1
|
Hu X. Constructing an effective evaluation system to identify doctors' research capabilities. HEALTH CARE SCIENCE 2024; 3:67-72. [PMID: 38939166 PMCID: PMC11080928 DOI: 10.1002/hcs2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Hu
- Human Resources DepartmentPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szatmari P, Kieling C, Raballo A, Skokauskas N, Leventhal B. Nurturing the next generation of clinician-scientists in child and adolescent psychiatry: recommendations from a WPA Presidential Task Force. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:493-494. [PMID: 37713565 PMCID: PMC10503920 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szatmari
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and Child & Adolescent Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, and Department of Health and Social Care, Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Centre for Children and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Central Norway, and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin JC, Kang C, Amiri L, Clark MA, Greenberg PB. Perceptions of Research and Research-Oriented Careers Among College-Level Baccalaureate-MD Students in the United States. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:1263-1268. [PMID: 36245946 PMCID: PMC9547368 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A survey was administered to describe research perceptions among college-level students in combined baccalaureate-MD (BA/MD) programs in the United States. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze participant research perceptions. The estimated response rate was 26% (430/1653). Most respondents conducted scientific research in high school and college and reported barriers to research participation. Key barriers to research participation included lack of time, research knowledge or experience, and sufficient research guidance as well as the disruptions of COVID-19. Most respondents reported that research-supporting programs were available at their institution and perceived faculty mentorship programs as the most helpful for broadening their research experience. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01619-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Lin
- Program in Liberal Medical Education, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Chaerim Kang
- Program in Liberal Medical Education, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Leila Amiri
- Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Melissa A. Clark
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Paul B. Greenberg
- Division of Ophthalmology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Office of Academic Affiliations, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Althubaiti A, Althubaiti SM. Medical research: what to expect in a student-supervisor relationship. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:774. [PMID: 36357924 PMCID: PMC9648019 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A medical research supervisor is of crucial importance to the undergraduate student enrolled in a research methodology course. A solid relationship between the two is vital to the success of the research project and the overall well-being of the student. The structure of the relationship between a student and a research supervisor is seldom discussed in the context of undergraduate medical research. This study evaluates students' expectations of their research contributions and their supervisors' roles. METHODS This was an observational study in a large health university in Saudi Arabia. A total of 320 medical students enrolled in a two-year medical research program completed an online survey, of a previously validated instrument, that is, Role Perceptions Rating Scale. Demographic questions such as the current level in the research program (junior or senior) were added. RESULTS The results showed that most students expected the responsibility to be equally shared between the supervisor and student during the development and execution of the research project. Additionally, students expected the research supervisor to be responsible for the research themes and contents, ensuring access to facilities, and assisting in the actual writing of the final research manuscript. Furthermore, the results indicated differences in expectations between junior and senior students. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that medical students expect their research supervisors to support them to a significant extent. Understanding medical students' expectations in a supervisor-student relationship is essential to successful research and collaboration. The evidence gathered in this study has practical implications for educational institutes to base their research training program on these insights. Providing clarity on the expectations and responsibilities of those participating in the research program is crucial, as this would, in turn likely advance the output of the research program and encourage clinicians to join the program as research supervisors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Althubaiti
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 6656, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suha M Althubaiti
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lyons VH, Robinson JR, Mills B, Killien EY, Mooney SJ. A Clinician's Guide to Conducting Research on Causal Effects. J Surg Res 2022; 278:155-160. [PMID: 35598499 PMCID: PMC9444568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surgeons are uniquely poised to conduct research to improve patient care, yet a gap often exists between the clinician's desire to guide patient care with causal evidence and having adequate training necessary to produce causal evidence. This guide aims to address this gap by providing clinically relevant examples to illustrate necessary assumptions required for clinical research to produce causal estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H Lyons
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jamaica Rm Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Brianna Mills
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth Y Killien
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Stephen J Mooney
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Price Rapoza M, McElvaine A, Conroy MB, Okuyemi K, Rouphael N, Teach SJ, Widlansky M, Williams C, Permar SR. Early Outcomes of a New NIH Program to Support Research in Residency. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1305-1310. [PMID: 35234717 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The work of physician-investigators has historically led to key discoveries and developments in modern medicine, but recent decades have seen significant declines in the number of U.S. physician-investigators. One of the barriers to physicians participating in research is the lack of mentored research opportunities during clinical training, especially during residency training. In response to this identified barrier and to expand the physician-investigator workforce, the National Institutes of Health initiated the R38 program, known as Stimulating Access to Research in Residency, to support mentored research opportunities for residents. This article reports on the early outcomes of the recipients of the initial round of R38 awards, granted in 2018. Early positive outcomes include increases in the reported likelihood of resident-investigators pursuing physician-investigator careers, greater reported clarity in resident-investigators' research directions, the commitment of additional institutional resources to support the R38-awarded programs, and the approval of resident-investigators as having met training requirements for certification by multiple medical boards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Price Rapoza
- M. Price Rapoza is associate professor, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allison McElvaine
- A. McElvaine is director, Office of Physician-Scientist Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Molly B Conroy
- M.B. Conroy is professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kolawole Okuyemi
- K. Okuyemi is professor, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- N. Rouphael is associate professor, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen J Teach
- S.J. Teach is chair, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Michael Widlansky
- M. Widlansky is professor of medicine and pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chris Williams
- C. Williams is professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sallie R Permar
- S.R. Permar is chair, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen M, Liang X, Li L, Wu Y, Yang Y, Zingg R. The Association of Attending Physicians' Publications and Patients' Readmission Rates: Evidence from Tertiary Hospitals in China Using a Retrospective Data Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9760. [PMID: 35955113 PMCID: PMC9368559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians play a unique role in scientific and clinical research, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based medical practice. In China, tertiary public hospitals link promotions and bonuses with publications. However, the weight placed on research in the clinician's evaluation process and its potential impact on clinical practice have come under controversy. Despite the heated debate about physicians' role in research, there is little empirical evidence about the relationship between physicians' publications and their clinical outcomes. METHOD This paper examines the association of the quantity and quality of tertiary hospitals' attending physicians' publications and inpatient readmission rates in China. We analyzed a 20% random sample of inpatient data from the Urban Employee Basic Medical Health Insurance scheme in one of the largest cities in China from January 2018 through October 2019. We assessed the relationship between the quantity and impact factor of physicians' publications and 30-day inpatient readmission rates using logistic regression. There were 111,965 hospitalizations treated by 5794 physicians in our sample. RESULTS Having any first-author publications was not associated with the rate of readmission. Among internists, having clinical studies published in journals with an average impact factor of 3 or above was associated with lower readmission rates (OR = 0.849; 95% CI (0.740, 0.975)), but having basic science studies published in journals with an average impact factor of 3 or above was not associated with the rate of readmission. Among surgeons, having clinical studies published in journals with an average impact factor of 3 or above was likewise associated with lower readmission rates (OR = 0.708 (0.531, 0.946)), but having basic science studies published in journals with an average impact factor of 3 or above was associated with higher readmission rates (OR = 1.230 (1.051, 1.439)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Shen
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research, School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research, School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Linyan Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yushan Wu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T. HKSAR, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Raphael Zingg
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
