Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research

Natural hemozoin and β-hematin induce tissue damage and apoptosis in human placental explants

Hemozoin (HZ) is a waste product of hemoglobin digestion by Plasmodium and has been implicated in several pathological processes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Studying the effects of HZ on the human placenta is essential to understanding the impact of malaria infection during pregnancy. The present study explored the impact of HZ produced by Plasmodium and β-hematin, referred to here as natural HZ (nHZ) and synthetic HZ (sHZ), respectively, on human placental explants exposed in vitro.

Methodology

nHZ was derived from Plasmodium falciparum cultures and isolated using magnetic MACS® Separation Columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) [1]. sHZ was synthesized from hemin closure in an aqueous solution. Both nHZ and sHZ were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Human placental explants (HPE) were exposed to 5 and 10 μg/mL of nHZ and sHZ for 24 h, and tissue integrity was studied using histological and immunohistochemical techniques.

Results

The studies have demonstrated that the exposition of both the nHZ and sHZ to placental tissue are comparable and cause effects in increased STB detachment, dysregulation of collagen distribution in the villous stroma, and increase in the frequency of cell apoptosis. This contributes to the understanding of the pathophysiology of malaria in pregnancy using synthetic products such as β-hematin.

The PPAR-α agonist oleoyethanolamide (OEA) ameliorates valproic acid-induced steatohepatitis in rats via suppressing Wnt3a/β-catenin and activating PGC-1α: Involvement of network pharmacology and molecular docking

Liver damage is one of the most severe side effects of valproic acid (VPA) therapy. Research indicates that PPAR-α prevents Wnt3a/β-catenin-induced PGC-1α dysregulation, which is linked to liver injury. Although PPAR-α activation has hepatoprotective effects, its role in preventing VPA-induced liver injury remains unclear. Our research used network analysis, molecular docking, and in-vivo validation to predict and assess targets and pathways associated with the hepatoprotective effects of oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a PPAR-α agonist, on VPA-induced steatohepatitis. For in-vivo experiments, 24 rats were assigned to V, OEA, VPA, and OEA + VPA. Liver functions, TGs, cholesterol, and LDL were tested. Hepatic levels of PPAR-α, ACO, TNF-α, IL-1β, HO-1, MDA, and TAC, along with Wnt3a/β-catenin, PGC-1α, and Nrf2 expression were assessed. Further, NF-κB, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expression were detected immunohistochemically. Network pharmacology identified 258 targets for OEA-steatohepatitis connection, including NFKB1, PPARA, and NFE2L2, in addition to TNF, non-alcoholic fatty liver, NF-κB, PPAR, and WNT signaling, as contributing to steatohepatitis pathogenesis. The docking revealed a strong affinity between OEA and Wnt3a, β-catenin, and PGC-1α. Therefore, we postulated that the hepatoprotective effect of OEA may be due to Wnt3a/β-catenin-mediated inactivation of PGC1-α pathway. In vivo, OEA inhibited Wnt3a/β-catenin and increased PGC1-α by activating PPAR-α. Hence, PGC1-α reduced fat cell β-oxidation and NF-κB-mediated inflammation. OEA lessened MDA and raised TAC to mitigate oxidative damage. OEA additionally reduced apoptosis by lowering Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3. In summary, PPAR-α involvement in the protective effects of OEA against VPA-induced steatohepatitis can be confirmed by suppressing Wnt3a/β-catenin and activating PGC-1α signaling.

Bridging the Clinical-Computational Transparency Gap in Digital Pathology

CONTEXT.—

Computational pathology combines clinical pathology with computational analysis, aiming to enhance diagnostic capabilities and improve clinical productivity. However, communication barriers between pathologists and developers often hinder the full realization of this potential.

OBJECTIVE.—

To propose a standardized framework that improves mutual understanding of clinical objectives and computational methodologies. The goal is to enhance the development and application of computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) tools.

DESIGN.—

This article suggests pivotal roles for pathologists and computer scientists in the CAD development process. It calls for increased understanding of computational terminologies, processes, and limitations among pathologists. Similarly, it argues that computer scientists should better comprehend the true use cases of the developed algorithms to avoid clinically meaningless metrics.

RESULTS.—

CAD tools improve pathology practice significantly. Some tools have even received US Food and Drug Administration approval. However, improved understanding of machine learning models among pathologists is essential to prevent misuse and misinterpretation. There is also a need for a more accurate representation of the algorithms' performance compared to that of pathologists.

CONCLUSIONS.—

A comprehensive understanding of computational and clinical paradigms is crucial for overcoming the translational gap in computational pathology. This mutual comprehension will improve patient care through more accurate and efficient disease diagnosis.

Ellagic acid mitigates alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in rats via FXR activation and inflammatory pathway modulation

OBJECTIVES

The liver is vital for metabolism, detoxification, storage, and secretion. Cholestasis, in which bile flow is hindered, can cause serious harm to the liver. This study examines the potential of ellagic acid to prevent cholestasis in male rats that has been caused by alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT).

METHOD

Male rats were divided into four groups for an 8-day study. The control group received 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) orally for eight days and maize oil (1 mL/kg, orally) 48 h before sacrifice. The ANIT Group received 5 % DMSO orally for 8 days, the ANIT (100 mg/kg, orally) administered on the 6th day, 48 h before sacrifice. The low-Dose Ellagic Acid + ANIT Group was given ellagic acid (5 mg/kg, orally) for eight days, with ANIT (100 mg/kg, orally) on the 6th day, 48 h prior to sacrifice. The high-Dose Ellagic Acid + ANIT Group received ellagic acid (10 mg/kg, orally) for eight days, the ANIT (100 mg/kg, orally) on the 6th day, 48 h before sacrifice. Different biochemical and histopathological analyses were conducted to assess the protective effects of ellagic acid on ANIT-induced liver injury.

RESULTS

ANIT significantly elevated serum of liver enzymes. It caused severe bile duct inflammation and reduced bile salt export pump (BSEP) and Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) expression, indicating liver injury. Ellagic acid treatment mitigated these changes, improving biochemical parameters and reducing liver damage. ANIT-induced cholestasis results in bile acid accumulation due to decreased BSEP and NTCP expression linked to impaired farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling. Ellagic acid restored BSEP and NTCP levels via FXR activation, reducing bile acids and inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α. Ellagic acid also enhanced SIRT1 activity, further improving FXR function and bile acid homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Ellagic acid exhibits protective effects against cholestasis by enhancing the FXR signaling and ntcp and bsep expression with mitigating liver damage and inflammation.

Integrated In-silico and In-vivo Assessments of Betaine's Effect on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular (HPT) Axis in Fluoride-Treated Rats

Toxicity is associated with undue sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure, and Betaine (BET) is recognised for its nutraceutical benefits. Although it is necessary to reduce toxic level exposure to fluoride, the literature lacks information on the role of BET in mitigating fluoride-induced reproductive toxicity. Therefore, this study assesses the impact of BET on NaF-induced reproductive perturbation in male rats. Wistar rats were treated with NaF (9 mg/kg) alone or co-treated with BET (50 or 100 mg/kg) for 28 d. Our findings indicate that BET significantly mitigated alterations in sperm functionality indices caused by NaF treatment. BET substantially increased reproductive hormone levels and averted NaF-induced increases in oxidative stress biomarkers and testicular enzymes. NaF-induced increases in inflammatory markers in the testis, epididymis, and hypothalamus were effectively reversed upon BET co-treatment. Also, co-treatment with BET protected genome integrity, as evidenced by p53 and apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl-2 levels, abating damages in the testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus of NaF-treated rats. Also, our findings from in-silico studies revealed that BET moderately inhibits the molecular activation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase, hypoxia-inducible factor -1 alpha, and proviral integration for the Moloney murine leukaemia virus-1 kinase. While it is preferable to reduce fluoride exposure, the relevant findings here indicate that BET exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties that ameliorate inadvertent NaF-mediated toxicities in experimental rats exposed to NaF.

IgA nephropathy is associated with Opisthorchis felineus liver fluke infection: Retrospective 5-year analysis of human kidney samples

OBJECTIVES

Infection with the fish-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus, which is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, results in serious liver damage in humans. Currently, limited clinical and experimental data reveal kidney damage co-occurring with chronic opisthorchiasis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of kidney autopsy samples over a five-year period (n = 84). The aim of the study was to assess pathomorphological changes in the kidneys and evaluate whether there is an association between IgA nephropathy and liver fluke infection.

METHODS

Histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis were performed.

RESULTS

In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that chronic O. felineus infection in humans was associated with tubular dystrophy, the accumulation of renal tubular casts, and glomerulosclerosis. The hypertension increases the pathomorphological changes associated with chronic opisthorchiasis. We also detected IgA and the O. felineus total antigen in glomeruli of infected people. Fisher's test showed a significant association between O. felineus infection and IgA nephropathy, as well as between O. felineus infection and glomerulosclerosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the findings of this study highlight the importance of recognising O. felineus infection as a more than hepatobiliary disease and emphasise the need for careful, personalised monitoring of kidney function in infected individuals.

