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Verma M, Sangeeta K, Verma BK, Dubey DK, Mondal M, Mazumder MN, Khan HT, Verma V. The association between anti-smoking legislation and prevalence of acute respiratory illnesses in Indian children. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2024; 7:100481. [PMID: 38419738 PMCID: PMC10901132 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Exposure to tobacco smoke causes numerous health problems in children, and create burden on the population in terms of economy, morbidity and mortality. In order to protect the child from exposure to tobacco smoke in the outdoor environment, sufficient legislative enactments are available in Indian legislation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the fact that in absence of any specific laws stating about protection of children from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor environment, whether outdoor related legislations are sufficient to protect children from exposureand to explore the scope for enforcement of both state and central laws in improving health of children in India. Study design The study considered cross-sectional survey data of Demographic and Health Survey Data on India, National Family and Health Survey fourth round (NFHS-4) for the year 2015-16 on Indian children (below age of four). Methods Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of anti-smoking laws on the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) based on the place of residence, indoor tobacco smoke exposure and age of the child. Results The results have shown an inclination of ARI among children in association with states having single law, rural area resident, exposure to indoor tobacco smoke and age of the child, both as independent or in combination are quite conspicuous, and are found to be underestimated. The logistic regression also revealed the influence of these factors both as independent and even in interaction with other. Conclusions Legislative intervention through both at central (or national)and state levels through anti-smoking laws will decrease the indoor tobacco smoke exposure as a result ARI prevalence will also decrease among children in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Verma
- Department of Law, Kazi Nazrul University, West Bengal, 713340, India
| | - K. Sangeeta
- HRC HOSPITAL, Hyderabad, 500016, Telangana, India
| | | | - Dharmendra Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Health Sciences (SAHS), Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Mukul Mondal
- Department of Law, Kazi Nazrul University, West Bengal, 713340, India
| | - Mousumi Nath Mazumder
- Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), JNU Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hafiz T.A. Khan
- Health Promotion and Public Health, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, Paragon House, Boston Manor Road, Brentford, TW8 9GB, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Statistics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
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Vanzi V, Marti F, Cattaruzza MS. Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors among Parents and Families: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2403. [PMID: 37685437 PMCID: PMC10487611 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11172403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Families play a primary role in protecting children. Thirdhand smoke (THS) is an underestimated public health issue, and health effects correlated to its exposition are emerging. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze papers focusing on knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding THS among parents, families, and caregivers, published until May 2022 on MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Critical appraisal of the included studies was conducted by two independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Out of the 97 articles, 8 were included in this review (two from the USA, one from Europe, and five from Asia). Although there were no restrictions on the date of publication, all the articles were published in the last 10 years, underlining that THS is an emerging concept. They were characterized by relevant heterogeneity in the study design and assessment tools. The results showed that percentages of parents who believed that THS is harmful ranged from 42.4% to 91%, but parental awareness was not always associated with the adoption of a home- and car-smoking ban or healthy behaviors. Further research is needed to understand the resistance and problems faced by parents who are aware of THS risks but unable to improve good practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Marti
- Department of Health Profession, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy;
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Cattaruzza
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Italian Society of Tobaccology (SITAB), 00136 Rome, Italy
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Arfaeinia H, Ghaemi M, Jahantigh A, Soleimani F, Hashemi H. Secondhand and thirdhand smoke: a review on chemical contents, exposure routes, and protective strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1. [PMID: 37306877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS: a mixture of sidestream and mainstream smoke) and thirdhand smoke (THS: made up of the pollutants that settle indoors after smoking in closed environments) are a significant public health concern. SHS and THS contain various chemicals which can be released into the air or settle on surfaces. At present, the hazards of SHS and THS are not as well documented. In this review, we describe the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, and protective strategies. The literature search was conducted for published papers on September 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, protective strategies, and future researches on environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Anis Jahantigh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Pitten L, Brüggmann D, Dröge J, Braun M, Groneberg DA. Impact of different ventilation conditions on tobacco smoke-associated particulate matter emissions in a car cabin using the TAPaC platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8216. [PMID: 37217504 PMCID: PMC10203320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite antagonizing attempts from the tobacco industry, passive inhalation of tobacco smoke is known to be cancerogenic and toxic to human