- ETH Zurich, Center for Law & Economics, 8029 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dabaj I, Lahmar I, Gomez A, Barbey L, Verdier A, Delage C, Galateau E, Aubert R, Gehanno A, Schaal P, Feldmann L, Tebani A, Estour F, Bekri S. Le Double Cursus Santé Sciences à l’UFR Santé de Rouen. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:698-706. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Le Double Cursus Santé Sciences (DCSS) permet de former précocement les futurs acteurs de santé à la recherche. La profonde transformation du système de santé et l’avènement de nouvelles techniques analytiques et numériques ont conduit à reconsidérer la place de la recherche dans la pratique clinique. L’expérience internationale de ce type de programme de formation, notamment aux États-Unis, a révélé le rôle prépondérant que jouent les acteurs de santé ayant acquis une double compétence, médicale et scientifique. En France, un DCSS précoce, pendant les études médicales, a été mis en place dans les années 2000. Cette formation reste cependant disparate et hétérogène, et ne concerne pas toutes les universités. En 2016, l’UFR Santé de Rouen a constaté que le nombre d’étudiants engagés dans ce double cursus était très faible, voire nul selon les années. Aussi, en 2017, un accompagnement institutionnel a été introduit. Celui-ci a abouti à la création d’un tutorat étudiant dédié à cette formation. Il a permis une augmentation du nombre de candidats intéressés et la reconnaissance institutionnelle de ce double parcours. Nous présentons ici les contours de cette formation impliquant étudiants et institution.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ben-David K, Lin JJ, Ferrara JLM, Gabrilove JL. Tisch Cancer Institute Scholars Program: Mentored Cancer Research Training Pipeline for Medical Students. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2022; 37:1166-1171. [PMID: 33410115 PMCID: PMC7787701 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer research has led to unprecedented advances in treatment in recent decades. Physician-scientists have played a crucial role in these advances given their unique perspective at the intersection between basic research and clinical care, though their representation in cancer research has been in progressive decline. Cancer research programs that feature strong mentorship at the medical student level are associated with increased likelihood of alumni choosing a cancer research career path. In an effort to increase the cancer research medical student training pipeline, senior research faculty from the Tisch Cancer Institute (TCI) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) developed the TCI Scholars Program, a rigorous mentored research training program funding medical students' summer research. This program is currently in its third year and has garnered significant interest among mentors and students alike from all four TCI Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG)-funded research programs. Herein, we describe the development, implementation, evaluation, and major outcomes of this program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Ben-David
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jenny J Lin
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janice L Gabrilove
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beck Dallaghan GL, Coe CL, Wright ST, Jordan SG. Mentoring Medical Education Research: Guidelines from a Narrative Review. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:723-731. [PMID: 35818612 PMCID: PMC9270543 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mentorship is critical to develop research scholars. Current literature provides mentorship guidance for biomedical research; however, mentorship for educational research is scarce. We explored literature to offer evidence-based guidance for medical education research mentors. A librarian searched peer-reviewed literature from 2001 to 2021 to identify guidelines for research mentors. Thirty-five articles were included in this narrative review. Our results identified attributes of mentors, overlapping roles, and barriers and benefits of mentoring. The structures and processes related to mentoring are reviewed and applicability to medical education research mentorship is summarized. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01565-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Beck Dallaghan
- Office of Medical Education, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 108 Taylor Hall, CB 7321, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Catherine L. Coe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Sarah Towner Wright
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Sheryl G. Jordan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marr MC, Heffron AS, Kwan JM. Characteristics, barriers, and career intentions of a national cohort of LGBTQ+ MD/PhD and DO/PhD trainees. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:304. [PMID: 35449040 PMCID: PMC9027045 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, non-binary, intersex, and/or asexual (LGBTQ+) individuals continue to suffer worse health outcomes compared to the general population. Data on LGBTQ+ individuals in medicine, particularly in medical training, remain sparse. National studies of LGBTQ+ students in MD/PhD and DO/PhD training programs have not been reported. METHODS Trainees pursuing MD, DO, MD/PhD, and DO/PhD degrees at 32 nationally representative institutions completed a 70-item survey about their future career and anticipated challenges using an online survey tool from September 2012 to December 2014. There were 4,433 respondents to the survey. Of those, 2,837 completed the gender identity questions and 2,849 completed the sexual orientation questions. Completion of these questions was required for inclusion. Survey results were analyzed to examine differences between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ medical and dual degree trainees. RESULTS LGBTQ+ students were underrepresented among MD/PhD and DO/PhD trainees (8.70%) compared to the US population, though their representation was higher than among MD and DO trainees (5.20%). LGBTQ+ dual degree trainees endorsed the greatest interest in pursuing careers involving academic medicine, with varying career focuses including research, clinical duties, education, and advocacy. LGBTQ+ dual degree trainees prioritized opportunities in patient care, work-life balance, and research as the most important factors for their career selection. Importantly, a higher percentage of LGBTQ+ dual degree trainees (15.50%) identified sexual harassment as a past barrier to career advancement compared to their non-LGBTQ+ peers (8.27%). LGBTQ+ dual degree trainees were more likely to report having a mentor who advocated for them. CONCLUSIONS LGBTQ+ physician scientist trainees remain under-represented and under-studied. It is vital that medical institutions devote more time and resources towards identifying and addressing the unique needs of this group in training. Training programs should be aware of the current and prior challenges faced by their LGBTQ+ dual degree trainees, work to overcome the unique barriers they face, highlight the strengths and unique perspectives they bring, and foster their professional growth and goals during and beyond their training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mollie C Marr
- Oregon Health & Science University Medical Scientist Training Program, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anna S Heffron
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Medical Scientist Training Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kwan
- Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bukowiec L, Han Z, Terlecky SR, Grotheer K, Corse T, Coffin V, Siracusa LD. Leveraging the COVID-19 Research Spike to Provide Medical Students with Practical Experience in Data Appraisal and Grant Review. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:305-308. [PMID: 35433108 PMCID: PMC8995684 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In April and May 2020, a group of students and professors from the Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine (HMSOM) created an elective to review pre-selected, de-identified COVID-19-related research proposals by physicians and researchers within the Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) network. Students discussed and rated each proposal's significance, innovation, and approach using grading criteria that paralleled the National Institute of Health's (NIH) study section-based grant review process. In discussing these topics under the guidance of faculty with experience in writing and reviewing research grants, students gained a better understanding of what constitutes a quality research study and a compelling grant proposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lainey Bukowiec
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Stanley R. Terlecky
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | | | - Tanner Corse
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Vicki Coffin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| | - Linda D. Siracusa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gallagher EJ, Rockey DC, Kontos CD, Vyas JM, Brass LF, Hu PJ, Isales CM, Ajijola OA, Rathmell WK, Conlin PR, Baiocchi RA, Kazmierczak BI, Akabas MH, Williams CS. Pearls of wisdom for aspiring physician-scientist residency applicants and program directors. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158467. [PMID: 35315364 PMCID: PMC8986063 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postgraduate physician-scientist training programs (PSTPs) enhance the experiences of physician-scientist trainees following medical school graduation. PSTPs usually span residency and fellowship training, but this varies widely by institution. Applicant competitiveness for these programs would be enhanced, and unnecessary trainee anxiety relieved, by a clear understanding of what factors define a successful PSTP matriculant. Such information would also be invaluable to PSTP directors and would allow benchmarking of their admissions processes with peer programs. We conducted a survey of PSTP directors across the US to understand the importance they placed on components of PSTP applications. Of 41 survey respondents, most were from internal medicine and pediatrics residency programs. Of all components in the application, two elements were considered very important by a majority of PSTP directors: (a) having one or more first-author publications and (b) the thesis advisor’s letter. Less weight was consistently placed on factors often considered more relevant for non-physician-scientist postgraduate applicants — such as US Medical Licensing Examination scores, awards, and leadership activities. The data presented here highlight important metrics for PSTP applicants and directors and suggest that indicators of scientific productivity and commitment to research outweigh traditional quantitative measures of medical school performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don C Rockey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Digestive Disease Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher D Kontos
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence F Brass
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick J Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles City, California, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul R Conlin
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Barbara I Kazmierczak
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Myles H Akabas
