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Schmidt JK, Wilson RL, Davenport BN, Hacker TA, Fitz C, Simmons HA, Schotzko ML, Golos TG, Jones HN. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of placental gene therapy via uterine artery catheterization in a pregnant rhesus macaque. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588902. [PMID: 38645086 PMCID: PMC11030404 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer promise as a mechanism to non-invasively deliver targeted placental therapeutics. Our previous studies utilizing intraplacental administration demonstrate efficient nanoparticle uptake into placental trophoblast cells and overexpression of human IGF1 ( hIGF1 ). Nanoparticle-mediated placental overexpression of hIGF1 in small animal models of placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction improved nutrient transport and restored fetal growth. The objective of this pilot study was to extend these studies to the pregnant nonhuman primate and develop a method for local delivery of nanoparticles to the placenta via maternal blood flow from the uterine artery. Nanoparticles containing hIGF1 plasmid driven by the placenta-specific PLAC1 promoter were delivered to a mid-gestation pregnant rhesus macaque via a catheterization approach that is clinically used for uterine artery embolization. Maternal-fetal interface, fetal and maternal tissues were collected four days post-treatment to evaluate the efficacy of hIGF1 treatment in the placenta. The uterine artery catheterization procedure and nanoparticle treatment was well tolerated by the dam and fetus through the four-day study period following catheterization. Nanoparticles were taken up by the placenta from maternal blood as plasmid-specific hIGF1 expression was detected in multiple regions of the placenta via in situ hybridization and qPCR. The uterine artery catheterization approach enabled successful delivery of nanoparticles to maternal circulation in close proximity to the placenta with no concerns to maternal or fetal health in this short-term feasibility study. In the future, this delivery approach can be used for preclinical evaluation of the long-term safety and efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated placental therapies in a rhesus macaque model. Highlights Novel method to deliver therapeutics to maternal-fetal interfaceDelivery of nanoparticles to the placenta via maternal catheterization.
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2
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Hargett SE, Leslie EF, Chapa HO, Gaharwar AK. Animal models of postpartum hemorrhage. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:93-106. [PMID: 38528231 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-heavy bleeding following childbirth-is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. PPH can affect individuals regardless of risks factors and its incidence has been increasing in high-income countries including the United States. The high incidence and severity of this childbirth complication has propelled research into advanced treatments and alternative solutions for patients facing PPH; however, the development of novel treatments is limited by the absence of a common, well-established and well-validated animal model of PPH. A variety of animals have been used for in vivo studies of novel therapeutic materials; however, each of these animals differs considerably from the anatomy and physiology of a postpartum woman, and the methods used for achieving a postpartum hemorrhagic condition vary widely. Here we critically evaluate the various animal models of PPH presented in the literature and propose additional and alternative methods for modeling PPH in in vivo studies. We highlight how current animal models successfully or unsuccessfully mimic the anatomy and physiology of a postpartum woman and how this may impact treatment development. We aim to equip researchers with the necessary background information to select appropriate animal models for their research related to PPH solutions, while supporting the goals of refinement, reduction and replacement (3Rs) in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hargett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Elaine F Leslie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hector O Chapa
- Medical Education, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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3
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Alfi O, Cohen M, Bar-On S, Hashimshony T, Levitt L, Raz Y, Blecher Y, Chaudhry MZ, Cicin-Sain L, Ben-El R, Oiknine-Djian E, Lahav T, Vorontsov O, Cohen A, Zakay-Rones Z, Daniel L, Berger M, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Panet A, Wolf DG. Decidual-tissue-resident memory T cells protect against nonprimary human cytomegalovirus infection at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113698. [PMID: 38265934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common intrauterine infection, leading to infant neurodevelopmental disabilities. An improved knowledge of correlates of protection against cCMV is needed to guide prevention strategies. Here, we employ an ex vivo model of human CMV (HCMV) infection in decidual tissues of women with and without preconception immunity against CMV, recapitulating nonprimary vs. primary infection at the authentic maternofetal transmission site. We show that decidual tissues of women with preconception immunity against CMV exhibit intrinsic resistance to HCMV, mounting a rapid activation of tissue-resident memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells upon HCMV reinfection. We further reveal the role of HCMV-specific decidual-tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in local protection against nonprimary HCMV infection. The findings could inform the development of a vaccine against cCMV and provide insights for further studies of the integrity of immune defense against HCMV and other pathogens at the human maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Alfi
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mevaseret Cohen
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shikma Bar-On
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Hashimshony
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lorinne Levitt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Raz
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Blecher
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (a joint venture of HZI and MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Rina Ben-El
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Lahav
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olesya Vorontsov
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adiel Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonor Daniel
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Berger
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Otero CE, Barfield R, Scheef E, Nelson CS, Rodgers N, Wang HY, Moström MJ, Manuel TD, Sass J, Schmidt K, Taher H, Papen C, Sprehe L, Kendall S, Davalos A, Barry PA, Früh K, Pollara J, Malouli D, Chan C, Kaur A, Permar SR. Relationship of maternal cytomegalovirus-specific antibody responses and viral load to vertical transmission risk following primary maternal infection in a rhesus macaque model. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011378. [PMID: 37871009 PMCID: PMC10621917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection and cause of birth defects worldwide. Primary CMV infection during pregnancy leads to a higher frequency of congenital CMV (cCMV) than maternal re-infection, suggesting that maternal immunity confers partial protection. However, poorly understood immune correlates of protection against placental transmission contributes to the current lack of an approved vaccine to prevent cCMV. In this study, we characterized the kinetics of maternal plasma rhesus CMV (RhCMV) viral load (VL) and RhCMV-specific antibody binding and functional responses in a group of 12 immunocompetent dams with acute, primary RhCMV infection. We defined cCMV transmission as RhCMV detection in amniotic fluid (AF) by qPCR. We then leveraged a large group of past and current primary RhCMV infection studies in late-first/early-second trimester RhCMV-seronegative rhesus macaque dams, including immunocompetent (n = 15), CD4+ T cell-depleted with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) RhCMV-specific polyclonal IgG infusion before infection to evaluate differences between RhCMV AF-positive and AF-negative dams. During the first 3 weeks after infection, the magnitude of RhCMV VL in maternal plasma was higher in AF-positive dams in the combined cohort, while RhCMV glycoprotein B (gB)- and pentamer-specific binding IgG responses were lower magnitude compared to AF-negative dams. However, these observed differences were driven by the CD4+ T cell-depleted dams, as there were no differences in plasma VL or antibody responses between immunocompetent AF-positive vs AF-negative dams. Overall, these results suggest that levels of neither maternal plasma viremia nor humoral responses are associated with cCMV following primary maternal infection in healthy individuals. We speculate that other factors related to innate immunity are more important in this context as antibody responses to acute infection likely develop too late to influence vertical transmission. Yet, pre-existing CMV glycoprotein-specific and neutralizing IgG may provide protection against cCMV following primary maternal CMV infection even in high-risk, immunocompromised settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Scheef