Effect of adenosine triphosphate on methylphenidate-induced oxidative and inflammatory kidney damage in rats

The purpose of this trial was to assess the effects of methylphenidate on the kidney tissues and to investigate the protective effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against possible methylphenidate nephrotoxicity in rats. The rats were separated into; healthy control (HG), methylphenidate (MPHG), ATP (ATPG), and ATP+ methylphenidate (AMPG). The ATPG and AMPG groups were administered ATP 4 mg/kg bw/d, and the HG and MPHG groups received distilled water intraperitoneally. One hour from, ATP and distilled water administration, methylphenidate 10 mg/kg bw/d was applied via oral gavage to the AMPG and MPHG groups once daily for 30 d (1 × 1). Animals were euthanized after 30 d and tissues were collected. The levels of certain oxidant/antioxidant parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured. Kidneys were also examined histopathologically. ATP inhibited the increase in oxidant and decrease antioxidant levels induced by methylphenidate. The amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in methylphenidate-treated kidney tissue compared with the HG and AMPG groups. However, ATP increased oxidative damage markers and cytokines levels close to the healthy group. Serum BUN and creatinine levels increased with methylphenidate but ATP prevented BUN and creatinine from rising in the ATPG and MPHG groups. ATP also reduced the histopathological damage increased by methylphenidate. The potential efficacy of ATP in treating kidney damage induced by methylphenidate use.

Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity, acute oral toxicity, and pancreatic and hepatic protective effects of Aloe rubroviolacea flowers extract against CCl4 toxicity in a rat model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Aloe rubroviolacea (Arabian Aloe) was widely cultured and commonly used in traditional medicine. Aloe species was highly recommended in folk medicine for abdominal pain, intestinal infection, intestinal colic, obesity, and gynaecological pain after childbirth.

AIM OF THE WORK

The present work aimed to conduct chemical profiling, in-vitro antioxidant activity, in-vivo oral acute toxicity study of A. rubroviolacea flowers ethanolic extract (ARFEE) along with exploring pancreatic and hepatic protective effects of ARFEE against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity in a rat model. Molecular docking study of ARFEE and 3D structure activity relationship was also demonstrated to investigate the proposed antioxidant mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in ARFEE were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 colorimetric methods, respectively. In-vitro antioxidant DPPH assay was performed using ascorbic acid as a reference standard. Moreover, In-vivo acute toxicity study using fixed doses of ARFEE (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg orally) was conducted. CCl4 toxicity was induced by using a single dose of CCl4 (1 ml/kg, i.p.) on 5th day, silymarin (50 mg/kg/day, orally) as a standard and two different doses of ARFEE (250, 500 mg/kg, orally) daily for 5 days before CCl4 injection.

RESULTS

GC-MS analysis displayed the existence of 36 chemical compounds, the majority of which were fatty acids and their esters, in addition to phytosterols. The total phenolic content of ARFEE was 25.09 ± 1.65 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g extract dry weight (mg GAE/g DW), while the total flavonoid content was 17.48 ± 0.64 mg of quercetin equivalent/g extract dry weight (mg QE/g DW). Our results showed that the ARFEE had a potential in-vitro antioxidant activity as strong as ascorbic acid. No mortality or signs of toxicity were observed after ARFEE intake. Additionally, ARFEE ameliorated CCl4 toxicity on hepatic and pancreatic tissues. Molecular docking study resulted in potent promising natural compounds contained in ARFEE with anti-oxidant potential.

CONCLUSION

Based on oral safety, good anti-oxidant and pancreato- and hepato-protective activities of ARFEE against CCl4 toxicity, ARFEE is probably a potent agent for treatment of liver ailments.

Assessment of a semiquantitative scoring system for mild-to-moderate gill lesions in Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture systems in Norway

Compromised gill health is a critical cause of forfeited welfare in Atlantic salmon farming. Detecting and quantifying the early onset of gill disease is important to reveal initial inflicting stimuli. We collected gill samples of 45 Atlantic salmon from 2 commercial recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) spanning fry-to-market-size fish with no clinical signs of gill disease. Gill samples were assessed histologically by 3 independent raters with different levels of experience. Semiquantitative scoring for 7 types of gill changes was carried out for 10 filaments per gill (450 filaments total) over 3 rounds on anonymized samples. Scores were summarized for each type of gill change. The assumed clinical relevance for each change was transformed into a category score, followed by an assessment of agreement within (intra) and between (inter) raters. A generalized linear model estimated the difference in score levels between raters. For each rater, intra-rater agreement was high for 6 gill changes and moderate for 1 gill change. Inter-rater agreement was moderate to almost-perfect, except for 2 gill changes; generalized linear model regression revealed systematic differences in score usage between the raters. Our scoring protocol worked satisfactorily for mucous cell amount, lamellar clubbing, lamellar hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, and aneurysms, despite different levels of expertise in histologic evaluation. Intra-rater agreement was consistent, but differences existed for interlamellar hypercellularity, lamellar inflammation, and degeneration. Scoring subclinical gill changes is a challenge, and our scoring system for mild-to-moderate lesions may enable early intervention to limit the detrimental effects of poor gill health in RAS farming.

Ameliorative impact of sacubitril/valsartan on paraquat-induced acute lung injury: role of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Herbicides such as paraquat (PQ) are frequently utilized particularly in developing nations. The present research concentrated on the pulmonary lesions triggered by PQ and the beneficial effect of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sacubitril/valsartan, against such pulmonary damage. Five groups of rats were established: control, ARNI, PQ (10 mg/kg), ARNI 68 + PQ, and ARNI 34 + PQ. Following euthanasia, lungs were isolated and subjected to a histopathological test, and the ELISA technique was used to evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), and inflammatory markers: nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit (NF-κB p65), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1β). In conjunction with abnormally high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the PQ group also displayed low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Additionally, TLR4, PI3K, and p-AKT were significantly elevated together with unusually low level of Nrf2. Moreover, inflammatory biomarkers, NF-κB p65, TNFα, and IL-1β, were abnormally elevated. Meanwhile, ARNI-treated groups reversed all alterations precipitated by PQ in a dose-dependent manner. ARNI could mitigate pulmonary damage triggered by PQ via potential antioxidant anti-inflammatory qualities.

Oral obeldesivir provides postexposure protection against Marburg virus in nonhuman primates

The recent outbreak of Marburg virus (MARV) in Rwanda underscores the need for effective countermeasures against this highly fatal pathogen, with case fatality rates reaching 90%. Currently, no vaccines or approved treatments exist for MARV infection, distinguishing it from related viruses such as Ebola. Our study demonstrates that the oral drug obeldesivir (ODV), a nucleoside analog prodrug, shows promising antiviral activity against filoviruses in vitro and offers significant protection in animal models. Here with cynomolgus macaques (n = 6), a 10 day regimen of once-daily ODV, initiated 24 h after exposure, provided 80% protection against a thousandfold lethal MARV challenge, delaying viral replication and disease onset. Transcriptome analysis revealed that early adaptive responses correlated with successful outcomes. Compared with intravenous options, oral antivirals such as ODV offer logistical advantages in outbreak settings, enabling easier administration and broader contact coverage. Our findings support the potential of ODV as a broad-spectrum, oral postexposure prophylaxis for filoviruses.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Lawsonia inermis and Acacia nilotica extract on growth performance, intestinal histopathology, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens challenged with coccidiosis

Avian coccidiosis is one of the many disorders that seriously harm birds' digestive systems. Nowadays the light is shed on using Phytochemical/herbal medicines as alternative natural anti-coccidial chemical-free standards. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the impact of lawsonia inermis powder (LIP), and Acacia nilotica aqueous extract (ANAE), on growth performance, serum biochemical, antioxidant status, cytokine biomarkers, total oocyst count and intestinal histopathology of broiler chickens challenged with coccidiosis. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old Ross chicks were randomly distributed into 8 groups, four were challenged with coccidia, while the other four were unchallenged. Each group consisted of 3 replicates of 10 chicks each. The birds were challenged with Eimeria species orally on day 14 of age. Group 1B was unchallenged, and Group 2 A was challenged with coccidiosis and both were fed the basic diet without additives. Groups 3 A, 4 A, and 5 A were challenged and fed on the basic diet supplemented with LIP (40 g/kg of diet), ANAE (5 g/kg of diet), and LIP + ANAE combination, respectively. Groups 3B, 4B, and 5B were unchallenged and fed on the basic diet supplemented with LIP (40 g/kg of diet) and ANAE (5 g/kg of diet) and LIP + ANAE combination, respectively. The best results of growth performance parameters were recorded in G5B, and G5A followed by the group fed on ANAE and then the group fed on LIP compared with the control. All challenged broilers had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, creatinine, glucose, MDA, IL-4 &TNF-α levels compared to all unchallenged broilers. Challenged broilers had lower serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, SOD, GPX & IL-10 levels compared to non-challenged broilers. Histopathological examination of the small intestine and cecum of challenged treated groups with LIP + ANAE showed good mucosal integrity, few leukocytes infiltration, and low total oocyst count in broilers manure, followed by ANAE then LIP groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of lawsonia inermis powder and Acacia nilotica aqueous extract either alone or in combination had positive effects on broiler performance, blood metabolites, antioxidant status, cellular response, and intestinal morphology during the exposure to Eimeria spp. as a potential natural anti-coccidial.