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Neuroscience, and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abraham AM, Chavez AA, Venkatachalam AM, Sengupta S, Olson DM, Bell KR, Ifejika NL. Creating a resident-centric rehabilitation research team. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35277154 PMCID: PMC8917743 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 36-month Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) or Physiatry residency provides a number of multidisciplinary clinical experiences. These experiences often translate to novel research questions, which may not be pursued by residents due to several factors, including limited research exposure and uncertainty of how to begin a project. Limited resident participation in clinical research negatively affects the growth of Physiatry as a field and medicine as a whole. The two largest Physiatry organizations - the Association of Academic Physiatrists and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - participate in the Disability and Rehabilitation Research Coalition (DRRC), seeking to improve the state of rehabilitation and disability research through funding opportunities by way of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). A paucity of new Physiatry researchers neutralizes these efforts. RESULTS This paper details the creation of a novel, multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Resident Research program that promotes resident research culture and production. Mirroring our collaborative clinical care paradigm, this program integrates faculty mentorship, institutional research collaborates (Neuroscience Nursing Research Center, Neuroscience Research Development Office) and departmental resources (Shark Tank competition) to provide resident-centric research support. CONCLUSIONS The resident-centric rehabilitation research team has formed a successful research program that was piloted from the resident perspective, facilitating academic productivity while respecting the clinical responsibilities of the 36-month PM&R residency. Resident research trainees are uniquely positioned to become future leaders of multidisciplinary and multispecialty collaborative teams, with a focus on patient function and health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie M. Abraham
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, 75390 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Audrie A. Chavez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, 75390 Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Samarpita Sengupta
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, School of Health Professions, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - DaiWai M. Olson
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Kathleen R. Bell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, 75390 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Nneka L. Ifejika
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, 75390 Dallas, TX USA
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barker JC, Jalilvand A, Onuma A, Shelby R, Shah K, Daulton R, Bumgardner GL. Facilitating Success of the Early Stage Surgeon Scientist Trainee: Growing the Surgeon Scientist Pipeline. Ann Surg 2022; 275:e334-e344. [PMID: 33938494 PMCID: PMC8977112 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgeon scientists bring to bear highly specialized talent and innovative and impactful solutions for complicated clinical problems. Our objective is to inform and provide framework for early stage surgeon scientist training and support. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Undergraduate, medical student, and residency experiences impact the career trajectory of surgeon scientists. To combat the attrition of the surgeon scientist pipeline, interventions are needed to engage trainees and to increase the likelihood of success of future surgeon scientists. METHODS A surgery resident writing group at an academic medical center, with guidance from faculty, prepared this guidance document for early stage surgeon scientist trainees with integration of the published literature to provide context. The publicly available National Institutes of Health RePORTER tool was queried to provide data salient to early stage surgeon scientist training. RESULTS The educational path of surgeons and the potential research career entry points are outlined. Challenges and critical supportive elements needed to inspire and sustain progress along the surgeon scientist training path are detailed. Funding mechanisms available to support formal scientific training of early stage surgeon scientists are identified and obstacles specific to surgical careers are discussed. CONCLUSIONS This guidance enhances awareness of essential education, communication, infrastructure, resources, and advocacy by surgery leaders and other stakeholders to promote quality research training in residency and to re-invigorate the surgeon scientist pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Barker
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Amblessed Onuma
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rita Shelby
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kejal Shah
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Daulton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sampath V, Ramchandran R. The Yin and the Yang of Transformative Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Perspective. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:650302. [PMID: 34249804 PMCID: PMC8264183 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.650302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity for scientists from diverse disciplines to collaboratively mitigate the singular calamity facing humanity this century. The ability of researchers to combine exponential advances in technology and scientific acumen has resulted in landmark discoveries in pediatric research and is surmounting the COVID-19 challenge. Several of these discoveries exist in a realm of research that is not classically "basic" or "clinical." Translational research characterizes this domain partially, but does not fully capture the integrated research approaches that have spurred these discoveries. Herein, we share our perspective on the common themes underpinning the basic and clinical research. We also highlight major differences in the scope, emphasis, approach, and limitations of basic and clinical research that impede multi-disciplinary approaches that facilitate truly transformative research. These differences in research thinking and methodology are ingrained during training wherein the limitations of the chosen discipline, and strengths of alternate disciplines are not adequately explored. Insular approaches are particularly limited in impacting complex diseases pathophysiology in the era of precision medicine. We propose that integration of -omics technologies, systems biology, adaptive clinical trial designs, humanized animal models, and precision pre-clinical model systems must be incorporated into research training of future scientists. Several initiatives from the NIH and other institutions are facilitating such broad-based "research without frontiers" training that paves the way for seamless, multi-disciplinary, research. Such efforts become "transformative" when scientific challenges are tackled in partnership with a willingness to share ideas, tackle challenges, and develop tools/models from the very beginning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kong BY, Carter C, Nowak AK, Hovey E, Lwin Z, Haghighi N, Gan HK, Sim HW, Ziegler DS, Barton K, Parkinson J, Leonard R, Khasraw M, Foote M. Barriers and potential solutions to international collaboration in neuro-oncology clinical trials: Challenges from the Australian perspective. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 18:259-266. [PMID: 34166569 PMCID: PMC9292370 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The neuro-oncology community in Australia is well positioned to collaborate internationally, with a motivated trials group, strong regulatory bodies and an attractive fiscal environment. We sought to identify gaps in the Australian neuro-oncology clinical trials landscape and describe strategies to increase international trial access in Australia. METHODS We searched clinical trial registries to identify active adult primary brain cancer trials. We compared the participation rate and phase of these trials between tumour types and countries. A survey was distributed to the Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology membership to identify barriers and solutions to effective international collaboration. RESULTS Globally, 307 trials for adult primary brain cancers were identified. These included 50% pharmaceutical agents, 18% cellular therapies and 9% radiation therapy. Twelve adult primary brain cancer trials were actively recruiting in Australia at the time the survey was sent out. There were more early phase brain cancer trials (34%) compared with colorectal and breast cancer (21% and 24%, respectively). In Australia, 92% of brain cancer trials were involving pharmaceutical agents. The most commonly cited barrier was lack of funding for international trials (86%) and insufficient research time (75%). High ranking solutions included increasing the availability of funding for international trials and creating opportunities to develop personal relationships with collaborators. Accreditation of clinical research key performance indicators into practice (88%) and hospital accreditation (73%) also ranked highly. CONCLUSIONS Participation in international research in Australia could be improved by embedding clinical research targets into institutional funding, provision of funding for early phase studies and streamlining mutual ethics schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Kong
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Candace Carter
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hovey
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zarnie Lwin
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Neda Haghighi
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Cancer Therapies and Biology Group, Centre of Research Excellence in Brain Tumours, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hao-Wen Sim
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Australia and Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kirston Barton
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon Parkinson
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Robyn Leonard
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Foote
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dos Santos Rocha A, Combescure C, Negro F. The MD-PhD program in Geneva: a 10-year analysis of graduate demographics and outcomes. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:425. [PMID: 33183299 PMCID: PMC7663876 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MD-PhD programs confer degrees that empower medical doctors with in-depth scientific skills to contribute to biomedical research and academic medicine, alongside clinical practice. Whilst the career options and research opportunities related to graduates following these programs in the US are well documented, little is known about their European counterparts. In this article, we studied graduates who had completed the MD-PhD program at the University of Geneva between 2010 and 2019. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed in April 2019, targeting all medical doctors who had obtained the MD-PhD degree from the University of Geneva since 2010. Demographics, opinions, and career outcomes of the MD-PhD graduates were assessed through an online anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS Twenty-one questionnaires were collected from 31 MD-PhD graduates (response rate 65.5%). Most respondents (57.1%) had performed an MD-PhD training in basic sciences; however, only 14.3% had pursued this type of research thereafter. Most of the respondents held a position at a University hospital (90.5%), although a significant number of them were no longer involved in research in their current position (28.6%). 85.7% mentioned obstacles and challenges in combining clinical duties with research. Despite this, the majority (85.7%) declared that the MD-PhD degree had given them advantages in their career path, granting access to clinical and academic positions, as well as funding. CONCLUSIONS Graduates from the MD-PhD program in Geneva were for the most part, satisfied with their training. However, because of the challenges and obstacles in combining clinical duties with research, the implementation of research activities in their current position proved difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Dos Santos Rocha
