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Larenas-Muñoz F, Hamed MG, Ruedas-Torres I, María Sánchez-Carvajal J, Domínguez J, José Pallarés F, Carrasco L, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. Macrophage polarization in lymph node granulomas from cattle and pigs naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:792-802. [PMID: 38425277 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241231606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis in animals is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), with the tuberculous granuloma being the main characteristic lesion. The macrophage is the main cell type involved in the development of the granuloma and presents a wide plasticity ranging from polarization to classically activated or pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) or to alternatively activated or anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). Thus, this study aimed to analyze macrophage polarization in granulomas from cattle and pig lymph nodes naturally infected with MTC. Tuberculous granulomas were microscopically categorized into four stages and a panel of myeloid cells (CD172a/calprotectin), M1 macrophage polarization (iNOS/CD68/CD107a), and M2 macrophage polarization (Arg1/CD163) markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CD172a and calprotectin followed the same kinetics, having greater expression in late-stage granulomas in pigs. iNOS and CD68 had higher expression in cattle compared with pigs, and the expression was higher in early-stage granulomas. CD107a immunolabeling was only observed in porcine granulomas, with a higher expression in stage I granulomas. Arg1+ cells were significantly higher in pigs than in cattle, particularly in late-stage granulomas. Quantitative analysis of CD163+ cells showed similar kinetics in both species with a consistent frequency of immunolabeled cells throughout the different stages of the granuloma. Our results indicate that M1 macrophage polarization prevails in cattle during early-stage granulomas (stages I and II), whereas M2 phenotype is observed in later stages. Contrary, and mainly due to the expression of Arg1, M2 macrophage polarization is predominant in pigs in all granuloma stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mohamed G Hamed
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sohag, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Navarro León A, Muñoz M, Iglesias N, Blanco-Vázquez C, Balseiro A, Milhano Santos F, Ciordia S, Corrales FJ, Iglesias T, Casais R. Proteomic Serum Profiling of Holstein Friesian Cows with Different Pathological Forms of Bovine Paratuberculosis Reveals Changes in the Acute-Phase Response and Lipid Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2762-2779. [PMID: 37863471 PMCID: PMC11301775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sensitive diagnostic methods to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) subclinical infections has hindered the control of paratuberculosis (PTB). The serum proteomic profiles of naturally infected cows presenting focal and diffuse pathological forms of PTB and negative controls (n = 4 per group) were analyzed using TMT-6plex quantitative proteomics. Focal and diffuse are the most frequent pathological forms in subclinical and clinical stages of PTB, respectively. One (focal versus (vs.) control), eight (diffuse vs. control), and four (focal vs. diffuse) differentially abundant (DA) proteins (q-value < 0.05) were identified. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the DA proteins revealed changes in the acute-phase response and lipid metabolism. Six candidate biomarkers were selected for further validation by specific ELISA using serum from animals with focal, multifocal, and diffuse PTB-associated lesions (n = 108) and controls (n = 56). Overall, the trends of the serum expression levels of the selected proteins were consistent with the proteomic results. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (ORM1)-based ELISA, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2)-based ELISA, and the anti-Map ELISA had the best diagnostic performance for detection of animals with focal, multifocal, and diffuse lesions, respectively. Our findings identify potential biomarkers that improve diagnostic sensitivity of PTB and help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in PTB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra
Isabel Navarro León
- Center
for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional
de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Center
for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional
de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Center
for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional
de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Center
for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional
de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento
de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Fátima Milhano Santos
- Functional
Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC],
Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional
Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC],
Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Corrales
- Functional
Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC],
Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Iglesias
- Unidad
de Consultoría Estadística, Servicios Científico-técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, 33203 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center
for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional
de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
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3
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Herrera-Torres G, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Bautista MJ, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Zafra R, Buffoni L, Rufino-Moya PJ, Martínez-Moreno Á, Molina-Hernández V, Pérez J. Liver Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation from Fasciola hepatica Experimentally Infected and Reinfected Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1833. [PMID: 38929451 PMCID: PMC11201016 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since the current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed to design effective vaccines. To date, few studies have evaluated host-parasite interaction by comparing infected and reinfected animals. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep infected and reinfected with Fasciola hepatica during the acute and chronic stages of infection. The histopathological study revealed the presence of necrotizing foci (NF1) associated with larvae migration during the early stages of infection in the primoinfected (PI) and reinfected (RI) groups. In the late stages of infection of the PI group and at the early and late stages of infection in the RI groups, extensive necrotizing/hemorrhagic foci (NF2) were found in the vicinity of enlarged bile ducts, some containing adult flukes, suggesting parasites may have caused NF2 while feeding. The immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in Foxp3+ T cells in both PI and RI groups with respect to the UC group and in the infiltrates adjacent to NF1 in the RI groups with respect to the PI group, suggesting the F. hepatica induce Foxp3 T cell expansion to facilitate parasite survival. In addition, in both the PI and RI groups, and during acute and chronic stages of the infection, a poor expression of iNOS was found accompanied by a strong expression of CD163, suggesting a marked M2 activation of macrophages in the hepatic lesions, which may be related with healing processes, and it also may facilitate parasite survival. The main differences between PI and RI animals were the more severe infiltration of eosinophils and Foxp3+ T cells, whereas RI did not modify M2 activation of macrophages which occurs since the early stages of primoinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Herrera-Torres
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María T. Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María J. Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo J. Rufino-Moya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Área de Parasitología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (L.B.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.)
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (G.H.-T.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
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Ha S, Kang S, Jung M, Kim SB, Lee HG, Park HT, Lee JH, Choi KC, Park J, Kim UH, Yoo HS. Comparison of blood parameters according to fecal detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in subclinically infected Holstein cattle. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e70. [PMID: 38031649 PMCID: PMC10556293 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis and economic losses in dairy cattle in subclinical stages. Subclinical infection in cattle can be detected using serum MAP antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. OBJECTIVES To investigate the differences in blood parameters, according to the detection of MAP using serum antibody ELISA and fecal PCR tests. METHODS We divided 33 subclinically infected adult cattle into three groups: seronegative and fecal-positive (SNFP, n = 5), seropositive and fecal-negative (SPFN, n = 10), and seropositive and fecal-positive (SPFP, n = 18). Hematological and serum biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS Although the cows were clinically healthy without any manifestations, the SNFP and SPFP groups had higher platelet counts, mean platelet volumes, plateletcrit, lactate dehydrogenase levels, lactate levels, and calcium levels but lower mean corpuscular volume concentration than the SPFN group (p < 0.017). The red blood cell count, hematocrit, monocyte count, glucose level, and calprotectin level were different according to the detection method (p < 0.05). The SNFP and SPFP groups had higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit and calprotectin levels, but lower monocyte counts and glucose levels than the SPFN group, although there were no significant differences (p > 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The cows with fecal-positive MAP status had different blood parameters from those with fecal-negative MAP status, although they were subclinically infected. These findings provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of MAP infection in subclinically infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Ha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Mooyoung Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ui-Hyung Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea.