health for decades. Nonetheless, millions of non-smoking adults and children are still victims of second-hand smoke. Accumulation of particulate matter (PM) in confined spaces such as the car are particularly harmful due to high concentrations. We here aimed to analyze the specific effects of ventilation conditions in the setting of a car. By the use of the measuring platform TAPaC (tobacco-associated particulate matter emissions inside a car cabin), 3R4F reference cigarettes, Marlboro red, and Marlboro gold were smoked in a car interior with a volume of 3.709 m3. Seven different ventilation conditions (C1-C7) were analyzed. Under C1, all windows were closed. Under C2-C7, the car ventilation was turned on power level 2/4 with the air directed towards the windshield. Only the passenger side window was opened, where an outer placed fan could create an airstream speed of 15.9-17.4 km/h at one meter distance to simulate a driving car. C2: Window 10 cm opened. C3: Window 10 cm opened with the fan turned on. C4: Window half-opened. C5: Window half-opened with the fan turned on. C6: Window fully opened. C7: Window fully opened with the fan turned on. Cigarettes were remotely smoked by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter and a cigarette smoking device. Depending on the ventilation condition the cigarettes emitted different mean PM concentrations after 10 min under condition C1 (PM10: 1272-1697 µg/m3, PM2.5: 1253-1659 µg/m3, PM1: 964-1263 µg/m3) under C2, C4, and C6 (PM10: 68.7-196.2 µg/m3, PM2.5: 68.2-194.7 µg/m3, PM1: 66.1-183.8 µg/m3) C3, C5, and C7 (PM10: 73.7-139 µg/m3, PM2.5: 72-137.9 µg/m3, PM1:68.9-131.9 µg/m3). Vehicle ventilation is insufficient to protect passengers from toxic second-hand smoke completely. Brand-specific variations of tobacco ingredients and mixtures markedly influence PM emissions under ventilation conditions. The most efficient ventilation mode to reduce PM exposure was achieved by opening the passenger´s window 10 cm and turning the onboard ventilation on power level 2/4. In-vehicle smoking should be banned to preserve innocent risk groups (e.g., children) from harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pitten
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janis Dröge
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Huang L, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Kuang M, Luo Y, Zhang L. Status and correlates of children's exposure to secondhand smoke at home: A survey in Chongqing, China. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:38. [PMID: 36923486 PMCID: PMC10009880 DOI: 10.18332/tid/159802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The home is the primary source of children's exposure to secondhand smoke. This study investigated the status and influencing factors of child exposure to secondhand smoke at home when people smoke in the household. METHODS Participants with at least one child living in their household from 10 communities in Chongqing were recruited and provided a self-administered questionnaire using a multistage proportional random sampling design from June to August 2021. The chi-squared test and binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify influencing factors. RESULTS The questionnaire completed by 1345 families showed that 631 (46.9%) families lived with smokers in their household, and 509 (80.7%) of those families reported that smoking occurred within the home while the children were present. Binary logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the time between waking up and household smokers having the first cigarette of the day (OR=0.44; 95% CI: 0.22-0.85), changes to smoking habits and behaviors within the last six months (OR=1.76; 95% CI: 1.06-2.90), attitudes towards tobacco control in the household (OR=2.91; 95% CI: 1.72-4.92), self-efficacy in maintaining a smoke-free home (OR=2.27; 95% CI: 1.36-3.79), having rules to maintain a smoke-free home (OR=3.25; 95% CI: 1.68-6.29), and the status of providing cigarettes to guests at home (OR=11.0; 95% CI: 1.33-90.8) were associated with exposure to SHS. CONCLUSIONS Education focusing on the impact of smoking on children's health should be encouraged. Smoke-free homes should be established, and smoking restrictions in the household should be enacted. Therefore, information about the available tobacco-control services should be given to family members and be used properly. It is an effective way to decrease the risk of at-home exposure to SHS for children, to overcome any obstacles in tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxian Huang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The First Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Health Center of Bafu Town, Bafu Town, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Department, Healthcare Center, Jinlong Town, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Nursing Department, Shiqiaopu Street Healthcare Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Kuang
- Nursing Department, Township Hospital, Jinfeng Town, People's Republic of China
| | - Yetao Luo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Adaptive Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040189. [PMID: 35448450 PMCID: PMC9027185 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on current issues of adaptive behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and on the possible risk factor of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children examined at the Academic Research Center for Autism (ARCA) in Bratislava were involved in the study. The study sample included 84 children (71 boys) with ASD (average age 5.35 years) and a non-ASD group of 24 children (20 boys; average age 8.10 years). The “ETS Questionnaire” focused on the detection of parental smoking habits and other ETS exposures. The concentrations of cotinine in urine were measured by ELISA kit. A significant delay in adaptive behavior of children with ASD in comparison with the non-ASD group was identified. The significant differences were in adaptive behavior, communication, and everyday skills. Children with ASD were more likely to be exposed to ETS, especially in the household. Good agreement was found between objective and subjective ETS exposure indicators (kappa = 0.613). Self-reported exposure to ETS corresponded significantly with the median levels of urinary cotinine. In addition to evaluation and assessment of the quality of adaptive behavior, an important goal of further research should be to identify, investigate, and eliminate environmental factors that interfere with adaptive behavior.
