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Zoe Hilton N, Ham E, Radatz DL, Smith CM, Snow N, Wintermute J, Jennings-Fitz-Gerald E, Lee J, Patterson S. Coercive Control in 2SLGBTQQIA+ Relationships: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241257957. [PMID: 39066513 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241257957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Existing measures and theories of intimate partner coercive control largely evaluate men's coercion of women. The extent of knowledge pertaining to intimate relationships among other genders and sexual identities is unclear. Guided by a theoretical framework of intersectionality, we examined and synthesized original studies on coercive control by (perpetration) or against (victimization) Two Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, questioning, intersex, and asexual individuals within intimate partner relationships. We searched eight academic databases for records from 2014 through 2022 and hand-searched review articles' reference lists, supplemented with gray literature and website searches. Using duplicate screening, we identified 1,774 unique documents; 526 met preliminary eligibility criteria and 277 were retained for data extraction in duplicate. Coercive control was more common among minority individuals and was related to mental health challenges. Few studies reported on gender- or sexual-identity specific forms of coercive control, and an intersectional focus was uncommon. This review revealed a lack of agreed definition of coercive control or accepted standard of measurement, and a gap in research with individuals who identify as gender diverse, gender fluid or intersex, or those identifying their sexuality as asexual, pansexual, or sexually diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zoe Hilton
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
| | - Elke Ham
- Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Natalie Snow
- Humber College, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chiefs of Ontario, Toronto, Canada
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Stranges TN, Marshall RA, Godard R, Simonetto D, van Donkelaar P. Characterizing Intimate Partner Violence-Caused Brain Injury in a Sample of Survivors in the Two Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning Community. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241256390. [PMID: 38842219 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241256390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Research in the field of intimate partner violence-caused brain injury (IPV-BI) has predominantly focused on heterosexual women, ignoring the unique needs of the Two Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning (2S/LGBTQ) community. The purpose of this exploratory research was to better understand the prevalence of IPV and IPV-BI in 2S/LGBTQ relationships where IPV was defined as physical, psychological, financial, sexual, and/or identity-based abuse from a current of former intimate partner. This study used a cross sectional internet-based survey that ran from September to December of 2022. In addition to descriptive statistics, prevalence rates and their corresponding Wilson Score confidence intervals are reported to estimate the proportion of individuals who experienced IPV and IPV-BI. Finally, for both gender identity and sexual orientation, we tested whether participants with each identity had differing levels of brain injury severity compared to participants who did not hold that identity using Mann-Whitney U tests. In total, 170 2S/LGBTQ+ adults responded to the survey. Among the respondents, 54% identified as Two-Spirit, 24% identified as gay, 17% identified as queer, 14% identified as bisexual, and 8% identified as lesbian or pansexual, respectively. Respondents were predominantly multiracial, post-secondary educated, full-time employed, cisgender women (35%) or cisgender men (19%). The overwhelming majority reported lifetime prevalence of IPV at 98% (n = 166, 95% CI [94.11, 99.08]). Additionally, 68% (n = 115, 95% CI [60.29, 74.22]) of participants reported symptoms consistent with an IPV-BI. These results are consistent with the findings that the 2S/LGBTQ community are at heightened risk of experiencing physical IPV. These findings are the first to our knowledge to report a high rate of symptoms consistent with an IPV-BI in the 2S/LGBTQ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori N Stranges
- University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Rory A Marshall
- University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Alberta Health Services-Emergency Medical Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rebecca Godard
- University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Deana Simonetto
- University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Sarno EL, Swann G, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Relationship risk factors for intimate partner violence among sexual and gender minorities: A multilevel analysis. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:983-1000. [PMID: 37715359 PMCID: PMC10940214 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is alarmingly prevalent among sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB), making it important to identify risk factors that can be targeted in prevention efforts for this population. Although several relationship-level risk factors for IPV have been identified in different-sex couples, research on SGM-AFAB is sparse and predominantly cross-sectional. The present study used seven waves of data from a longitudinal cohort study of SGM-AFAB youth (n = 463) to explore relationship factors (relationship quality, destructive conflict, and self- and partner-jealousy) as risk factors for perpetration and victimization of three types of IPV (physical, psychological, and coercive control). At each wave, participants reported on relationship factors and IPV for up to three romantic partners in the past 6 months. Multilevel models tested for associations between the relationship factors and IPV at three levels: between-persons, within-persons across time (wave), and within-persons across relationships. Relationship quality was associated with IPV mostly at the between-persons and within-persons (wave) levels. Couple conflict was associated with all IPV outcomes at all levels. Partner jealousy was more consistently associated with IPV victimization; participant jealousy was more consistently linked with IPV perpetration. These novel findings suggest that, within SGM individuals, IPV may be influenced by relationship quality, destructive conflict, and jealousy as they fluctuate within individuals from relationship to relationship and within individuals over time. As such, these relationship factors represent promising potential targets for interventions to reduce IPV among SGM-AFAB youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sarno