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Shao M, Cui N, Tang Y, Chen F, Cui Y, Dang G, Liu S. A candidate subunit vaccine induces protective immunity against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:72. [PMID: 37210376 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes paratuberculosis (PTB), which is a granulomatous enteritis in ruminants that threatens the dairy industry's healthy development and public health safety worldwide. Because the commercial inactivated vaccines are not completely protective and interfere with bovine tuberculosis diagnostics, we tested four fusion proteins, namely 66NC, 66CN, 90NC, and 90CN, which were constructed with MAP3527, Ag85B, and Hsp70 of MAP in different tandem combinations. Notably, 66NC, which encodes a 66 kDa fusion protein that combines in linear order MAP3527N40-232, Ag85B41-330, and MAP3527C231-361, induced a powerful and specific IFN-γ response. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with the 66NC fusion protein formulated in Montanide ISA 61 VG adjuvant generated robust Th1, Th2, and Th17 type immune responses and strong antibody responses. The 66NC vaccine protected C57BL/6 mice against virulent MAP K-10 infection. This resulted in a reduction of bacterial load and improvement of pathological damage in the liver and intestine, in addition to a reduction of body weight loss; significantly better protection than the reported 74 F vaccine was also induced. Furthermore, vaccine efficacy correlated with the levels of IFN-γ-, TNF-α-, and IL-17A-secreting antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as with serum IFN-γ and TNF-α levels after vaccination. These results demonstrate that recombinant protein 66NC is an efficient candidate for further development into a protective vaccine in terms of inducing specific protection against MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Ning Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Yangyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Fanruo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
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Ingratta GG, Stempler A, Fernández B, Colavecchia SB, Jolly A, Minatel L, Paolicchi FA, Mundo SL. Early-stage findings in an experimental calf model infected with Argentinean isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110595. [PMID: 37058952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an important pathogen that causes granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB). In this study an experimental model of calves infected with Argentinean isolates of MAP for 180 days was used to provide more data of the early PTB stages. Calves were challenged by oral route with MAP strain IS900-RFLPA (MA; n = 3), MAP strain IS900-RFLPC (MC; n = 2) or mock infected (MI; n = 2), and response to infection was evaluated through peripheral cytokine expression, MAP tissue distribution and histopathological early-stage findings. Specific and varied levels of IFN-γ were only detected at 80 days post-infection in infected calves. These data indicate that specific IFN-γ is not a useful indicator for early detection of MAP infection in our calf model. At 110 days post-infection, TNF-α expression was higher than IL-10 in 4 of the 5 infected animals and a significant decrease of TNF-α expression was detected in infected vs. non-infected calves. All calves challenged were identified as infected by mesenteric lymph node tissue culture and real time IS900 PCR. In addition, for lymph nodes samples, the agreement between these techniques was almost perfect (κ = 0.86). Colonization of tissues and levels of tissue infection varied between individuals. Evidence of early MAP dissemination to extraintestinal tissues such as the liver was detected by culture in one animal (MAP strain IS900-RFLPA). In both groups microgranulomatous lesions were observed predominantly in the lymph nodes, with giant cells present only in the MA group. In summary, the findings described herein may indicate that local MAP strains induced specific immune responses with particularities that could suggest differences in their biological behavior. Further studies should be carried out in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of the influence of MAP strains in host-pathogen interactions and the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Gabriela Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Minatel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1417DSM Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Alberto Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Animal, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Lee JH, Park HT, Shim S, Kim S, Woo SH, Kim DY, Yoo HS. Immunopathological mechanisms in the early stage of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection via different administration routes in a murine model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281880. [PMID: 36795721 PMCID: PMC9934400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic emaciating disease of ruminants that causes enormous economic losses to the bovine industry, globally. However, there are still remaining clues to be solved in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, an in vivo murine experimental model was tried to understand responses in early stage of MAP infection by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. In the MAP infection size, and weight of spleen and liver were increased in the IP group compared with oral groups. Severe histopathological changes were also observed in the spleen and liver of IP infected mice at 12 weeks post-infection (PI). Acid-fast bacterial burden in the organs was closely related to histopathological lesions. In the cytokine production from splenocytes of MAP-infected mice, higher amounts of in TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ were produced at early stage of IP-infected mice while IL-17 production was different at time and infected groups. This phenomenon may indicate the immune shift from Th1 to Th17 through the time course of MAP infection. Systemic and local responses in the MAP-infection were analyzed by using transcriptomic analysis in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Based on the analysis of biological processes at 6 weeks PI in spleen and MLN in each infection group, canonical pathways were analyzed with ingenuity pathway analysis in the immune responses and metabolism especially lipid metabolism. Infected host cells with MAP increased in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced the availability of glucose at early stage of infection (p < 0.05). Also, host cells secreted cholesterol through cholesterol efflux to disturb energy source of MAP. These results reveal immunopathological and metabolic responses in the early stage of MAP infection through the development of a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Shim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Woo
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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8
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Wherry TLT, Heggen M, Shircliff AL, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Stage of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis impacts expression of Rab5, Rab7, and CYP27B1 in macrophages within the ileum of naturally infected cows. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1117591. [PMID: 36816182 PMCID: PMC9937430 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1117591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages are the preferential target of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of ruminant paratuberculosis. Uptake of pathogens by intestinal macrophages results in their trafficking through endosomal compartments, ultimately leading to fusion with an acidic lysosome to destroy the pathogen. MAP possesses virulence factors which disrupt these endosomal pathways. Additionally, levels of serum vitamin D3 have proven relevant to host immunity. Dynamics of endosomal trafficking and vitamin D3 metabolism have been largely unexplored in bovine paratuberculosis. Methods This study aimed to characterize expression of early and late endosomal markers Rab5 and Rab7, respectively, within CD68+ macrophages in frozen mid-ileum sections harvested from cows at different stages of natural paratuberculosis infection. Additionally, factors of vitamin D3 signaling and metabolism were characterized through expression of vitamin D3 activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D3 inactivating enzyme 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), and vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) within CD68+ ileal macrophages. Results and discussion Cows with clinical paratuberculosis had significantly greater macrophage and MAP burden overall, as well as intracellular MAP. Total expression of Rab5 within macrophages was reduced in clinical cows; however, Rab5 and MAP colocalization was significantly greater in this group. Intracellular Rab7 colocalization with MAP was not detected in subclinical or Johne's Disease negative (JD-) control cows but was present in clinical cows. Additionally, macrophage CYP27B1 expression was significantly reduced in clinical cows. Taken together, the results from this study show disparate patterns of expression for key mediators in intracellular MAP trafficking and vitamin D metabolism for cows at different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mark Heggen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adrienne L. Shircliff
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel ✉
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9