Leveraging thiol-functionalized biomucoadhesive hybrid nanoliposome for local therapy of ulcerative colitis

Directly administering medication to inflamed intestinal sites for treating ulcerative colitis (UC), poses significant challenges like retention time, absorption variability, side effects, drug stability, and non-specific delivery. Recent advancements in therapy to treat colitis aim to improve local drug availability that is enema therapy at the site of inflammation, thereby reducing systemic adverse effects. Nevertheless, a key limitation lies in enemas' inability to sustain medication in the colon due to rapid peristaltic movement, diarrhea, and poor local adherence. Therefore, in this work, we have developed site-specific thiolated mucoadhesive anionic nanoliposomes to overcome the limitations of conventional enema therapy. The thiolated delivery system allows prolonged residence of the delivery system at the inflamed site in the colon, confirmed by the adhesion potential of thiolated nanoliposomes using in-vitro and in-vivo models. To further provide therapeutic efficacy thiolated nanoliposomes were loaded with gallic acid (GA), a natural compound known for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and potent anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, Gallic Acid-loaded Thiolated 2,6 DALP DMPG (GATh@APDL) demonstrates the potential for targeted adhesion to the inflamed colon, facilitated by their small size 100 nm and anionic nature. Therapeutic studies indicate that this formulation offers protective effects by mitigating colonic inflammation, downregulating the expression of NF-κB, HIF-1α, and MMP-9, and demonstrating superior efficacy compared to the free GA enema. The encapsulated GA inhibits the NF-κB expression, leading to enhanced expression of MUC2 protein, thereby promoting mucosal healing in the colon. Furthermore, GATh@APDL effectively reduces neutrophil infiltration and regulates immune cell quantification in colonic lamina propria. Our findings suggest that GATh@APDL holds promise for alleviating UC and addressing the limitations of conventional enema therapy.

Effect of Matrine on growth performance, gut health, and gut microbiota in chickens infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major cause of avian colibacillosis. Matrine, a natural component derived from Sophora flavescens, exhibits various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, its role in mitigating APEC-induced intestinal damage in chickens remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to explore the protective effects and potential mechanisms of matrine against APEC-induced intestinal damage. Chickens were administered matrine (10 or 20 mg/kg) from 6 days old for 5 days, followed by an APEC intraperitoneal injection on day 10. After 72 h of APEC infection, tissues were collected for analysis. Results indicated that pretreatment with matrine alleviated the symptoms of APEC infection in chickens, improving survival rates and promoting weight gain. Additionally, pretreatment with matrine reduced the secretion and gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in intestinal tissues, while enhancing serum SOD, GSH, and CAT activity, as well as gene expression levels in the intestine. Pretreatment with matrine reduced the levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in intestinal tissues. Moreover, pretreatment with matrine ameliorated intestinal inflammation and pathological damage, restoring the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and MUC2 in the intestine during APEC infection. Furthermore, pretreatment with matrine alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis by lowering the abundance of harmful bacteria. In summary, matrine alleviated APEC-induced intestinal inflammation and damage, potentially by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and reshaping the gut microbiota. These findings provide promising insights into the prevention and treatment of avian colibacillosis.

The possible protective effect of luteolin on cardiovascular and hepatic changes in metabolic syndrome rat model

The metabolic syndrome, or MetS, is currently a global health concern. The anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant properties of luteolin are some of its advantageous pharmacological characteristics. This research was designed to establish a MetS rat model and investigate the possible protective effect of luteolin on cardiovascular, hepatic, and metabolic changes in diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Forty adult male albino rats were split into four groups: a negative control group, a group treated with luteolin, a group induced MetS (fed 20% fructose), and a group treated with luteolin (fed 20% fructose and given luteolin). Following the experiment after 8 weeks, biochemical, histological (light and electron), and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed on liver and heart tissues. Serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB, and LDH were significantly elevated in response to the cardiovascular effect of MetS. Furthermore, compared to the negative control group, the MetS group showed a marked increase in lipid peroxidation in the cardiac and hepatic tissues, as evidenced by elevated levels of MDA and a decline in the antioxidant defense system, as demonstrated by lower activities of GSH and SOD. The fatty liver-induced group exhibited histological alterations, including disrupted hepatic architecture, dilated and congested central veins, blood sinusoids, and portal veins. In addition to nuclear structural alterations, most hepatocytes displayed varying degrees of cytoplasmic vacuolation, mitochondrial alterations, and endoplasmic reticulum dilatation. These alterations were linked to inflammatory cellular infiltrations, collagen fiber deposition, active hepatic stellate cells, and scattered hypertrophied Kupffer cells, as demonstrated by electron microscopy and validated by immunohistochemical analysis. It is interesting to note that eosinophils were seen between the liver cells and in dilated blood sinusoids. Moreover, the biochemical (hepatic and cardiac) and histological (liver) changes were significantly less severe in luteolin-treated rat on a high-fructose diet. These results suggested that luteolin protects against a type of metabolic syndrome that is produced experimentally.

A Histological Assessment Tool for Breast Implant Capsules Validated in 480 Patients with and Without Capsular Contracture

BACKGROUND

Understanding the impact of breast implants on the histological response in the surrounding fibrous capsule is important; however, consensus is lacking on how to analyze implant capsules histologically. We aimed to develop a standardized histological assessment tool to be used in research potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies for capsular contracture.

METHODS

Biopsies of breast implant capsules from 480 patients who had undergone breast augmentation or reconstruction were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Initially, biopsies from 100 patients were analyzed to select histological parameters demonstrating the highest relevance and reproducibility. Then, biopsies from the remaining 380 patients were used to determine intra- and interobserver agreements of two blinded observers and agreement with a pathologist. Finally, we tested the association between the parameters and capsular contracture.

RESULTS

The histological assessment tool included ten parameters assessing the inflammatory, fibrotic, and foreign-body reaction to breast implants, each graded on two-, three-, or four-point scales. Intra- and interobserver agreements were almost perfect (0.83 and 0.80), and agreement with the pathologist was substantial (0.67). Four parameters were significantly correlated with capsular contracture, namely chronic inflammation with lymphocyte infiltration (p < 0.01), thickness of the collagen layer (p < 0.0001), fiber organization (p < 0.01), and calcification (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first validated histological assessment tool for breast implant capsules. The validated tool not only advances our understanding of capsular contracture but also sets a new standard for histological evaluation in breast implant research and clinical diagnostics.

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Should combined MTX and CoQ10 use be reconsidered in terms of steatosis? A biochemical, flow cytometry, histopathological experimental study

In the present study, the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which is widely used in daily life, on the methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity, which is widely used today in malignancies and autoimmune diseases, were examined. Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. The group 1 (n = 6) was given 1 mL corn oil by oral gavage (p.o.) during seven days. Group 2 was given 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) MTX only on the first day of the experiment. Group 3 was given 20 mg/kg (i.p.) MTX on the first day of the experiment and 100 mg/kg CoQ10 dissolved in 1 mL corn oil were given by oral gavage during seven days, and group 4 was given 100 mg/kg CoQ10 dissolved in 1 mL corn oil by oral gavage during seven days. At the end of experiment, all animals were euthanized under anesthesia. In the liver tissue, histopathologic analysis on the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome, and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections, apoptotic analysis (% Annexin V positivity) by flow cytometry, and biochemical analysis for oxidative stress markers (GSH, CAT, and TBARS) was performed. According to histopathological analysis, apoptosis, concession, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration increased in the MTX group and those results significantly decreased in the MTX + CoQ10 groups. As an interesting result, fatty degeneration and TBARS elevation were observed in the MTX + CoQ10 group. As a result, although CoQ10 has protective effects on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity, fatty degeneration due to the combined usage of MTX and CoQ10 should be investigated with further studies.

Variations in liver histology and P-gp expression among fish species in Doce River Basin, Brazil: implications for pollution sensitivity

Fish may have different sensitivity to pollutants present in the water. We analyzed the liver histology, and P-gp expression in six species of fish from the Doce River basin. Fish were caught at six different points in the Doce River, and liver samples were taken for histological analysis. P-gp expression was analyzed using an immunohistochemical technique. In Astyanax lacustris, Hoplias intermedius, Hypostomus affinis, Trachelyopterus striatulus and Oligosarcus acutirostris, a double arrangement of hepatocyte plates was generally observed (tubular-form), while in Deutorodon taeniatus, a single arrangement of hepatocyte plates was frequently observed (cord-like). Histological changes, such as cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear alteration, were observed in the livers of all species analyzed, however, the species A. lacustris (34.1%) and H. affinis (33.3%) were those with the fewest individuals with histological changes. The H. intermedius, T. striatulus, and O. acutirostris were the species that presented more than 80% of their individuals with histological changes. The A. lacustris and H. affinis were the species that showed the highest P-pg immunolabeling in the liver, while the T. striatulus and O. acutirostris had the lowest levels. These results support the hypothesis that levels of P-gp expression could respond to the resistance or sensitivity of each species to environmental pollutants.