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cody S. Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tabitha D. Manuel
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julian Sass
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimberli Schmidt
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Courtney Papen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lesli Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Savannah Kendall
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Angel Davalos
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Matsumoto S, Okamura E, Muto M, Ema M. Similarities and differences in placental development between humans and cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12522. [PMID: 37377753 PMCID: PMC10292683 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The placenta is an extraembryonic organ, which is essential to maintain a normal pregnancy. However, placental development in humans is poorly understood because of technical and ethical reasons. Methods We analyzed the anatomical localization of each trophoblastic subtype in the cynomolgus monkey placenta by immunohistochemistry in the early second trimester. Histological differences among the mouse, cynomolgus monkey, and human placenta were compared. The PubMed database was used to search for studies on placentation in rodents and primates. Main findings The anatomical structures and subtypes of the placenta in cynomolgus monkeys are highly similar to those in humans, with the exception of fewer interstitial extravillous trophoblasts in cynomolgus monkeys. Conclusion The cynomolgus monkey appears to be a good animal model to investigate human placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Matsumoto
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life ScienceShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
| | - Eiichi Okamura
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life ScienceShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
| | - Masanaga Muto
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life ScienceShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life ScienceShiga University of Medical ScienceOtsuJapan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI‐ASHBi)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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6
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Seiter DP, Nguyen SM, Morgan TK, Mao L, Dudley DM, O’connor DH, Murphy ME, Ludwig KD, Chen R, Dhyani A, Zhu A, Schotzko ML, Brunner KG, Shah DM, Johnson KM, Golos TG, Wieben O. Ferumoxytol dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging identifies altered placental cotyledon perfusion in rhesus macaques†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1517-1527. [PMID: 36018823 PMCID: PMC9752971 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of placental dysfunction in early pregnancy with noninvasive imaging could be a valuable tool for assessing maternal and fetal risk. Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be a powerful tool for interrogating placenta health. After inoculation with Zika virus or sham inoculation at gestation age (GA) 45 or 55 days, animals were imaged up to three times at GA65, GA100, and GA145. DCE MRI images were acquired at all imaging sessions using ferumoxytol, an iron nanoparticle-based contrast agent, and analyzed for placental intervillous blood flow, number of perfusion domains, and perfusion domain volume. Cesarean section was performed at GA155, and the placenta was photographed and dissected for histopathology. Photographs were used to align cotyledons with estimated perfusion domains from MRI, allowing comparison of estimated cotyledon volume to pathology. Monkeys were separated into high and low pathology groups based on the average number of pathologies present in the placenta. Perfusion domain flow, volume, and number increased through gestation, and total blood flow increased with gestation for both low pathology and high pathology groups. A statistically significant decrease in perfusion domain volume associated with pathology was detected at all gestational ages. Individual perfusion domain flow comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant decrease with pathology at GA100 and GA145, but not GA65. Since ferumoxytol is currently used to treat anemia during human pregnancy and as an off-label MRI contrast agent, future transition of this work to human pregnancy may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Seiter
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sydney M Nguyen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dawn M Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H O’connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan E Murphy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kai D Ludwig
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruiming Chen
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Archana Dhyani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ante Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michele L Schotzko
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin G Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dinesh M Shah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Oliver Wieben
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Siriwardena D, Boroviak TE. Evolutionary divergence of embryo implantation in primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210256. [PMID: 36252209 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of the conceptus into the uterus is absolutely essential for successful embryo development. In humans, our understanding of this process has remained rudimentary owing to the inaccessibility of early implantation stages. Non-human primates recapitulate many aspects of human embryo development and provide crucial insights into trophoblast development, uterine receptivity and embryo invasion. Moreover, primate species exhibit a variety of implantation strategies and differ in embryo invasion depths. This review examines conservation and divergence of the key processes required for embryo implantation in different primates and in comparison with the canonical rodent model. We discuss trophectoderm compartmentalization, endometrial remodelling and embryo adhesion and invasion. Finally, we propose that studying the mechanism controlling invasion depth between different primate species may provide new insights and treatment strategies for placentation disorders in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Siriwardena
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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8
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Citron MP, McAnulty J, Callahan C, Knapp W, Fontenot J, Morales P, Flynn JA, Douglas CM, Espeseth AS. Transplacental Antibody Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Specific IgG in Non-Human Primate Mother-Infant Pairs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111441. [PMID: 34832599 PMCID: PMC8624788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to protect new-borns against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is to vaccinate pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy. The boosting of circulating antibodies which can be transferred to the foetus would offer immune protection against the virus and ultimately the disease. Since non-human primates (NHPs) have similar reproductive anatomy, physiology, and antibody architecture and kinetics to humans, we utilized this preclinical species to evaluate maternal immunization (MI) using an RSV F subunit vaccine. Three species of NHPs known for their ability to be infected with human RSV in experimental challenge studies were tested for RSV-specific antibodies. African green monkeys had the highest overall antibody levels of the old-world monkeys evaluated and they gave birth to offspring with anti-RSV titers that were proportional to their mother. These higher overall antibody levels are associated with greater durability found in their offspring. Immunization of RSV seropositive AGMs during late pregnancy boosts RSV titers, which consequentially results in significantly higher titers in the vaccinated new-borns compared to the new-borns of unvaccinated mothers. These findings, accomplished in small treatment group sizes, demonstrate a model that provides an efficient, resource sparing and translatable preclinical in vivo system for evaluating vaccine candidates for maternal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Citron
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica McAnulty
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cheryl Callahan
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Walter Knapp
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Jane Fontenot
- The New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
| | - Pablo Morales
- The Mannheimer Foundation, Homestead, FL 33034, USA;
| | - Jessica A. Flynn
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Cameron M. Douglas
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
| | - Amy S. Espeseth
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (J.M.); (C.C.); (J.A.F.); (C.M.D.); (A.S.E.)