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Casais R, Guervos MA, León AIN, Vázquez CB, Iglesias N, Balseiro A, Muñoz M. Double immunofluorescence staining of whole-mount small intestinal mucosa samples as a tool for characterization of three-dimensional paratuberculosis granulomas. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Pooley HB, Whittington RJ, Begg DJ, Purdie AC, Plain KM, de Silva K. Sheep vaccinated against paratuberculosis have increased levels of B cells infiltrating the intestinal tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 252:110482. [PMID: 36122535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immunisation delivered subcutaneously is currently used to control paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). These vaccines do not provide complete protection and a small cohort of animals still succumb to clinical disease. The aim of this study was to assess mycobacterial infection site-specific variations in immune cells in vaccinated sheep that did or did not develop the disease following controlled exposure to MAP. Immunohistochemical staining of terminal ileum demonstrated that vaccination increased infiltration of CD4 + T cells and B cells. Infiltration of large numbers of CD4 + T and B cells was also seen in sheep that successfully cleared infection. Vaccination promoted the polarisation of macrophages to an M1 activation state. The presence of certain cells at the site of infection, especially CD4 + T cells, is likely to contribute to vaccine success by increasing the speed and potency of the local immune response. Systemic immunisation against MAP can alter the composition of innate and adaptive immune cell populations at the predilection site for MAP infection in the ileum one year after vaccination. This informs understanding of the impact of vaccination at the site of infection and also the duration of vaccine-elicited changes. This information may assist vaccine development and allow targeting of protective immune responses in the gut of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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11
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Agulló-Ros I, Andrada M, Pérez-Sancho M, Roy Á, Bezos J, Bonnet T, Moreno I, Paz-Sánchez Y, Domínguez M, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Domínguez L, Risalde MA. Effect of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) vaccine on the lesions and immunopathology developed in target tissues of naturally MAP-infected goats. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109543. [PMID: 36037619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which affects a broad range of hosts, including domestic and wild animals. PTB is a chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis that compromises animal welfare and causes economic losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial heat-inactivated MAP vaccine on lesions and immunopathology developed in the target tissues of goats naturally infected with MAP. Lesions compatible with PTB in the intestine and regional lymph nodes (LNs), as well as local immune response to MAP, were evaluated and compared in Gudair®-vaccinated (n = 14) and unvaccinated (n = 11) goats from a MAP-infected farm. The percentage of animals with multifocal granulomatous lesions in the jejunal (p = 0.05) and ileocecal (p = 0.02) LNs was higher in unvaccinated animals, while a lesion score reduction of 50% was found in the LNs of vaccinated animals. Unvaccinated animals showed increased numbers and wider distribution of macrophages (MΦs, CD68 +) in histiocytic infiltrate (p = 0.0003), associated with increased numbers of mycobacteria. Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was also reported in these animals, while M2 MΦs (CD163 +) were scarce in both groups. Vaccinated animals showed an increase in CD3 + lymphocytes, although differences in interferon gamma (IFNγ) were negligible. These results support the hypothesis that heat-inactivated MAP vaccination could reduce the severity of PTB lesions and mycobacterial load in target tissues in vaccinated adult goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Agulló-Ros
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad animal, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Roy
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Bonnet
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad animal, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yania Paz-Sánchez
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad animal, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad animal, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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12
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Zapico D, Espinosa J, Fernández M, Criado M, Arteche-Villasol N, Pérez V. Local assessment of the immunohistochemical expression of Foxp3 + regulatory T lymphocytes in the different pathological forms associated with bovine paratuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:299. [PMID: 35927759 PMCID: PMC9351272 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected animals show a variety of granulomatous lesions, from focal forms with well-demarcated granulomas restricted to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), that are seen in the initial phases or latency stages, to a diffuse granulomatous enteritis, with abundant (multibacillary) or scant (paucibacillary) bacteria, seen in clinical stages. Factors that determine the response to the infection, responsible for the occurrence of the different types of lesion, are still not fully determined. It has been seen that regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in various diseases where they act on the limitation of the immunopathology associated with the immune response. In the case of paratuberculosis (PTB) the role of Treg lymphocytes in the immunity against Map is far away to be completely understood; therefore, several studies addressing this subject have appeared recently. The aim of this work was to assess, by immunohistochemical methods, the presence of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes in intestinal samples with different types of lesions seen in cows with PTB. METHODS Intestinal samples of twenty cows showing the different pathological forms of PTB were evaluated: uninfected controls (n = 5), focal lesions (n = 5), diffuse paucibacillary (n = 5) and diffuse multibacillary (n = 5) forms. Foxp3+ lymphocyte distribution was assessed by differential cell count in intestinal lamina propria (LP), gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN). RESULTS A significant increase in the number of Foxp3+ T cells was observed in infected animals with respect to control group, regardless of the type of lesion. However, when the different categories of lesion were analyzed independently, all individuals with PTB lesions showed an increase in the amount of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes compared to the control group but this increase was only significant in cows with focal lesions and, to a lesser extent, in animals with diffuse paucibacillary forms. The former showed the highest numbers, significantly different from those found in cows with diffuse lesions, where no differences were noted between the two forms. No specific distribution pattern was observed within the granulomatous lesions in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS The increase of Foxp3+ T cells in focal forms, that have been associated with latency or resistance to infection, suggest an anti-inflammatory action of these cells at these stages, helping to prevent exacerbation of the inflammatory response, as occurs in diffuse forms, responsible for the appearance of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zapico
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Criado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
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13
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Atmaca HT. Determination of macrophage types by immunohistochemical methods in the local immune response to liver hydatid cysts in sheep. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106364. [PMID: 35149039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The main hosts in the life cycle of this parasite are dogs and other carnivores; The intermediate hosts are human, sheep, goat, cattle, pig, buffalo, horse and camel. The parasite damages the tissue by forming lesions in the form of fluid-filled cysts in the liver. These lesions are bounded by a layer of local inflammatory cells formed by the host. In the layer formed by this inflammatory response, there are lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophil leukocytes, including macrophages. Samples taken from sheep with hydatid cysts in their livers were followed for pathological analysis, and then histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. After histopathological examinations, the types of macrophages involved in the local immune response against cysts in the liver were determined by immunohistochemical methods using anti-INOS and anti-IL-10 antibodies. INOS and IL-10 immunopositivity were detected in all samples. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between these immunopositivity. This showed that both macrophage types are involved in the local immune response to hydatid cyst, and that Th1 and Th2 immune response stimulation continues together. It was concluded that in future studies that will be planned and experimentally, it will be possible to reveal more clearly how these macrophage types take part in the local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Turkey.
