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Alfayyadh MM, Maksemous N, Sutherland HG, Lea RA, Griffiths LR. Unravelling the Genetic Landscape of Hemiplegic Migraine: Exploring Innovative Strategies and Emerging Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:443. [PMID: 38674378 PMCID: PMC11049430 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a severe, debilitating neurovascular disorder. Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare and debilitating neurological condition with a strong genetic basis. Sequencing technologies have improved the diagnosis and our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of HM. Linkage analysis and sequencing studies in HM families have identified pathogenic variants in ion channels and related genes, including CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A, that cause HM. However, approximately 75% of HM patients are negative for these mutations, indicating there are other genes involved in disease causation. In this review, we explored our current understanding of the genetics of HM. The evidence presented herein summarises the current knowledge of the genetics of HM, which can be expanded further to explain the remaining heritability of this debilitating condition. Innovative bioinformatics and computational strategies to cover the entire genetic spectrum of HM are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (M.M.A.); (N.M.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
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2
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Pinto SN, Lerner A, Phung D, Barisano G, Chou B, Xu W, Sheikh-Bahaei N. Arterial Spin Labeling in Migraine: A Review of Migraine Categories and Mimics. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/11795735231160032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex headache characterized by changes in functional connectivity and cerebral perfusion. The perfusion changes represent a valuable domain for targeted drug therapy. Arterial spin labeling is a noncontrast imaging technique of quantifying cerebral perfusion changes in the migraine setting. In this narrative review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of the different categories of migraine, as defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 and describe a category-based approach to delineating perfusion changes in migraine on arterial spin labeling images. We will also discuss the use of arterial spin labeling to differentiate migraine from stroke and/or seizures in the adult and pediatric populations. Our systematic approach will help improve the understanding of the complicated vascular changes that occur during migraines and identify potential areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya N Pinto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Lerner
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Phung
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Barisano
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendon Chou
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Xu
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Wang P, Yao F, Zhang H, Yu Q, Wang Y. Disappearance of aura symptoms in patients with hemiplegic migraine after patent foramen ovale closure: a case report and literature review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1267100. [PMID: 37900612 PMCID: PMC10602885 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1267100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) can cause significant functional impairment and negatively affect the quality of life of affected individuals. Emerging evidence suggests an association between migraines and congenital patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is a small opening between the atria of the heart that normally closes shortly after birth. This report describes a 34 years-old woman with sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) who was diagnosed with PFO. Following percutaneous PFO closure, her hemiplegic symptoms disappeared, but her headache exacerbated. After 3 years of follow-up, her headache severity gradually reduced, and the frequency remained consistent at 2-3 times per year with no aura symptoms. This case highlights the dissociation between the resolution of hemiplegic symptoms and the persistence of headaches after PFO closure in sporadic HM. Patients with HM may experience changes in aura symptoms and headache severity after PFO closure. Before performing PFO closure in patients with hemiplegic migraine, the indications should be thoroughly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyou Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Xiang Y, Li F, Song Z, Yi Z, Yang C, Xue J, Zhang Y. Two pediatric patients with hemiplegic migraine presenting as acute encephalopathy: case reports and a literature review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1214837. [PMID: 37576133 PMCID: PMC10419215 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1214837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare subtype of migraine. HM in children may be atypical in the initial stage of the disease, which could easily lead to misdiagnosis. Methods We report two cases of atypical hemiplegic migraine that onset as an acute