- Unit for Anaesthesiological Investigations, Department of Acute Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
- European MD-PhD Association, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cristophe Combescure
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- MD-PhD Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Steinman RA, Proulx CN, Levine AS. The Highly Structured Physician Scientist Training Program (PSTP) for Medical Students at the University of Pittsburgh. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:1373-1381. [PMID: 32079926 PMCID: PMC7447180 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Physician Scientist Training Program (PSTP) is a 5-year medical student training program designed to prepare the next generation of MD-only physician-scientists engaging in preclinical research. This article provides an overview of the program, including the novel longitudinal structure and competency goals, which facilitate success and persistence in a laboratory-based physician-scientist career. The authors present data on 81 medical students accepted to the program from academic year 2007-2008 through 2018-2019. Extrinsic outcomes, such as publications, grant funding, and residency matching, indicate that PSTP trainees have actively generated research deliverables. A majority of eligible PSTP trainees have earned Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellow funding. PSTP students have produced a mean of 1.6 first-authored publications (median, 1.0) and a mean of 5.1 total publications (median, 4.0) while in medical school and have authored 0.9 publications per year as residents/fellows, excluding internship. Nearly 60% of PSTP students (26/46) have matched to top-10 National Institutes of Health-funded residency programs in their specialty (based on Blue Ridge Institute rankings). PSTP alumni are twice as likely as their classmates to match into research-heavy departments and to publish first-authored papers. Results of a 2018 program evaluation survey indicate that intrinsic outcomes, such as confidence in research skills, significantly correlate with extrinsic outcomes. The program continues to evolve to maximize both scientific agency and career navigation skills in participants. This medical student PSTP model has potential to expand the pool of physician-scientist researchers in preclinical research beyond the capacity of dedicated MD-PhD and postgraduate training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Steinman
- R.A. Steinman is associate professor of medicine, director, Medical Scientist Training Program and Physician Scientist Training Program, and associate dean, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-418X
| | - Chelsea N. Proulx
- C.N. Proulx is evaluation coordinator, Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9269-2355
| | - Arthur S. Levine
- A.S. Levine is senior vice chancellor, Health Sciences, and Petersen Dean, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-3055
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Granat LM, Weinstein A, Seltzer E, Goldstein L, Mihlbachler M, Chan T, Saggio G. Developing Future Academic Physicians: the Academic Medicine Scholars Program. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2020; 30:705-711. [PMID: 34457728 PMCID: PMC8368134 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-020-00935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Retention among academic medicine faculty is problematic, and there has been a decline in the number of physicians pursuing careers in academia. The education of future physicians relies upon physicians who pursue careers in academic medicine. Therefore, efforts must be taken to increase the percentage of physicians who conduct research and/or teach medical trainees. Recognizing this need, the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYITCOM) established the Academic Medicine Scholars Program ("Scholars Program"), which was designed to prepare outstanding osteopathic medical students for a career in academic medicine. Here we aim to determine the extent to which participants in NYITCOM's Scholars Program go on to pursue research and teaching endeavors during their residency and/or fellowship programs. An anonymous survey was administered to participants in the Scholars Program from 2012 through 2018 and asked about the participants' research and teaching experiences at the following time points: during the Scholars Program, residency, and fellowship, if applicable. Participation in the program led to a significant increase in survey respondents' teaching and research skills and an increased participation in scholarly activity as compared with the national average. The results also demonstrated that the program assisted alumni in securing positions in competitive residency and fellowship programs. As residents and fellows, alumni continued to pursue scholarly endeavors, primarily by publishing abstracts and posters, attending both regional and national conferences, and delivering lectures. We are hopeful that other medical schools will take part in producing capable academic medicine physicians by incorporating a similar program into their curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Granat
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Anna Weinstein
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Emily Seltzer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Leslie Goldstein
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Matthew Mihlbachler
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Thomas Chan
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Gregory Saggio
- Department of Clinical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lack of Additional Advanced Graduate Training by Orthopaedic Surgeons in Academic Practice: Current Employment and Recruitment Trends. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020; 4:e2000003. [PMID: 33970581 PMCID: PMC7434031 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Orthopaedic surgery is ever changing and depends on diverse technical and intellectual skill sets. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the percentage of academic orthopaedic surgeons with additional graduate degrees in the United States. Methods: Data including advanced degree(s) (eg, PhD, MS, MBA, MPH, JD, and DVM), academic rank, leadership position, subspecialty, years since training completion, and sex were collected from websites for all academic orthopaedic surgery departments in the United States. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate for differences in demographic data based on the advanced degree status. Data from the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) were used to characterize graduate degree-holding US senior medical students who ranked orthopaedic surgery first relative to peers without additional advanced degrees and to applicants who ranked other specialties first. Results: Of 4,519 faculty at 175 academic orthopaedic surgery departments in the United States, 7.1% held a graduate degree in addition to a medical doctorate. There was no difference in the percentage of faculty who held departmental leadership positions (P = 0.62) or who were full professors (P = 0.66) based on holding an additional graduate degree. Of 678 US senior applicants who ranked orthopaedic surgery first and successfully matched into the specialty in 2018, 12.5% held an additional graduate degree and 1.3% were MD-PhDs. Orthopaedic surgery had the second lowest percentage of matched medical students with additional advanced degrees, which was significantly lower than the top 10 specialties (range 16.1% to 21.6%; P < 0.05). Orthopaedic surgery recruited 1.6% of all MD-PhD applicants in 2018. Discussion: Few academic orthopaedic surgery faculty and admitted orthopaedic residency candidates have additional graduate school training. The low percentage of orthopaedic faculty and trainees with additional advanced degrees relative to other specialties may represent a missed opportunity to recruit individuals with diverse skills to advance the field of orthopaedic surgery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alamri Y, Magner K, Wilkinson TJ. Would you do it again? A qualitative study of student and supervisor perceptions of an intercalated MBChB/PhD programme. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:471. [PMID: 31878974 PMCID: PMC6933645 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have warned about the diminishing physician-scientist breed. Limited studies, however, have attempted to assess what factors (if any) enhanced or hindered the experience of trainee physician-scientists and their supervisors. Using Vroom's expectancy theory as a conceptual framework, we explored the highlights, motivations and barriers of an intercalated MBChB/PhD programme as experienced by students of the programme and their supervisors. METHODS Previous and current students of the MBChB/PhD programme at the University of Otago, and their supervisors, were invited to provide comments on the programme. Data were analysed using a general inductive approach which involved coding responses, and grouping codes into common themes via an iterative process. A deductive approach was used to interpret the themes and relate them to Vroom's expectancy theory. RESULTS A total of 22 students (88% response rate) and 36 supervisors (58.3% response rate) responded to our survey. Three themes were identified through the analysis of the students' responses. These were: motives for undertaking the intercalated degree, effect on career development, and perceived barriers. Supervisors' survey yielded two themes: characteristics of successful students, and optimising the intercalated programme. CONCLUSIONS The current study sheds light on the successes and challenges of an intercalated MBChB/PhD programme by considering the views of those most involved. Whereas the combined programme has its advantages for student research and career development, extending the research-time may be worthwhile. Further studies involving a larger cohort of intercalating students and their supervisors may allow for extrapolation of data to address these concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassar Alamri
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Canterbury District Health Board, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Kate Magner