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14
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Suwanruengsri M, Uemura R, Kanda T, Fuke N, Nueangphuet P, Pornthummawat A, Yasuda M, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. Production of granulomas in Mycoplasma bovis infection associated with meningitis-meningoencephalitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:68-76. [PMID: 34802307 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211053254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis, the most important primary pathogen in the family Mycoplasmataceae, causes pneumonia, arthritis, otitis media, and mastitis in cattle. Histopathologic pulmonary changes associated with M. bovis infection have been characterized as suppurative-to-caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia; infection in other organs has been reported in only a few studies that examined caseonecrotic endocarditis and suppurative meningitis. Granulomatous lesions associated with M. bovis infection have been reported only rarely. We studied the granulomatous inflammation associated with M. bovis infection in several organs of 21 Japanese Black cattle. M. bovis was detected by isolation and loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods; other bacteria were detected using culture on 5% blood sheep agar and a MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. Tissues were examined by histopathology and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-M. bovis, anti-Iba1, anti-iNOS, and anti-CD204 antibodies. All 21 cases, which included 2 cases of meningitis-meningoencephalitis, 8 cases of endocarditis, and 11 cases of bronchopneumonia, had caseonecrotic granulomatous inflammation associated with M. bovis infection. The IHC for macrophages revealed a predominance of iNOS-labeled (M1) macrophages in the inner layer of the caseonecrotic granulomas associated with meningitis-meningoencephalitis, endocarditis, and bronchopneumonia in Japanese Black cattle naturally infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurot Suwanruengsri
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Animal Health, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Kanda
- Animal Health, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuke
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Phawut Nueangphuet
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Apisit Pornthummawat
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Molina-Hernández V, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Buffoni L, Martínez-Moreno Á, Zafra R, Bautista MJ, Escamilla A, Pérez-Caballero R, Pérez J. A Partially Protective Vaccine for Fasciola hepatica Induced Degeneration of Adult Flukes Associated to a Severe Granulomatous Reaction in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102869. [PMID: 34679889 PMCID: PMC8532621 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease of livestock causing important economic losses worldwide and it is also a zoonosis. Current therapy relies on the use of anthelmintic drugs, which is no longer sustainable due to the increase of anthelmintic resistance and the risk of drug residues in food. A deep understanding of the host-parasite interaction is required to develop protective vaccines for the control of fasciolosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatic lesions in sheep vaccinated with a partly protective vaccine for F. hepatica, a non-protective vaccine and an infected control group. The protective vaccine showed less severe hepatic lesions than the infected control group. In addition, in the protective vaccine group dead flukes surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation were observed, which taken together with the lower fluke burden, suggests that the host response induced by the partially protective vaccine may have been involved in the death of adult flukes of F. hepatica. This is the first study reporting the presence of degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a vaccine trial, a finding that would be useful for improving vaccine efficacy in future trials. Abstract Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed for the design of effective vaccines. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep immunized with a partially protective vaccine (VAC1), a non-protective vaccine (VAC2), and an infected control group (IC). The nature of granulomatous inflammation associated with degeneration of adult flukes found in the VAC1 group was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic lesions (fibrous perihepatitis, chronic tracts, bile duct hyperplasia, infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes and plasma cells) were significantly less severe in the VAC1 group than in the IC group. Dead adult flukes within bile ducts were observed only in the VAC1 group and were surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation composed by macrophages and multinucleate giant cells with a high expression of lysozyme, CD163 and S100 markers, and a low expression of CD68. Numerous CD3+ T lymphocytes and scarce infiltrate of FoxP3+ Treg and CD208+ dendritic cells were present. This is the first report describing degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a F. hepatica vaccine trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - María T. Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-5721-8721
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - María J. Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Alejandro Escamilla
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Físico Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Boulevard Louis Pasteur, 32, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Raúl Pérez-Caballero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (L.B.); (Á.M.-M.); (R.Z.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.-H.); (M.T.R.-C.); (M.J.B.); (J.P.)
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Lucena AN, Garza-Cuartero L, McAloon C, Mulcahy G, Zintl A, Perez J, Wolfe A. Apoptosis levels in bovine Johne's disease ileal lesions and association with bacterial numbers. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1086-1090. [PMID: 34190009 PMCID: PMC8581713 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211025790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). While it is generally accepted that MAP employs immune subversion mechanisms, aspects of the host-pathogen relationship are not fully understood. We sampled 3 ileal tissue sections from 17 naturally infected cattle (n = 51 sections) to analyze differences in cell types, apoptosis, and phagocytic cells. Diffuse multibacillary (DM) was the most common lesion type (n = 17) followed by diffuse intermediate (DI; n = 15). DM lesions had significantly greater proportion of Treg cells (CD3+ FoxP3+) relative to all CD3+ T cells as compared to DI forms (P < .05). CD68+ individual cell size was significantly smaller in DM than in diffuse lymphocytic (DL) forms (P < .05). Area of caspase-3 positivity (apoptosis) was greater in DM lesions than DL (P < .05) and DI (P < .0001), and was linked to higher numbers of MAP within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Perez
- 16735University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alan Wolfe
- 8797University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Zhang X, Wang LP, Ziober A, Zhang PJ, Bagg A. Ionized Calcium Binding Adaptor Molecule 1 (IBA1). Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:86-99. [PMID: 33582751 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), a marker of microglia/macrophages, has not been investigated in human hematopathologic contexts. We evaluated its expression in mature and immature neoplasms of monocytic/histiocytic and dendritic cell (DC) origin. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for IBA1, CD14, CD68, and CD163 was performed on a total of 114 cases, including a spectrum of monocytic/histiocytic and DC neoplasms (20 tissue based and 59 bone marrow based) and several nonhistiocytic/monocytic/DC neoplasms as control groups (15 tissue based and 20 bone marrow based). RESULTS IBA1 expression was observed in all types of mature tissue-based histiocytic/DC neoplasms (20/20) but not in the corresponding control group (0/15). In bone marrow-based cases, IBA1 was expressed in most acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) with monocytic differentiation (48/53), both blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (2/2), and all chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (4/4), while it was positive in only one nonmonocytic AML (1/15) and none of the acute lymphoblastic leukemias (0/5). Collectively, IBA1 showed much higher sensitivity and specificity (93.7%, 97.1%) compared with CD14 (65.4%, 88.2%), CD68 (74.4%, 74.2%), and CD163 (52.6%, 90.6%). CONCLUSIONS IBA1 is a novel, highly sensitive, and specific marker for diagnosing neoplasms of monocytic/histiocytic and DC origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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18
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Elguezabal N, Ladero-Auñon I, Royo M, Del Carmen Ferreras M, Benavides J, Pérez V. Early response of monocyte-derived macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats against in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2021; 52:69. [PMID: 33980310 PMCID: PMC8117269 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Vaccination is the most cost-effective control method. However, despite the fact that macrophages are the main target cells for this pathogen, the precise mechanisms behind the response of the macrophage to Map infection and how it is modified by vaccination are yet poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Silirum® vaccination in the early immune response of caprine monocyte-derived macrophages (CaMØs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, cultured in vitro until differentiation to macrophages and infected with Map. After a 24 h incubation, Map viability and DNA were assessed in culture by viable colony count and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, Map phagocytosis and expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6 and MIP-1β were also evaluated through immunofluorescence labelling and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. A significant reduction of Map viability was observed in both supernatants (P < 0.05) and CaMØs (P < 0.001) from the vaccinated group. Similarly, the percentage of infected CaMØs and the number of internalized Map by CaMØs (P < 0.0001) was higher in the vaccinated group. Finally, iNOS (P < 0.01) and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated in CaMØs from vaccinated goats, whereas only MIP-1β was up-regulated in non-vaccinated animals (P < 0.05). These results show that vaccination modifies the immune response of CaMØs, suggesting that the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages against Map is enhanced after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Jose Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE),, Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
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19
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Prisco F, De Biase D, Piegari G, d'Aquino I, Lama A, Comella F, Mercogliano R, Dipineto L, Papparella S, Paciello O. Pathologic characterization of white striping myopathy in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101150. [PMID: 34049215 PMCID: PMC8167160 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
White striping (WS) is an emerging myopathy of broiler chickens characterized by white striation of muscle. Despite the recent advances, the pathomechanism underlying the WS remains elusive. The aim of this study was to characterize morphological and molecular features of WS in broiler chickens. 50 pectoralis muscles were collected from 55 days old ROSS 308 broiler chickens with a mean weight of 3.5 kg. Samples were snap frozen and analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Real-time-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of different cytokines. Histological lesions were observed in all examined animals, both with and without macroscopic evidence of WS. WS muscles showed endomysial and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages and cluster of differentiation (CD)8-positive T lymphocytes with severe myofiber atrophy, necrosis, fibrosis and replacement by adipose tissue. There was diffuse sarcoplasmic and sarcolemmal overexpression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I). The severity of the histologic lesions was positively correlated with the macroscopic degree of white striations. IL-6, IL-17 and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF) were overexpressed in severe lesions of WS. The presence of the CD8/MHC I complexes, together with the higher expression of IL-6, IL-17 and LITAF in severe degree of WS, suggest that the immune response may be involved in the progression of this myopathy and can be consistent with a hypoxia-induced inflammatory myopathy. These results help to understand the pathomechanism of WS contributing to the reduction of economic losses and improving poultry welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Ilaria d'Aquino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italia
| | - Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italia
| | - Raffaelina Mercogliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Inspection, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Avian Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italia.
