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Mizuseki M, Ikeda N, Shirozu T, Yamagishi M, Oshiro S, Fukumoto S. Development of a novel rodent model for dog heartworm microfilaremia using the severe-combined immunodeficiency mouse. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13741. [PMID: 38877072 PMCID: PMC11178764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne parasitic nematode that causes fatal heartworm disease in canids. The microfilariae are essential for research, including drug screening and mosquito-parasite interactions. However, no reliable methods for maintaining microfilaria long-term are currently available. Therefore, we used severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice to develop a reliable method for maintaining D. immitis microfilaria. SCID mice were injected intravenously with microfilariae isolated from a D. immitis-infected dog. Microfilariae were detected in blood collected from the tail vein 218 days post-inoculation (dpi) and via cardiac puncture 296 dpi. Microfilariae maintained in and extracted from SCID mice showed infectivity and matured into third-stage larvae (L3s) in the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. L3s can develop into the fourth stage larvae in vitro. Microfilariae from SCID mice respond normally to ivermectin in vitro. The microfilariae in SCID mice displayed periodicity in the peripheral circulation. The SCID mouse model aided in the separation of microfilariae from cryopreserved specimens. The use of SCID mice enabled the isolation and sustained cultivation of microfilariae from clinical samples. These findings highlight the usefulness of the SCID mouse model for studying D. immitis microfilaremia in canine heartworm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Mizuseki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Ikeda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shirozu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | | | - Sugao Oshiro
- Yanbaru Animal Clinic, Nago, Okinawa, 905-0019, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Ames MK, Atkins CE. Treatment of dogs with severe heartworm disease. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109131. [PMID: 32521392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fortunately, the majority of dogs diagnosed with heartworm infection are asymptomatic (or have only mild symptoms such as intermittent cough) and go through adulticide therapy without complication. Complications occurring with heartworm infection and during its treatment most often directly reflect the pulmonary vascular and parenchymal injury inflicted by Dirofilaria immitis. Clinical signs may include exercise intolerance, frequent cough, hemoptysis, tachypnea, and dyspnea. Severe manifestations such as heart failure and caval syndrome may prove fatal. Acute hypersensitivity reactions after initiation of macrocyclic lactone preventive therapy in microfilaremic dogs or after melarsomine injection during adulticide therapy do occur, but are uncommon. This article reviews complications associated with heartworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Ames
- Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
| | - Clarke E Atkins
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1052 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, United States
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Rendón-Franco E, López-Díaz O, Martínez-Hernández F, Villalobos G, Muñoz-García CI, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, Alfonso-Toledo JA, García Flores MM, Aguilar Setién A. Litomosoides sp. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) Infection in Frugivorous Bats ( Artibeus spp.): Pathological Features, Molecular Evidence, and Prevalence. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E77. [PMID: 31083297 PMCID: PMC6631640 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats can host pathogenic organisms such as viruses and fungi, but little is known about the pathogenicity of their parasites. Hemoparasites are frequently recorded in Neotropical bats, particularly Litomosoides (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae), but their pathogenic effect on bats is scarcely known. In this work, Litomosoides microfilariae were identified in four (8%) out of 51 sampled frugivorous bats belonging to three different species: Artibeus aztecus, Artibeus jamaicensis, and Artibeus lituratus, which are located in Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico. Two infected animals showed weakness, tachypnoea, and ecchymosis on their wings. In these animals, histopathology revealed microfilariae in the blood vessels of the lung, liver, and spleen. Both animals presented exudative pneumonia with congestion and concomitant edema, in addition to moderate arterial hypertrophy. Parasitemia was quantified in blood samples of the infected animals (>3000 parasites/mL). Phylogenetic analysis placed the obtained sequence inside the Litomosoides genus, reaching over 98% identity to the related species. Due to the relevance of bats in ecosystems, any new record of their parasite repertoire offers noteworthy insights into our understanding of the ecology and impact of new parasite species in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP. 04960, Mexico.
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP. 04960, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan # 4800, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14080, Mexico.
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan # 4800, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14080, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Irais Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP. 04960, Mexico.
| | - Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Rabia, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México CP. 01480, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Alberto Alfonso-Toledo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación Médica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, C.M.N. Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México CP. 06720, Mexico.