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9
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African-Lineage Zika Virus Replication Dynamics and Maternal-Fetal Interface Infection in Pregnant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:e0222020. [PMID: 34076485 PMCID: PMC8312872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02220-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas, ZIKV was causally associated with microcephaly and a range of neurological and developmental symptoms, termed congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The viruses responsible for this outbreak belonged to the Asian lineage of ZIKV. However, in vitro and in vivo studies assessing the pathogenesis of African-lineage ZIKV demonstrated that African-lineage isolates often replicated to high titers and caused more-severe pathology than Asian-lineage isolates. To date, the pathogenesis of African-lineage ZIKV in a translational model, particularly during pregnancy, has not been rigorously characterized. Here, we infected four pregnant rhesus macaques with a low-passage-number strain of African-lineage ZIKV and compared its pathogenesis to those for a cohort of four pregnant rhesus macaques infected with an Asian-lineage isolate and a cohort of mock-inoculated controls. The viral replication kinetics for the two experimental groups were not significantly different, and both groups developed robust neutralizing antibody titers above levels considered to be protective. There was no evidence of significant fetal head growth restriction or gross fetal harm at delivery (1 to 1.5 weeks prior to full term) in either group. However, a significantly higher burden of ZIKV viral RNA (vRNA) was found in the maternal-fetal interface tissues of the macaques exposed to an African-lineage isolate. Our findings suggest that ZIKV of any genetic lineage poses a threat to pregnant individuals and their infants. IMPORTANCE ZIKV was first identified in 1947 in Africa, but most of our knowledge of ZIKV is based on studies of the distinct Asian genetic lineage, which caused the outbreak in the Americas in 2015 to 2016. In its most recent update, the WHO stated that improved understanding of African-lineage ZIKV pathogenesis during pregnancy must be a priority. The recent detection of African-lineage isolates in Brazil underscores the need to understand the impact of these viruses. Here, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of African-lineage ZIKV infection during pregnancy in a translational nonhuman primate model. We show that African-lineage isolates replicate with kinetics similar to those of Asian-lineage isolates and can infect the placenta. However, there was no evidence of more-severe outcomes with African-lineage isolates. Our results highlight both the threat that African-lineage ZIKV poses to pregnant individuals and their infants and the need for epidemiological and translational in vivo studies with African-lineage ZIKV.
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Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 234:223-254. [PMID: 34694484 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Placentation in humans is precocious and highly invasive compared to other mammals. Implantation is interstitial, with the conceptus becoming completely embedded within the endometrium towards the end of the second week post-fertilization. Villi initially form over the entire surface of the chorionic sac, stimulated by histotrophic secretions from the endometrial glands. The secondary yolk sac never makes contact with the chorion, and a choriovitelline placenta is never established. However, recent morphological and transcriptomic analyses suggest that the yolk sac plays an important role in the uptake of nutrients from the coelomic fluid. Measurements performed in vivo demonstrate that early development takes place in a physiological, low-oxygen environment that protects against teratogenic free radicals and maintains stem cells in a multipotent state. The maternal arterial circulation to the placenta is only fully established around 10-12 weeks of gestation. By then, villi have regressed over the superficial, abembryonic pole, leaving the definitive discoid placenta, which is of the villous, hemochorial type. Remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries is essential to ensure a high-volume but low-velocity inflow into the mature placenta. Extravillous trophoblast cells migrate from anchoring villi and surround the arteries. Their interactions with maternal immune cells release cytokines and proteases that are key to remodeling, and a successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eric Jauniaux
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Schmidt JK, Keding LT, Block LN, Wiepz GJ, Koenig MR, Meyer MG, Dusek BM, Kroner KM, Bertogliat MJ, Kallio AR, Mean KD, Golos TG. Placenta-derived macaque trophoblast stem cells: differentiation to syncytiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts reveals phenotypic reprogramming. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19159. [PMID: 33154556 PMCID: PMC7644694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are excellent models for studying human placentation as experimental manipulations in vitro can be translated to in vivo pregnancy. Our objective was to develop macaque trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) as an in vitro platform for future assessment of primate trophoblast development and function. Macaque TSC lines were generated by isolating first and second trimester placental villous cytotrophoblasts followed by culture in TSC medium to maintain cellular proliferation. TSCs grew as mononuclear colonies, whereas upon induction of syncytiotrophoblast (ST) differentiation multinuclear structures appeared, indicative of syncytium formation. Chorionic gonadotropin secretion was > 4000-fold higher in ST culture media compared to TSC media. The secretion of chorionic gonadotropin by TSC-derived ST reflects a reprogramming of macaque TSCs to an earlier pregnancy phenotype. Characteristic trophoblast hallmarks were defined in TSCs and ST including expression of C19MC miRNAs and the macaque placental nonclassical MHC class I molecule, Mamu-AG. Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) were derived that express macaque EVT markers Mamu-AG and CD56, and also secrete high levels of MMP2. Our analyses of macaque TSCs suggests that these cells represent a proliferative, self-renewing population capable of differentiating to STs and EVTs in vitro thereby establishing an experimental model of primate placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kropp Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Logan T Keding
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsey N Block
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory J Wiepz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle R Koenig
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael G Meyer
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brittany M Dusek
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kamryn M Kroner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Avery R Kallio
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine D Mean
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Gardinali NR, Marchevsky RS, Oliveira JM, Pelajo-Machado M, Kugelmeier T, Castro MP, Silva ACA, Pinto DP, Fonseca LB, Vilhena LS, Pereira HM, Lima SMB, Miranda EH, Trindade GF, Linhares JHR, Silva SA, Melgaço JG, Alves AMB, Moran J, Silva MCC, Soares-Bezerra RJ, Soriano A, Bentes GA, Bottino FO, Salvador Castro Faria SB, Nudelman RF, Lopes CAA, Perea JAS, Sarges K, Andrade MCR, Motta MCVA, Freire MS, Souza TML, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Pinto MA. Sofosbuvir shows a protective effect against vertical transmission of Zika virus and the associated congenital syndrome in rhesus monkeys. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104859. [PMID: 32649965 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Brazil, 2015-2016, were associated with severe congenital malformations. Our translational study aimed to test the efficacy of the antiviral agent sofosbuvir (SOF) against vertical transmission of ZIKV and the associated congenital syndrome (CZS), using a rhesus monkey model. Eight pregnant macaques were successfully infected during the organogenesis phase with a Brazilian ZIKV strain; five of them received SOF from two to fifteen days post-infection. Both groups of dams showed ZIKV-associated clinical signals, detectable ZIKV RNA in several specimens, specific anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, and maternal neutralizing antibodies. However, malformations occurred only among non-treated dam offspring. Compared to non-treated animals, all SOF-treated dams had a shorter ZIKV viremia and four of five neonates had undetectable ZIKV RNA in blood and tissue samples. These results support further clinical evaluations aiming for the prevention of CZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi R Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Marchevsky
- Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Kugelmeier
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio P Castro
- Centro de Diagnóstico Veterinário (CEVET), Avenida Rui Barbosa 29, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline C A Silva
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Douglas P Pinto
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lais B Fonseca
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Vilhena
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heliana M Pereira
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheila M B Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emily H Miranda
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisela F Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José H R Linhares
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephanie A Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fisiologia de Infecções Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Vordergrüt 30, Herrliberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C C Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal Do ABC, Avenida Dos Estados, 5001, São Bernardo Do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andreza Soriano
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gentil A Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Bottino
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sarah Beatriz Salvador Castro Faria