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20
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Abdissa K, Ruangkiattikul N, Ahrend W, Nerlich A, Beineke A, Laarmann K, Janze N, Lobermeyer U, Suwandi A, Falk C, Schleicher U, Weiss S, Bogdan C, Goethe R. Relevance of inducible nitric oxide synthase for immune control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in mice. Virulence 2021; 11:465-481. [PMID: 32408806 PMCID: PMC7239028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable chronic intestinal bowel disease in ruminants. JD occurs worldwide and causes enormous economic burden in dairy industry. Research on JD pathobiology is hampered by its complexity which cannot completely be mimicked by small animal models. As a model the mouse allows dissecting some pathogenicity features of MAP. However, for unknown reasons MAP exhibits reduced growth in granulomas of infected mice compared to other Mycobacterium avium subspecies. Here, we characterized immune reactions of MAP-infected C57BL/6 mice. After infection, mice appeared fully immunocompetent. A strong antigen-specific T cell response was elicited indicated by IFNγ production of splenic T cells re-stimulated with MAP antigens. Function of splenic dendritic cells and proliferation of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was unaltered. Isolated splenic myeloid cells from infected mice revealed that MAP resides in CD11b+ macrophages. Importantly, sorted CD11b+CD11c− cells expressed high level of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) but only low levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Correspondingly, MAP-infected MAC2 expressing myeloid cells in spleen and liver granuloma displayed strong expression of NOS2. In livers of infected Nos2−/−mice higher bacterial loads, more granuloma and larger areas of tissue damage were observed 5 weeks post infection compared to wild type mice. In vitro, MAP was sensitive to NO released by a NO-donor. Thus, a strong T cell response and concomitant NOS2/NO activity appears to control MAP infection, but allows development of chronicity and pathogen persistence. A similar mechanism might explain persistence of MAP in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema Abdissa
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Ahrend
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lobermeyer
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Saura-Martinez H, Al-Saadi M, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Role of Latent Virus and Macrophages in Vasculitis. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:332-345. [PMID: 33280543 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820978310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a sporadic, generally fatal disease caused by gammaherpesviruses in susceptible dead-end hosts. A key pathological process is systemic vasculitis in which productively infected cytotoxic T cells play a major role. Nonetheless, the pathogenesis of MCF vasculitis is not yet clear. We hypothesized that it develops due to an interaction between virus-infected cells and immune cells, and we undertook a retrospective in situ study on the rete mirabile arteries of confirmed ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2)-associated MCF cases in cattle, buffalo, and bison. Our results suggest that the arteritis develops from an adventitial infiltration of inflammatory cells from the vasa vasorum, and recruitment of leukocytes from the arterial lumen that leads to a superimposed infiltration of the intima and media that can result in chronic changes including neointimal proliferation. We found macrophages and T cells to be the dominant infiltrating cells, and both could proliferate locally. Using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistology, we showed that the process is accompanied by widespread viral infection, not only in infiltrating leukocytes but also in vascular endothelial cells, medial smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblasts. Our results suggest that OvHV-2-infected T cells, monocytes, and locally proliferating macrophages contribute to the vasculitis in MCF. The initial trigger or insult that leads to leukocyte recruitment and activation is not yet known, but there is evidence that latently infected, activated endothelial cells play a role in this. Activated macrophages might then release the necessary pro-inflammatory mediators and, eventually, induce the characteristic vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Saadi
- 223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Current address: 362928University of Al-Qadisiya, Iraq
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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22
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Assessment of Acute-Phase Protein Response Associated with the Different Pathological Forms of Bovine Paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101925. [PMID: 33092108 PMCID: PMC7589328 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic debilitating disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) that affects ruminants worldwide. Many aspects related to the pathogenesis of this disease are still unknown, including the inflammatory acute-phase response developed during the course of the infection. To clarify this, serum levels of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A, two positive acute-phase proteins, were evaluated in a total of 190 cows, among which 59 were healthy control animals and 131 cows were diagnosed post-mortem with different types of lesion associated with Map-infection. The results reflect a significant increase of these proteins’ levels in the infected animals and, more specifically, in those animals with types of lesion characterized by a low bacterial load and with predominance of a cell-mediated immune response. This suggests that these molecules would play a certain role in the pathogenesis of the PTB and a possible utility as biomarkers of different stages of the disease. Abstract In this study, the concentrations of two acute-phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were quantitatively assessed in serum samples from cattle naturally infected with paratuberculosis (PTB). APP profiles were compared across 190 animals classified according to the different pathological forms associated with infection: uninfected (n = 59), with focal lesions (n = 73), multifocal lesions (n = 19), and diffuse paucibacillary (n = 11) and diffuse multibacillary lesions (n = 28). Our results showed a significant increase in both APPs in infected animals compared to the control group, with differences depending on the type of lesion. Hp and SAA levels were increased significantly in all infected animals, except in cows with diffuse multibacillary lesions that showed similar values to non-infected animals. The expression pattern of both APPs was similar and negatively correlated with the antibody levels against PTB. These results indicate that the release of Hp and SAA is related to the presence of PTB lesions associated with a high cell-mediated immune response and a lower bacterial load, suggesting that the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with these forms are the main stimulus for their synthesis. These molecules could show some potential to be used as putative biomarkers of PTB infection, particularly for the identification of subclinical animals showing pathological forms related to latency or resistance to the development of advanced lesions.