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Kataoka H, Kaji S, Moai M. Risk Assessment of Passive Smoking Based on Analysis of Hair Nicotine and Cotinine as Exposure Biomarkers by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled On-Line to LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237356. [PMID: 34885941 PMCID: PMC8659248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive smoking due to environmental tobacco smoke is a serious public health concern because it increases the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the current status and effect of passive smoking in various lifestyles are not fully understood. In this study, we measured hair nicotine and cotinine levels as exposure biomarkers in non-smokers and assessed the risk from the actual situation of passive smoking in different lifestyle environments. Nicotine and cotinine contents in hair samples of 110 non-smoker subjects were measured by in-tube solid-phase microextraction with on-line coupling to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and self-reported lifestyle questionnaires were completed by the subjects. Nicotine and cotinine were detected at concentrations of 1.38 ng mg−1 and 12.8 pg mg−1 respectively in the hair of non-smokers, with levels significantly higher in subjects who reported being sensitive to tobacco smoke exposure. These levels were also affected by type of food intake and cooking method. Nicotine and cotinine in hair are useful biomarkers for assessing the effects of passive smoking on long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and our analytical methods can measure these exposure levels in people who are unaware of passive smoking. The results of this study suggest that the environment and places of tobacco smoke exposure and the lifestyle behaviors therein are important for the health effects of passive smoking.
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Kollati PR, Mohapatra SS. The combined chemical and mechanical modifications of cigarette: a novel methodology to reduce harmful effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67343-67361. [PMID: 34247348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Without hindering the taste, making a cigarette less harmful by reducing the percentage of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in the smoke of the cigarette is a challenging task for the current generation of researchers. In the current work, by implementing mechanical, chemical and combined modification techniques, the above stated is tried to mitigate. In addition to the above, the optimum suction pressure, burning time and the number of puffing are also determined. Mechanical modification technique considers filter to cigarette ratio and filter design as the controlling parameters. The mathematical calculation reveals that puffing should stop when the cigarette length reaches 0.15 times of its original length. Furthermore, it is also identified that the concentrations of suspended solids and droplets in the smoke decrease significantly (separation efficiency = 56.81%) if the cigarette to filter ratio is maintained at 2.32. In case of chemical modification, by using various types of adsorbents such as charcoal and Zeolite 13X, the harmful effects are further reduced. These processes depict significant reduction in harmful effect (separation efficiency up to 62.1%) by showing the decrement in the suspended solids and droplets in the smoke due to the adsorption on the active sites of adsorbents. In case of combined modification, the achieved separation efficiency is 66.51%. For the experimentation, an experimental setup fitted with artificial lungs was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudhvi Ravikumar Kollati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Soumya Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.
