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Ha CH, Park SJ. The influence of vehicle size on perception and behavior toward drivers. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39299756 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2404117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of vehicle size on driver impressions and behavioral intentions. Study 1 tested whether vehicle size (large vs. small) affects perceived physical size (height, body shape) through socioeconomic status (SES). We found that large (vs. small) vehicle drivers were perceived as tall (vs. short), and this perception was mediated by the drivers' estimated SES (but not by body shape). Study 2 focused on aggressive behavioral intentions (e.g. honking) toward other drivers, examining whether the relationship between vehicle size and intention was serially mediated by estimated physical size and traits (aggression, power). Here, large (vs. small) vehicle driver were perceived as tall (heavy) and possessing high power (high aggression), which is related to less (more) aggressive behavioral intention toward the driver. Our study suggests that individuals perceive other drivers' physical sizes differently, and this perception is associated with differences in behavioral responses toward other drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Ha
- Chungbuk National University
- Toronto Metropolitan University
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Saito T, Nouchi R, Ishibashi R, Motoki K, Matsuzaki Y, Kobayashi A, Sugiura M, Kawashima R. Perceiving humanness across ages: neural correlates and behavioral patterns. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1361588. [PMID: 38638518 PMCID: PMC11024291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1361588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Humanness perception, which attributes fundamental and unique human characteristics to other objects or people, has significant consequences for people's interactions. Notably, the failure to perceive humanness in older adults can lead to prejudice. This study investigates the effect of a target's age on humanness perception in terms of two dimensions: agency (the ability to act and do) and experience (the ability to feel and sense). We also examined brain activity using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in order to understand the underlying neural mechanisms. Healthy university students viewed the facial images of older and younger individuals and judged the humanness of each individual in terms of agency and experience while inside the MRI scanner. The results indicated that older adults were rated higher on experience, and no difference was found in ratings for agency between younger and older face images. Analysis of brain imaging data indicated that positive functional connectivity between the ventral and dorsal regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was greater when judging the humanness of younger faces than older faces. We also found that the negative functional connectivity between the left inferior frontal gyrus and postcentral gyrus was greater when judging the humanness of older faces as compared to that of younger faces. Although the current study did not show distinct brain activities related to humanness perception, it suggests the possibility that different brain connectivities are related to humanness perception regarding targets belonging to different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Saito
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart Ageing Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishibashi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart Ageing Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Motoki
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Management, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuzaki
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Kunstman JW, Ogungbadero T, Deska JC, Bernstein MJ, Smith AR, Hugenberg K. Race-based biases in psychological distress and treatment judgments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293078. [PMID: 37856467 PMCID: PMC10586605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Racism creates and sustains mental health disparities between Black and White Americans and the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing harassment directed at Black Americans has exacerbated these inequities. Yet, as the mental health needs of Black Americans rise, there is reason to believe the public paradoxically believes that psychopathology hurts Black individuals less than White individuals and these biased distress judgments affect beliefs about treatment needs. Four studies (two pre-registered) with participants from the American public and the field of mental health support this hypothesis. When presented with identical mental illnesses (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia), both laypeople and clinicians believed that psychopathology would be less distressing to Black relative to White individuals. These distress biases mediate downstream treatment judgments. Across numerous contexts, racially-biased judgments of psychological distress may negatively affect mental healthcare and social support for Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Kunstman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tade Ogungbadero
- Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Deska
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Sciences, Pennsylvania State University–Abington, Abington, PA, United States of America
| | - April R. Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kurt Hugenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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Sim M, Hugenberg K. Perceiving People With Physical Disabilities as Overcoming Adversity Warps Mind Perception. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221099378. [PMID: 35699172 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Across six studies, we tested how people with physical disabilities were ascribed mental faculties. People with physical disabilities were seen as more capable of mental agency (e.g., thinking), but not more capable of experience (e.g., pain), compared to nondisabled people (Study 1). People with physical disabilities were also seen as more capable of supernatural mental agency (e.g., seeing the future, reading minds; Study 2). Believing that people with physical disabilities were more mentally agentic than nondisabled people was unrelated to Beliefs in a Just World (Study 3) but was related to beliefs about hardship (Study 4). Narratives of overcoming adversity, common in portrayals of the disabled community, increased the perceived mental sophistication of people with physical disabilities (Study 5). Finally, hardship narratives also affected helping behavior toward people with physical disabilities (Study 6). Thus, hardship stories surrounding individuals with disabilities may contribute to beliefs that they have particularly sophisticated minds.
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Sim M, Almaraz SM, Hugenberg K. Stereotyping at the intersection of race and weight: Diluted threat stereotyping of obese Black men. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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