Uterine Repair Mechanisms Are Potentiated by Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Decellularized Tissue Grafts Through Elevated Vegf, Cd44, and Itgb1 Gene Expression

Transplantation of decellularized uterus tissue showed promise in supporting regeneration following uterine injury in animal models, suggesting an alternative to complete uterus transplantation for uterine factor infertility treatment. However, most animal studies utilized small grafts, limiting their clinical relevance. Hence, we used larger grafts (20 × 10 mm), equivalent to nearly one uterine horn in rats, to better evaluate the bioengineering challenges associated with structural support, revascularization, and tissue regeneration. We analyzed histopathology, employed immunohistochemistry, and investigated gene expression discrepancies in growth-related proteins over four months post-transplantation in acellular grafts and those recellularized (RC) with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs). RC grafts exhibited less inflammation and faster epithelialization and migration of endogenous cells into the graft compared with acellular grafts. Despite the lack of a significant difference in the density of CD31 positive blood vessels between groups, the RC group demonstrated a better organized myometrial layer and an overall faster regenerative progress. Elevated gene expression for Vegf, Cd44, and Itgb1 correlated with the enhanced tissue regeneration in this group. Elevated Tgfb expression was noted in both groups, potentially contributing to the rapid revascularization. Our findings suggest that large uterine injuries can be regenerated using decellularized tissue, with bmMSCs enhancing the endogenous repair mechanisms.

Species-specific renal and liver responses during infection with food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, or Clonorchis sinensis

Three food-borne trematodes-Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis-are closely related epidemiologically important species. Despite the similarity of their life cycles, these liver flukes also have marked differences in the geographical range, helminth biology, and hepatobiliary disorders. O. viverrini and C. sinensis are classified as Group 1 biological carcinogens while O. felineus is not. Direct comparisons of systemic response to the liver fluke infections are unexplored aspects. This study was carried out to identify species-specific liver and kidney responses in the hamster models after the infection with one of the three liver flukes. Liver periductal-fibrosis development was similar between hamsters infected with O. felineus or C. sinensis, whereas biliary intraepithelial neoplasia development was noticed predominantly in O. viverrini-infected ones. Species-specific renal damage was detected, including progression of interstitial fibrosis and IgA deposition in glomeruli of O. felineus-infected hamsters and C. sinensis-infected ones. A strong correlation (R = 0.63; P = 0.0001) was found between periductal fibrosis in the liver and kidney interstitial fibrosis. Future comparative studies are needed to elucidate the development of serious complications during the long term of the infection, as well as under the influence of additional factors, including concomitant infections and the use of dimethylnitrosamine to clarify the mechanisms underlying the liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. Thus, our findings may stimulate new comparative studies on the pathogenicity.

Neurobehavioral toxicity of Cold plasma activated water following oral gavage in mice

Cold plasma-activated water (PAW) is a novel technology that was recently used in biomedical research; Despite its potential, PAW's safety remains inadequately assessed. The study explores the impact of PAW on behavioral responses and brain tissue histopathology in mice. Ten-week-old female albino mice were divided into three groups each containing 10 mice (5 replicates, 2 mice/cage) and received either distilled water (DW), or distilled water exposed to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for 3 min (PAW-3), or 15 min (PAW-15) by oral gavage in a dose of 200 μL/mice (3 times/week) for four weeks. PAW exhibited altered physicochemical properties compared to DW. Mice exposed to PAW demonstrated reduced burrowing activity, marble burying ability, and novel object recognition compared to controls, indicating potential neurobehavioral alterations. PAW-treated groups displayed notable histological lesions in brain tissues, including nerve cell necrosis, vascular congestion, and Purkinje cell degeneration, confirming neurotoxic effects. Positive reactions for NF-κB and iNOS in brain tissues of PAW-treated mice corroborated the histopathological findings, suggesting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The study highlights the need for further investigation into PAW's safety profile and optimal treatment protocols to mitigate potential neurobehavioral toxicity in biomedical research.

Insight into didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide toxicity following acute exposure in pullets (Gallus gallusdomesticus)

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) is a quaternary ammonium compound used for the sanitation of drinking water of poultry and water pipelines in farms. There is scarcity of information on the toxicology of DDAB in poultry. This study set out to profile the acute toxicity of DDAB in poultry. Issa brown pullets (n = 34) as experimental birds were orally administered varying doses of DDAB, using a syringe, after 12 h fasting, and observed for toxicity over 14 days. Control birds (n = 10) were similarly given normal saline orally. Toxic signs in the experimental birds were depression, anorexia, adipsia, vocalization with foamy salivation, later emaciation and death. The LD50 was calculated as 458.00 mg/kg. Birds given 2151 mg/kg DDAB died within 24 h, while those treated with 516 mg/kg succumbed on Day 14. At necropsy, grossly, there were necrosis and sloughing of the oesophagus and intestines, pale and friable liver, congested and necrotic lungs, friable popped out kidneys and emaciated carcasses. Microscopically, desquamation and necrosis of the oesophagus, crop, proventriculus and intestines and disruption of the koilin membrane of the gizzard were observed. The lungs, liver and kidneys were congested with mononuclear cellular infiltration plus loss of architecture in the lungs and liver. In conclusion, at high doses, DDAB caused significant toxicity in chickens and these findings provide new information which could serve as a guide in the diagnosis of quaternary ammonium toxicity in chicken. The results could be extrapolated to other quaternary ammonium toxicities in related avian species.

Comparative liver transcriptome analysis in hamsters infected with food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, or Clonorchis sinensis

BACKGROUND

Epidemiologically important food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis are recognized as biological carcinogens of Group 1A, while Opisthorchis felineus is in Group 3 as noncarcinogenic to humans. Mechanisms of the biological carcinogenesis are still elusive. Some studies highlight chronic inflammation as a key factor and common pathway for cancer initiation and progression. Nonetheless, the chronic inflammation alone does not explain why these three species differ in carcinogenicity. We focused this study on genome-wide landscapes of liver gene expression and activation of cellular pathways in Mesocricetus auratus golden hamsters infected with C. sinensis (South Korea), O. viverrini (Thailand), or O. felineus (Russia) at 1 and 3 months after infection initiation.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Liver transcriptomes of golden hamsters (HiSeq Illumina, 2X150 bp) were sequenced at 1 and 3 months postinfection. Data processing was carried out using the following bioinformatic and experimental approaches: analysis of differential gene expression, estimates of proportions of affected liver cell types, liver histopathology, and examination of weighted gene coexpression networks. All infections caused enrichment with inflammatory response signaling pathways, fibrogenesis and cell proliferation, and IL2-STAT5, TNF-NF-κB, TGF-β, Hippo, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Nevertheless, species-specific responses to each infection were noted too. We also identified species-specific responses of liver cell types, differentially expressed gene clusters, and cellular pathways associated with structural liver damage (such as periductal fibrosis, epithelial neoplasia, and inflammation).

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

This is the first comparative analysis of gene expression landscapes in the liver of experimental animals infected with O. viverrini, O. felineus, or C. sinensis. The trematodes have species-specific effects on the hepatobiliary system by triggering signaling pathways, thereby leading to differences in the severity of hepatobiliary structural lesions and contributing to the pathogenicity of closely related foodborne trematodes.

Protective effect of beta-carotene on hepato-nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Despite causing significant tissue damage at the molecular and cellular levels, partly due to its induction of oxidative stress, it remains of interest in medical applications. Beta-carotene, found in fruits and vegetables, is being studied for its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to explore beta-carotene's protective effects against gentamicin-induced hepatorenal toxicity.

METHOD

Thirty male Wistar-rats were divided into five groups. Control group received normal-saline, while the canola group received canola oil (beta-carotene solvent). Gentamicin group received 100 mg/kg gentamicin injections for seven days. Beta-carotene groups were treated with beta-carotene at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 10 days, along with gentamicin from the fourth day for 7 days. Serum and tissue hepatorenal function tests were performed at the end of the study.

RESULTS

Gentamicin resulted in hepatorenal damage. Beta-carotene alongside gentamicin significantly decreased serum SGOT (152.3 ± 12.7 vs. 264.8 ± 9.3 IU/L), SGPT (65.7 ± 2.5 vs. 98.0 ± 4.8 IU/L), creatinine (0.74 ± 0.0 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 mg/dL), and urea (78.1 ± 10.7 vs. 207.4 ± 23.6 mg/dL) in comparison to gentamicin alone (p < 0.05). Beta-carotene caused a significant decrease in vacuolar degeneration, interstitial nephritis and infiltration of lymphocytes in kidney, and cell necrosis, vacuolar degeneration and infiltration of leukocytes compared to the gentamicin group; additionally, beta-carotene prevented increase in oxidative stress in gentamicin group.

CONCLUSION

Administration of gentamicin alone resulted in hepatorenal toxicity, whereas beta-carotene could prevent gentamicin-induced oxidative stress imbalance and tissue damage. Therefore, beta-carotene could serve as an adjunctive therapy to mitigate hepatorenal toxicity in patients undergoing gentamicin treatment.

The ameliorative effect of chrysin on ovarian toxicity caused by methidathion in female rats

Introduction: Methidathion (MD) is commonly used in agriculture and has adverse effects on reproduction. Chrysin (CHR) has several advantageous properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. The purpose of the current investigation was to assess CHR's therapeutic efficacy in reducing ovarian toxicity brought on by MD. Methods: Twenty-four female rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group 1 served as a control, while group 2 rats received MD (5 mg/kg). Rats in Group 3 received CHR at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Rats in group 4 received treatment with CHR after MD intoxication. Results and Discussion: Our research revealed that MD significantly (p < 0.001) increased the levels of MDA, caspase-3, FSH, LH, CA-125, and TNF-α but significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the levels of SOD, GSH, E2, and progesterone when compared to the control and CHR groups. After receiving CHR therapy, damage induced by MD was significantly (p < 0.001) repaired. Conclusion: This study showed that CHR could mitigate the adverse effects that MD causes to the ovaries by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis; improving antioxidant status; and restoring the correct ratio of sex hormones.