encephalopathy. And a comprehensive search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. We selected only papers that reported complete clinical information about the patients with CACNA1A or ATP1A2 gene mutation. Results Patient #1 showed a de novo mutation, c.674C>A (p. Pro225His), in exon 5 of the CACNA1A gene. And patient #2 showed a missense mutation (c.2143G>A, p. Gly715Arg) in exon 16 of the ATP1A2. Together with our two cases, a total of 160 patients (73 CACNA1A and 87 ATP1A2) were collected and summarized finally. Discussion Acute encephalopathy is the main manifestation of severe attacks of HM in children, which adds to the difficulty of diagnosis. Physicians should consider HM in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with somnolence, coma, or convulsion without structural, epileptic, infectious, or inflammatory explanation. When similar clinical cases appear, gene detection is particularly important, which is conducive to early diagnosis and treatment. Early recognition and treatment of the disease can help improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we review recent updates to the epidemiology, diagnostic testing, genetics, pathophysiology, and management of hemiplegic migraine. RECENT FINDINGS While three genes have been historically associated with hemiplegic migraine, recent studies suggest two additional genes may also be implicated including PPRT2 and SLC1A3. Hemiplegic migraine is a severe subset of migraine with aura with symptoms including reversible hemiparesis in addition to other aura symptoms such as visual, sensory, or speech. The exact pathophysiology of hemiplegic migraine is not clear, but it is thought that this phenomenon is due to neuronal and glial depolarization causing cortical spreading depression. Due to the severity of presentation as well as the numerous mimickers, it is important to know a comprehensive differential and work-up. Given the low prevalence of the disease, most studies regarding treatment are limited to case studies. There is still an important need for further and larger studies regarding management of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Nandyala
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, 7PHC, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Tulsi Shah
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, 7PHC, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jessica Ailani
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, 7PHC, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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Bonemazzi I, Brunello F, Pin JN, Pecoraro M, Sartori S, Nosadini M, Toldo I. Hemiplegic Migraine in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113783. [PMID: 37297978 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have focused on hemiplegic migraine (HM) in children despite its early age of onset. The aim of this review is to describe the peculiar characteristics of pediatric HM. METHODS This is a narrative review based on 14 studies on pediatric HM selected from 262 papers. RESULTS Different from HM in adults, pediatric HM affects both genders equally. Early transient neurological symptoms (prolonged aphasia during a febrile episode, isolated seizures, transient hemiparesis, and prolonged clumsiness after minor head trauma) can precede HM long before its onset. The prevalence of non-motor auras among children is lower than it is in adults. Pediatric sporadic HM patients have longer and more severe attacks compared to familial cases, especially during the initial years after disease onset, while familial HM cases tend to have the disease for longer. During follow-up, the frequency, intensity, and duration of HM attacks often decrease. The outcome is favorable in most patients; however, neurological conditions and comorbidities can be associated. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to better define the clinical phenotype and the natural history of pediatric HM and to refine genotype-phenotype correlations in order to improve the knowledge on HM physiopathology, diagnosis, and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonemazzi
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Brunello
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Jacopo Norberto Pin
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Pecoraro
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Toldo
- Juvenile Headache Center, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Sun J, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Wang Y. The role of Na + -K + -ATPase in the epileptic brain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1294-1302. [PMID: 35751846 PMCID: PMC9344081 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+-K+-ATPase, a P-type ATP-powered ion transporter on cell membrane, plays a vital role in cellular excitability. Cellular hyperexcitability, accompanied by hypersynchronous firing, is an important basis for seizures/epilepsy. An increasing number of studies point to a significant contribution of Na+-K+-ATPase to epilepsy, although discordant results exist. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the structure and physiological function of Na+-K+-ATPase in the central nervous system and critically evaluate the role of Na+-K+-ATPase in the epileptic brain. Importantly, we further provide perspectives on some possible research directions and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang L, Huang J, Zhang Z, Cao Z. Altered Metabolites in the Occipital Lobe in Migraine Without Aura During the Attack and the Interictal Period. Front Neurol 2021; 12:656349. [PMID: 34093404 PMCID: PMC8172811 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.656349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although there have been many magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of migraine, few have focused on migraines during an attack. Here, we aimed to assess metabolite changes in the brain of patients with migraine, both during an attack and in the interictal phase. Methods: Six patients (one man and five women, mean age: 39 ± 10 years) with migraine without aura during the attack (MWoA-DA), 13 patients (three men and 10 women, mean age: 31 ± 9 years) with migraine without aura during the interictal period (MWoA-DI), and 13 healthy controls (HC) (four men and nine women, mean age: 31 ± 9 years) were studied. All subjects underwent an MRS examination focusing on the occipital lobe. Metabolite changes were investigated among three groups. Results: The MWoA-DA patients had lower glutathione/total creatine ratio (GSH/tCr) than the MWoA-DI patients and HC. Furthermore, MWoA-DI patients showed lower total choline/total creatine ratio (tCho/tCr) than those in the other two groups. The GSH/tCr ratio was positively correlated with attack frequency in the MWoA-DI group. The tCho/tCr ratio was positively correlated with attack frequency and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) scores in the MWoA-DA group. Conclusion: The present study suggests the existence of distinct pathophysiological states between the MWoA-DA and MWoA-DI groups. Neuronal dysfunction is a possible predisposing factor for migraine attack onset, along with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Fear D, Patel M, Zand R. Serial magnetic resonance imaging findings during severe attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine type 2: a case report. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:173. [PMID: 33882852 PMCID: PMC8059280 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemiplegic migraines represent a heterogeneous disorder with various presentations. Hemiplegic migraines are classified as sporadic or familial based on the presence of family history, but both subtypes have an underlying genetic etiology. Mutations in the ATP1A2 gene are responsible for Familial Hemiplegic type 2 (FHM2) or the sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) counterpart if there is no family history of the disorder. Manifestations include migraine with aura and hemiparesis along with a variety of other symptoms likely dependent upon the specific mutation(s) present. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of an adult man who presented with headache, aphasia, and right-sided weakness. Workup for stroke and various infectious agents was unremarkable during the patient's extended hospital stay. We emphasize the changes in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over time and the delay from onset of symptoms to MRI changes in Isotropic Diffusion Map (commonly referred to as Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI)) as well as Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC). CONCLUSIONS We provide a brief review of imaging findings correlated with signs/symptoms and specific mutations in the ATP1A2 gene reported in the literature. Description of the various mutations and consequential presentations may assist neurologists in identifying cases of Hemiplegic Migraine, which may include transient changes in ADC and DWI imaging throughout the course of an attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fear
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, PA, Scranton, USA
| | - Misha Patel
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, PA, Scranton, USA
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 N Academy Ave, PA, Danville, USA.
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Lo Y, Wee S, Zhao Y, Narasimhalu K. Interictal hemodynamic abnormality during motor activation in sporadic hemiplegic migraine: An explorative study. J Neurol Sci 2020; 418:117148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of the research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric migraine and compares findings with the adult migraine literature. A literature search using PubMed was conducted using all relevant sources up to February 2019. Using MRI methods to categorize and explain pediatric migraine in comparison with adult migraine is important, in order to recognize and appreciate the differences between the two entities, both clinically and physiologically. We aim to demonstrate the differences and similarities between pediatric and adult migraine using data from white matter and gray matter structural studies, cerebral perfusion, metabolites, and functional MRI (fMRI) studies, including task-based and resting-state blood oxygen level-dependent studies. By doing this we identify areas that need further research, as well as possible areas where intervention could alter outcomes.