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory Swann
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah W Whitton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Edwards KM, Lim S, Bermea AM, Wheeler LA, Littleton H. The Role of Minority Stress in Psychological Distress and Hazardous Drinking Among Sexual Minority College Student Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:1058-1081. [PMID: 37791726 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231202239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority, individuals who are not heterosexual, college students experience high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), which is linked to a myriad of deleterious outcomes. However, little work has evaluated whether there are differences in IPV outcomes among sexual minority college students as compared to heterosexual college students. Further, the extent to which minority stress at the institutional and individual level relates to IPV outcomes among sexual minority students is understudied. As such, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate IPV outcomes in a large sample of undergraduate students attending 18 medium- to large-sized universities across the contiguous U.S. Results supported that sexual minority victims of IPV had more anxious and depressive symptoms than heterosexual victims of IPV but were not more likely to engage in hazardous drinking. Further, analyses supported that several campus-level (but not individual-level) indicators of minority stress moderated the relation between IPV victimization and negative outcomes among sexual minority students, such that the association between IPV and negative outcomes was stronger among students embedded in campuses with higher levels of minority stressors. Results support the critical importance of interventions addressing campus-level minority stressors to reduce deleterious IPV outcomes among sexual minority college student victims.
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Littleton H, Edwards KM, Lim S, Wheeler LA, Chen D, Huff M, Sall KE, Siller L, Mauer VA. Examination of the Multilevel Sexual Stigma Model of Intimate Partner Violence Risk Among LGBQ+ College Students: A Prospective Analysis Across Eighteen Institutions of Higher Education. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38323862 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2311309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Sexual stigma operates at multiple levels (institutional, group, individual), which serves to disadvantage sexual minority (LGBQ+) individuals and increases risk for deleterious outcomes. The current study evaluated a novel multilevel sexual stigma model of intimate partner violence (MLSSM-IPV) that incorporates multiple levels of sexual stigma as related to IPV risk via several pathways (e.g. hazardous drinking, affective symptoms). We evaluated this model in a longitudinal study of LGBQ+ undergraduate college students (n = 2,415) attending 18 universities who completed surveys in the Fall and Spring semesters. Group-level sexual stigma on each campus was assessed via surveys with heterosexual students (n = 8,517) and faculty, staff, and administrators (n = 2,865), and institutional-level stigma was evaluated via a campus climate assessment. At the campus level, institutional stigma was related to LGBQ+ students' self-stigma and identity concealment. Moreover, self-stigma prospectively predicted IPV victimization, and hazardous drinking mediated the relations between self-stigma and IPV perpetration and victimization. Results suggest that interventions addressing stigma and hazardous drinking may be efficacious in reducing IPV among LGBQ+ students. Further, comprehensive efforts to improve campus climate for LGBQ+ students are likely to produce a plethora of benefits for these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Littleton
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs
| | - Katie M Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Stephanie Lim
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Lorey A Wheeler
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Donna Chen
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Merle Huff
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Kayla E Sall
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Laura Siller
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
| | - Victoria A Mauer
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln
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Huff M, Edwards KM, Littleton H. Past 6-Month Prevalence of IPV Victimization among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Undergraduate Students: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:458-469. [PMID: 37688489 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231195803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has largely neglected the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV) among transgender and gender-diverse (TGD; e.g., nonbinary and genderqueer) individuals. However, existing research suggests that TGD individuals are disproportionately affected by IPV. The current study sought to explore if and how rates of IPV vary among subgroups of TGD undergraduate students and contextual factors of IPV among TGD individuals including the co-occurrence of multiple forms of IPV victimization, the type of relationship in which IPV occurred, and the gender identity of the IPV perpetrator. Participants were 280 TGD undergraduate students attending 20 medium- and large-sized residential public universities across the contiguous United States. Of the entire sample of TGD undergraduate students (N = 280), a total of 27.5% endorsed past 6-month IPV victimization (20.0% psychological, 6.1% physical, 8.9% sexual, 11.4% coercive control, and 5.7% LGBTQIA+-specific). Among only the participants who endorsed past 6-month IPV victimization (N = 77), 45.4% reported one form of IPV victimization, 26.0% two forms, 22.1% three forms, and 6.5% four forms. Further, 41.3% of TGD IPV victims were in a casual relationship, 56.0% were in a serious relationship, and 2.7% were in multiple relationship types. Finally, 55.8% of victims reported their perpetrator was a man, 22.1% a woman, and 22.1% a TGD individual. No significant differences in rates of IPV were found between TGD respondents. These data highlight the urgent need for programming efforts on college campuses that are specifically designed to prevent and address IPV among and against TGD students. Future research should evaluate universal- and population-specific risk and protective factors for IPV among TGD individuals to inform prevention and response efforts for this highly vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Huff