The interplay of oxidative stress, apoptotic signaling, and impaired mitochondrial function in the pyrethroid-induced cardiac injury: Alleviative role of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle

This study assessed the consequence of exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide, fenpropathrin (FPN), on the heart and the probable underlying mechanisms in rats. Moreover, the probable protective effect of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CMN-CNP) was evaluated. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into four groups orally given corn oil, CMN-CNP (50 mg/kg b.wt), FPN (15 mg/kg b.wt), or CMN-CNP + FPN for 60 days. The results revealed that FPN exposure increased serum cardiac damage indicators. In addition, a substantial increase in the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content but reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and altered architecture was recorded in the cardiac tissue of FPN-exposed rats. Additionally, a significant down-regulation of expression of the mitochondrial complexes I-V, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidants-related genes but up-regulation of apoptosis-related genes was detected in the FPN-exposed group. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed higher amounts of the harmful protein 4-hydroxynonenal in the heart tissue of FPN-exposed rats. Nevertheless, the earlier disturbances were significantly rescued in the FPN + CMN-CNP treated group. Conclusively, our findings reported the cardiotoxic activity of FPN and the involvement of several mitochondrial imbalances as a probable underlying mechanism. Also, the study findings proved the efficacy of CMN-CNP in combating FPN cardiotoxic effects.

EGCG alleviates Ochratoxin A-induced pyroptosis in rat's kidney by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway

Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure is inevitable due to its contamination in foods, and there is no treatment for the OTA induced organ toxicity. We evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the nephrotoxicity caused by OTA, and to reveal the relationship of this effect with the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway dependent pyroptosis. 40 male Wistar albino rats divided into 5 groups (n = 8, per group) 0.5 mg/kg/day OTA were administered to the rats and 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg EGCG were administered to the groups by gavage orally for 14 days. Serum urea and creatinine levels increased significantly with OTA exposure. Similarly, it was determined that significant changes in oxidative stress parameters with OTA exposure in kidney tissue. Also, there was a significant increase in kidney tissue TGF-β, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD mRNA expressions with OTA exposure. EGCG administration augmented a dose-dependent decrease in the aforementioned parameters. NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway is induced in the kidneys due to OTA exposure were shown with this study. Potent antioxidant EGCG could alleviate the pathways specified with this study in OTA nephrotoxicity and its supplementation may be effective strategies for the protection.

Novel anti-inflammatory agents featuring phenoxy acetic acid moiety as a pharmacophore for selective COX-2 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, histopathological examination and molecular modeling investigation

Inflammation management presents a critical challenge in modern medicine, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being a widely used therapeutic option. However, their efficacy is often accompanied by significant gastrointestinal adverse effects, necessitating the exploration of safer alternatives, particularly through the investigation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. This study endeavors to address this imperative through the synthesis and evaluation of pyrazoline-phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. Among the synthesized compounds, 6a and 6c emerged as promising candidates, demonstrating potent COX-2 inhibition with IC50 values of 0.03 µM for both and selectivity index = 365.4 and 196.9, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds exhibited efficacy in mitigating formalin-induced edema in male Wistar rats, accompanied by favorable safety profiles upon histological examination of vital organs. Comprehensive safety assessments, including evaluation of creatinine, AST, and ALT enzymatic as well as troponin T and creatine kinase-MB levels, further reinforce the promising attributes of the synthetic candidates. Molecular docking studies endorsed by molecular dynamic simulations corroborate the biological findings, elucidating significant protein-ligand interactions at COX-2 active sites indicative of therapeutic potential.

Production, analysis, and safety assessment of a soil and plant-based natural material with microbiome- and immune-modulatory effects

It has been suggested that reduced contact with microbiota from the natural environment contributes to the rising incidence of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) in western, highly urbanized societies. In line with this, we have previously shown that exposure to environmental microbiota in the form of a blend comprising of soil and plant-based material (biodiversity blend; BDB) enhances the diversity of human commensal microbiota and promotes immunoregulation that may be associated with a reduced risk for IMIDs. To provide a framework for future preclinical studies and clinical trials, this study describes how the preparation of BDB was standardized, its microbial content analysed and safety assessments performed. Multiple batches of BDB were manufactured and microbial composition analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed a consistently high alpha diversity and relative abundance of bacteria normally found in soil and vegetation. We also found that inactivation of BDB by autoclaving effectively inactivates human and murine bacteria, viruses and parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that experimental mice prone to develop IMIDs (non-obese diabetic, NOD, mouse model) can be exposed to BDB without causing adverse effects on animal health and welfare. Our study provides insights into a potentially safe, sustainable, and cost-effective approach for simulating exposure to natural microbiota, which could have substantial impacts on health and socio-economic factors.

α-Bisabolol and royal jelly differentially mitigate thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats associated with the inhibition of TGF-β1/FAK/α-SMA signaling

Hepatic fibrosis is a global health burden that accounts for high mortality. No definitive therapy to suppress the fibrosis so far. Thus, looking for an effective remedy to address the unmet medical need is crucial. We aimed to scrutinize the efficacy of royal jelly (RJ) and/or α-Bisabolol (BISA) in the regression of fibrosis provoked by thioacetamide (TAA), focusing on their action on redox status, NF-κBp65, apoptosis, and TGF-β1/FAK/α-SMA pathway. TAA was injected intraperitoneally twice weekly to trigger hepatic fibrosis. Rats were gavaged with RJ (100 mg/kg) and/or BISA (50 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks. The findings elucidated that RJ and/or BISA alleviated TAA-provoked fibrosis mirrored by the improvement of hepatotoxicity serum indices, abolishing oxidative stress, and repair the morphological alterations. Additionally, RJ and BISA suppressed the hepatic inflammation induced by TAA through downregulating NF-κBp65 expression, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations, and elevating IL-10 level. Their anti-fibrotic effect was emphasized from the decline in FAK, Smad3, COL-III, hydroxyproline levels, and TGF-β1, α-SMA immunoexpression. BISA displayed better ameliorative action than RJ. Conclusively, RJ and/or BISA possess a hepatoprotective activity against TAA-mediated fibrosis by enhancing antioxidant defense, inhibiting NF-κBp65, and modulating TGF-β1/FAK/α-SMA signaling. RJ and BISA might be prospective candidates to combat hepatic fibrosis.

Ferulic acid ameliorates concanavalin A-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice via suppressing TGF-β/smad signaling

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Hepatic fibrosis, one of the main reasons for death globally, is a serious complication of chronic liver disorders. However, the available therapies for liver fibrosis are limited, ineffective, and often associated with adverse events. Hence, seeking for a novel, effective therapy is warranted. Our objective was to investigate the potential efficacy of ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic phytochemical, at different doses in hindering the progress of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatic fibrosis and explore the involved mechanisms.

METHODS

Thirty-six mice were assorted into 6 groups (n = 6): Group I (control); group II received FA (20 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks); group III received Con A (6 mg/kg/week/i.v.) for 4 weeks; groups IV, V, and VI received Con A and were offered FA at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively.

RESULTS

The data showed the palliative effect of FA against Con A-induced fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. This was obvious from the recovery of liver markers and hepatic architecture with the regression of fibrosis in FA-treated mice. FA abolished Con A-mediated oxidative insults and promoted the antioxidant enzyme activities, which run through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Additionally, FA suppressed Con A-induced increase in NF-kB and IL-β levels, and TNF-α immune-expression. The anti-fibrotic effect of FA was evident from the drop in TGF-β, smad3 levels, α-SMA expression, and hydroxyproline content.

CONCLUSION

FA attenuated Con A-induced liver fibrosis through stimulating Nrf2 signaling, suppressing NF-kB, and inhibiting the TGF-β/smad3 signaling pathway. Thus FA can be considered as a promising therapy for combating liver fibrosis.

Pumpkin seed oil lessens the colchicine-induced altered sex male hormone balance, testicular oxidative status, sperm abnormalities, and collagen deposition in male rats via Caspase3/Desmin/PCNA modulation

This study examined the efficiency of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) to rescue the colchicine (CHC)-induced adverse impacts on sperm characteristics, male sex hormones, testicular architecture, oxidative status, DNA content, collagen deposition, and immune expression of desmin and PCNA. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 10 each): control (distilled water), CHC (0.6 mg/kg b.wt), PSO (4 mL/kg b.wt), and CHC + PSO. After 60 days of dosing, CHC significantly reduced sperm motility (19%), sperm concentration (38%), estradiol (52%), testosterone (37%), luteinizing hormone (54%), and follicle-stimulating hormone (29%) compared to the control. Yet, the testicular tissues of CHC-administered rats exhibited elevated abnormal sperms (156%), malondialdehyde (354%), lactate dehydrogenase (73%), Caspase-3 (66%), and 8-hydroxyguanosine (65%) but lower reduced glutathione (74%), catalase (73%), and superoxide dismutase (78%) compared to the control group. Moreover, CHC induced testicular degeneration, distorted seminiferous tubules, apoptotic cells, exfoliated spermatogenic cells, reduced DNA content, decreased PCNA and desmin immune-expression, and increased collagen deposition. PSO effectively reversed the CHC-induced alterations in sperm quality and testicular function and architecture, likely through its antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-apoptotic, and DNA-protective properties. These results suggest that PSO may be a beneficial intervention for long-term CHC users and may protect against CHC-induced male reproductive toxicity.