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Di Stefano V, Rispoli MG, Pellegrino N, Graziosi A, Rotondo E, Napoli C, Pietrobon D, Brighina F, Parisi P. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hemiplegic migraine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:764-771. [PMID: 32430436 PMCID: PMC7361005 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-322850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition with attacks of headache and motor weakness which may be associated with impaired consciousness, cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability. Motor symptoms usually last <72 hours and are associated with visual or sensory manifestations, speech impairment or brainstem aura. HM can occur as a sporadic HM or familiar HM with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Mutations in CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A encoding proteins involved in ion transport are implicated. The pathophysiology of HM is close to the process of typical migraine with aura, but appearing with a lower threshold and more severity. We reviewed epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic assessment, differential diagnosis and treatment of HM to offer the best evidence of this rare condition. The differential diagnosis of HM is broad, including other types of migraine and any condition that can cause transitory neurological signs and symptoms. Neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electroencephalography are useful, but the diagnosis is clinical with a genetic confirmation. The management relies on the control of triggering factors and even hospitalisation in case of long-lasting auras. As HM is a rare condition, there are no randomised controlled trials, but the evidence for the treatment comes from small studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Marianna Gabriella Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University, Universita degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Chieti, Italy
| | - Noemi Pellegrino
- Pediatrics, University Gabriele d'Annunzio of Chieti Pescara Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Graziosi
- Pediatrics, University Gabriele d'Annunzio of Chieti Pescara Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rotondo
- Pediatrics, University Gabriele d'Annunzio of Chieti Pescara Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietrobon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso (NESMOS), University of Rome La Sapienza Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Roma, Lazio, Italy
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13
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Toldo I, Brunello F, Morao V, Perissinotto E, Valeriani M, Pruna D, Tozzi E, Moscano F, Farello G, Frusciante R, Carotenuto M, Lisotto C, Ruffatti S, Maggioni F, Termine C, Di Rosa G, Nosadini M, Sartori S, Battistella PA. First Attack and Clinical Presentation of Hemiplegic Migraine in Pediatric Age: A Multicenter Retrospective Study and Literature Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1079. [PMID: 31681150 PMCID: PMC6803542 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Data on clinical presentation of Hemiplegic Migraine (HM) are quite limited in the literature, particularly in the pediatric age. The aim of the present study is to describe in detail the phenotypic features at onset and during the first years of disease of sporadic (SHM) and familial (FHM) pediatric hemiplegic migraine and to review the pertinent literature. Results: Retrospective study of a cohort of children and adolescents diagnosed with hemiplegic migraine, recruited from 11 Italian specialized Juvenile Headache Centers. Forty-six cases (24 females) were collected and divided in two subgroups: 32 SHM (16 females), 14 FHM (8 females). Mean age at onset was 10.5 ± 3.8 y (range: 2–16 y). Mean duration of motor aura was 3.5 h (range: 5 min−48 h). SHM cases experienced more prolonged attacks than FHM cases, with significantly longer duration of both motor aura and of total HM attack. Sensory (65%) and basilar-type auras (63%) were frequently associated to the motor aura, without significant differences between SHM and FHM. At follow-up (mean duration 4.4 years) the mean frequency of attacks was 2.2 per year in the first year after disease onset, higher in FHM than in SHM cases (3.9 vs. 1.5 per year, respectively). A literature review retrieved seven studies, all but one were based on mixed adults and children cohorts. Conclusions: This study represents the first Italian pediatric series of HM ever reported, including both FHM and SHM patients. Our cohort highlights that in the pediatric HM has an heterogeneous clinical onset. Children present fewer non-motor auras as compared to adults and in some cases the first attack is preceded by transient neurological signs and symptoms in early childhood. In SHM cases, attacks were less frequent but more severe and prolonged, while FHM patients had less intense but more frequent attacks and a longer phase of active disease. Differently from previous studies, the majority of our cases, even with early onset and severe attacks, had a favorable clinical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Toldo
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Brunello
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Morao
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Egle Perissinotto
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiologic, Vascular, Thoracic Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Dario Pruna
- Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Epileptology, "Brotzu" Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tozzi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Juvenile Headache Center, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Filomena Moscano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Women, Children and Adolescents Health Department, University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiano Termine
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pier Antonio Battistella