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Canterbury District Health Board, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- Medical Education Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ishikawa M. Distribution and retention trends of physician-scientists in Japan: a longitudinal study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:394. [PMID: 31660958 PMCID: PMC6819329 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician Scientists (PSs) play a significant role in medical science because of their clinical practice and research expertise. Although it is important to analyze the distribution and retention trends in the number of PSs in Japan, research on this topic has been insufficient. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze PSs distribution and retention trends, identify factors related to their retention, and consider the policy implications. METHOD I analyzed individual data from 1996 to 2016 from a national census survey that had been administered by the national government of Japan every 2 years. The number of PSs in 1996 and 2016 were 4930 (2.1% of all physicians) and 5212 (1.6%), respectively. I conducted a descriptive analysis and identified retention trends. I then used a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify the factors related to the retention of PSs. RESULTS Between 1996 and 2016, the total number of PSs in Japan increased by 6%. The number of PSs aged 39 years or younger decreased by 48%, while those aged between 55 and 69 increased by 91%, indicating a notable decrease in the number of PSs under the age of 39. From 2014 to 2016, the annual retention rate of PSs was estimated to be 75.5%, which represented a low and stable rate compared to other physicians over the study period. The odds of continuing to practice as a PS were significantly higher for those who have between 15 to 29 years of experience after qualification as a physician. CONCLUSION This study indicates that it is likely for the total number of PSs to decrease in the future. Although the Japanese government has implemented various measures to retain PSs, these have not been effective. Possible new interventions to address this problem include increasing the knowledge of medical students and younger physicians of the role of PSs and the benefits of a career as a PS, providing specific career paths for PSs, securing specific positions for PSs, and increasing the compensation for PSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishikawa
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chang School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Health Services Research & Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Brown
- From the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brass LF, Akabas MH. The national MD-PhD program outcomes study: Relationships between medical specialty, training duration, research effort, and career paths. JCI Insight 2019; 4:133009. [PMID: 31578310 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MD-PhD programs were established in the 1950s as a new curriculum for training physician-scientists. Since then, the number of programs has grown considerably; however, concerns about the health of the US physician-scientist workforce have grown, as well. The largest attempt to date to assess whether MD-PhD programs are fulfilling their mission was the national MD-PhD program outcomes study, which was released as an American Association of Medical Colleges report in 2018. That study gathered information on 10,591 graduates of 80 MD-PhD programs over 50 years and concluded that most graduates have followed careers consistent with their training. Here, we provide additional analysis, drawing on survey data provided by 64.1% of alumni (75.9% of alumni with valid email addresses), plus program-supplied current workplace data for survey nonresponders to examine the relationships between medical specialty choices, training duration, research effort, and success in obtaining research funding. The results show that residency choices affect critical aspects of the physician-scientist career path, including where graduates work, how long it takes them to obtain an independent appointment in academia, and the amount of their professional time that is devoted to research. Entrants into MD-PhD programs are older, on average, now than when the programs were first established and are taking longer to graduate and complete postgraduate training. Although we found a positive relationship between professional effort devoted to research and the likelihood of having research funding, we found little evidence that the increase in training duration produces an increase in subsequent research effort. These data should provide both guidance for anyone considering this career path and insights for those who train and hire the next generation of physician-scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Brass
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myles H Akabas
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Neuroscience, and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weggemans MM, Friesen F, Kluijtmans M, Prakken B, Ten Cate O, Woods NN, Rosenblum ND. Critical Gaps in Understanding the Clinician-Scientist Workforce: Results of an International Expert Meeting. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:1448-1454. [PMID: 31135403 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinician-scientists-health care professionals expert in research and clinical practice-can play a vital role in translating research outcomes to clinical practice. Concerns about the sustainability of the clinician-scientist workforce have been expressed in the literature for decades. Although many have made recommendations to increase the clinician-scientist workforce, there has been no substantial change. Therefore, an international expert meeting was held in March 2017 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, with the goal of discovering unidentified gaps in our understanding of challenges to the sustainability of the clinician-scientist workforce. Nineteen individuals (steering committee members; representatives from the AAMC, AFMC, and RCPSC; and physician-scientists, nurse-scientists, education scientists, deans, vice deans, undergraduate and postgraduate program directors, and a medical student) from Canada, the Netherlands, the United States, and Singapore participated in the meeting. The meeting identified 3 critical questions to be addressed: (1) What is the particular nature of the clinician-scientist role? (2) How are clinician-scientists to be recognized within the health and health research ecosystem? and (3) How can the value that clinician-scientists add to translational medicine and research be clarified to stakeholders and the public? The meeting participants identified a 3-fold agenda to address these questions: articulating the value proposition of clinician-scientists, supporting professionalization and professional identity development, and integrating clinical and research training. Addressing the 3 critical questions will likely contribute to a wider recognition of the value of clinician-scientists and be a first step in advancing from recommendations toward system-level changes to reinvigorate the clinician-scientist workforce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot M Weggemans
- M.M. Weggemans is a PhD student, Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-0731. F. Friesen is education knowledge broker and program coordinator, Centre for Faculty Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-2795. M. Kluijtmans is professor, Education Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6601-7639. B. Prakken is professor, vice dean of education, and director, Education Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8488-4816. O. ten Cate is professor and senior scientist, Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-8780. N.N. Woods is associate professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, and scientist, Wilson Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-1108. N.D. Rosenblum is professor and Canada Research Chair in Developmental Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1767-6464
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bensken WP, Nath A, Heiss JD, Khan OI. Future Directions of Training Physician-Scientists: Reimagining and Remeasuring the Workforce. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:659-663. [PMID: 30640263 PMCID: PMC6483871 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In academic medicine, the attrition of the physician-scientist workforce has been significantly discussed for the past three decades, with substantial attention and funding targeted to stop this attrition and attempt to reinvigorate the workforce. Despite these concerns and efforts, the attrition has not been stopped or even significantly slowed, and thus a further understanding of the physician-scientist workforce is needed with a closer look at how this workforce is measured and quantified. Through reviewing three methods by which physician-scientists are identified and understood, limitations in these definitions arise, leading to the basic question: Who qualifies to be a physician-scientist? Answering this question may lead to developing more comprehensive and less restrictive approaches when qualifying and measuring the physician-scientist workforce and appreciating the varying contributions physicians make to research. Through suggesting an expanded appreciation of these research contributions, recognition of collaboration, and funding models that support both of these aspects, the authors hope to add to the conversation by challenging traditional approaches and encouraging movement toward forward-looking definitions that encourage and promote all physicians to engage with research. This reimagining of physician-scientists will result not just in a remeasuring of the workforce but, subsequently, in strengthening the clinical and translational research continuum as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt P Bensken
- W.P. Bensken is a postbaccalaureate fellow, Medical Education Unit, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. A. Nath is clinical director and senior investigator, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. J.D. Heiss is chair and residency program director, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. O.I. Khan is director, Medical Education Unit, and fellowship program director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Monzer N, Herzog W, Löwe B, Zipfel S, Henningsen P, Rose M, Lehmann M, Giel KE, Marten-Mittag B, Fischer F, Hartmann M. Reviving the Clinician Scientist: A Best Practice Model. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2019; 88:114-115. [PMID: 30605911 DOI: 10.1159/000495693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Monzer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics/ University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics/ University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy/University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy/Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Centrum für Innere Medizin und Dermatologie, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik/ Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Quantitative Health Sciences, Outcomes Measurement Science/University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Lehmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy/University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgitt Marten-Mittag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy/Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Fischer