Comparative pathogenicity of duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3 in different duck breeds: Implications of the diagnosis and prevention of duck viral hepatitis

Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) infection in ducklings causes acute hepatitis with considerable economic losses. In this study, Pekin and Muscovy duckling flocks (n=9) suffering from high mortality and hepatic lesions were examined by RT-PCR for DVHA. 44.4 % (4/9) of samples were positive for DHAV (5' UTR region), of which 100 % (4/4) were DVHA-3 (VP1 gene). VP1 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of an isolate originated from Muscovy ducklings showed that it shared 96.8 % -100 %, 88.5-89.2 %, and 86.5-88.2 % nucleotide similarity (ns) with the Egyptian, Korean-Vietnamese, and Chinese DVHA-3 strains, respectively. It was distinguished from the DHAV-1 vaccine (67.6 % ns). The sequenced DVHA-3 isolate was used to experimentally infect 5-day-old Pekin and Muscovy ducklings vs. control groups. No apparent clinical signs or deaths were reported in the experimentally-infected groups. Pekin ducklings showed greater cloacal viral shedding than Muscovy until the 6th dpi (P<0.05). DVHA-3 induced a significant rise in IFN-β and IL-1β serum levels, where Muscovy ducklings' levels were higher than Pekin ducklings. Among the biochemical parameters, AST was only increased on the 4th dpi in both breeds vs. control (P<0.05). Compared to Muscovy ducklings at 2, 4, and 6 day post infection (dpi), the infected Pekin group had lower lipase levels (P≥0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.05, respectively), while ALT was higher at 4 and 6 dpi (P<0.05). The histopathological lesions supported the gross lesions, and their scores were dominant at 2 and 4 dpi in both breeds. At 6 and 8 dpi, Pekin showed more severe histopathological changes compared to Muscovy for the liver, heart, brain, and intestines; the pancreas, kidney, and lung showed the opposite pattern. In conclusion, Pekin ducklings displayed distinct DHAV-3 infection results from Muscovy ducklings, and more research utilizing a variety of DHAV-3 strains has to be carried out.

Trypanosoma cruzi-derived exovesicles contribute to parasite infection, tissue damage, and apoptotic cell death during ex vivo infection of human placental explants

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, can be congenitally transmitted by crossing the placental barrier. This study investigates the role of T. cruzi-derived exovesicles (TcEVs) in facilitating parasite infection and the consequent tissue damage and apoptotic cell death in human placental explants (HPEs). Our findings demonstrate that TcEVs significantly enhance the parasite load and induce tissue damage in HPEs, both in the presence and absence of the parasite. Through histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, we show that TcEVs alone can disrupt the placental barrier, affecting the basal membrane and villous stroma. The induction of apoptotic cell death is evidenced by DNA fragmentation, caspase 8 and 3, and p18 fragment immunodetection. This damage is exacerbated when TcEVs are combined with T. cruzi infection. These findings suggest that TcEVs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of congenital Chagas disease by disrupting the placental barrier and facilitating parasite transmission to the fetus. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of transplacental transmission of T. cruzi and highlights the potential of targeting TcEVs as a therapeutic strategy against congenital Chagas disease.

Metformin instigates cellular autophagy to ameliorate high-fat diet-induced pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis/EMT in mice

BACKGROUND

Chronic pancreatic dysfunction is frequently observed as a consequence of prolonged high-fat diet consumption and is a serious public health concern. This pro-diabetic insult aggravates inflammation-influenced fibrotic lesions and is associated with deregulated autophagy. Metformin, a conventional anti-hyperglycemic drug, might be beneficial for pancreatic health, but the complex molecular regulations are not clarified. Considering the worldwide prevalence of chronic pancreatic dysfunction in obese individuals, we aimed to unwind the molecular intricacies explaining the involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis and to approbate metformin as a plausible intervention in this crossroad.

MAIN METHODS

Age-matched Swiss Albino mice were exposed to high-fat diet (60 kcal%) against control diet (10 kcal%) to establish diet-induced stress model. Metformin treatment was introduced after 4 weeks to metformin-control and HFD-exposed metformin groups. After 8 weeks, metabolic and molecular outcomes were assessed to establish the impact of metformin on chronic consequences of HFD-mediated injury.

KEY FINDINGS

High-fat diet administration to healthy mice primes oxidative stress-mediated chronic inflammation through Nrf2/Keap1/NF-κB interplay. Besides, pro-inflammatory cytokine bias leading to fibrotic (increased TGF-β, α-SMA, and MMP9) and pro-EMT (Twist1, Slug, Vimentin, E-cadherin) repercussions in pancreatic lobules were evident. Metformin distinctly rescues high-fat diet-induced remodeling of pancreatic pro-diabetic alterations and cellular survival/death switch. Further, metformin abrogates the p62-Twist1 crosstalk in an autophagy-dependent manner (elevated beclin1, LC3-II/I, Lamp2) to restore pancreatic homeostasis.

CONCLUSION

Our research validates the therapeutic potential of metformin in the inflammation-fibrosis nexus to ameliorate high-fat diet-induced pancreatic dysfunction and related metabolic alterations.

Development of an equine endometrial histology scoring system to complement the Kenney-Doig scale

Kenney-Doig scale is considered the international standard method for classifying uterine biopsies in mares; however, its objectivity has been questioned by various studies. In the present study, we analysed the degree of agreement between two pathologists when assessing the same set of 201 uterine biopsies, obtaining a slight to moderate level of agreement (κ = .34/κw = .57). Subsequently, we developed a numerical scale based on the evaluation of histological parameters, including inflammation, fibrosis, glandular density and lymphatic lacunae. Partial scores were summed to obtain a fifth parameter called Summation. The correlation between both scales was demonstrated (p < .0001), and their combined use resulted in a notable increase in the degree of agreement between the two pathologists (κ = .53/κw = .67).

Experimental infection of Clades 2.2.1.2 (H5N1) and 2.3.4.4b (H5N8) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in commercial broilers

In this study the pathogenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.2.1.2 and H5N8 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were evaluated in commercial broilers on days 24 and 31. The mortality rate was 100 % in both challenge viruses and in contact birds either on day 24 or day 31 which confirmed the highly pathogenicity of both clades (2.2.1.2/ 2.3.4.4b) in commercial broilers. Both clades (H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b/ H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 viruses) were efficiently replicate within and transmitted between commercial broilers. The H5N8-infected birds shed high titer of viruses from oropharynx and cloaca, which associated with the field spread of AIV-H5N8 in commercial broilers. Mean lesion score in both challenged clades showed similar scores, which confirmed the pathogenicity of both clades in commercial broilers' organs (mainly spleen, cerebellum, thymus, Bursa, Lung) which confirm the neurogenic affinity of the virus. In the central nervous system, non-suppurative encephalitis consisting in multifocal areas of necrosis in cerebral hemispheres, intense spongiosis, neuronal chromatolysis and gliosis were commonly observed. In cerebrum, chromatolysis of Purkinje neurons was a common finding. In the lung, interstitial pneumonia consisting of moderate to severe increase of the cellularity (macrophages and lymphoid cells) in air capillaries and focal areas of necrosis associated with intense viral replication was commonly observed. In lymphoid tissues, including spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius, multifocal areas of necrosis/apoptosis of variable intensity in mononuclear cells were present. Particularly, diffuse necrotic areas were present in the spleen. In the liver, we detected focal areas of necrosis with mild distention of hepatic sinusoids. To conclude the AIV either H5N1 or H5N8 have neurological affinity with immune suppression effect based on necrosis and apoptosis of lymphoid tissues.

MFSD7C protects hemolysis-induced lung impairments by inhibiting ferroptosis

Hemolysis drives susceptibility to lung injury and predicts poor outcomes in diseases, such as malaria and sickle cell disease (SCD). However, the underlying pathological mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that major facilitator superfamily domain containing 7 C (MFSD7C) protects the lung from hemolytic-induced damage by preventing ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MFSD7C deficiency in HuLEC-5A cells leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid remodeling and dysregulation of ACSL4 and GPX4, thereby enhancing lipid peroxidation and promoting ferroptosis. Furthermore, systemic administration of MFSD7C mRNA-loaded nanoparticles effectively prevents lung injury in hemolytic mice, such as HbSS-Townes mice and PHZ-challenged 7 C-/- mice. These findings present the detailed link between hemolytic complications and ferroptosis, providing potential therapeutic targets for patients with hemolytic disorders.

Breaking Latent Infection: How ORF37/38-Deletion Mutants Offer New Hope against EHV-1 Neuropathogenicity

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has been linked to the emergence of neurological disorders, with the horse racing industry experiencing significant impacts from outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Building robust immune memory before pathogen exposure enables rapid recognition and elimination, preventing infection. This is crucial for effectively managing EHV-1. Removing neuropathogenic factors and immune evasion genes to develop live attenuated vaccines appears to be a successful strategy for EHV-1 vaccines. We created mutant viruses without ORF38 and ORF37/38 and validated their neuropathogenicity and immunogenicity in hamsters. The ∆ORF38 strain caused brain tissue damage at high doses, whereas the ∆ORF37/38 strain did not. Dexamethasone was used to confirm latent herpesvirus infection and reactivation. Dexamethasone injection increased viral DNA load in the brains of hamsters infected with the parental and ∆ORF38 strains, but not in those infected with the ∆ORF37/38 strain. Immunizing hamsters intranasally with the ∆ORF37/38 strain as a live vaccine produced a stronger immune response compared to the ∆ORF38 strain at the same dose. The hamsters demonstrated effective protection against a lethal challenge with the parental strain. This suggests that the deletion of ORF37/38 may effectively inhibit latent viral infection, reduce the neuropathogenicity of EHV-1, and induce a protective immune response.