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Juvenile Headache Centre, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Naeije G, Fogang Y, Ligot N, Mavroudakis N. Occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation discriminates transient neurological symptoms of vascular origin from migraine aura without headache. Neurophysiol Clin 2017; 47:269-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Prontera P, Sarchielli P, Caproni S, Bedetti C, Cupini LM, Calabresi P, Costa C. Epilepsy in hemiplegic migraine: Genetic mutations and clinical implications. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:361-373. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416686347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective We performed a systematic review on the comorbidities of familial/sporadic hemiplegic migraine (F/SHM) with seizure/epilepsy in patients with CACNA1A, ATP1A2 or SCN1A mutations, to identify the genotypes associated and investigate for the presence of mutational hot spots. Methods We performed a search in MEDLINE and in the Human Gene Mutation and Leiden Open Variation Databases for mutations in the CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A genes. After having examined the clinical characteristics of the patients, we selected those having HM and seizures, febrile seizures or epilepsy. For each gene, we determined both the frequency and the positions at protein levels of these mutations, as well as the penetrance of epilepsy within families. Results Concerning F/SHM-Epilepsy1 (F/SHME1) and F/SHME2 endophenotypes, we observed a prevalent involvement of the transmembrane domains, and a strong correlation in F/SHME1 when the positively charged amino acids were involved. The penetrance of epilepsy within the families was highest for patients carrying mutation in the CACNA1A gene (60%), and lower in those having SCN1A (33.3%) and ATP1A2 (30.9%) mutations. Conclusion Among the HM cases with seizure/epilepsy, we observed mutational hot spots in the transmembrane domains of CACNA1A and ATP1A2 proteins. These findings could lead to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying migraine and epilepsy, therein guaranteeing the most appropriate therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prontera
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Sarchielli
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Caproni
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Bedetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - LM Cupini
- Centro Cefalee, UOC Neurologia, Ospedale S Eugenio, Rome, Italy
| | - P Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - C Costa
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Ospedale S Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
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Familial Hemiplegic Migraine with Severe Attacks: A New Report with ATP1A2 Mutation. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016; 2016:3464285. [PMID: 27818813 PMCID: PMC5081966 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3464285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare disorder characterized by migraine attacks with motor weakness during the aura phase. Mutations in CACNA1A, ATP1A2, SCN1A, and PRRT2 genes have been described. Methods. To describe a mutation in ATP1A2 gene in a FHM case with especially severe and prolonged symptomatology. Results. 22-year-old woman was admitted due to migraine-type headache and sudden onset of right-sided weakness and aphasia; she had similar episodes in her childhood. Her mother was diagnosed with hemiplegic migraine without genetic confirmation. She presented with fever, decreased consciousness, left gaze preference, mixed aphasia, right facial palsy, right hemiplegia, and left crural paresis. Computed tomography (CT) showed no lesion and CT perfusion study evidenced oligohemia in left hemisphere. A normal brain magnetic resonance (MR) was obtained. Impaired consciousness and dysphasia began to improve three days after admission and mild dysphasia and right hemiparesis lasted for 10 days. No recurrences were reported during a follow-up of two years. We identified a variant in heterozygous state in ATP1A2 gene (p.Thr364Met), pathogenic according to different prediction algorithms (SIFT, PolyPhen2, MutationTaster, and Condel). Conclusion. Prolonged and severe attacks with diffuse hypoperfusion in a FHM seemed to be specially related to ATP1A2 mutations, and p.T364M should be considered.
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Pelzer N, Blom DE, Stam AH, Vijfhuizen LS, Hageman A, van Vliet JA, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg A, Haan J, Terwindt GM. Recurrent coma and fever in familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. A prospective 15-year follow-up of a large family with a novel ATP1A2 mutation. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:737-755. [PMID: 27226003 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416651284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare monogenic migraine subtype characterised by attacks associated with transient motor weakness. Clinical information is mainly based on reports of small families with only short follow-up. Here, we document a prospective 15-year follow-up of an extended family with FHM type 2. Patients and methods After diagnosing FHM in a patient with severe attacks associated with coma and fever, we identified eight more family members with FHM and one with possible FHM. All family members were prospectively followed for 15 years. In total 13 clinically affected and 21 clinically non-affected family members were genetically tested and repeatedly investigated. Results A novel p.Arg348Pro ATP1A2 mutation was found in 14 family members: 12 with clinical FHM, one with psychomotor retardation and possible FHM, and one without FHM features. In 9/12 (75%) family members with genetically confirmed FHM, attacks were severe, long-lasting, and often associated with impaired consciousness and fever. Such attacks were frequently misdiagnosed and treated as viral meningitis or stroke. Epilepsy was reported in three family members with FHM and in the one with psychomotor retardation and possible FHM. Ataxia was not observed. Conclusion FHM should be considered in patients with recurrent coma and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pelzer
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - D E Blom
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A H Stam
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L S Vijfhuizen
- 2 Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Atm Hageman
- 3 Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - J A van Vliet
- 4 Department of Neurology, Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, the Netherlands
| | - M D Ferrari