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México CP. 04510, Mexico.
| | - María Martha García Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación Médica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, C.M.N. Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México CP. 06720, Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Aguilar Setién
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación Médica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, C.M.N. Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México CP. 06720, Mexico.
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Prodjinotho UF, von Horn C, Debrah AY, Batsa Debrah L, Albers A, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Adjobimey T. Pathological manifestations in lymphatic filariasis correlate with lack of inhibitory properties of IgG4 antibodies on IgE-activated granulocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005777. [PMID: 28742098 PMCID: PMC5542694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are known to be efficient modulators of their host's immune system. To guarantee their own survival, they induce alongside the classical Th2 a strong regulatory response with high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and elevated plasma levels of IgG4. This particular antibody was shown in different models to exhibit immunosuppressive properties. How IgG4 affects the etiopathology of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is however not well characterized. Here we investigate the impact of plasma and affinity-purified IgG/IgG4 fractions from endemic normals (EN) and LF infected pathology patients (CP), asymptomatic microfilaraemic (Mf+) and amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individuals on IgE/IL3 activated granulocytes. The activation and degranulation states were investigated by monitoring the expression of CD63/HLADR and the release of granule contents (neutrophil elastase (NE), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and histamine) respectively by flow cytometry and ELISA. We could show that the activation of granulocytes was inhibited in the presence of plasma from EN and Mf+ individuals whereas those of Mf- and CP presented no effect. This inhibitory capacity was impaired upon depletion of IgG in Mf+ individuals but persisted in IgG-depleted plasma from EN, where it strongly correlated with the expression of IgA. In addition, IgA-depleted fractions failed to suppress granulocyte activation. Strikingly, affinity-purified IgG4 antibodies from EN, Mf+ and Mf- individuals bound granulocytes and inhibited activation and the release of ECP, NE and histamine. In contrast, IgG4 from CP could not bind granulocytes and presented no suppressive capacity. Reduction of both the affinity to, and the suppressive properties of anti-inflammatory IgG4 on granulocytes was reached only when FcγRI and II were blocked simultaneously. These data indicate that IgG4 antibodies from Mf+, Mf- and EN, in contrast to those of CP, natively exhibit FcγRI/II-dependent suppressive properties on granulocytes. Our findings suggest that quantitative and qualitative alterations in IgG4 molecules are associated with the different clinical phenotypes in LF endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich F. Prodjinotho
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Horn
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alex Y. Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anna Albers
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
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MOZOS ELENA, GINEL PEDROJ, LÓPEZ ROCIO, CARRASCO LIBRADO, MULAS JUANAMARTÍNDLAS, M. MOLLEDA JOSÉ. Cutaneous Lesions Associated With Canine Heartworm Infection. Vet Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ELENA MOZOS
- Departmenty of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - PEDRO J. GINEL
- *Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - ROCIO LÓPEZ
- *Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - LIBRADO CARRASCO
- Departmenty of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - JUANA MARTÍN de LAS MULAS
- Departmenty of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - JOSÉ M. MOLLEDA
- *Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avda. Medina Azahara 9, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
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Sevimli FK, Kozan E, Bülbül A, Birdane FM, Köse M, Sevimli A. Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: unusually located and unusual findings. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1487-94. [PMID: 17659383 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, blood, serum biochemistry, and parasitological assessments were performed on four hospitalized dogs, not in good general condition, in a study carried out to determine the prevalence of general parasitic infections. Hematological and biochemical parameters and electrocardiographic recording of the animals were determined during the general clinical examinations. Four dogs were indicated to have been infected with Dirofilaria immitis by using modified Knott's method, and the microfilarial density was determined. Mild to moderate anemia and decrease in sedimentation velocity were established in dogs. Differences in other hematological and biochemical values between the dogs were determined. Right axis deviation was determined in a dog. D. immitis was encountered in the right ventricle, bronchus, and the pericardial sac at the end of the necropsy. On the other hand, in