A spatially resolved single-cell lung atlas integrated with clinical and blood signatures distinguishes COVID-19 disease trajectories

COVID-19 is characterized by a broad range of symptoms and disease trajectories. Understanding the correlation between clinical biomarkers and lung pathology during acute COVID-19 is necessary to understand its diverse pathogenesis and inform more effective treatments. Here, we present an integrated analysis of longitudinal clinical parameters, peripheral blood markers, and lung pathology in 142 Brazilian patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We identified core clinical and peripheral blood signatures differentiating disease progression between patients who recovered from severe disease compared with those who succumbed to the disease. Signatures were heterogeneous among fatal cases yet clustered into two patient groups: "early death" (<15 days until death) and "late death" (>15 days). Progression to early death was characterized systemically and in lung histopathological samples by rapid endothelial and myeloid activation and the presence of thrombi associated with SARS-CoV-2+ macrophages. In contrast, progression to late death was associated with fibrosis, apoptosis, and SARS-CoV-2+ epithelial cells in postmortem lung tissue. In late death cases, cytotoxicity, interferon, and T helper 17 (TH17) signatures were only detectable in the peripheral blood after 2 weeks of hospitalization. Progression to recovery was associated with higher lymphocyte counts, TH2 responses, and anti-inflammatory-mediated responses. By integrating antemortem longitudinal blood signatures and spatial single-cell lung signatures from postmortem lung samples, we defined clinical parameters that could be used to help predict COVID-19 outcomes.

Patient-specific mutation of Dync1h1 in mice causes brain and behavioral deficits

AIMS

Cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) is a multi-subunit protein complex that provides motor force for movement of cargo on microtubules and traffics them back to the soma. In humans, mutations along the DYNC1H1 gene result in intellectual disabilities, cognitive delays, and neurologic and motor deficits. The aim of the study was to generate a mouse model to a newly identified de novo heterozygous DYNC1H1 mutation, within a functional ATPase domain (c9052C > T(P3018S)), identified in a child with motor deficits, and intellectual disabilities.

RESULTS

P3018S heterozygous (HET) knockin mice are viable; homozygotes are lethal. Metabolic and EchoMRI™ testing show that HET mice have a higher metabolic rate, are more active, and have less body fat compared to wildtype mice. Neurobehavioral studies show that HET mice perform worse when traversing elevated balance beams, and on the negative geotaxis test. Immunofluorescent staining shows neuronal migration abnormalities in the dorsal and lateral neocortex with heterotopia in layer I. Neuron-subtype specific transcription factors CUX1 and CTGF identified neurons from layers II/III and VI respectively in cortical layer I, and abnormal pyramidal neurons with MAP2+ dendrites projecting downward from the pial surface.

CONCLUSION

The HET mice are a good model for the motor deficits seen in the child, and highlights the importance of cytoplasmic dynein in the maintenance of cortical function and dendritic orientation relative to the pial surface. Our results are discussed in the context of other dynein mutant mice and in relation to clinical presentation in humans with DYNC1H1 mutations.

Potential anxiolytic therapeutics from Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. - mitigate anxiety by plausibly modulating the GABAA-Cl- channel

Anxiety is a commonly prevailing psychological disorder that requires effective treatment, wherein phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals could offer a desirable therapeutic profile. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. is a powerful medicinal herb, reportedly effective against several ailments, including psychological disorders. The current research envisaged evaluating the anxiolytic potential of the ethanolic extract of Hybanthus enneaspermus (EEHE) and its toluene insoluble biofraction (ITHE) employing experimental and computational approaches. Elevated Plus Maze, Light and Dark Transition, Mirror Chamber, Hole board and Open field tests were used as screening models to assess the antianxiety potential of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of EEHE and ITHE in rats subjected to social isolation, using Diazepam as standard. The brains of rats exhibiting significant anxiolytic activity were dissected for histopathological and biochemical studies. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase; and neurotransmitters viz. monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate were quantified in the different regions of rats' brain (cortex, hippocampus, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum). Chromatographic techniques were used to isolate phytoconstituents from the fraction exhibiting significant activity that were characterized by spectroscopic methods and subjected to in silico molecular docking. ITHE at 400 mg/kg body weight significantly mitigated anxiety in all the screening models (p < 0.05), reduced the inflammatory vacuoles and necrosis (p < 0.05) and potentiated the antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05). It enhanced the monoamines and GABA levels while attenuating glutamate levels (p < 0.01) in the brain. Three significant flavonoids viz. Quercitrin, Rutin and Hesperidin were isolated from ITHE. In silico docking studies of these flavonoids revealed that the compounds exhibited substantial binding to the GABAA receptor. ITHE displayed a promising pharmacological profile in combating anxiety and modulating oxidative stress, attributing its therapeutic virtues to the flavonoids present.

Ameliorative Effect of Chitosan/Spirulina platensis Ethanolic Extract Nanoformulation against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity: Role of PPAR-γ/Nrf-2/HO-1 and NF-kB/TNF-α Signaling Pathways

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug that causes infertility disorders. This study was designed to evaluate a nanoformulation of chitosan with an ethanolic extract from Spirulina platensis in terms of its protection against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity. Nine groups of female Wistar rats were randomly assigned as follows: 1: control vehicle, 2: chitosan polymer, 3: telmisartan, 4: Spirulina platensis extract, 5: nanoformulation of the Spirulina platensis, and 6: single injection of CP; groups 7, 8, and 9 received the same treatments as those used in groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively, with a single dose of CP (200 mg/kg, I.P). The results displayed that the CP treatment decreased estradiol, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone, and GSH content, and it downregulated PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and HO-1 gene expression. In addition, the CP treatment caused an increase in the FSH, LH, and MDA levels. In the same manner, the protein expression of caspase-3, NF-kB, and TNF-α was upregulated in response to the CP treatment, while PPAR-γ was downregulated in comparison with the control. The rats treated with SPNPs exhibited a substantial reduction in the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and inflammation of the ovarian tissue. This study's conclusions showed that SPNPs counteracted the effects of CP, preventing the death of ovarian follicles and restoring the gonadotropin hormone balance and normal ovarian histological appearance.

Age-dependent Powassan virus lethality is linked to glial cell activation and divergent neuroinflammatory cytokine responses in a murine model

Powassan virus (POWV) is an emergent tick-borne flavivirus that causes fatal encephalitis in the elderly and long-term neurologic sequelae in survivors. How age contributes to severe POWV encephalitis remains an enigma, and no animal models have assessed age-dependent POWV neuropathology. Inoculating C57BL/6 mice with a POWV strain (LI9) currently circulating in Ixodes ticks resulted in age-dependent POWV lethality 10-20 dpi. POWV infection of 50-week-old mice was 82% fatal with lethality sequentially reduced by age to 7.1% in 10-week-old mice. POWV LI9 was neuroinvasive in mice of all ages, causing acute spongiform CNS pathology and reactive gliosis 5-15 dpi that persisted in survivors 30 dpi. High CNS viral loads were found in all mice 10 dpi. However, by 15 dpi, viral loads decreased by 2-4 logs in 10- to 40-week-old mice, while remaining at high levels in 50-week-old mice. Age-dependent differences in CNS viral loads 15 dpi occurred concomitantly with striking changes in CNS cytokine responses. In the CNS of 50-week-old mice, POWV induced Th1-type cytokines (IFNγ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-4, TNFα, IL-6), suggesting a neurodegenerative pro-inflammatory M1 microglial program. By contrast, in 10-week-old mice, POWV-induced Th2-type cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, IL-4) were consistent with a neuroprotective M2 microglial phenotype. These findings correlate age-dependent CNS cytokine responses and viral loads with POWV lethality and suggest potential neuroinflammatory therapeutic targets. Our results establish the age-dependent lethality of POWV in a murine model that mirrors human POWV severity and long-term CNS pathology in the elderly.

IMPORTANCE

Powassan virus is an emerging tick-borne flavivirus causing lethal encephalitis in aged individuals. We reveal an age-dependent POWV murine model that mirrors human POWV encephalitis and long-term CNS damage in the elderly. We found that POWV is neuroinvasive and directs reactive gliosis in all age mice, but at acute stages selectively induces pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokine responses in 50-week-old mice and neuroprotective Th2 cytokine responses in 10-week-old mice. Our findings associate CNS viral loads and divergent cytokine responses with age-dependent POWV lethality and survival outcomes. Responses of young mice suggest potential therapeutic targets and approaches for preventing severe POWV encephalitis that may be broadly applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases. Our age-dependent murine POWV model permits analysis of vaccines that prevent POWV lethality, and therapeutics that resolve severe POWV encephalitis.