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amjm van den Maagdenberg
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,2 Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Haan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,5 Department of Neurology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - G M Terwindt
- 1 Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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18
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Lall NU, Stence NV, Mirsky DM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pediatric Neurologic Emergencies. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 24:291-307. [PMID: 26636636 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although computed tomography is often the first line of imaging in the emergency setting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of increasing importance in the evaluation of central nervous system emergencies in the pediatric population. As such, it is necessary to understand the indications for which MRI may be necessary. This article reviews the unique pathophysiologic entities affecting the pediatric population and the associated MRI findings. Specifically, utility of emergent MRI and characteristic appearances of traumatic brain injury, traumatic spinal injury, nonaccidental trauma, arterial ischemic stroke, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, stroke mimics, and central nervous system infections are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil U Lall
- *Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH †Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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19
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Safier R, Cleves-Bayon C, Vaisleib I, Siddiqui A, Zuccoli G. Magnetic resonance angiography evidence of vasospasm in children with suspected acute hemiplegic migraine. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:789-92. [PMID: 23594822 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813483364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemiplegic migraine is a rare subtype of migraine that is differentiated by motor weakness in the aura phase. The purpose of this case series was to examine the magnetic resonance angiogram findings of patients suffering from suspected acute hemiplegic migraine. This was a retrospective institutional board review protocol study of 8 patients. All patients received full brain magnetic resonance imaging under a 1.5-T magnet. The scans were subsequently evaluated by a neuroradiologist and 2 neurologists who were blinded to the study. The magnetic resonance angiogram findings of this study showed the presence of vasospasm within the intracranial vasculature during suspected acute hemiplegic migraine. This case series suggests that routine use of magnetic resonance angiography might be beneficial in both managing patients with acute hemiplegic migraine and helping to further understand the pathophysiology of this complicated disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Safier
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catalina Cleves-Bayon
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Inna Vaisleib
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ali Siddiqui
- Division of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giulio Zuccoli
- Division of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Xiang J, deGrauw X, Korman AM, Allen JR, O'Brien HL, Kabbouche MA, Powers SW, Hershey AD. Neuromagnetic abnormality of motor cortical activation and phases of headache attacks in childhood migraine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83669. [PMID: 24386250 PMCID: PMC3873943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex serves a primary role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This aberrant brain activation in migraine can be noninvasively detected with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in motor cortical activation between attacks (ictal) and pain free intervals (interictal) in children and adolescents with migraine using both low- and high-frequency neuromagnetic signals. Thirty subjects with an acute migraine and 30 subjects with a history of migraine, while pain free, were compared to age- and gender-matched controls using MEG. Motor cortical activation was elicited by a standardized, validated finger-tapping task. Low-frequency brain activation (1∼50 Hz) was analyzed with waveform measurements and high-frequency oscillations (65–150 Hz) were analyzed with wavelet-based beamforming. MEG waveforms showed that the ictal latency of low-frequency brain activation was significantly delayed as compared with controls, while the interictal latency of brain activation was similar to that of controls. The ictal amplitude of low-frequency brain activation was significantly increased as compared with controls, while the interictal amplitude of brain activation was similar to that of controls. The ictal source power of high-frequency oscillations was significantly stronger than that of the controls, while the interictal source power of high-frequency oscillations was significantly weaker than that of controls. The results suggest that aberrant low-frequency brain activation in migraine during a headache attack returned to normal interictally. However, high-frequency oscillations changed from ictal hyper-activation to interictal hypo-activation. Noninvasive assessment of cortical abnormality in migraine with MEG opens a new window for developing novel therapeutic strategies for childhood migraine by maintaining a balanced cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xinyao deGrauw
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Abraham M. Korman
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janelle R. Allen
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hope L. O'Brien
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marielle A. Kabbouche
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Powers
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Hershey