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23
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Methods in isolation and characterization of bovine monocytes and macrophages. Methods 2020; 186:22-41. [PMID: 32622986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. The cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage system are structurally and functionally heterogeneous. Several subsets of monocytes have been previously identified in mammalian blood, generating different subpopulations of macrophages in tissues. Although their distribution and phenotype are similar to their human counterpart, bovine monocytes and macrophages feature differences in both functions and purification procedures. The specific roles that monocytes and macrophages fulfil in several important diseases of bovine species, including among the others tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, brucellosis or the disease related to peripartum, remain still partially elusive. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of bovine monocytes and macrophages. We will describe methods for their purification and characterization of their major functions, including chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing, oxidative burst, apoptosis and necrosis. An overview of the flow cytometry and morphological procedures, including cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry, that are currently utilized to describe monocyte and macrophage main populations and functions is presented as well.
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24
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Criado M, Benavides J, Vallejo R, Arteche N, Gutiérrez D, Ferreras MC, Pérez V, Espinosa J. Local assessment of WC1 + γδ T lymphocyte subset in the different types of lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101422. [PMID: 31982851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The local expression of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes subset has been evaluated by immunohistochemical methods at the different types of lesions present in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and in non-infected control animals. Infected cattle were either in the latent/subclinical (focal lesions) or clinical (diffuse paucibacillary and multibacillary forms) stage of paratuberculosis. To assess the cell distribution, a differential cell count was carried out at the lamina propria, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and submucosa. A significant increase in the number of WC1+ γδ T cells was observed in all the infected animals, regardless of the type of lesion. Cows with focal lesions showed higher number of labeled cells than those with diffuse forms, where no differences were found between the two types. This increase in the number of positively immunolabelled lymphocytes in infected animals was seen in the lamina propria, with higher values in those with focal lesions. While in the lymphoid tissue no differences in the numbers were observed, in animals with focal lesions, WC1+ γδ T cells tended to be located at the periphery of the granulomas. These findings suggest a proinflammatory action of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes in bovine paratuberculosis, which might play an important role in the containment of the Map-infection in the focal granulomas located in the lymphoid tissue, helping to prevent the progression toward diffuse forms responsible for the clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Criado
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ferreras
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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25
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Arrazuria R, Ladero I, Molina E, Fuertes M, Juste R, Fernández M, Pérez V, Garrido J, Elguezabal N. Alternative Vaccination Routes against Paratuberculosis Modulate Local Immune Response and Interference with Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Laboratory Animal Models. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010007. [PMID: 31936741 PMCID: PMC7157726 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an enteric granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that mainly affects ruminants. Current vaccines have shown to be cost–effective control reagents, although they are restricted due to cross-interference with bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Therefore, novel vaccination strategies are needed and this study is focused on evaluating alternative vaccination routes and their effect on the local immune response. The MAP oral challenge rabbit model was used to evaluate and compare an experimental inactivated MAP vaccine through oral (VOR) and intradermal (VID) routes. The VID group presented the highest proportion of animals with no visible lesions and the lowest proportion of animals with MAP positive tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the VID group presented a dominantly M1 polarized response indicating an ability to control MAP infection. In general, all vaccinated groups showed lower calprotectin levels compared to the non-vaccinated challenged group suggesting less active granulomatous lesions. The VID group showed some degree of skin test reactivity, whereas the same vaccine through oral administration was completely negative. These data show that PTB vaccination has an effect on macrophage polarization and that the route influences infection outcome and can also have an impact on bTB diagnosis. Future evaluation of new immunological products against mycobacterial diseases should consider assaying different vaccination routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Arrazuria
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Iraia Ladero
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, E-24071 Leon, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, E-24071 Leon, Spain; (M.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Derio, E-48160 Bizkaia, Spain; (R.A.); (I.L.); (E.M.); (M.F.); (R.J.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-403-4300
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Abstract
Paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are two mycobacterial diseases of ruminants which have a considerable impact on livestock health, welfare, and production. These are chronic "iceberg" diseases which take years to manifest and in which many subclinical cases remain undetected. Suggested biomarkers to detect infected or diseased animals are numerous and include cytokines, peptides, and expression of specific genes; however, these do not provide a strong correlation to disease. Despite these advances, disease detection still relies heavily on dated methods such as detection of pathogen shedding, skin tests, or serology. Here we review the evidence for suitable biomarkers and their mechanisms of action, with a focus on identifying animals that are resilient to disease. A better understanding of these factors will help establish new strategies to control the spread of these diseases.
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Divergent Antigen-Specific Cellular Immune Responses during Asymptomatic Subclinical and Clinical States of Disease in Cows Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00650-19. [PMID: 31611273 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00650-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the host with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis results in chronic and progressive enteritis that traverses both subclinical and clinical stages. The mechanism(s) for the shift from an asymptomatic subclinical disease state to advanced clinical disease is not fully understood. In the present study, naturally infected dairy cattle were divided into subclinical and clinical infection groups, along with noninfected control cows of similar parity, to study host immune responses in different stages of infection. Both infection groups had higher levels of secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) than control cows, whereas only clinical cows had increased secretion of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18 upon stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with antigen. Conversely, secretion of IL-17Α was decreased for clinical cows compared to subclinical and control cows. Proinflammatory cytokine genes were upregulated only for subclinical cows, whereas increased IL-10 and IL-17 gene expression levels were observed for both infection groups. Increased CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cell receptor-positive (TCR+) T cells were observed for subclinical cows compared to clinical cows. Although clinical cows expressed antigen-specific immune responses, the profile for subclinical cows was one of a dominant proinflammatory response to infection. We reason that a complex coordination of immune responses occurs during M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, with these responses shifting as the host transitions through the different stages of infection and disease (subclinical to clinical). A further understanding of the series of events characterized by Th1/Th2/Th17 responses will provide mechanisms for disease progression and may direct insightful intervention strategies.
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28
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Modelling Bovine Granuloma Formation In Vitro upon Infection with Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040080. [PMID: 31614819 PMCID: PMC6958389 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes chronic granulomatous disease in cattle and ruminant livestock, causing substantial economic losses. Current vaccines delay clinical signs but cannot train the immune system to fully eradicate latent Map. During latency, Map uses host defenses, cage-like macrophage clusters called granuloma, as incubators for months or years. We used an in vitro model to investigate the early coordination of macrophages into granuloma upon Map infection over ten days. We found that at multiplicities of infection (MOI; Map:macrophages) of 1:2 and below, the macrophages readily form clusters and evolve pro-inflammatory cytokines in keeping with a cell-mediated immune response. At higher MOIs, viability of host macrophages is negatively impacted. At 1:4 MOI, we quantified viable Map in our model and confirmed that intracellular Map reproduced over the first five days of infection. Host cells expressed Type 1-specific cytokines, and Map-infected macrophages displayed reduced motility compared to Map-exposed, uninfected macrophages, suggesting an important role for uninfected macrophages in the early aggregative response. Reported is the first in vitro JD granuloma model capturing Map and macrophage viability, size distribution of resulting clusters, motility of monocyte-derived macrophages, and cytokine response during clustering, allowing quantitative analysis of multiple parameters of the Map-specific granulomatous response.