Pulmonary damage induction upon Acrylic amide exposure via activating miRNA-223-3p and miRNA-325-3p inflammasome/pyroptosis and fibrosis signaling pathway: New mechanistic approaches of A green-synthesized extract

Exposure to acrylic amide (AD) has garnered worldwide attention due to its potential adverse health effects, prompting calls from the World Health Organization for intensified research into associated risks. Despite this, the relationship between oral acrylic amide (acrylamide) (AD) exposure and pulmonary dysfunction remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between internal oral exposure to AD and the decline in lung function, while exploring potential mediating factors such as tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and apoptosis. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles green-synthesized moringa extract (ZNO-MONPs) (10 mg/kg b.wt) against ACR toxicity and conducted comprehensive miRNA expression profiling to uncover novel targets and mechanisms of AD toxicity (miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P). Furthermore, we employed computational techniques to predict the interactions between acrylic amide and/or MO-extract components and tissue proteins. Using a rat model, we exposed animals to oral acrylamide (20 mg/kg b.wt for 2 months). Our findings revealed that AD significantly downregulated the expression of miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P, targeting NLRP-3 & GSDMD, respectively, indicating the induction of pyroptosis in pulmonary tissue via an inflammasome activating pathway. Moreover, AD exposure resulted in lipid peroxidative damage and reduced levels of GPX, CAT, GSH, and GSSG. Notably, AD exposure upregulated apoptotic, pyroptotic, and inflammatory genes, accompanied by histopathological damage in lung tissue. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques detected elevated levels of indicative harmful proteins including vimentin and 4HNE. Conversely, concurrent administration of ZNO-MONPs with AD significantly elevated the expression of miRNA 223-3 P and miRNA 325-3 P, protecting against oxidative stress, apoptosis, pyroptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in rat lungs. In conclusion, our study highlights the efficacy of ZNO-MONPs NPs in protecting pulmonary tissue against the detrimental impacts of foodborne toxin AD.

An exploratory deep learning approach to investigate tuberculosis pathogenesis in nonhuman primate model: Combining automated radiological analysis with clinical and biomarkers data

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis (TB) kills approximately 1.6 million people yearly despite the fact anti-TB drugs are generally curative. Therefore, TB-case detection and monitoring of therapy, need a comprehensive approach. Automated radiological analysis, combined with clinical, microbiological, and immunological data, by machine learning (ML), can help achieve it.

METHODS

Six rhesus macaques were experimentally inoculated with pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung. Data, including Computed Tomography (CT), were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks.

RESULTS

Our ML-based CT analysis (TB-Net) efficiently and accurately analyzed disease progression, performing better than standard deep learning model (LLM OpenAI's CLIP Vi4). TB-Net based results were more consistent than, and confirmed independently by, blinded manual disease scoring by two radiologists and exhibited strong correlations with blood biomarkers, TB-lesion volumes, and disease-signs during disease pathogenesis.

CONCLUSION

The proposed approach is valuable in early disease detection, monitoring efficacy of therapy, and clinical decision making.

Optimization of methods for intrasplenic administration of human amniotic epithelial cells in order to perform safe and effective cell-based therapy for liver diseases

In animal experimental models the administration of stem cells into the spleen should ensure high effectiveness of their implantation in the liver due to a direct vascular connection between the two organs. The aim of this study was to update the methods of experimental intrasplenic cell transplantation using human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) which are promising cells in the treatment of liver diseases. BALB/c mice were administered intrasplenically with 0.5, 1, and 2 million hAECs by direct bolus injection (400 µl/min) and via a subcutaneous splenic port by fast (20 μl/min) and slow (10 μl/min) infusion. The port was prepared by translocating the spleen to the skin pocket. The spleen, liver, and lungs were collected at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after the administration of cells. The distribution of hAECs, histopathological changes in the organs, complete blood count, and biochemical markers of liver damage were assessed. It has been shown that the method of intrasplenic cell administration affects the degree of liver damage. The largest number of mice showing significant liver damage was observed after direct administration and the lowest after slow administration through a port. Liver damage increased with the number of administered cells, which, paradoxically, resulted in increased liver colonization efficiency. It was concluded that the administration of 1 × 106 hAECs by slow infusion via a subcutaneous splenic port reduces the incidence of complications at the expense of a slight decrease in the effectiveness of implantation of the transplanted cells in the liver.

Autophagy-mediated ferroptosis is involved in development of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a newly recognized form of regulatory cell death characterized by severe lipid peroxidation triggered by iron overload and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of ferroptosis in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) has not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

We established four severe acute pancreatitis models of rats including the sham control group, the SAP group, the Fer -1-treated SAP (SAP + Fer-1) group, the 3-MA-treated SAP (SAP + 3-MA) group. The SAP group was induced by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The other two groups were intraperitoneally injected with ferroptosis inhibitor (Fer-1) and autophagy inhibitor (3-MA), respectively. The model of severe acute pancreatitis with amylase crest-related inflammatory factors was successfully established. Then we detected ferroptosis (GPX4, SLC7A1 etc.) and autophagy-related factors (LC3II, p62 ect.) to further clarify the relationship between ferroptosis and autophagy.

RESULTS

Our study found that ferroptosis occurs during the development of SAP, such as iron and lipid peroxidation in pancreatic tissues, decreased levels of reduced glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX 4) and glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde(MDA) and significant mitochondrial damage. In addition, ferroptosis related proteins such as GPX4, solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1) were significantly decreased. Next, the pathogenesis of ferroptosis in SAP was studied. First, treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1(Fer-1) significantly alleviated ferroptosis in SAP. Interestingly, autophagy occurs during the pathogenesis of SAP, and autophagy promotes the occurrence of ferroptosis in SAP. Moreover, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibition of autophagy can significantly reduce iron overload and ferroptosis in SAP.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that ferroptosis is a novel pathogenesis of SAP and is dependent on autophagy. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the study of SAP.

Validation of a semi-quantitative scoring system and workflow for analysis of fluorescence quantification in companion animals

Significance

Many commercially available near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging systems lack algorithms for real-time quantifiable fluorescence data. Creation of a workflow for clinical assessment and post hoc analysis may provide clinical researchers with a method for intraoperative fluorescence quantification to improve objective outcome measures.

Aim

Scoring systems and verified image analysis are employed to determine the amount and intensity of fluorescence within surgical specimens both intra and postoperatively.

Approach

Lymph nodes from canine cancer patients were obtained during lymph node extirpation following peritumoral injection of indocyanine green (ICG). First, a semi-quantitative assessment of surface fluorescence was evaluated. Images obtained with a NIR exoscope were analysed to determine fluorescence thresholds and measure fluorescence amount and intensity.

Results

Post hoc fluorescence quantification (threshold of Hue = 165-180, Intensity = 30-255) displayed strong agreement with semi-quantitative scoring (k = 0.9734, p < 0.0001). Fluorescence intensity with either threshold of 35-255 or 45-255 were significant predictors of fluorescence and had high sensitivity and specificity (p < 0.05). Fluorescence intensity and quantification had a strong association (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The validation of the semi-quantitative scoring system by image analysis provides a method for objective in situ observation of tissue fluorescence. The utilization of thresholding for ICG fluorescence intensity allows post hoc quantification of fluorescence when not built into the imaging system.

Acrylamide-targeting renal miR-21a-5p/Fibrotic and miR122-5p/ inflammatory signaling pathways and the role of a green approach for nano-zinc detected via in silico and in vivo approaches

Introduction: Any disruption in renal function can have cascading effects on overall health. Understanding how a heat-born toxicant like acrylamide (ACR) affects kidney tissue is vital for realizing its broader implications for systemic health. Methods: This study investigated the ACR-induced renal damage mechanisms, particularly focusing on the regulating role of miR-21a-5p/fibrotic and miR-122-5p/inflammatory signaling pathways via targeting Timp-3 and TP53 proteins in an In silico preliminary study. Besides, renal function assessment, oxidative status, protein profile, and the expression of renal biomarkers (Timp-1, Keap-1, Kim-1, P53, TNF-α, Bax, and Caspase3) were assessed in a 60-day experiment. The examination was additionally extended to explore the potential protective effects of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNO-MONPs). A four-group experiment including control, ZNO-MONPs (10 mg/kg b.wt.), ACR (20 mg/kg b.wt.), and ZNO-MONPs + ACR was established encompassing biochemical, histological, and molecular levels. The study further investigated the protein-binding ability of ZNO and MONPs to inactivate caspase-3, Keap-1, Kim-1, and TNFRS-1A. Results: ZNO-MONPs significantly reduced ACR-induced renal tissue damage as evidenced by increased serum creatinine, uric acid, albumin, and oxidative stress markers. ACR-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammationare revealed by biochemical tests, gene expression, and the presence of apoptotic nuclei microscopically. Also, molecular docking revealed binding affinity between ACR-BCL-2 and glutathione-synthetase, elucidating the potential mechanisms through which ACR induces renal damage. Notably, ZNO-MONPs revealed a protective potential against ACR-induced damage. Zn levels in the renal tissues of ACR-exposed rats were significantly restored in those treated with ACR + ZNO-MONPs. In conclusion, this study establishes the efficacy of ZNO-MONPs in mitigating ACR-induced disturbances in renal tissue functions, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The findings shed light on the potential renoprotective activity of green-synthesized nanomaterials, offering insights into novel therapeutic approaches for countering ACR-induced renal damage.