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Ren S, Xie S, Li X, Li G, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang L. The association between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and their children's cerebral palsy, Shandong, China. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:87. [PMID: 33132801 PMCID: PMC7592196 DOI: 10.18332/tid/127872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use poses a threat to the health of pregnant women and their children. Our study assessed the association between maternal exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy and children's cerebral palsy (CP) in Shandong, China. METHODS In our observational study, 5067 mother-child pairs were included from Shandong Province, China. Mothers filled in questionnaires about exposure to SHS during pregnancy. Statistical analysis and logistic regression models were built in R program to estimate the association in adjusted odds ratio (AOR) between SHS exposure during pregnancy and risk of children's CP, after adjustment for potential confounders including delivery mode and baby's birthweight. RESULTS Exposure to SHS was noted among 3663 (72.3%) of the 5067 non-smoking mothers during their pregnancy. Of the 239 CP children within the study, 192 (80.3%) were exposed to SHS during pregnancy. Children born to mothers exposed to SHS during pregnancy had a higher risk of CP (AOR=1.44; 95% CI: 1.02-2.04) than those born to non-exposed mothers, the risk increased by exposure time in the logistic regression model. The association between SHS exposure during pregnancy and CP children remained significant when adjusting for delivery mode and infant's birthweight due to their significant association with CP, with an AOR of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.13-1.91) for 1-4 days/week and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.22-2.01) for 5-7 days/week exposure to SHS. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy is associated with children's CP. Future preventive interventions of CP should include strategies that target the antenatal women who are exposed to SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Medical College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qingdao Hiser Medical Group, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine, Liaocheng Nο. 4 People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Record, Liaocheng No. 4 People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China.,Medical College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China.,Metabolism Group, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
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Sismanlar Eyuboglu T, Aslan AT, Kose M, Pekcan S, Hangul M, Gulbahar O, Cingirt M, Bedir Demirdag T, Tezer H, Budakoglu II. Passive Smoking and Disease Severity in Childhood Pneumonia Under 5 Years of Age. J Trop Pediatr 2020; 66:412-418. [PMID: 31774539 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To objectively investigate the effect of passive smoking on pneumonia and disease severity in children aged less than 5 years by using cotinine as an indicator of passive smoking. METHODS Between December 2015 and April 2016, children aged less than 5 years with pneumonia and age-matched healthy controls were included in this study, which was conducted at three tertiary pediatric pulmonology centers. A questionnaire was given to the parents regarding demographic data and smoking status at home. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio (CCR) was measured. The data from the pneumonia and control groups, as well as children with mild and severe pneumonia within the pneumonia group, were compared. RESULTS A total of 227 subjects were included in the study; there were 74 children in the pneumonia group and 153 in the control group. The mean age of all the children was 33.4 ± 1.28 months. Of all subjects, 140 were male and 102 were exposed to passive smoking by their parents at home. There were statistically significant differences in age, number of people in the home, and mother's and father's age between the control and pneumonia groups (p < 0.05). No difference was found in the CCR in the control and pneumonia group (p > 0.05). Age and urinary CCR were significantly different between children with mild and severe pneumonia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We showed that passive smoking exposure was associated with the development of severe pneumonia in children. Further studies are needed to examine the underlying cause in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Sismanlar Eyuboglu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 06080
| | - Ayse Tana Aslan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Mehmet Kose
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 38030
| | - Sevgi Pekcan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Meram Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey 42090
| | - Melih Hangul
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 38030
| | - Ozlem Gulbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Mehmet Cingirt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Tuga Bedir Demirdag
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Hasan Tezer
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Isıl Irem Budakoglu
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