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29
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van den Esker MH, Koets AP. Application of Transcriptomics to Enhance Early Diagnostics of Mycobacterial Infections, with an Emphasis on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030059. [PMID: 31247942 PMCID: PMC6789504 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria cause a wide variety of disease in human and animals. Species that infect ruminants include M. bovis and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants, which is a chronic granulomatous enteric infection that leads to severe economic losses worldwide. Characteristic of MAP infection is the long, latent phase in which intermittent shedding can take place, while diagnostic tests are unable to reliably detect an infection in this stage. This leads to unnoticed dissemination within herds and the presence of many undetected, silent carriers, which makes the eradication of Johne’s disease difficult. To improve the control of MAP infection, research is aimed at improving early diagnosis. Transcriptomic approaches can be applied to characterize host-pathogen interactions during infection, and to develop novel biomarkers using transcriptional profiles. Studies have focused on the identification of specific RNAs that are expressed in different infection stages, which will assist in the development and clinical implementation of early diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle H van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Jenvey CJ, Shircliff AL, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Phenotypes of macrophages present in the intestine are impacted by stage of disease in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217649. [PMID: 31121006 PMCID: PMC6532939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in the host immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, however, MAP is able to disrupt normal macrophage functions to avoid destruction. It is unclear whether the phenotypes of macrophages present in the target tissue play a role in the inability to clear MAP infection. The aim of this study was to identify macrophage phenotypes (host defense or resolution and repair) present within the bovine ileum of naturally infected cattle, as well as to ascertain abundance of each macrophage phenotype present during different stages of MAP infection. Immunofluorescent (IF) labeling was performed on frozen bovine mid-ileal tissue sections collected from 28 Holstein dairy cows. Comprehensive IF staining for cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1Ra, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and uNOS, along with markers such as CD163, CD206, and TLR4, served to define the macrophage phenotypes. Overall, cows in the clinical stage of disease demonstrated significantly higher numbers of resolution and repair macrophages and lower numbers of host defense macrophages in the ileal tissue. Interestingly, subclinically affected cows with asymptomatic disease had a nearly equal ratio of host defense and resolution and repair macrophage phenotypes, whereas macrophage phenotype was skewed to a host defense macrophage in the tissues of the control noninfected cows. The preponderance of M2-like resolution and repair phenotype for macrophages in the tissues of cows with clinical disease would explain why the host fails to control and/or clear the infection, leading to a higher MAP burden. The results of the current study offer insight into the disparate macrophage phenotypes present in the bovine ileum during different stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Jenvey
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Adrienne L. Shircliff
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Jenvey CJ, Hostetter JM, Shircliff AL, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Quantification of Macrophages and Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis in Bovine Intestinal Tissue During Different Stages of Johne's Disease. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:671-680. [PMID: 31060445 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819844823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is an enteric disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Upon ingestion of MAP, it is translocated across the intestinal epithelium and may be killed by intestinal macrophages, or depending on the bacterial burden and immunological status of the animal, MAP may thwart innate defense mechanisms and persist within the macrophage. This study aimed to determine the numbers of macrophages and MAP present in bovine midileal tissue during different stages of infection. Immunofluorescent (IF) labeling was performed on frozen bovine midileal intestinal tissue collected from 28 Holstein dairy cows. The number of macrophages in midileal tissue sections was higher for clinically affected cows, followed by subclinically affected cows and then uninfected control cows. Macrophages were present throughout the tissue sections in clinical cows, including the tunica muscularis, submucosa, and the lamina propria around the crypts and in the villous tips, with progressively fewer macrophages in subclinically affected and control cows. Clinically affected cows also demonstrated significantly higher numbers of MAP and higher numbers of macrophages with intracellular MAP compared to subclinically affected cows. MAP IF labeling was present within the submucosa and lamina propria around the crypts, progressing into the villous tips in some clinically affected cows. Our findings indicate that number of macrophages increases with progression of infection, but a significant number of the macrophages present in the midileum are not associated with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Jenvey
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Agribio Centre for Agribioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse M Hostetter
- 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adrienne L Shircliff
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John P Bannantine
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
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32
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Khader SA. Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Lipid Research Can Provide Novel Insights Into Mycobacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:116. [PMID: 31058102 PMCID: PMC6482252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations and an emerging health problem in the developing world. Systemic inflammatory processes associated with alterations in lipid metabolism are a major contributing factor that mediates the development of CVDs, especially atherosclerosis. Therefore, the pathways promoting alterations in lipid metabolism and the interplay between varying cellular types, signaling agents, and effector molecules have been well-studied. Mycobacterial species are the causative agents of various infectious diseases in both humans and animals. Modulation of host lipid metabolism by mycobacteria plays a prominent role in its survival strategy within the host as well as in disease pathogenesis. However, there are still several knowledge gaps in the mechanistic understanding of how mycobacteria can alter host lipid metabolism. Considering the in-depth research available in the area of cardiovascular research, this review presents an overview of the parallel areas of research in host lipid-mediated immunological changes that might be extrapolated and explored to understand the underlying basis of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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33
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Khan A, Singh VK, Hunter RL, Jagannath C. Macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity in tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:275-282. [PMID: 30938876 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cells for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), during its intracellular survival in humans. The pathogen has a remarkable capacity to survive within the hostile environment of macrophages. However, primary infection does not result in active TB disease in most individuals. The majority of individuals remain latently infected, wherein the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response. Nevertheless, such individuals can develop active TB later upon the decline in their immune status. In contrast, in a small fraction of infected individuals, the host immune response fails to control the growth of M. tuberculosis bacilli, and granulomatous TB develops progressively. Elucidating the molecular and phenotypic events that govern the outcome of the infection within macrophages is fundamental to understanding the key features of these cells that could be equally critical in infection control. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-macrophage interaction continue to be discerned, and emerging evidence suggests that macrophage population that participate in infection is heterogeneous. While the local environment and developmental origin could influence the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity of macrophages, M. tuberculosis has also been demonstrated to modulate the polarization of macrophages. In this review, we draw on work investigating specialized macrophage populations and their interactions with M. tuberculosis with respect to pathogenesis and specific immune responses. Understanding the mechanisms that control the repertoire of macrophage phenotypes and behaviors during infection may provide prospects for novel TB control strategies through modulation of immunobiological functions of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vipul Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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34