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Bosemani T, Burton VJ, Felling RJ, Leigh R, Oakley C, Poretti A, Huisman TA. Pediatric hemiplegic migraine: role of multiple MRI techniques in evaluation of reversible hypoperfusion. Cephalalgia 2013; 34:311-5. [PMID: 24142848 DOI: 10.1177/0333102413509432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare type of migraine with aura that involves motor weakness. Data on conventional and advanced neuroimaging findings during prolonged attacks of HM are limited, particularly in children. CASE A 13-year-old-female with a history of migraine had a typical attack of HM characterized by right-sided hemiplegia, deterioration of vigilance and paraphasia. MRI performed 3 hours after hemiplegia onset revealed normal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences, but perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) showed a large area of hypoperfusion within the left cerebral hemisphere and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) demonstrated a matching area with prominent, hypointense draining sulcal veins. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed subtle narrowing of the left middle cerebral artery. The neuroimaging abnormalities completely resolved 24 hours after the attack onset. CONCLUSION Multiple conventional and advanced MRI techniques including SWI play a key role in an HM attack to (1) exclude acute arterial ischemic stroke and (2) further understand the pathophysiology of HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangamadhan Bosemani
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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The diagnostic role for susceptibility-weighted MRI during sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Cephalalgia 2013; 33:1258-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102413491027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine with aura that includes motor weakness. Diagnosis during the first episode can be difficult to make and costly, especially with the sporadic form. Cases Our study evaluates the ictal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of four sequential pediatric patients during a first-time, sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) revealed cerebral venous prominence and increased magnetic susceptibility affecting brain regions that corresponded with each patient’s neurologic deficits. Repeat MRI (performed in three patients) following migraine recovery demonstrated resolution of all susceptibility abnormalities. Conclusion When combined with conventional MRI sequences, SWI has diagnostic value in the acute setting of motor weakness and with clinical features consistent with hemiplegic migraine. The sequence may help to further characterize ictal cerebral blood flow changes during the hemiplegic migraine aura.
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Shigematsu K, Nakano H, Watanabe Y, Sekimoto T, Shimizu K, Nishizawa A, Okumura A, Makino M, Seki T, Bando K, Kitagawa Y. Headache at the onset of stroke: Frequencies, background characteristics and correlation with mortality. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.51012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Cutrer FM, Smith JH. Human Studies in the Pathophysiology of Migraine: Genetics and Functional Neuroimaging. Headache 2012; 53:401-12. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lakhan SE, Avramut M, Tepper SJ. Structural and functional neuroimaging in migraine: insights from 3 decades of research. Headache 2012; 53:46-66. [PMID: 23094683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Modern imaging methods provide unprecedented insights into brain structure, perfusion, metabolism, and neurochemistry, both during and between migraine attacks. Neuroimaging investigations conducted in recent decades bring us closer to uncovering migraine as a multifaceted, primarily central nervous system disorder. Three main categories of structural and functional brain changes are described in this review, corresponding to the migrainous aura, ictal headache, and interictal states. These changes greatly advance our understanding of multiple pathophysiologic underpinnings of migraine, from central "migraine generating" loci, to cortical spreading depression, intimate mechanisms underlying activation of neuronal pain pathways in vulnerable patients, central sensitization, and chronification. Structural imaging begins to explain the complex connections between migraine and cerebral vascular events, white matter lesions, grey matter density alterations, iron deposition, and microstructural brain damage. Selected structural and functional alterations of brain structures, as identified with imaging methods, may represent the foundation of new diagnostic strategies and serve as markers of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- From the Center for Headache and Pain, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (S.E. Lakhan and S.J. Tepper); Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA, USA (S.E. Lakhan and M. Avramut)
| | - Mihaela Avramut
- From the Center for Headache and Pain, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (S.E. Lakhan and S.J. Tepper); Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA, USA (S.E. Lakhan and M. Avramut)
| | - Stewart J Tepper
- From the Center for Headache and Pain, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (S.E. Lakhan and S.J. Tepper); Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA, USA (S.E. Lakhan and M. Avramut)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes key findings of the current literature on functional neuroimaging in migraine and describes how these studies have changed our view of the disorder. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have started not only to investigate the global cerebral activation pattern during migraine attacks, but to address specific aspects of migraine attacks such as photophobia, osmophobia as well as pain perception with the aim of disentangling the underlying mechanisms. There is also more and more evidence that the migraine brain is abnormal even outside of attacks and that repeated attacks are leading to functional and structural alterations in the brain, which may in turn drive the transformation of migraine to its chronic form. Some new results are pinpointing toward a potential role of interesting new brain areas in migraine pathophysiology such as the temporal cortex or the basal ganglia. SUMMARY Neuroimaging studies are beginning to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of migraine and its specific symptoms. Future studies have the potential to also improve our understanding of established and upcoming treatment approaches and to monitor treatment effects in an objective and noninvasive way.