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Sasamoto N, Farland LV, Vitonis AF, Harris HR, DiVasta AD, Laufer MR, Terry KL, Missmer SA. In utero and early life exposures in relation to endometriosis in adolescents and young adults. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 252:393-398. [PMID: 32688135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder often associated with severe pelvic pain and infertility with few known modifiable risk factors. We investigated whether in utero and early life exposures are associated with surgically diagnosed endometriosis among adolescents and young adults. STUDY DESIGN This case-control study, including 295 laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis cases and 309 population-based controls aged <25 years, was conducted using data from The Women's Health Study: From Adolescence to Adulthood which enrolled participants from 2012 to 2018. Information on in utero and early life factors were collected using a modified WERF EPHect questionnaire at enrollment, including their mother's age at delivery, birthweight, gestation length, exposure to smoking in utero and secondhand smoke during childhood up to age 13, and if the participant was breastfed. RESULTS Median age at enrollment was 17 years (range 12-24) in cases and 22 years (range 7-24) in controls, with 83 % and 68 % non-Hispanic whites, respectively. The majority of cases (95 %) were rASRM stage I or II at diagnostic surgery. Exposure to breastfeeding in early life was associated with lower odds of endometriosis diagnosis (OR = 0.39, 95 % CI = 0.21-0.74). Exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood due to maternal smoking was associated with increased odds of endometriosis diagnosis (OR = 2.70, 95 % CI = 1.11-6.60). CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents and young adults, our data suggest exposures to breastfeeding in early life and secondhand smoke during childhood may be associated with endometriosis risk, providing insight into etiologic pathways to be explored in this young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sasamoto
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Leslie V Farland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Allison F Vitonis
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Holly R Harris
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amy D DiVasta
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marc R Laufer
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MA, 49503, USA
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Tommasi S, Yoon JI, Besaratinia A. Secondhand Smoke Induces Liver Steatosis through Deregulation of Genes Involved in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1296. [PMID: 32075112 PMCID: PMC7072934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, independently of diet, in the development of chronic liver disease. Standard diet-fed mice were exposed to SHS (5 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 months). Genome-wide gene expression analysis, together with molecular pathways and gene network analyses, and histological examination for lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and glycogen deposition were performed on the liver of SHS-exposed mice and controls, upon termination of exposure and after one-month recovery in clean air. Aberrantly expressed transcripts were found in the liver of SHS-exposed mice both pre- and post-recovery in clean air (n = 473 vs. 222). The persistent deregulated transcripts (n = 210) predominantly affected genes and functional networks involved in lipid metabolism as well as in the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum where manufacturing of lipids occurs. Significant hepatic fat accumulation (steatosis) was observed in the SHS-exposed mice, which progressively increased as the animals underwent recovery in clean air. Moderate increases in lobular inflammation infiltrates and collagen deposition as well as loss of glycogen were also detectable in the liver of SHS-exposed mice. A more pronounced phenotype, manifested as a disrupted cord-like architecture with foci of necrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and macrovesicular steatosis, was observed in the liver of SHS-exposed mice post-recovery. The progressive accumulation of hepatic fat and other adverse histological changes in the SHS-exposed mice are highly consistent with the perturbation of key lipid genes and associated pathways in the corresponding animals. Our data support a role for SHS in the genesis and progression of metabolic liver disease through deregulation of genes and molecular pathways and functional networks involved in lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Jae-In Yoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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Fujita T, Babazono A, Harano Y, Jiang P. Secondhand Smoke and Streptococcal Infection in Young Children Under Japan's Voluntary Tobacco-Free Policy. Popul Health Manag 2019; 22:272-277. [DOI: 10.1089/pop.2018.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Fujita
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
| | - Akira Babazono
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Harano
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Analysis of nicotine and cotinine in hair by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:272-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schivinski CIS, de Assumpção MS, de Figueiredo FCXS, Wamosy RMG, Ferreira LG, Ribeiro JD. Impulse oscillometry, spirometry, and passive smoking in healthy children and adolescents. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2017; 23:311-316. [PMID: 28760702 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify changes in the forced and quiet breathing parameters of lung function in healthy children and adolescents exposed to passive smoking (PS). METHOD Comparative cross-sectional study. Healthy schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years. We collected anthropometric data, lung function parameters using spirometry (forced breathing), and quiet breathing parameters using impulse oscillometry. The sample was divided into two groups according to exposure to PS: passive smoking group (PSG) and non-passive smoking group (NPSG). For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify data normality and the T-test or Mann-Whitney test to compare spirometric and oscillometric parameters between groups (p≤0.05). MAIN FINDINGS The study included 78 children and adolescents, with 14 boys and 25 girls in each group. There were differences in the mean values for peak expiratory flow (p=0.01). There were no significant differences between the groups in values for z-score and lower limit of normal. The PSG had higher mean absolute values for reactance area (X5=0.05) and significant percentage of predicted values for the following impulse oscillometry parameters: central airway resistance (R20%, p=0.03) and for the indicators of presence of airway obstruction (Fres%, p=0.01; X5%=0.01% and AX%, p=0.01). CONCLUSION Children and adolescents exposed to PS had lower values for the spirometric variables and higher values for the oscillometric variables, indicating changes in forced and quiet parameters of lung function compared to the NPSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I S Schivinski