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Nudelman
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia A A Lopes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Javier A S Perea
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klena Sarges
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C V A Motta
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Freire
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago M L Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Gestão da Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT/IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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13
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Toothaker JM, Presicce P, Cappelletti M, Stras SF, McCourt CC, Chougnet CA, Kallapur SG, Konnikova L. Immune Cells in the Placental Villi Contribute to Intra-amniotic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:866. [PMID: 32528468 PMCID: PMC7256198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-amniotic (IA) inflammation is associated with significant morbidities for both the mother and the fetus. Prior studies have illustrated many of the effects of IA inflammation on the uterine lining (decidua) and membranous layers of the placenta at the fetal–maternal interface. However, much less is known about the immunological response occurring within the villous placenta. Using a rhesus macaque model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IA inflammation, we showed that pregnancy-matched choriodecidua and villi have distinct immunological profiles in rhesus pregnancies. In the choriodecidua, we show that the abundance of neutrophils, multiple populations of antigen-presenting cells, and two populations of natural killer (NK) cells changes with prenatal IA LPS exposure. In contrast, in immune cells within the villous placenta we observed alterations in the abundance of B cells, monocytes, and CD8 T cells. Prior work has illustrated that IA inflammation leads to an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) at the fetal–maternal interface. In this study, pretreatment with a TNFα blockade partially reversed inflammation in the placental villi. Furthermore, we report that immune cells in the villous placenta sensed LPS during our experimental window, and subsequently activated T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, this study is the first report of memory T cells in third-trimester non-human primate placental villi and provides evidence that manipulation of immune cells in the villi at the fetal–maternal interface should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for IA inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Toothaker
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie F Stras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Collin C McCourt
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Matsumoto S, Porter CJ, Ogasawara N, Iwatani C, Tsuchiya H, Seita Y, Chang YW, Okamoto I, Saitou M, Ema M, Perkins TJ, Stanford WL, Tanaka S. Establishment of macaque trophoblast stem cell lines derived from cynomolgus monkey blastocysts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6827. [PMID: 32321940 PMCID: PMC7176671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta forms a maternal-fetal junction that supports many physiological functions such as the supply of nutrition and exchange of gases and wastes. Establishing an in vitro culture model of human and non-human primate trophoblast stem/progenitor cells is important for investigating the process of early placental development and trophoblast differentiation. In this study, we have established five trophoblast stem cell (TSC) lines from cynomolgus monkey blastocysts, named macTSC #1-5. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) enhanced proliferation of macTSCs, while other exogenous factors were not required to maintain their undifferentiated state. macTSCs showed a trophoblastic gene expression profile and trophoblast-like DNA methylation status and also exhibited differentiation capacity towards invasive trophoblast cells and multinucleated syncytia. In a xenogeneic chimera assay, these stem cells contributed to trophectoderm (TE) development in the chimeric blastocysts. macTSC are the first primate trophoblast cell lines whose proliferation is promoted by FGF4. These cell lines provide a valuable in vitro culture model to analyze the similarities and differences in placental development between human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Toky, 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Ogasawara
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Toky, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwatani
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Sciences, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Sciences, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yasunari Seita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Sciences, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - William L Stanford
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Toky, 113-8657, Japan.
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15
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Nelson CS, Baraniak I, Lilleri D, Reeves MB, Griffiths PD, Permar SR. Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S45-S59. [PMID: 32134477 PMCID: PMC7057792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence: Cody S. Nelson, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2 Genome Ct, Durham, NC 27710 ()
| | - Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Transplantation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA. The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031043. [PMID: 32033212 PMCID: PMC7037776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is metabolically active and supports the growth of the fetus. We hypothesize that deficits in the capacity of the placenta to maintain bioenergetic and metabolic stability during pregnancy may result in spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). To explore this hypothesis, we performed a nested cased control study of metabolomic signatures in placentas from women with SPTB (<36 weeks gestation) compared to normal pregnancies (≥38 weeks gestation). To control for the effects of gestational age on placenta metabolism, we also studied a subset of metabolites in non-laboring preterm and term Rhesus monkeys. Comprehensive quantification of metabolites demonstrated a significant elevation in the levels of amino acids, prostaglandins, sphingolipids, lysolipids, and acylcarnitines in SPTB placenta compared to term placenta. Additional quantification of placental acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the significant elevation in SPTB human, with no significant differences between midgestation and term placenta in Rhesus macaque. Fatty acid oxidation as measured by the flux of 3H-palmitate in SPTB placenta was lower than term. Collectively, significant and biologically relevant alterations in the placenta metabolome were identified in SPTB placenta. Altered acylcarnitine levels and fatty acid oxidation suggest that disruption in normal substrate metabolism is associated with SPTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Elshenawy
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
| | - Sara E. Pinney
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Tami Stuart
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
| | - Gabriella Zura
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
| | - Samuel Parry
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michal A. Elovitz
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J. Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Jerome F. Strauss
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.E.); (T.S.); (P.-T.D.); (G.Z.); (H.I.)
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.P.); (M.A.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Casazza RL, Lazear HM, Miner JJ. Protective and Pathogenic Effects of Interferon Signaling During Pregnancy. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:3-11. [PMID: 31545139 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation at the maternal-fetal interface is complex due to conflicting immunological objectives: protection of the fetus from maternal pathogens and prevention of immune-mediated rejection of the semiallogeneic fetus and placenta. Interferon (IFN) signaling plays an important role in restricting congenital infections as well as in the physiology of healthy pregnancies. In this review, we discuss the antiviral and pathogenic effects of type I IFN (IFN-α, IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-γ), and type III IFN (IFN-λ) during pregnancy, with an emphasis on mouse and non-human primate models of congenital Zika virus infection. In the context of these animal model systems, we examine the role of IFN signaling during healthy pregnancy. Finally, we review mechanisms by which dysregulated type I IFN responses contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes in humans with autoimmune disease, including interferonopathies and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Casazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Helen M Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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18
