negative emotional disposition of individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamlin S. Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie A. Reid
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Silvia PJ, Jones HC, Kelly CS, Zibaie A. Masked first name priming increases effort-related cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 80:210-6. [PMID: 21439332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on motivational intensity has shown that explicit manipulations of self-focused attention (e.g., mirrors and video cameras) increase effort-related cardiovascular responses during active coping. An experiment examined whether masked first name priming, an implicit manipulation of self-focused attention, had similar effects. Participants (n=52 young adults) performed a self-paced cognitive task, in which they were told to get as many trials correct as possible within 5min. During the task, the participant's first name was primed for 0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the trials. First name priming, regardless of its frequency, significantly increased cardiovascular reactivity, particularly systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity. Furthermore, the priming manipulation interacted with individual differences in trait self-focus: trait self-focus predicted higher SBP reactivity in the 0% condition, but first name priming eliminated the effects of individual differences. Implications for self-awareness research and for the emerging interest in priming effects on effort are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402-6170, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Song H, Peng W, Lee KM. Promoting exercise self-efficacy with an exergame. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2011; 16:148-162. [PMID: 21213171 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2010.535107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of exercise video games (exergames) shows promise as a tool to motivate and engage users in physical activity. However, little research has been conducted to examine whether exergames work equally well across diverse populations and contexts. Therefore, in the present study, the authors investigated the effects of an individual psychological difference factor and a specific contextual factor on the exercise experience using an exergame. They used the objective self-awareness theory as the theoretical underpinning. In a 2 (seeing the image of self on screen: seeing oneself vs. not seeing oneself) × 2 (body image dissatisfaction: low vs. high) between-subjects design experiment, the authors found significant interaction effects showing that the feature of seeing the image of self on screen provided by the exergame works positively for individuals with low body image dissatisfaction, yet works negatively for individuals with high body image dissatisfaction. The finding of the present study has significant implications for health professionals and individuals who use the new generation of exergames for physical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Song
- Department of Communication, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Silvia PJ, Phillips AG. Evaluating self-reflection and insight as self-conscious traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Silvia PJ, McCord DM, Gendolla GHE. Self-focused attention, performance expectancies, and the intensity of effort: Do people try harder for harder goals? MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-010-9192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Taylor SN. Redefining leader self-awareness by integrating the second component of self-awareness. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jls.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Wasylkiw L, Fabrigar LR, Rainboth S, Reid A, Steen C. Neuroticism and the architecture of the self: exploring neuroticism as a moderator of the impact of ideal self-discrepancies on emotion. J Pers 2010; 78:471-92. [PMID: 20433627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examined the moderating role of neuroticism in discrepancy-emotion relations. In Study 1, neuroticism, self-discrepancies, and depression were measured. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between neuroticism and ideal self-discrepancies such that the magnitude of ideal self-discrepancies was a stronger predictor of depression for people high in neuroticism than people low in neuroticism. Study 2 used an experimental paradigm to test the same hypothesis. Participants were randomly assigned to an ideal self-discrepancy salience condition or a control condition in which ideal self-discrepancies were not made salient. A significant interaction between self-discrepancy condition and neuroticism emerged such that the ideal self-discrepancy condition produced higher dejection-related affect relative to the control condition for people high in neuroticism compared to people low in neuroticism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Wasylkiw
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, 49A York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1C7, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Phillips AG, Silvia PJ. Individual differences in self-discrepancies and emotional experience: Do distinct discrepancies predict distinct emotions? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Field NP, Joudy R, Hart D. The moderating effect of self-concept valence on the relationship between self-focused attention and mood: An experience sampling study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
44
|
Ferguson GM, Hafen CA, Laursen B. Adolescent psychological and academic adjustment as a function of discrepancies between actual and ideal self-perceptions. J Youth Adolesc 2009; 39:1485-97. [PMID: 19830533 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Actual-ideal discrepancies are associated with adolescent emotional distress and there is evidence that the size of discrepancies matters. However, the direction of discrepancies has not been examined, perhaps due to limitations of widely used self-discrepancy measures. Two hundred and twelve 7th, 9th and 11th grade students (59% female) in a public school in Jamaica described their actual and ideal selves in several different domains--friendship, dating, schoolwork, family, sports, and religion/spirituality--using a Pie measure. Students also completed measures of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and academic achievement. Discrepancies favoring the ideal self and those favoring the actual self were linked to depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and poor school grades in the domains of friendship, dating, and schoolwork. Effects were stronger among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. Theories of actual/ideal self-discrepancies have focused on problems arising when the ideal self overshadows the actual self; however, the present study finds that self-discrepancies, regardless of their direction, are a liability. Implications for self-discrepancy measurement, adolescent development, and clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brown CM, McConnell AR. Effort or Escape: Self-concept Structure Determines Self-regulatory Behavior. SELF AND IDENTITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860802377818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
46
|
Self-discrepancy and chronic social self-consciousness: Unique and interactive effects of gender and real–ought discrepancy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
Phillips AG, Silvia PJ, Paradise MJ. The Undesired Self and Emotional Experience: A Latent Variable Analysis. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
48
|
Ostafin BD, Chawla N, Bowen S, Dillworth TM, Witkiewitz K, Marlatt GA. Intensive Mindfulness Training and the Reduction of Psychological Distress: A Preliminary Study. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|