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Reyngoudt H, Achten E, Paemeleire K. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in migraine: what have we learned so far? Cephalalgia 2012; 32:845-59. [PMID: 22763498 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412452048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize and evaluate proton ((1)H) and phosphorus ((31)P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings in migraine. METHODS A thorough review of (1)H and/or (31)P-MRS studies in any form of migraine published up to September 2011. RESULTS Some findings were consistent in all studies, such as a lack of ictal/interictal brain pH change and a disturbed energy metabolism, the latter of which is reflected in a drop in phosphocreatine content, both in the resting brain and in muscle following exercise. In a recent interictal study ATP was found to be significantly decreased in the occipital lobe of migraine with aura patients, reinforcing the concept of a mitochondrial component to the migraine threshold, at least in a subgroup of patients. In several studies a correlation between the extent of the energy disturbance and the clinical phenotype severity was apparent. Less consistent but still congruent with a disturbed energy metabolism is an observed lactate increase in the occipital cortex of several migraine subtypes (MwA, migraine with prolonged aura). No increases in brain glutamate levels were found. CONCLUSION The combined abnormalities found in MRS studies imply a mitochondrial component in migraine neurobiology. This could be due to a primary mitochondrial dysfunction or be secondary to, for example, alterations in brain excitability. The extent of variation in the data can be attributed to both the variable clinical inclusion criteria used and the variation in applied methodology. Therefore it is necessary to continue to optimize MRS methodology to gain further insights, especially concerning lactate and glutamate.
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Kedia S, Stence N, Manco-Johnson M, Armstrong-Wells J, Bernard TJ. Late cytotoxic edema in 2 children with hemiplegia: hemiplegic migraine or stroke? Headache 2012; 52:674-8. [PMID: 22404149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare variant of migraine with aura, characterized by migrainous headache and fully reversible motor deficit within 24 hours. Both sporadic and familial forms of HMs are genetically heterogenous with little information on neuroimaging during and after acute attacks. We report 2 cases of children with presumed HM and late cytotoxic edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Kedia
- Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bøttger P, Doğanlı C, Lykke-Hartmann K. Migraine- and dystonia-related disease-mutations of Na+/K+-ATPases: relevance of behavioral studies in mice to disease symptoms and neurological manifestations in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:855-71. [PMID: 22067897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The two autosomal dominantly inherited neurological diseases: familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) and familial rapid-onset of dystonia-parkinsonism (Familial RDP) are caused by in vivo mutations of specific alpha subunits of the sodium-potassium pump (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase). Intriguingly, patients with classical FHM2 and RDP symptoms additionally suffer from other manifestations, such as epilepsy/seizures and developmental disabilities. Recent studies of FHM2 and RDP mouse models provide valuable tools for dissecting the vital roles of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases, and we discuss their relevance to the complex patient symptoms and manifestations. Thus, it is interesting that mouse models targeting a specific α-isoform cause different, although still comparable, phenotypes consistent with classical symptoms and other manifestations observed in FHM2 and RDP patients. This review highlights that use of mouse models have broad potentials for future research concerning migraine and dystonia-related diseases, which will contribute towards understanding the, yet unknown, pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Bøttger
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hansen JM, Schytz HW, Larsen VA, Iversen HK, Ashina M. Hemiplegic Migraine Aura Begins With Cerebral Hypoperfusion: Imaging in the Acute Phase. Headache 2011; 51:1289-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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