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Zhu A, Reeder SB, Johnson KM, Nguyen SM, Golos TG, Shimakawa A, Muehler MR, Francois CJ, Bird IM, Fain SB, Shah DM, Wieben O, Hernando D. Evaluation of a motion-robust 2D chemical shift-encoded technique for R2* and field map quantification in ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI of the placenta in pregnant rhesus macaques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:580-592. [PMID: 31276263 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D chemical shift-encoded (CSE)-MRI techniques enable assessment of ferumoxytol concentration but are unreliable in the presence of motion. PURPOSE To evaluate a motion-robust 2D-sequential CSE-MRI for R2* and B0 mapping in ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI of the placenta. STUDY TYPE Prospective. ANIMAL MODEL Pregnant rhesus macaques. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0T/CSE-MRI. ASSESSMENT 2D-sequential CSE-MRI was compared with 3D respiratory-gated CSE-MRI in placental imaging of 11 anesthetized animals at multiple timepoints before and after ferumoxytol administration, and in ferumoxytol phantoms (0 μg/mL-440 μg/mL). Motion artifacts of CSE-MRI in 10 pregnant women without ferumoxytol administration were assessed retrospectively by three blinded readers (4-point Likert scale). The repeatability of CSE-MRI in seven pregnant women was also prospectively studied. STATISTICAL TESTS Placental R2* and boundary B0 field measurements (ΔB0) were compared between 2D-sequential and 3D respiratory-gated CSE-MRI using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS In phantoms, a slope of 0.94 (r2 = 0.99, concordance correlation coefficient ρ = 0.99), and bias of -4.8 s-1 (limit of agreement [LOA], -41.4 s-1 , +31.8 s-1 ) in R2*, and a slope of 1.07 (r2 = 1.00, ρ = 0.99) and bias of 11.4 Hz (LOA -12.0 Hz, +34.8 Hz) in ΔB0 were obtained in 2D CSE-MRI compared with 3D CSE-MRI for reference R2* ≤390 s-1 . In animals, a slope of 0.92 (r2 = 0.97, ρ = 0.98) and bias of -2.2 s-1 (LOA -55.6 s-1 , +51.3 s-1 ) in R2*, and a slope of 1.05 (r2 = 0.95, ρ = 0.97) and bias of 0.4 Hz (LOA -9.0 Hz, +9.7 Hz) in ΔB0 were obtained. In humans, motion-impaired R2* maps in 3D CSE-MRI (Reader 1: 1.8 ± 0.6, Reader 2: 1.3 ± 0.7, Reader 3: 1.9 ± 0.6), while 2D CSE-MRI was motion-free (Reader 1: 2.9 ± 0.3, Reader 2: 3.0 ± 0, Reader 3: 3.0 ± 0). A mean difference of 0.66 s-1 and coefficient of repeatability of 9.48 s-1 for placental R2* were observed in the repeated 2D CSE-MRI. DATA CONCLUSION 2D-sequential CSE-MRI provides accurate R2* and B0 measurements in ferumoxytol-enhanced placental MRI of animals in the presence of respiratory motion, and motion-robustness in human placental imaging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:580-592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sydney M Nguyen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ann Shimakawa
- Global MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Matthias R Muehler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Ian M Bird
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sean B Fain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dinesh M Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Oliver Wieben
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Buse E, Markert UR. The immunology of the macaque placenta: A detailed analysis and critical comparison with the human placenta. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:118-145. [PMID: 30632863 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is increasingly considered in toxicological research as the most appropriate model for humans due to the species' close physiological contiguity, including reproductive physiology. Here, literature on the cynomolgus monkey placenta is reviewed in regards to its similarity to the human placenta and particularly for its immunological role, which is not entirely mirrored in humans. Pertinent original data are included in this article. The cynomolgus monkey placenta is evaluated based on three aspects: first, morphological development; second, the spatial and temporal appearance of maternal and fetal immune cells and certain immune cell products of the innate and adaptive immune systems; and third, the expression of relevant immune tolerance-related molecules including the homologs of anti-human leucocyte antigen, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, FAS/FAS-L, annexin II, and progesterone. Parameters relevant to the immunological role of the placenta are evaluated from the immunologically immature stage of gestational day (GD) 50 until more mature stages close to birth. Selected comparisons are drawn with human and other laboratory animal placentas. In conclusion, the cynomolgus monkey placenta has a high degree of morphological and physiological similarity to the human placenta. However, there are differences in the topographical distribution of cell types and immune tolerance-related molecules. Three basic features are recognized: (1) the immunological capacity of the placenta changes throughout the lifetime of the organ; (2) these immunological changes include multiple parameters such as morphological adaptations, cell type involvement, and changes in immune-relevant molecule expression; and (3) the immune systems of two genetically disparate individuals (mother and child) are functionally intertwined at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo R Markert
- b Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
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20
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Reyes L, Golos TG. Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2628. [PMID: 30498493 PMCID: PMC6249321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hofbauer cells are placental villous macrophages of fetal origin that are present throughout pregnancy. Although Hofbauer cell populations are antigenically and morphologically heterogeneous, their epigenetic, antigenic, and functional profiles most closely resemble alternatively activated macrophages or what are referred to as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d polarity subtypes. Consistent with an M2-like profile, these cells play an important role in placental development including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During placental inflammation Hofbauer cells may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines or mediators that damage the villous cell barrier, and induce fibrotic responses within the villi as a continuum of chronic inflammation. However, to date, there is no evidence that Hofbauer cells become classically activated or adopt an M1 polarity phenotype that is able to kill microbes. To the contrary, their predominant M2 like qualities may be why these cells are ineffective in controlling most TORCH infections. Moreover, Hofbauer cells may contribute to vertical transmission of various pathogens to the fetus since they can harbor live virus and serve as reservoirs within the placenta. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the role of Hofbauer cells in normal and complicated pregnancies that involve immunologic disorders, inflammation, and/or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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21
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Han LW, Gao C, Mao Q. An update on expression and function of P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 in the placenta and fetus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:817-829. [PMID: 30010462 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1499726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/ABCB1 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 are highly expressed in the placenta and fetus throughout gestation and can modulate exposure and toxicity of drugs and xenobiotics to the vulnerable fetus during the sensitive times of growth and development. We aim to provide an update on current knowledge on placental and fetal expressions of the two transporters in different species, and to provide insight on interpreting transporter expression and fetal exposure relative to the concept of fraction of drug transported. Areas covered: Comprehensive literature review through PubMed (primarily from July 2010 to February 2018) on P-gp and BCRP expression and function in the placenta and fetus of primarily human, mouse, rat, and guinea pig. Expert opinion: While there are many commonalities in the expression and function of P-gp and BCRP in the placenta and fetal tissues across species, there are distinct differences in expression levels and temporal changes. Further studies are needed to quantify protein abundance of these transporters and functionally assess their activities at various gestational stages. Combining the knowledge of interspecies differences and the concept of fraction of drug transported, we may better predict the magnitude of impact these transporters have on fetal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyrialle W Han
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Chunying Gao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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22
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Gerna G, Revello MG, Baldanti F, Percivalle E, Lilleri D. The pentameric complex of human Cytomegalovirus: cell tropism, virus dissemination, immune response and vaccine development. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2215-2234. [PMID: 28809151 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Between the 1980s and 1990s, three assays were developed for diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections: leuko (L)-antigenemia, l-viremia and l-DNAemia, detecting viral protein pp65, infectious virus and viral DNA, respectively, in circulating leukocytes Repeated initial attempts to reproduce the three assays in vitro using laboratory-adapted strains and infected cell cultures were consistently unsuccessful. Results were totally reversed when wild-type HCMV strains were used to infect either fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Careful analysis and sequencing of plaque-purified viruses from recent clinical isolates drew attention to the ULb' region of the HCMV genome. Using bacterial artificial chromosome technology, it was shown by both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments that UL131-128 genes are indispensable for virus growth in endothelial cells and virus transfer to leukocytes. In addition, a number of clinical isolates passaged in human fibroblasts had lost both properties (leuko-tropism and endothelial cell-tropism) when displaying a mutation in the UL131-128 locus (referred to as UL128L). In the following years, it was shown that pUL128L was complexed with gH and gL to form the pentameric complex (PC), which is required to infect endothelial, epithelial and myeloid cells. The immune response to PC was studied extensively, particularly its humoral component, showing that the great majority of the neutralizing antibody response is directed to PC. Although anti-HCMV antibodies may act with other mechanisms than mere neutralizing activity, these findings definitely favour their protective activity, thus paving the way to the development of a potentially protective HCMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gerna
- Experimental Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Experimental Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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23