- Centrum für Innere Medizin und Dermatologie, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik/ Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hartmann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics/ University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mashar M, Kilgour J, Nanapragasam H, Lipworth S. Academic medicine: the continuing challenges. CLINICAL TEACHER 2019; 17:81-85. [PMID: 31025798 DOI: 10.1111/tct.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numbers of academic medicine trainees have been declining internationally. Many countries have taken differing approaches to improving recruitment, with some having established pathways. In the UK, the academic foundation programme (AFP) is one such pathway aimed towards those interested in an academic medical career. Variation exists amongst universities with respect to application and success rates. As a group of AFP doctors, we aimed to explore these issues. Numbers of academic medicine trainees have been declining internationally METHODS: We created and implemented a 1-day national course, comprising lectures and small group workshops, geared towards informing applicants about the AFP. It was evaluated via pre- and post-course questionnaires using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 5. We created and implemented a 1-day national course, comprising lectures and small group workshops, geared towards informing applicants about the AFP RESULTS: A total of 150 attendees were present from 16 different medical schools; 95% (143/150) of the attendees filled in both questionnaires. Attendees appeared unaware of the stages involved in the application process and felt underprepared. Following the course, learners reported median scores (with interquartile limits) that demonstrated increased overall knowledge, from 2 (1) to 4 (1) (p < 0.01), and increased preparedness, from 2 (1) to 3 (1) (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that recruitment remains challenging, even in countries with established pathways. In the UK, the awareness of these pathways appears to be poor and courses such as ours may remedy that. Further exploration into the most effective methods to increase recruitment is necessary. The effect of institutional disparities in research culture and impact on application success needs investigation. Perhaps medical schools should introduce students to the prospect of academic careers earlier in training. Globally, efforts still need to be concentrated largely towards establishing integrated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghavi Mashar
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - James Kilgour
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sam Lipworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Weggemans MM, van der Schaaf M, Kluijtmans M, Hafler JP, Rosenblum ND, Prakken BJ. Preventing Translational Scientists From Extinction: The Long-Term Impact of a Personalized Training Program in Translational Medicine on the Careers of Translational Scientists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:298. [PMID: 30474027 PMCID: PMC6237913 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Far too much biomedical research is wasted and ends in the so called "Valley of Death": the gap that exists between biomedical research and its clinical application. While the translational process requires collaboration between many disciplines, current translational medicine focuses on single disciplines. Therefore, educational pathways that integrate clinical and research skills in interdisciplinary and interprofessional contexts are needed. The Eureka institute (http://www.eurekainstitute.org/) was founded to address these issues. The institute organizes an annual 1-week international certificate course to educate professionals in the domains of translational medicine. Study design: This study set out to investigate the impact of the Eureka certificate course on the alumni, focusing on their ability to engage in translational activities and thus become more proficient translational professionals. An explanatory, mixed-methods study was executed. Data collection: A questionnaire was distributed to collect quantitative data on the number of alumni who were able to apply what they learned during the Eureka course and engage in translational activities. Questionnaire data were also used to inform the semi-structured interviews that were conducted subsequently. Results: Fifty-one percent of the alumni reported that participating in the Eureka course played a role in their decision to change to a different job or in the way they were accomplishing their everyday work. Ten conditions for change that either hampered or supported the Eureka alumni's engagement in translational research activities were identified. Further, the learning outcomes of the Eureka course that impacted the alumni's professional activities were explored using Personal Professional Theory (PPT). The insight that alumni gained in the full translational spectrum and stakeholders involved stimulated reflection on their own role within that pathway. Further, according to the alumni, the course provided them with the skills and confidence to pursue a career as translational professional. These learning outcomes, in combination with conditions that supported alumni's engagement in translational activities, such as supportive professional partners, opportunities to network or collaborate, and a translational work environment, contributed to the large number of alumni that were able to engage in translational activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot M. Weggemans
- Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Schaaf
- Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manon Kluijtmans
- Center for Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Academic Teaching, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janet P. Hafler
- Teaching and Learning Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Eureka Institute for Translational Medicine, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Norman D. Rosenblum
- Eureka Institute for Translational Medicine, Siracusa, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Berent J. Prakken
- Center for Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Adeola HA, Adefuye A, Soyele O, Butali A. The dentist-scientist career pathway in Africa: opportunities and obstacles. KOREAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 30:189-198. [PMID: 30180506 PMCID: PMC6127611 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2018.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The future of evidence-based dentistry in developing Africa heavily depends on a sustainable establishment of a vibrant dentist-scientist workforce. A dentist scientist is saddled with the responsibility of carrying out robust cutting edge research projects that are inspired by clinical experience. Currently, there are no pipelines in place to systematically train such dentists, neither are there programs in place to allow trained African dentists choose such a career pathway. A dentist-scientist is a person who studied oral, dental, maxillofacial (or craniofacial) diseases, prevention, and population sciences (obtaining a medical degrees such as bachelor of dental surgery [BDS] or BChD) alone; or in combination with other advanced degrees such as doctor of dental surgery (DDS)/doctor of philosophy (PhD) or BDS/PhD. This situation has resulted in overdependence of African clinical practice on research findings from technologically advanced Western countries and a decline in clinical research capacity building. The career path of a dentist-scientist should involve research along the spectrum of basic biomedical sciences, translational, clinical and public health sciences. There are several factors responsible for the ultra-low count of dentist-scientist in the heterogeneous African communities such as: poor biomedical research infrastructure; lack of funding; absence of structured dentist scientist career pathways; lack of personnel, inter alia. Hence, this review hopes to discuss the opportunities of setting up a dentist-scientist training pathway in Africa (as obtains in most developed world settings), identify opportunities and prospects of developing an African dentist-scientist workforce, and finally discuss the challenges involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ademola Adeola
- Department of of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Anthonio Adefuye
- Division of Health Sciences Education, Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Olujide Soyele
- Department of Oral Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ommering BWC, van Blankenstein FM, Waaijer CJF, Dekker FW. Future physician-scientists: could we catch them young? Factors influencing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for research among first-year medical students. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 7:248-255. [PMID: 30006870 PMCID: PMC6086821 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-018-0440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The medical field is currently facing a physician-scientist shortage. One possible solution is to direct medical students towards a research oriented career. To do so, knowledge is needed on how to motivate medical students to do research. Therefore, this study examines motivation for research and identifies factors influencing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for research among first-year medical students. METHODS First-year medical students were surveyed at the beginning of their bachelor's program in 2016. On a 7-point Likert scale, students reported their motivation for research, self-efficacy, perceptions of research, curiosity, and need for challenge. Regression analyses were used to examine the influence of these factors on students' motivation for research. RESULTS Out of 316 approached students, 315 participated (99.7%). On average, students scored 5.49 on intrinsic, and 5.66 on extrinsic motivation for research. All factors measured influenced intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for research significantly and positively, also after adjusting for gender and age. Cumulative regression showed that these factors explained 39.6% of the variance in intrinsic, and 14% in extrinsic motivation for research. DISCUSSION All factors play an important role in intrinsic and, to a lesser extent, extrinsic motivation for research. First-year medical students' motivation for research could be enhanced by stimulating positive self-efficacy beliefs, positive perceptions of research, and curiosity. Also, it is important to fulfil students' needs for challenge by stimulating them to actively conduct research. Thus, to catch students young and cultivate physician-scientists, students should be stimulated to engage in research from the beginning of medical training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda W C Ommering
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris M van Blankenstein
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Higher Education, Leiden University Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijn J F Waaijer
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Integrating basic science in academic cardiology training: two international perspectives on a common challenge. Clin Res Cardiol 2018; 108:1-5. [PMID: 29948285 PMCID: PMC6333715 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-018-1294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Political bodies and professional societies acknowledge that translational research benefits from researchers trained in both, clinical medicine and basic science. Yet, few physicians undergoing clinical training in cardiology seek this dual career (Milewicz et al. J Clin Invest 125:3742–3747, 2015). The reasons are likely manifold, but with cardiology having become increasingly interventional and facing economic pressure, how much attention, credit, and encouragement is given to physicians interested in basic cardiovascular science? Having studied and worked in hospitals and laboratories, in both Germany and the USA, we aim to compare in this article how basic science education is currently integrated into cardiology training at German and US university hospitals, from medical school to more advanced career stages. By doing so, we hope to provide some outside perspectives to young physicians and decision makers alike, that may inspire changes to curricula in the respective countries and around the world.
Collapse
|
34
|
Blanchard M, Burton MC, Geraci MW, Madaio MP, Marsh JD, Proweller A, Rockey DC, Salata RA, Tan W, Williams CS, Zaidi M, Todd RF. Best Practices for Physician-Scientist Training Programs: Recommendations from the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine. Am J Med 2018; 131:578-584. [PMID: 29410155 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Blanchard
- Medical Education, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo.