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Pisanu S, Cubeddu T, Cacciotto C, Pilicchi Y, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Rocca S, Addis MF. Characterization of paucibacillary ileal lesions in sheep with subclinical active infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:117. [PMID: 30514405 PMCID: PMC6278003 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease is a contagious enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Ovine PTB is less understood than bovine PTB, especially concerning paucibacillary infection and its evolution into clinical disease. We combined shotgun proteomics, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the characterization of ileal tissues collected from seven asymptomatic sheep negative to serum ELISA, positive to feces and tissue MAP IS900 and F57 PCR, histologically classified as paucibacillary, actively infected, together with 3 MAP-free controls (K). Following shotgun proteomics with label-free quantitation and differential analysis, 96 proteins were significantly changed in PTB vs K, and were mostly involved in immune defense processes and in the macrophage-MAP interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein abundances highlighted two PTB sample clusters, PTB1 and PTB2, indicating a dichotomy in their proteomic profiles. This was in line with the PCA of histopathology data and was related to features of type 2 (PTB1) and type 3a (PTB2) lesions, respectively. PTB2 proteomes differed more than PTB1 proteomes from K: 43 proteins changed significantly only in PTB2 and 11 only in PTB1. The differential proteins cathelicidin, haptoglobin, S100A8 and S100A9 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. K tissues were negative to cathelicidin and haptoglobin and sparsely positive to S100A8 and S100A9. PTB tissues were positive to all four proteins, with significantly more cells in PTB2 than in PTB1. In conclusion, we described several pathways altered in paucibacillary PTB, highlighted some proteomic differences among paucibacillary PTB cases, and identified potential markers for disease understanding, staging, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pilicchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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35
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Stinson KJ, Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves. Vet Res 2018; 49:58. [PMID: 30001739 PMCID: PMC6044094 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne’s disease, a chronic enteritis of cattle. A significant knowledge gap is how persistence of Map within the intestinal tract after infection contributes to progression of disease. To address this, we exposed calves to Map by direct ileocecal Peyer’s patch injection. Our objective was to characterize the persistence of Map in tissues, associated intestinal lesions, fecal Map shedding, and serum antibody responses, through the first 28-weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Previous work using this model showed 100% rate of Map infection in intestine and lymph node by 12 wpi. We hypothesized that direct inoculation of Map into the distal small intestine would induce intestinal Map infection with local persistence and progression towards clinical disease. However, our data show decreased persistence of Map in the distal small intestine and draining lymph nodes. We identified Map in multiple sections of distal ileum and draining lymph node of all calves at 4 and 12 wpi, but then we observed reduced Map in distal ileum at 20 wpi, and by 28 wpi we found that 50% of animals had no detectable Map in intestine or the lymph node. This provides evidence of resilience to Map infection following direct intestinal Map inoculation. Further work examining the immune responses and host–pathogen interactions associated with this infection model are needed to help elicit the mechanisms underlying resilience to Map infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Stinson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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36
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Albarrak S, Waters W, Stabel J, Hostetter J. Evaluating the cytokine profile of the WC1+ γδ T cell subset in the ileum of cattle with the subclinical and clinical forms of MAP infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Pecoraro HL, Thompson B, Duhamel GE. Histopathology case definition of naturally acquired Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin infection in young Holstein cattle in the northeastern United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:860-864. [PMID: 28599615 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717712757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin ( Salmonella Dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. A retrospective search of archives at the New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center revealed 57 culture-confirmed Salmonella Dublin cases from New York and Pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. Tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Of the 57 S almonella Dublin-positive cases, all were Holstein breed, 53 were female (93%), and 49 (86%) were <6 mo of age. Specifically, in calves <6 mo of age, >90% (45 of 49) of lungs, 90% (28 of 31) of livers, 50% (11 of 22) of spleens, and 62% (18 of 29) of lymph nodes examined had moderate-to-severe inflammation with or without necrosis. Inconstant lesions were seen in 48% (10 of 21) of hearts examined, and consisted of variable inflammatory infiltrates and rare areas of necrosis. We propose a histopathology case definition of Salmonella Dublin in <6-mo-old Holstein cattle that includes a combination of pulmonary alveolar capillary neutrophilia with or without hepatocellular necrosis and paratyphoid granulomas, splenitis, and lymphadenitis. These findings will assist in the development of improved protocols for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Pecoraro
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, and New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Belinda Thompson
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, and New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, and New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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38
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Immunohistochemical expression of interferon-γ in different types of granulomatous lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Magombedze G, Shiri T, Eda S, Stabel JR. Inferring biomarkers for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and disease progression in cattle using experimental data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44765. [PMID: 28317944 PMCID: PMC5357903 DOI: 10.1038/srep44765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Available diagnostic assays for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have poor sensitivities and cannot detect early stages of infection, therefore, there is need to find new diagnostic markers for early infection detection and disease stages. We analyzed longitudinal IFN-γ, ELISA-antibody and fecal shedding experimental sensitivity scores for MAP infection detection and disease progression. We used both statistical methods and dynamic mathematical models to (i) evaluate the empirical assays (ii) infer and explain biological mechanisms that affect the time evolution of the biomarkers, and (iii) predict disease stages of 57 animals that were naturally infected with MAP. This analysis confirms that the fecal test is the best marker for disease progression and illustrates that Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/ELISA antibodies) assays are important for infection detection, but cannot reliably predict persistent infections. Our results show that the theoretical simulated macrophage-based assay is a potential good diagnostic marker for MAP persistent infections and predictor of disease specific stages. We therefore recommend specifically designed experiments to test the use of a based assay in the diagnosis of MAP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesham Magombedze
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology. Imperial College London, UK.,National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Volunteer Blvd, Suite 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tinevimbo Shiri
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Volunteer Blvd, Suite 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1527, USA
| | - Judy R Stabel
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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40
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The immunoregulatory effects of co-infection with Fasciola hepatica: From bovine tuberculosis to Johne's disease. Vet J 2017; 222:9-16. [PMID: 28410676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a parasite prevalent in much of the world that causes the economically-important disease of fasciolosis in livestock. The threat that this disease poses extends beyond its direct effects due to the parasite's immunomodulatory effects. Research at this laboratory is focusing on whether this immunoregulation can, in animals infected with liver fluke, exert a bystander effect on concurrent infections in the host. It has already been established that F. hepatica infection reduces cell mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, and that the interaction between the two pathogens can be detected on an epidemiological scale. This review explores the immunological consequences of co-infection between F. hepatica and other bacterial infections. Arguments are presented suggesting that immunity of cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is also likely to be affected.
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Uhde AK, Lehmbecker A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. Evaluation of a panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues of new- and old-world camelids. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 184:42-53. [PMID: 28166931 PMCID: PMC7111308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Different species of camelids play
an important role in the epidemiology of various emerging infectious
diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome. For precise
investigations of the immunopathogenesis in these host species,
appropriate immunohistochemical markers are highly needed in order to
phenotype distinct immune cells populations in camelids. So far, specific
immunohistochemical markers for camelid immune cells are rarely
commercially available, and cross-reactivity studies are restricted to
the use of frozen dromedary tissues. To bridge this gap, 14 commercially
available primary antibodies were tested for their suitability to
demonstrate immune cell populations on formalin fixed paraffin-embedded
(FFPE) tissue sections of dromedaries, Bactrian camels, llamas, and
alpacas in the present study. Out of these, 9 antibodies directed against
CD3, CD20, CD79α, HLA-DR, Iba-1, myeloid/histiocyte antigen, CD204,
CD208, and CD68 antigen exhibited distinct immunoreaction patterns to
certain camelid immune cell subsets. The distribution of these antigens
was comparatively evaluated in different anatomical compartments of
thymus, spleen, mesenteric, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The
presented results will provide a basis for further investigations in
camelids, especially with respect to the role of the immune response in
certain infectious diseases, which harbor a considerable risk to spill
over to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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