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Nelson CS, Cruz DV, Tran D, Bialas KM, Stamper L, Wu H, Gilbert M, Blair R, Alvarez X, Itell H, Chen M, Deshpande A, Chiuppesi F, Wussow F, Diamond DJ, Vandergrift N, Walter MR, Barry PA, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Koelle K, Kaur A, Permar SR. Preexisting antibodies can protect against congenital cytomegalovirus infection in monkeys. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94002. [PMID: 28679960 PMCID: PMC5499366 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection and a known cause of microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, and cognitive impairment among newborns worldwide. Natural maternal HCMV immunity reduces the incidence of congenital infection, but does not prevent the disease altogether. We employed a nonhuman primate model of congenital CMV infection to investigate the ability of preexisting antibodies to protect against placental CMV transmission in the setting of primary maternal infection and subsequent viremia, which is required for placental virus exposure. Pregnant, CD4+ T cell-depleted, rhesus CMV-seronegative (RhCMV-seronegative) rhesus monkeys were treated with either standardly produced hyperimmune globulin (HIG) from RhCMV-seropositive macaques or dose-optimized, potently RhCMV-neutralizing HIG prior to intravenous challenge with an RhCMV mixture. HIG passive infusion provided complete protection against fetal loss in both groups. The dose-optimized, RhCMV-neutralizing HIG additionally inhibited placental transmission of RhCMV and reduced viral replication and diversity. Our findings suggest that the presence of durable and potently neutralizing antibodies at the time of primary infection can prevent transmission of systemically replicating maternal RhCMV to the developing fetus, and therefore should be a primary target of vaccines to eliminate this neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S. Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
| | - Diana Vera Cruz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kristy M. Bialas
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
| | - Lisa Stamper
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
| | - Huali Wu
- Duke Clinical Research Unit, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hannah Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
| | - Meng Chen
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
| | - Ashlesha Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Duke Clinical Research Unit, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, and
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24
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Abstract
The Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne infection. Pregnant women are at risk of contracting listeriosis, which can potentially lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital neonatal infections. While other systemic bacterial infections may result in adverse pregnancy outcomes at comparable frequencies, L. monocytogenes has particular notoriety because fetal complications largely occur in the absence of overt illness in the mother, delaying medical intervention. Here, we briefly review the pathophysiology and mechanisms of maternofetal listeriosis, discussed in light of a recent mBio report on Listeria transplacental infection in a nonhuman primate model.
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25
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Tian J, Zhang S, Guo Y, Garber PA, Guo W, Kuang S, Lu J. Evidence of Placentophagia and Mother-Infant Cannibalism in Free-Ranging Macaca mulatta tcheliensis in Mount Taihangshan, Jiyuan, China. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 87:381-391. [PMID: 28237987 DOI: 10.1159/000455845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Placentophagia or the consumption of the afterbirth is reported in many primate species, whereas cannibalism is a relatively rare event. Based on our field observations over the course of 3 years, we present evidence of placentophagia and mother-infant cannibalism in a free-ranging population of the Taihangshan macaque, Macaca mulatta tcheliensis, in the Mt. Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, Henan, China. We documented 1 case in which a mother consumed the afterbirth of her infant. In a second instance, we observed a fresh placenta discarded on the ground by an unknown individual. We also present a description of the first documented instance of mother-infant cannibalism in the same group of free-ranging rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Eidem HR, Rinker DC, Ackerman WE, Buhimschi IA, Buhimschi CS, Dunn-Fletcher C, Kallapur SG, Pavličev M, Muglia LJ, Abbot P, Rokas A. Comparing human and macaque placental transcriptomes to disentangle preterm birth pathology from gestational age effects. Placenta 2016; 41:74-82. [PMID: 27208410 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major issue in the transcriptomic study of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) in humans is the inability to collect healthy control tissue at the same gestational age (GA) to compare with pathologic preterm tissue. Thus, gene expression differences identified after the standard comparison of sPTB and term tissues necessarily reflect differences in both sPTB pathology and GA. One potential solution is to use GA-matched controls from a closely related species to tease apart genes that are dysregulated during sPTB from genes that are expressed differently as a result of GA effects. METHODS To disentangle genes whose expression levels are associated with sPTB pathology from those linked to GA, we compared RNA sequencing data from human preterm placentas, human term placentas, and rhesus macaque placentas at 80% completed gestation (serving as healthy non-human primate GA-matched controls). We first compared sPTB and term human placental transcriptomes to identify significantly differentially expressed genes. We then overlaid the results of the comparison between human sPTB and macaque placental transcriptomes to identify sPTB-specific candidates. Finally, we overlaid the results of the comparison between human term and macaque placental transcriptomes to identify GA-specific candidates. RESULTS Examination of relative expression for all human genes with macaque orthologs identified 267 candidate genes that were significantly differentially expressed between preterm and term human placentas. 29 genes were identified as sPTB-specific candidates and 37 as GA-specific candidates. Altogether, the 267 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched for a variety of developmental, metabolic, reproductive, immune, and inflammatory functions. Although there were no notable differences between the functions of the 29 sPTB-specific and 37 GA-specific candidate genes, many of these candidates have been previously shown to be dysregulated in diverse pregnancy-associated pathologies. DISCUSSION By comparing human sPTB and term transcriptomes with GA-matched control transcriptomes from a closely related species, this study disentangled the confounding effects of sPTB pathology and GA, leading to the identification of 29 promising sPTB-specific candidate genes and 37 genes potentially related to GA effects. The apparent similarity in functions of the sPTB and GA candidates may suggest that the effects of sPTB and GA do not correspond to biologically distinct processes. Alternatively, it may reflect the poor state of knowledge of the transcriptional landscape underlying placental development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R Eidem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - William E Ackerman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Caitlin Dunn-Fletcher
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mihaela Pavličev
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Vitamin C supplementation ameliorates the adverse effects of nicotine on placental hemodynamics and histology in nonhuman primates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:370.e1-8. [PMID: 25725660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that prenatal nicotine exposure decreases neonatal pulmonary function in nonhuman primates, and maternal vitamin C supplementation attenuates these deleterious effects. However, the effect of nicotine on placental perfusion and development is not fully understood. This study utilizes noninvasive imaging techniques and histological analysis in a nonhuman primate model to test the hypothesis that prenatal nicotine exposure adversely effects placental hemodynamics and development but is ameliorated by vitamin C. STUDY DESIGN Time-mated macaques (n = 27) were divided into 4 treatment groups: control (n = 5), nicotine only (n = 4), vitamin C only (n = 9), and nicotine plus vitamin C (n = 9). Nicotine animals received 2 mg/kg per day of nicotine bitartrate (approximately 0.7 mg/kg per day free nicotine levels in pregnant human smokers) from days 26 to 160 (term, 168 days). Vitamin C groups received ascorbic acid at 50, 100, or 250 mg/kg per day with or without nicotine. All underwent placental dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) at 135-140 days and Doppler ultrasound at 155 days to measure uterine artery and umbilical vein velocimetry and diameter to calculate uterine artery volume blood flow and placental volume blood flow. Animals were delivered by cesarean delivery at 160 days. A novel DCE-MRI protocol was utilized to calculate placental perfusion from maternal spiral arteries. Placental tissue was processed for histopathology. RESULTS Placental volume blood flow was significantly reduced in nicotine-only animals compared with controls and nicotine plus vitamin C groups (P = .03). Maternal placental blood flow was not different between experimental groups by DCE-MRI, ranging from 0.75 to 1.94 mL/mL per minute (P = .93). Placental histology showed increased numbers of villous cytotrophoblast cell islands (P < .05) and increased syncytiotrophoblast sprouting (P < .001) in nicotine-only animals, which was mitigated by vitamin C. CONCLUSION Prenatal nicotine exposure significantly decreased fetal blood supply via reduced placental volume blood flow, which corresponded with placental histological findings previously associated with cigarette smoking. Vitamin C supplementation mitigated the harmful effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on placental hemodynamics and development, suggesting that its use may limit some of the adverse effects associated with smoking during pregnancy.