| | | | - Mark W Geraci
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - James D Marsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock
| | - Aaron Proweller
- Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Robert A Salata
- Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | | | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Robert F Todd
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Tex
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ommering BWC, van den Elsen PJ, van der Zee J, Jost CR, Dekker FW. Using an Extracurricular Honors Program to Engage Future Physicians Into Scientific Research in Early Stages of Medical Training. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2018; 28:451-455. [PMID: 31007968 PMCID: PMC6445509 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-018-0565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Physician-scientists are urgently needed to make progress in the dynamic world of medical healthcare. Currently, there is a worldwide shortage in physicians pursuing a scientific career. Actively engaging students in research in early stages of medical training could help to direct students towards a scientific career and contribute to creating the next generation of physician-scientists. Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) implemented an extracurricular Honors program with a fundamental orientation towards research. The program starts in the second year of medical training and is comprised of four different tracks in order to attract multiple types of students with different interests. All four tracks offer students scholarly experiences, but differ in content and amount of provided structure. The LUMC Honors program has a clear goal to develop future physician-scientists, and combined with its unique multiple-track model, the program accommodates about 70 students (25%) each year. The number of students in the program has grown and students' experiences are positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda W C Ommering
- 1Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Zone V7-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- 2Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Zee
- 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina R Jost
- 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- 1Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Zone V7-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- 4Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Strong MJ, Busing N, Goosney DL, Harris KA, Horsley T, Kuzyk A, Lingard L, Norman WV, Rosenblum ND, Saryeddine T, Wang X. The Rising Challenge of Training Physician-Scientists: Recommendations From a Canadian National Consensus Conference. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2018; 93:172-178. [PMID: 28817429 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Physician-scientists are individuals who actively participate in patient care, have undergone additional research training, and devote the majority of their time to research. Physician-scientists are traditionally the primary catalysts in bridging the translational gap-that is, the failure to link fundamental new knowledge in the pathobiology of disease with advances in health care and health policy in a timely manner. However, there has been a shift away from training physician-scientists, and financial support for the physician-scientist is diminishing globally, causing the translational gap to grow. Given its socialized health care system and cultural and geographic diversity, Canada can serve as a unique case study in understanding how to address this phenomenon as a national priority. To this end, a Canadian national consensus conference was convened to develop recommendations for training programs and early-career supports for physician-scientists. Five recommendations were generated: (1) Establish an independent, national council whose mandate is to provide pan-Canadian oversight of physician-scientist training programs; (2) develop capacity for funding and mentorship support for physician-scientists; (3) develop coherent networks across a broad range of clinician-scientists, including physician-scientists, to reflect the unique cultural and geographic diversity of Canada and to reflect the interdisciplinarity of health research; (4) ensure that medical school curricula integrate, as a core curriculum feature, an understanding of the scientific basis of health care, including research methodologies; and (5) ensure that the funding of the physician-scientist trainee is viewed as portable and distinct from the operational funding provided to the training program itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strong
- M.J. Strong is professor of clinical neurological sciences and dean, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. N. Busing is project lead, Future of Medical Education in Canada Postgraduate Project, and family physician, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. D.L. Goosney is executive director, Tri-agency Institutional Programs Secretariat, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. K.A. Harris is executive director, Office of Specialty Education, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. T. Horsley is associate director, Research Unit, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A. Kuzyk was the 2015-2016 president, Clinical Investigator Trainee Association of Canada (CITAC), and is an MD/PhD candidate, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. L. Lingard is professor and director, Center for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. W.V. Norman is associate professor and director, Clinician Scholar Program, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. N.D. Rosenblum is professor and Canada Research Chair in Developmental Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, and associate dean, Physician Scientist Training, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. T. Saryeddine is executive director of research and innovation, HealthCareCAN, and adjunct professor, Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. X. Wang is an MD/PhD candidate, University of Toronto, and was the 2014-2015 president, CITAC, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brown AM, Chipps TM, Gebretsadik T, Ware LB, Islam JY, Finck LR, Barnett J, Hartert TV. Training the next generation of physician researchers - Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:5. [PMID: 29301521 PMCID: PMC5753449 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-1103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As highlighted in recent reports published by the Physician-Scientist Workforce Working Group at the National Institutes of Health, the percentage of physicians conducting research has declined over the past decade. Various programs have been put in place to support and develop current medical student interest in research to alleviate this shortage, including The Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Medical Scholars Program (MSP). This report outlines the long-term program goals and short-term outcomes on career development of MSP alumni, to shed light on the effectiveness of research training programs during undergraduate medical training to inform similar programs in the United States. METHODS MSP alumni were asked to complete an extensive survey assessing demographics, accomplishments, career progress, future career plans, and MSP program evaluation. RESULTS Fifty-five (81%) MSP alumni responded, among whom 12 had completed all clinical training. The demographics of MSP alumni survey respondents are similar to those of all Vanderbilt medical students and medical students at all other Association of American Medical College (AAMC) medical schools. MSP alumni published a mean of 1.9 peer-reviewed manuscripts (95% CI:1.2, 2.5), and 51% presented at national meetings. Fifty-eight percent of respondents reported that MSP participation either changed their career goals or helped to confirm or refine their career goals. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the MSP program both prepares students for careers in academic medicine and influences their career choices at an early juncture in their training. A longer follow-up period is needed to fully evaluate the long-term outcomes of some participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Brown
- Outcomes Research, Biomedical Research Education & Training, Clinical & Translational Scientist Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Teresa M. Chipps
- Center for Asthma & Environmental Sciences Research, Vanderbilt Environmental Health Science Scholars Program (NIEHS K12), Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA
- Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Jessica Y. Islam
- Department of Epidemiology, University North Carolina, Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
- Center for Asthma & Environmental Sciences Research at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Luke R. Finck
- Office of Medical Student Research, Health Sciences Education, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 312 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0301 USA
| | - Joey Barnett
- Physician Researcher Development, Office for Medical Student Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Translational Science, Center for Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Solaja O, Skinner TAA, Mcgregor TB, Siemens DR. CanMEDS scholars: A national survey on urology residents' attitudes towards research during training. Can Urol Assoc J 2017; 12:E191-E196. [PMID: 29319476 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Participation in scholarly activity is an important tenet of residency training and is firmly entrenched in Canada since the introduction of CanMEDS roles by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons. As Canadian residency programs transition to competency-based training, it will remain important to understand how to best implement and encourage scholarly pursuits among resident trainees. The objective of this study was to understand the experiences, attitudes, and barriers that surgical residents face when pursuing research during their training. METHODS An anonymous, cross-sectional, self-report questionnaire was administered to chief residents of all English-speaking urology programs in Canada in 2015. Questions were open- and close-ended, including an agreement score based on a five-point Likert scale. Questions addressed residents' involvement in and attitudes towards research, as well as their perceptions of the utility of research involvement during training. The residents were also asked about the support they received and potential areas to improve the attainment of this competency. Descriptive and correlative statistics were used to analyze the responses. RESULTS There was a 100% overall response rate to the questionnaire. This study revealed that Canadian urology residents have a high rate of participation in scholarly work, with the vast majority (94%) publishing at least one manuscript with a mean of four papers. Despite this, there appeared to be significant variation in the respondent's experiences, including protected time for research. Furthermore, many residents appeared unconvinced of the importance of research involvement, with only 51% agreement that participation was important to their overall training. As well, a significant number of residents reported largely external, rather than internal, motivations for research participation, such as attaining a preferred fellowship (66% agreement). While the majority of respondents felt (66% agreement) that the scholar role was important in residency training, it would appear that significant barriers, including time and mentorship, limited the effectiveness of research participation to gain those competencies. CONCLUSIONS The results of this self-report survey outline the significant differences in attitudes and experience towards mandatory research as a component of scholarship in Canadian urology training programs. As postgraduate medical education evolves, particularly with the uptake of competency-based medical education, programs and residents will need to address the motives and barriers to better foster academic pursuits during urology training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ogi Solaja
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kwan JM, Daye D, Schmidt ML, Conlon CM, Kim H, Gaonkar B, Payne AS, Riddle M, Madera S, Adami AJ, Winter KQ. Exploring intentions of physician-scientist trainees: factors influencing MD and MD/PhD interest in research careers. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28697782 PMCID: PMC5505137 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have described the career paths of physician-scientist candidates after graduation, but the factors that influence career choices at the candidate stage remain unclear. Additionally, previous work has focused on MD/PhDs, despite many physician-scientists being MDs. This study sought to identify career sector intentions, important factors in career selection, and experienced and predicted obstacles to career success that influence the career choices of MD candidates, MD candidates with research-intense career intentions (MD-RI), and MD/PhD candidates. METHODS A 70-question survey was administered to students at 5 academic medical centers with Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTPs) and Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) from the NIH. Data were analyzed using bivariate or multivariate analyses. RESULTS More MD/PhD and MD-RI candidates anticipated or had experienced obstacles related to balancing academic and family responsibilities and to balancing clinical, research, and education responsibilities, whereas more MD candidates indicated experienced and predicted obstacles related to loan repayment. MD/PhD candidates expressed higher interest in basic and translational research compared to MD-RI candidates, who indicated more interest in clinical research. Overall, MD-RI candidates displayed a profile distinct from both MD/PhD and MD candidates. CONCLUSIONS MD/PhD and MD-RI candidates experience obstacles that influence their intentions to pursue academic medical careers from the earliest training stage, obstacles which differ from those of their MD peers. The differences between the aspirations of and challenges facing MD, MD-RI and MD/PhD candidates present opportunities for training programs to target curricula and support services to ensure the career development of successful physician-scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kwan
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA.