the histopathological examinations, pulmonary adenocarcinoma deriving from bronchial epithelium was identified in a dog, and microfilaria was encountered in bronchial and bronchiolar lumens, interstitium of the lungs, and bile ducts. D. immitis has not been considered in the diagnosis of dogs with pneumonia and tumors. The requirement of parasitological examination with respect to D. immitis in the diagnosis of dogs with tumor or pneumonia has been considered vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feride Kircali Sevimli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Ahmet Necdet Sezer Kampusu, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Lobos E, Nutman TB, Hothersall JS, Moncada S. Elevated immunoglobulin E against recombinant Brugia malayi gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in patients with bancroftian filariasis: association with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or putative immunity. Infect Immun 2003; 71:747-53. [PMID: 12540554 PMCID: PMC145369 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.747-753.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major allergen of the lymphatic filarial nematode Brugia malayi, a homologue of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), is involved in the pathology of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) through its potent allergenicity and the induction of antibodies against the host pulmonary epithelium. To investigate the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgE responses to recombinant B. malayi gamma-GT, we analyzed the results obtained from 51 patients with differing clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis. gamma-GT-specific IgG1, rather than IgG4, was the predominant IgG subclass, particularly in patients with TPE (geomean, 6,321 ng/ml; range, 78 to 354,867 ng/ml) and was 75 times higher than in patients with elephantiasis (CP) (P < 0.003) and 185 times higher than in endemic normal individuals (ENL) (P < 0.010). IgG2 responses were low and IgG3 was almost absent, with no significant differences among the groups. gamma-GT-specific IgG4 responses were significantly elevated in those with subclinical microfilaremia (MF) compared to the CP and ENL groups and correlated with the presence of circulating filarial antigen (CAg). More significantly, gamma-GT-specific IgE antibody levels were strikingly elevated in patients with TPE (geomean, 681 ng/ml; range, 61 to 23,841 ng/ml) and in the ENL group (geomean, 106 ng/ml; range, 13 to 1,405 ng/ml) whereas the gamma-GT-specific IgE level was 44 and 61 times lower in those with MF and CP, respectively (P < 0.001). Elevated gamma-GT-specific IgE/IgG4 ratios were demonstrated in patients with TPE (ratio, 45) and ENL (ratio, 107). Because expression of gamma-GT in Brugia infective third-stage larvae (L3) was demonstrated by immunoblot analysis, the elevated gamma-GT-specific IgE antibodies appear to be associated not only with pulmonary pathology but also with possible resistance to infection in lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Lobos
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, United Kingdom.
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Gounni AS, Spanel-Borowski K, Palacios M, Heusser C, Moncada S, Lobos E. Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by a Recombinant Brugia malayi γ-glutamyl transpeptidase Homolog: Involvement of Humoral Autoimmune Responses. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension may complicate a variety of congenital or acquired cardiac and pulmonary conditions. This vascular disorder results from conditions that lead to a chronic increase in left atrial pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow, or increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Definitive diagnosis requires cardiac catheterization and detection of systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures exceeding 30 and 20 mm Hg, respectively. Clinical signs and historical complaints reflect underlying cardiac or pulmonary conditions, although syncope may be a predominant finding. Radiographic changes are nonspecific; however, right ventricular enlargement and enlarged pulmonary arteries should increase suspicion for the disorder. Estimates of pulmonary arterial pressure may be obtained through Doppler echocardiography. This requires detection of a high-velocity regurgitant jet across the tricuspid or pulmonic valve. Further investigation is required to determine how pulmonary hypertension impacts therapy and prognosis for dogs and cats with cardiac and pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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Johnson L, Boon J, Orton EC. Clinical Characteristics of 53 Dogs with Doppler-Derived Evidence of Pulmonary Hypertension: 1992-1996. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Carlisle CH, Atwell RB, Sutton RH. The effect of infusions of microfilariae (L1 larvae) of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Int J Parasitol 1989; 19:729-32. [PMID: 2592140 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Four pups were given three intravenous infusions of microfilariae over a 7-month period to determine if radiographic changes could be detected in the lungs while sensitivity to first stage microfilariae was being induced. Mild pathological changes occurred but these could not be detected on any of the radiographs. Radiographic changes described by others and 'Eosinophilic lungs' did not result from the immune response to the first stage larvae.