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Furukawa S, Kuroda Y, Sugiyama A. A comparison of the histological structure of the placenta in experimental animals. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:11-8. [PMID: 24791062 PMCID: PMC4000068 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the placenta is to act as an interface between the dam and fetus. The anatomic structure of the chorioallantoic placenta in eutherian mammals varies between different animal species. The placental types in eutherian mammals are classified from various standpoints based on the gross shape, the histological structure of the materno-fetal interface, the type of materno-fetal interdigitation, etc. Particularly, the histological structure is generally considered one of the most useful and instructive classifications for functionally describing placental type. In this system, three main types are recognized according to the cell layers comprising the interhemal area: (1) epitheliochorial type (horses, pigs and ruminants), (2) endotheliochorial type (carnivores) and (3) hemochorial type (primates, rodents and rabbits). The number of cell layers in the interhemal area is considered to modify the transfer of nutrients between maternal and fetal blood and is one of the important factors with respect to the difference in placental permeability between animal species. Therefore, in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, careful attention should be paid to the histological structure of the interhemal area when extrapolating information concerning placental transfer characteristics to different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka-cho, Shiraoka, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka-cho, Shiraoka, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Courses of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University,4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Buse E, Häeger JD, Svensson-Arvelund J, Markert UR, Faas MM, Ernerudh J, Dixon D, Cline JM, Pfarrer C. The placenta in toxicology. Part I: Animal models in toxicology: placental morphology and tolerance molecules in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:314-26. [PMID: 23548606 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313482208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system represents a key defense mechanism against potential pathogens and adverse non-self materials. During pregnancy, the placenta is the point of contact between the maternal organism and non-self proteins of the fetal allograft and hence undoubtedly fulfils immune functions. In the placenta bacteria, foreign (non-self) proteins and proteins that might be introduced in toxicological studies or by medication are barred from reaching the progeny, and the maternal immune system is primed for acceptance of non-maternal fetal protein. Both immunologic protection of the fetus and acceptance of the fetus by the mother require effective mechanisms to prevent an immunologic fetomaternal conflict and to keep both organisms in balance. This is why the placenta requires toxicological consideration in view of its immune organ function. The following articles deal with placenta immune-, control-, and tolerance mechanisms in view of both fetal and maternal aspects. Furthermore, models for experimental access to placental immune function are addressed and the pathological evaluation is elucidated. "The Placenta as an Immune Organ and Its Relevance in Toxicological Studies" was subject of a continuing education course at the 2012 Society of Toxicologic Pathology meeting held in Boston, MA.
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Esnault C, Cornelis G, Heidmann O, Heidmann T. Differential evolutionary fate of an ancestral primate endogenous retrovirus envelope gene, the EnvV syncytin, captured for a function in placentation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003400. [PMID: 23555306 PMCID: PMC3610889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytins are envelope genes of retroviral origin that have been co-opted for a role in placentation. They promote cell–cell fusion and are involved in the formation of a syncytium layer—the syncytiotrophoblast—at the materno-fetal interface. They were captured independently in eutherian mammals, and knockout mice demonstrated that they are absolutely required for placenta formation and embryo survival. Here we provide evidence that these “necessary” genes acquired “by chance” have a definite lifetime with diverse fates depending on the animal lineage, being both gained and lost in the course of evolution. Analysis of a retroviral envelope gene, the envV gene, present in primate genomes and belonging to the endogenous retrovirus type V (ERV-V) provirus, shows that this captured gene, which entered the primate lineage >45 million years ago, behaves as a syncytin in Old World monkeys, but lost its canonical fusogenic activity in other primate lineages, including humans. In the Old World monkeys, we show—by in situ analyses and ex vivo assays—that envV is both specifically expressed at the level of the placental syncytiotrophoblast and fusogenic, and that it further displays signs of purifying selection based on analysis of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates. We further show that purifying selection still operates in the primate lineages where the gene is no longer fusogenic, indicating that degeneracy of this ancestral syncytin is a slow, lineage-dependent, and multi-step process, in which the fusogenic activity would be the first canonical property of this retroviral envelope gene to be lost. Syncytins are “new” genes encoding the envelope protein of captured endogenous retroviral elements. Their unambiguous status of “cellular gene” was recently demonstrated by knocking them out in genetically modified mice, showing their absolute requirement for placenta formation and embryo survival, via formation by cell–cell fusion of the feto-maternal syncytium interface. These genes are remarkable, as they are “necessary” for a basic function in placental mammals and yet they were acquired “by chance” on multiple occasions and independently in diverse mammalian species. We proposed that syncytins have been pivotal for the emergence of animals with a placenta from those laying eggs via the capture of a founding retroviral env gene, then subsequently replaced in the diverse mammalian lineages upon successive and independent germline infections by new retroviruses and co-optation of their env gene, each new gene providing its host with a positive selective advantage. This hypothesis would account for the diversity of the captured syncytins that can be currently found, concomitant with the diversity of placental architectures. A consequence of this paradigm is that evidence for “decaying syncytins” in eutherian mammals should exist, and this is precisely what we sought—and found—in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Esnault
- Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Éléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8122, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Cornelis
- Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Éléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8122, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Odile Heidmann
- Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Éléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8122, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Heidmann
- Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Éléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8122, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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Cline JM, Dixon D, Ernerudh J, Faas MM, Göhner C, Häger JD, Markert UR, Pfarrer C, Svensson-Arvelund J, Buse E. The placenta in toxicology. Part III: Pathologic assessment of the placenta. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:339-44. [PMID: 23531795 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313482207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This short review is derived from the peer-reviewed literature and the experience and case materials of the authors. Brief illustrated summaries are presented on the gross and histologic normal anatomy of rodent and macaque placentas, including typical organ weights, with comments on differences from the human placenta. Common incidental findings, background lesions, and induced toxic lesions are addressed, and a recommended strategy for pathologic evaluation of placentas is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Cline
- 1Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Solecki R, Barbellion S, Bergmann B, Bürgin H, Buschmann J, Clark R, Comotto L, Fuchs A, Faqi AS, Gerspach R, Grote K, Hakansson H, Heinrich V, Heinrich-Hirsch B, Hofmann T, Hübel U, Inazaki TH, Khalil S, Knudsen TB, Kudicke S, Lingk W, Makris S, Müller S, Paumgartten F, Pfeil R, Rama EM, Schneider S, Shiota K, Tamborini E, Tegelenbosch M, Ulbrich B, van Duijnhoven EAJ, Wise D, Chahoud I. Harmonization of description and classification of fetal observations: achievements and problems still unresolved: report of the 7th Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology Berlin, 4-6 May 2011. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 35:48-55. [PMID: 22781580 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the 7th Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology held in Berlin, May 4-6, 2011. The series of Berlin Workshops has been mainly concerned with the harmonization of terminology and classification of fetal anomalies in developmental toxicity studies. The main topics of the 7th Workshop were knowledge on the fate of anomalies after birth, use of Version 2 terminology for maternal-fetal observations and non-routinely used species, reclassification of "grey zone" anomalies and categorization of fetal observations for human health risk assessment. The paucity of data on health consequences of the postnatal permanence of fetal anomalies is relevant and further studies are needed. The Version 2 terminology is an important step forward and the terms listed in this glossary are considered also to be appropriate for most observations in non-routinely used species. Continuation of the Berlin Workshops was recommended. Topics suggested for the next Workshop were grouping of fetal observations for reporting and statistical analysis.
