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Dolati-Somarin A, Abd-Nikfarjam B. The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:470-479. [PMID: 34178794 PMCID: PMC8214617 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused COVID-19 has developed into an unexampled worldwide pandemic. The most important cause of death in patients with COVID-19 is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Opium is widely used for its analgesic features in control of acute and chronic pain related to different diseases. Opium consumption is increased over the last three decades and leads to adverse effects on the respiratory system; opium also affects the lungs' functions and respiration. The contemplative issue is the higher mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in opium addicts' patients. Studies have shown that despite the decrease in proinflammatory cytokines production in opium addicts, there are at least 4 reasons for this increase in mortality rate: downregulation of IFNs expression, development of pulmonary edema, increase thrombotic factors, increase the expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, identifying the causes of mortality and approved therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients who use opium for any reason is an important unmet need to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality. This review study demonstrated the effects of opium on immune responses and the reasons for the higher mortality rate in opium addicts' patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Abd-Nikfarjam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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DeMarco GJ, Nunamaker EA. A Review of the Effects of Pain and Analgesia on Immune System Function and Inflammation: Relevance for Preclinical Studies. Comp Med 2019; 69:520-534. [PMID: 31896389 PMCID: PMC6935697 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges facing investigators, laboratory animal veterinarians, and IACUCs, is how to balance appropriate analgesic use, animal welfare, and analgesic impact on experimental results. This is particularly true for in vivo studies on immune system function and inflammatory disease. Often times the effects of analgesic drugs on a particular immune function or model are incomplete or don't exist. Further complicating the picture is evidence of the very tight integration and bidirectional functionality between the immune system and branches of the nervous system involved in nociception and pain. These relationships have advanced the concept of understanding pain as a protective neuroimmune function and recognizing pathologic pain as a neuroimmune disease. This review strives to summarize extant literature on the effects of pain and analgesia on immune system function and inflammation in the context of preclinical in vivo studies. The authors hope this work will help to guide selection of analgesics for preclinical studies of inflammatory disease and immune system function.
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Key Words
- cb,endocannabinoid receptor
- cd,crohn disease
- cfa, complete freund adjuvant
- cgrp,calcitonin gene-related peptide
- cox,cyclooxygenase
- ctl, cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
- damp,damage-associated molecular pattern molecules
- drg,dorsal root ganglion
- dss, dextran sodium sulphate
- ecs,endocannabinoid system
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- ifa,incomplete freund adjuvant
- las, local anesthetics
- pamp,pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules
- pge2, prostaglandin e2
- p2y, atp purine receptor y
- p2x, atp purine receptor x
- tnbs, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid
- trp, transient receptor potential ion channels
- trpv, transient receptor potential vanilloid
- tg,trigeminal ganglion
- uc,ulcerative colitis
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Affiliation(s)
- George J DeMarco
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts;,
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Hussain M, Javeed A, Ashraf M, Al-Zaubai N, Stewart A, Mukhtar MM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chang MC, Fan SZ, Hsiao PN, Cheng WF, Sun WZ. Influence of morphine on host immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 49:105-8. [PMID: 21982172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is a widely used drug for analgesia and substance abuse. It has been accepted as a safe medication with great analgesic efficacy. Previous studies have reported that morphine is highly associated with the risk of immunosuppressive effects. Although the observed clinical effects suggest that morphine has the immunomodulatory capabilities, the mechanism of its action is still unclear. Here we review morphine on the bench to improve our understanding of the drug on the host immunity at the bedside. Studies of the effects of morphine on the innate and adaptive immune systems as well as immune responses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Saggini A, Anogeianaki A, Angelucci D, Cianchetti E, D'Alessandro M, Maccauro G, Salini V, Caraffa A, Teté S, Conti F, Tripodi D, Fulcheri M, Frydas S, Rosati M, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb Y. Cholesterol: An Inflammatory Compound. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the main rising causes of health problems in modern society and is correlated to type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease and atherosclerosis. Bacterial products, endogenous substances such as oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and heat shock proteins mediate activation of Toll-like receptors and reinforce the view that the innate immune system plays a key role in the genesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, natural killer T (NKT) cells respond to lipids presented via CD1d on APCs, and may also be able to affect atherosclerosis. All the main cell types involved in atherosclerosis such as endothelial cells, macrophages, T cells, smooth muscle cells and platelets express proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, CD4 ligation triggers the expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines and matrix metalloprotinease. IL-6 cytokines travels to the liver where it elicits acute phase response resolving in the release of serum amyloid-A C-reactive protein, fibrogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Therefore increasing body fat mass is associated with high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF. In this study we revisit the interrelationship between fat and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Anogeianaki
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D. Angelucci
- AnatomoPathology Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - G. Maccauro
- Department of Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Salini
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S. Teté
- Department of Oral, Nano and Biotechnologies, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Department of Gyneacology, “Santo Spirito” Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - D. Tripodi
- Department of Oral, Nano and Biotechnologies, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Fulcheri
- Psychology Division, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - S. Frydas
- Parassitology Division, Thessaloniki University, Greece
| | - M. Rosati
- Department of Gyneacology, “Santo Spirito” Hospital, Pescara, Italy
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Salini V, Saggini A, Maccauro G, Caraffa A, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb Y, Conti P. Inflammatory Markers: Serum Amyloid A, Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein — A Revisited Study. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response is the part of the innate defence system of an animal against trauma, inflammation or infection. During this response, there is increased production and release of certain plasma proteins known as acute phase proteins, which include C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen (Fg). CRP consists of five identical subunits of 206 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 23 kDa. There is strong evidence from numerous studies that CRP is a predictor of inflammation. The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is a clinically useful marker of inflammation. SAA plays not only an important role in the development of AA amyloidosis (an important complication of rheumatoid arthritis) but also interacts with events closely involved in the metabolic syndrome as a high- and low-grade inflammatory modulator. Fibrinogen (Fg) is a high molecular weight plasma adhesion protein and is a biomarker of inflammation. It is synthesized and assembled in hepatocytes and fibroblasts and when secreted into the circulation, its plasma half-life ranges from 3 to 4 days. Several cytokines, are involved in the induction of acute phase protein synthesis, but the mutual importance of these cytokines seems to be cell-type specific and to vary in various experimental settings. Here we revisited the classic acute phase proteins SAA, C-Reactive protein and fibrinogen in their role in inflammation and their interrelationship with some cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Salini
- Orthopaedic Division University of Chieti-Pescara, Medical School, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Maccauro
- Department of Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopaedics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Medical School, Chieti, Italy
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