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Büchel C, Peters J, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Papadopoulos D, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Walter H, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poustka L, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Gallinat J, Schumann G, Knutson B. Blunted ventral striatal responses to anticipated rewards foreshadow problematic drug use in novelty-seeking adolescents. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14140. [PMID: 28221370 PMCID: PMC5321762 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novelty-seeking tendencies in adolescents may promote innovation as well as problematic impulsive behaviour, including drug abuse. Previous research has not clarified whether neural hyper- or hypo-responsiveness to anticipated rewards promotes vulnerability in these individuals. Here we use a longitudinal design to track 144 novelty-seeking adolescents at age 14 and 16 to determine whether neural activity in response to anticipated rewards predicts problematic drug use. We find that diminished BOLD activity in mesolimbic (ventral striatal and midbrain) and prefrontal cortical (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) regions during reward anticipation at age 14 predicts problematic drug use at age 16. Lower psychometric conscientiousness and steeper discounting of future rewards at age 14 also predicts problematic drug use at age 16, but the neural responses independently predict more variance than psychometric measures. Together, these findings suggest that diminished neural responses to anticipated rewards in novelty-seeking adolescents may increase vulnerability to future problematic drug use. Some adolescents seek novelty, but it is unknown whether the brain circuits underlying this behaviour can be used to predict later, problematic behaviour. Here, authors show that diminished ventral striatal and prefrontal activity in response to anticipated rewards at age 14 in these individuals predicts problematic drug use at age 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 14 CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin bat 145, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 'Imaging &Psychiatry', University Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.,Maison de Solenn, APHP Ho^pital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 'Imaging &Psychiatry', University Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.,Maison de Solenn, APHP Ho^pital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A4.,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E6.,School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2RD, UK.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Brian Knutson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Twisk D, Commandeur JJF, Bos N, Shope JT, Kok G. Quantifying the influence of safe road systems and legal licensing age on road mortality among young adolescents: steps towards system thinking. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 74:306-313. [PMID: 25113418 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on existing literature, a system thinking approach was used to set up a conceptual model on the interrelationships among the components influencing adolescent road mortality, distinguishing between components at the individual level and at the system level. At the individual level the role of risk behaviour (sometimes deliberate and sometimes from inexperience or other non-deliberate causes) in adolescent road mortality is well documented. However, little is known about the extent to which the 'road system' itself may also have an impact on younger adolescents' road mortality. This, by providing a safe or unsafe road environment for all road users (System-induced exposure) and by allowing access to high-risk vehicles at a young or older age through the legal licensing age. This study seeks to explore these relationships by analysing the extent to which the road mortality of 10 to 17 year olds in various jurisdictions can be predicted from the System-induced Exposure (SiE) in a jurisdiction and from its legal licensing age to drive motor vehicles. SiE was operationalized as the number of road fatalities per 10(5) inhabitants/all ages together, but excluding the 10 to 17 year olds. Data on road fatalities during the years 2001 through 2008 were obtained from the OECD International Road Traffic Accident Database (IRTAD) and from the USA NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database for 29 early and 10 late licensing jurisdictions. Linear mixed models were fitted with annual 'Adolescent road mortality per capita' for 2001 through 2008 as the dependent variable, and time-dependent 'SiE' and time-independent 'Licensing system' as predictor variables. To control for different levels of motorisation, the time-dependent variable 'Annual per capita vehicle distance travelled' was used as a covariate. Licensing system of a jurisdiction was entered as a categorical predictor variable with late licensing countries as a baseline group. The study found support for the protective effects of SiE on adolescent safety. If SiE increased by one unit, the mortality rate of 10 to 17 year olds increased by 0.487 units. No support was found for a protective effect of late licensing for this age group. Thus, compared to young adolescents who are allowed to drive motor vehicles in early licensing jurisdictions, late licensing does not provide extra protection for pre-license adolescents. This finding is probably the result of the high risks associated with alternative transport modes, such as moped riding and bicycling. Also, the fact that the study only included risks to young adolescents themselves and did not include the risks they might pose to other road users and passengers may have contributed to this finding, because such risks are greater when driving a motor vehicle than riding a moped or a bicycle. Therefore, to advance our understanding of the impact of licensing systems, more study is needed into the benefits of early or late licensing, thereby considering these wider effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divera Twisk
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacques J F Commandeur
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels Bos
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean T Shope
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, United States.
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Twisk D, Vlakveld W, Mesken J, Shope JT, Kok G. Inexperience and risky decisions of young adolescents, as pedestrians and cyclists, in interactions with lorries, and the effects of competency versus awareness education. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 55:219-225. [PMID: 23571073 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road injuries are a prime cause of death in early adolescence. Often road safety education (RSE) is used to target risky road behaviour in this age group. These RSE programmes are frequently based on the assumption that deliberate risk taking rather than lack of competency underlies risk behaviour. This study tested the competency of 10-13 year olds, by examining their decisions - as pedestrians and cyclists - in dealing with blind spot areas around lorries. Also, the effects of an awareness programme and a competency programme on these decisions were evaluated. METHOD Table-top models were used, representing seven scenarios that differed in complexity: one basic scenario to test the identification of blind spot areas, and 6 traffic scenarios to test behaviour in traffic situations of low or high task complexity. Using a quasi-experimental design (pre-test and post-test reference group design without randomization), the programme effects were assessed by requiring participants (n=62) to show, for each table-top traffic scenario, how they would act if they were in that traffic situation. RESULTS On the basic scenario, at pre-test 42% of the youngsters identified all blind spots correctly, but only 27% showed safe behaviour in simple scenarios and 5% in complex scenarios. The competency programme yielded improved performance on the basic scenario but not on the traffic scenarios, whereas the awareness programme did not result in any improvements. The correlation between improvements on the basic scenarios and the traffic scenarios was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Young adolescents have not yet mastered the necessary skills for safe performance in simple and complex traffic situations, thus underlining the need for effective prevention programmes. RSE may improve the understanding of blind spot areas but this does not 'automatically' transfer to performance in traffic situations. Implications for the design of RSE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divera Twisk
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, PO Box 1090, 2260 BB Leidschendam, The Netherlands.
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