- Internal Medicine Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
| | - Dania Daye
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Mary Lou Schmidt
- Pediatrics, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Claudia Morrissey Conlon
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington, USA
- Saving Mothers, Giving Life, Washington, USA
| | - Hajwa Kim
- Center for Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Aimee S Payne
- Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Sharline Madera
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Alexander J Adami
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kluijtmans M, de Haan E, Akkerman S, van Tartwijk J. Professional identity in clinician-scientists: brokers between care and science. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 51:645-655. [PMID: 28247420 PMCID: PMC5434929 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite increasing numbers of publications, science often fails to significantly improve patient care. Clinician-scientists, professionals who combine care and research activities, play an important role in helping to solve this problem. However, despite the ascribed advantages of connecting scientific knowledge and inquiry with health care, clinician-scientists are scarce, especially amongst non-physicians. The education of clinician-scientists can be complex because they must form professional identities at the intersection of care and research. The successful education of clinician-scientists requires insight into how these professionals view their professional identity and how they combine distinct practices. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate how recently trained nurse- and physiotherapist-scientists perceive their professional identities and experience the crossing of boundaries between care and research. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 nurse- and physiotherapist-scientists at 1 year after they had completed MSc research training. Interviews were thematically analysed using insights from the theoretical frameworks of dialogical self theory and boundary crossing. RESULTS After research training, the initial professional identity, of clinician, remained important for novice clinician-scientists, whereas the scientist identity was experienced as additional and complementary. A meta-identity as broker, referred to as a 'bridge builder', seemed to mediate competing demands or tensions between the two positions. Obtaining and maintaining a dual work position were experienced as logistically demanding; nevertheless, it was considered beneficial for crossing the boundaries between care and research because it led to reflection on the health profession, knowledge integration, inquiry and innovation in care, improved data collection, and research with a focus on clinical applicability. CONCLUSIONS Novice clinician-scientists experience dual professional identities as care providers and scientists. The meta-position of being a broker who connects care and research is seen as core to the unique clinician-scientist identity. To develop this role, identity formation and boundary-crossing competencies merit explicit attention within clinician-scientist programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Kluijtmans
- Center for Education and TrainingUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Else de Haan
- Center for Education and TrainingUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Institute for Paramedical StudiesHU University of Applied Sciences UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Akkerman
- Leiden University Graduate School of TeachingLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Manoranjan B, Dey AK, Wang X, Kuzyk A, Petticrew K, Carruthers C, Arnold I. Role of non-government organizations in engaging medical students in research. J Investig Med 2017; 65:709-716. [PMID: 28151398 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The continued decline in medical trainees entering the workforce as clinician-scientists has elevated the need to engage medical students in research. While past studies have shown early exposure to generate interest among medical students for research and academic careers, financial constraints have limited the number of such formal research training programs. In light of recent government budget cuts to support research training for medical students, non-government organizations (NGOs) may play a progressively larger role in supporting the development of clinician-scientists. Since 2005, the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation has sponsored 621 Canadian medical student research projects, which represents the largest longitudinal data set of Canadian medical students engaged in research. We present the results of the pre- and post-research studentship questionnaires, program evaluation survey and the 5-year and 10-year follow-up questionnaires of past recipients. This paper provides insight into the role of NGOs as stakeholders in the training of clinician-scientists and evaluates the impact of such programs on the attitudes and career trajectory of medical students. While the problem of too few physicians entering academic and research-oriented careers continues to grow, alternative-funding strategies from NGOs may prove to be an effective approach in developing and maintaining medical student interest in research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branavan Manoranjan
- Clinician-Investigator Trainee Association of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayan K Dey
- Clinician-Investigator Trainee Association of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- Clinician-Investigator Trainee Association of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kuzyk
- Clinician-Investigator Trainee Association of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Manitoba School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karen Petticrew
- Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ian Arnold
- Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rosenblum ND, Kluijtmans M, Ten Cate O. Professional Identity Formation and the Clinician-Scientist: A Paradigm for a Clinical Career Combining Two Distinct Disciplines. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2016; 91:1612-1617. [PMID: 27254011 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinician-scientist role is critical to the future of health care, and in 2010, the Carnegie Report on Educating Physicians focused attention on the professional identity of practicing clinicians. Although limited in number, published studies on the topic suggest that professional identity is likely a critical factor that determines career sustainability. In contrast to clinicians with a singular focus on clinical practice, clinician-scientists combine two major disciplines, clinical medicine and scientific research, to bridge discovery and clinical care. Despite its importance to advancing medical practice, the clinician-scientist career faced a variety of threats, which have been identified recently by the 2014 National Institutes of Health Physician Scientist Workforce. Yet, professional identity development in this career pathway is poorly understood. This Perspective focuses on the challenges to the clinician-scientist's professional identity and its development. First, the authors identify the particular challenges that arise from the different cultures of clinical care and science and the implications for clinician-scientist professional identity formation. Next, the authors synthesize insights about professional identity development within a dual-discipline career and apply their analysis to a discussion about the implications for clinician-scientist identity formation. Although not purposely developed to address identity formation, the authors highlight those elements within clinician-scientist training and career development programs that may implicitly support identity development. Finally, the authors highlight a need to identify empirically the elements that compose and determine clinician-scientist professional identity and the processes that shape its formation and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman D Rosenblum
- N.D. Rosenblum is professor and Canada Research Chair in Developmental Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, and associate dean, Physician Scientist Training, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M. Kluijtmans is program director, Master of Clinical Health Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. O. ten Cate is professor and director, Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim BJ, Valsangkar NP, Liang TW, Murphy MP, Zimmers TA, Bell TM, Davies MG, Koniaris LG. Impact of Integrated Vascular Residencies on Academic Productivity within Vascular Surgery Divisions. Ann Vasc Surg 2016; 39:242-249. [PMID: 27671458 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing training paradigms in vascular surgery have been introduced to reduce overall training time. Herein, we sought to examine how shortened training for vascular surgeons may have influenced overall divisional academic productivity. METHODS Faculty from the top 55 surgery departments were identified according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. Academic metrics of 315 vascular surgery, 1,132 general surgery, and 2,403 other surgical specialties faculty were examined using institutional Web sites, Scopus, and NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools from September 1, 2014, to January 31, 2015. Individual-level and aggregate numbers of publications, citations, and NIH funding were determined. RESULTS The mean size of the vascular divisions was 5 faculty. There was no correlation between department size and academic productivity of individual faculty members (R2 = 0.68, P = 0.2). Overall percentage of vascular surgery faculty with current or former NIH funding was 20%, of which 10.8% had major NIH grants (R01/U01/P01). Vascular surgery faculty associated with integrated vascular training programs demonstrated significantly greater academic productivity. Publications and citations were higher for vascular surgery faculty from institutions with both integrated and traditional training programs (48 of 1,051) compared to those from programs with integrated training alone (37 of 485) or traditional fellowships alone (26 of 439; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective examination, academic productivity was improved within vascular surgery divisions with integrated training programs or both program types. These data suggest that the earlier specialization of integrated residencies in addition to increasing dedicated vascular training time may actually help promote research within the field of vascular surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford J Kim
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Nakul P Valsangkar
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tiffany W Liang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresa M Bell
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark G Davies
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lewinson RT, Keough MB, Beck PL, Hollenberg MD, Yipp BG. Lost: Young Canadian physician-scientists need a map. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:329fs6. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Lewinson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael B. Keough
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul L. Beck
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Yipp
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|