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Atwell RB, Sutton RH, Moodie EW. Pulmonary changes associated with dead filariae (Dirofilaria immitis) and concurrent antigenic exposure in dogs. J Comp Pathol 1988; 98:349-61. [PMID: 3392249 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(88)90043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially, a group of 5 dogs had their left pulmonary artery ligated 7 months prior to the insertion of filariae (Dirofilaria immitis). A second group of 3 dogs was used as controls for the various components of the experiment. Antigen (D. immitis) was injected subcutaneously on 3 occasions and necropsy was performed 5 weeks after insertion of filariae. These results were then compared to those from the control dogs. With exposure to antigen, severe pulmonary arterial and parenchymal disease was produced in association with the insertion of dead D. immitis filariae into the pulmonary artery. In the dogs receiving antigen, the arterial and peri-arterial pathology was generally more intense and at a more advanced stage of organization than in the control animals. Interstitial pneumonitis was also more prominent in the antigen-stimulated dogs. The advanced nature of the reaction was also reflected in the skin histology of the injection sites. The pathology was similar to that reported for natural dirofilariasis and it appears that most of the pathology of dirofilariasis is associated with reactions to dead filariae or filarial by-products and concurrent antigenic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Atwell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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14
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Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis is an epizootic filarial parasite that most often infects domestic dogs. This article provides information about the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment of heartworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Knight
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia
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15
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Lengemann FW, Grieve RB, Chmielewicz M, Kallfelz FA, Georgi JR. External monitoring of 203Hg-labelled Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in mice and dogs. Parasitology 1986; 92 ( Pt 2):463-9. [PMID: 3714307 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000064210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis were labelled with 203Hg2+ in vitro and injected into irradiated mice and Beagle dogs. With irradiated mice it was possible to demonstrate microfilariae present in the blood and to detect 203Hg by external counting as long as 28 days after dosing. The 203Hg2+ label had a half-time of 4-5 days; the amount of stable mercury in the labelling medium strongly influenced the survival of microfilariae in vivo. In dogs, external counting showed the lungs to be a major location of the microfilariae soon after reinjection into the host. Evidence was obtained that labelled microfilariae can circulate; however, the detection of dispersed microfilariae is difficult because of the relative insensitivity of the detecting system. For radiomercury the accumulation of the inorganic form in the liver and kidneys limits the long-term usefulness of 203Hg2+ as a label if the organism being studied also accumulates in these organs.
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Narama I, Miura K, Tsuruta M, Tsuchitani M. Microfilarial granulomas in the spleens of wild-caught cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Vet Pathol 1985; 22:355-62. [PMID: 4035940 DOI: 10.1177/030098588502200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Splenic nodules from 38 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) which were captured in Malaysia and Indonesia were studied histologically. The lesions were characterized by well-circumscribed focal fibrosis, accumulation of eosinophils and histiocytes, hemorrhage or hemosiderosis, and loss of normal splenic architecture. Small arteries in the lesion frequently had intimal thickening and narrowing of the lumen in addition to the presence of microfilariae. Microfilariae were also seen in the extravascular area of the lesion, and were occasionally engulfed by multinucleated giant cells. The splenic lesion was thought to have been initiated by incomplete infarction caused by intimal thickening and microfilarial occupation of the small arteries.
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18
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Sutton RH, Atwell RB, Boreham PF. Liver changes, following diethylcarbamazine administration, in microfilaremic dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Vet Pathol 1985; 22:177-83. [PMID: 3984161 DOI: 10.1177/030098588502200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Livers of dogs which were microfilaremic due to infection with Dirofilaria immitis were studied after the administration of diethylcarbamazine. Most dogs had a severe shock-like clinical reaction. The main hepatic features were congestion and hemorrhage around the central vein and irregularly scattered foci of inflammation. The severity of the vascular reaction was associated with the number of microfilariae in the livers. Mast cells associated with the vascular reaction were not degranulated, suggesting that histamine-mediated anaphylaxis was not the cause of the reaction. The observations suggest that the mediator of the hepatic vascular reaction originates from the microfilariae and is influenced or activated by diethylcarbamazine.
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