- Health and Sports Science Center (CEFID), Physiotherapy Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - M S de Assumpção
- Health and Sports Science Center (CEFID), Physiotherapy Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - F C X S de Figueiredo
- Health and Sports Science Center (CEFID), Physiotherapy Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R M G Wamosy
- Health and Sports Science Center (CEFID), Physiotherapy Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - L G Ferreira
- Health and Sports Science Center (CEFID), Physiotherapy Department, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - J D Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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17
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Zheng ZL, Deng HY, Wu CP, Lam WL, Kuok WS, Liang WJ, Wang HL. Secondhand smoke exposure of children at home and prevalence of parental smoking following implementation of the new tobacco control law in Macao. Public Health 2017; 144:57-63. [PMID: 28274385 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) of children at home and the prevalence of parental smoking after implementation of the new tobacco control law in Macao. This study explored whether the smoking ban in public places in Macao has decreased the prevalence of smoking or led to increased SHS exposure of children at home. As smokers cannot smoke in public places any more, they may smoke at home more frequently; a displacement effect of smoke-free legislation. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS This study surveyed 337 fathers and 538 mothers. Questions from a subset of key questions from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2nd edition) were applied to assess the SHS exposure of children and the prevalence of parental smoking since the smoking ban. A classification tree analysis was used to analyse the factors increasing SHS exposure of children. RESULTS The prevalence of SHS exposure in children at home was 41.3%. The prevalence rates of paternal and maternal smoking were 43.7% and 3.8%, respectively. Compared with data reported by the Health Bureau of Macao SAR in 2011, the prevalence of parental smoking and the prevalence of SHS exposure of children at home have not decreased since the smoking ban. Analysis of the factors increasing the prevalence of SHS exposure of children indicated that fathers with an education level below high school were more likely to contribute to this increase, compared with fathers with a high school education or more (48.2% vs 32.4%, respectively). In addition, fathers represented the majority of smokers at home, accounting for 92.0% of 415 smoking parents. The prevalence of paternal smoking (82.0%) in the group of children with SHS exposure was much higher than that in the unexposed group (16.7%, Chi-squared test = 367.199, P = 0.000). The SHS exposure of children increased consistently with the decrease in paternal education level. This was consistent with the increasing prevalence of paternal smoking as paternal education level decreased. SHS exposure was most common among children whose fathers had an education level below high school and whose mothers were aged ≤29 years (75.0%). CONCLUSIONS This study did not find any decline in the prevalence of parental smoking after the smoking ban. These parents were more likely to smoke at home after the ban, leading to more frequent SHS exposure for their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Zheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Y Deng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - C P Wu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - W L Lam
- Health Bureau of Macao SAR, Macao, China
| | - W S Kuok
- Health Bureau of Macao SAR, Macao, China
| | - W J Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - H L Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Kleinstreuer C, Feng Y. Lung deposition analyses of inhaled toxic aerosols in conventional and less harmful cigarette smoke: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4454-85. [PMID: 24065038 PMCID: PMC3799535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled toxic aerosols of conventional cigarette smoke may impact not only the health of smokers, but also those exposed to second-stream smoke, especially children. Thus, less harmful cigarettes (LHCs), also called potential reduced exposure products (PREPs), or modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) have been designed by tobacco manufacturers to focus on the reduction of the concentration of carcinogenic components and toxicants in tobacco. However, some studies have pointed out that the new cigarette products may be actually more harmful than the conventional ones due to variations in puffing or post-puffing behavior, different physical and chemical characteristics of inhaled toxic aerosols, and longer exposure conditions. In order to understand the toxicological impact of tobacco smoke, it is essential for scientists, engineers and manufacturers to develop experiments, clinical investigations, and predictive numerical models for tracking the intake and deposition of toxicants of both LHCs and conventional cigarettes. Furthermore, to link inhaled toxicants to lung and other diseases, it is necessary to determine the physical mechanisms and parameters that have significant impacts on droplet/vapor transport and deposition. Complex mechanisms include droplet coagulation, hygroscopic growth, condensation and evaporation, vapor formation and changes in composition. Of interest are also different puffing behavior, smoke inlet conditions, subject geometries, and mass transfer of deposited material into systemic regions. This review article is intended to serve as an overview of contributions mainly published between 2009 and 2013, focusing on the potential health risks of toxicants in cigarette smoke, progress made in different approaches of impact analyses for inhaled toxic aerosols, as well as challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Kleinstreuer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; E-Mail:
- Joint UNC-NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; E-Mail:
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