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Abstract
The nonhuman primates (NHPs) are used in many areas of biomedical research where their similarities to humans make them exclusively valuable animal models. The use of NHPs in pre-clinical testing is expected to increase due to the increase in the development of biological compounds for therapeutic uses. The regulatory agencies around the world including Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally requires developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing of all new drugs to be used by women of childbearing age or men of reproductive potential. NHPs are most frequently used for DART testing when commonly used rodents and/or rabbits are not pharmacologically relevant species. Animal studies are unique in that assessment of reproduction and development as DART studies are not performed in controlled clinical trials; therefore, pre-clinical safety assessment forms the basis for risk assessment for marketed drug products. This paper provides a critical evaluation of developmental and reproductive toxicity studies in NHPs. The manuscript will focus on species selection, limitation of International Conference for Harmonization stages (A-F) using NHPs as a test system, study designs, logistical/technical challenges, and strength, and limitations. It will also pinpoint confounding factors inherent to the test system that may complicate the interpretation of the NHP DART data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Faqi
- MPI Research, Division of Drug Safety Evaluation, Mattawan, MI 49071, USA.
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Collinge M, Burns-Naas LA, Chellman GJ, Kawabata TT, Komocsar WJ, Piccotti JR, Shenton J, Wierda D. Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) testing of pharmaceuticals: Current practices, state of the science, knowledge gaps, and recommendations. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:210-30. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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DeSesso JM, Williams AL, Ahuja A, Bowman CJ, Hurtt ME. The placenta, transfer of immunoglobulins, and safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals in pregnancy. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:185-210. [PMID: 22348352 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.653487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kostka D, Hahn MW, Pollard KS. Noncoding sequences near duplicated genes evolve rapidly. Genome Biol Evol 2010; 2:518-33. [PMID: 20660939 PMCID: PMC2942038 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression divergence and chromosomal rearrangements have been put forward as major contributors to phenotypic differences between closely related species. It has also been established that duplicated genes show enhanced rates of positive selection in their amino acid sequences. If functional divergence is largely due to changes in gene expression, it follows that regulatory sequences in duplicated loci should also evolve rapidly. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) on all noncoding loci within 5 kb of every transcript in the human genome and identified sequences with increased substitution rates in the human lineage since divergence from Old World Monkeys. The fraction of rapidly evolving loci is significantly higher nearby genes that duplicated in the common ancestor of humans and chimps compared with nonduplicated genes. We also conducted a genome-wide scan for nucleotide substitutions predicted to affect transcription factor binding. Rates of binding site divergence are elevated in noncoding sequences of duplicated loci with accelerated substitution rates. Many of the genes associated with these fast-evolving genomic elements belong to functional categories identified in previous studies of positive selection on amino acid sequences. In addition, we find enrichment for accelerated evolution nearby genes involved in establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, processes that differ significantly between humans and monkeys. Our findings support the hypothesis that adaptive evolution of the regulation of duplicated genes has played a significant role in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kostka
- Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Chellman GJ, Bussiere JL, Makori N, Martin PL, Ooshima Y, Weinbauer GF. Developmental and reproductive toxicology studies in nonhuman primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:446-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wehner NG, Shopp G, Osterburg I, Fuchs A, Buse E, Clarke J. Postnatal development in cynomolgus monkeys following prenatal exposure to natalizumab, an alpha4 integrin inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:144-56. [PMID: 19283860 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody to human alpha4 integrin that blocks the interaction of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins with their ligands, including fibronectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1. Because alpha4 integrins and their ligands are widely involved in mammalian development, lymphopoeisis, and hematopoiesis, natalizumab may interfere with these processes. METHODS The effects of prenatal exposure to natalizumab on postnatal development were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0 and 30 mg/kg administered intravenously every other day from gestational day (GD) 20 to 70 or GD 20 to term. Infants were delivered by natural birth and evaluated for general health, survival, development, and immunological structure and function at 12 or 18 months. RESULTS An increase in abortions was seen in the first cohort of natalizumab-treated dams (39.3 vs. 7.1% in the controls) but not in the second cohort (33.3, 37.5%). Infants in the term treatment group had elevated lymphocyte ( approximately 150%) and nucleated red blood cell counts ( approximately 400%), consistent with the pharmacological effect of natalizumab, and reductions in platelet counts ( approximately 28%), which were reversible following clearance of natalizumab. No anemia was observed. Infants in the term treatment group had significantly increased spleen weights at 12 months but not at 18 months. All other experimental observations in infants from natalizumab-treated dams were comparable with those of controls. CONCLUSION Natalizumab had no adverse effects on the general health, survival, development, or immunological structure and function of infants born to dams treated with natalizumab during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy G Wehner
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Wehner NG, Skov M, Shopp G, Rocca MS, Clarke J. Effects of natalizumab, an α4 integrin inhibitor, on fertility in male and female guinea pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:108-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wehner NG, Shopp G, Oneda S, Clarke J. Embryo/fetal development in cynomolgus monkeys exposed to natalizumab, an α4 integrin inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:117-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wehner NG, Shopp G, Rocca MS, Clarke J. Effects of natalizumab, an α4 integrin inhibitor, on the development of Hartley guinea pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:98-107. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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