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Hall M, Hill E, Moreland G, Hales GK, Boduszek D, Debowska A. Profiles of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3280-3296. [PMID: 36197066 PMCID: PMC10594847 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221126183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Person-centered approaches, such as latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA), aid the identification of subgroups within sample populations. These methods can identify the patterns of co-occurrence between different forms of intimate partner violence (IPV), providing valuable information for prevention and intervention efforts. The aim of this systematic review was to yield a summary and conduct a critical evaluation of the current research that utilizes LCA/LPA to investigate IPV victimization profiles. We provide an outline of 14 relevant studies, retrieved from searches conducted on PsycInfo, Scopus, and Eric databases. There was a large amount of variability in relation to the forms of IPV assessed, measures utilized, number of classes identified, and the sample populations recruited. However, broad similarities were revealed as there were some commonly identified classes, including the no/low violence class, the physical and psychological victimization class, and the multiple victimization class, yet the labels assigned to those classes differed across studies. A range of external criteria (risk factors and consequences) were also identified as being associated with class membership. We highlight the methodological features which may have impacted data collection and class enumeration, including the differences in sample population, the range of IPV indicators assessed, the time period from which IPV data were recorded, and whether data were collected regarding participants' current or previous relationships. Marginalized populations were underrepresented, and psychological abuse was most inconsistently operationalized. Recommendations for future research are provided, including recommendations with regard to labeling the classes for greater consistency across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Boduszek
- University of Huddersfield, UK
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland
| | - Agata Debowska
- The University of Sheffield, UK
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland
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Whitton SW, Welge JA, Newcomb ME. Evaluation of Traditional Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2023; 13:456-467. [PMID: 38962161 PMCID: PMC11218919 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Objective Sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB) experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) than heterosexual and cisgender youth. To inform efforts to reduce these disparities, we explored whether IPV risk factors identified in the general population are associated with IPV among SGM-AFAB young people. Method Using multiwave longitudinal data from a 400 SGM-AFAB youth (ages 16-20 at baseline), we estimated between- and within-persons effects of demographic/contextual characteristics (gender, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status), developmental/background factors (childhood violence), and psychological/behavioral factors (antisocial behavior, depression, problematic alcohol and cannabis use) on a range of IPV experiences (victimization and perpetration of psychological, physical, sexual, and SGM-specific IPV). Results In this SGM-AFAB sample, IPV experiences were associated with many traditional risk factors identified in the general population, including race, economic stress, childhood violence, antisocial behavior, depression, and use of substances (particularly cannabis). In contrast to previous research, we did not find that SGM youth with transgender or gender nonbinary identities, or with bi- or pan-sexual identities, were at greater risk for IPV than other SGM youth. Very few putative risk factors were associated with SGM-specific IPV. Conclusion Findings suggest SGM youth could benefit from IPV prevention approaches that target common risk factors at multiple ecological levels (policies to reduce poverty and racism, parenting programs, interventions to reduce mental health and substance use problems). Continued research is needed to explore how risk for IPV among SGM-AFAB youth may vary by gender identity, sexual identity, and stigma-based experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University
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Hill E, Moreland G, Boduszek D, Debowska A. Attribution of Blame in an Intimate Partner Violence Situation: The Effect of Victim Sexuality and Observer Sex. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8500-8523. [PMID: 36916056 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231157444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an extensive public health concern, largely affecting women aged 20 to 24 years. Research suggests that bisexual women are more likely than heterosexual and homosexual women to be victims of IPV. Bisexual women are also more likely to be blamed for their abuse experiences after disclosing, a phenomenon known as victim blame attribution (VBA). However, very little VBA research recognizes bisexuality as a separate category. Therefore, the main aim of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the role of female victim sexuality (bisexuality, homosexuality, and heterosexuality) and observer sex in the attribution of blame to the victim and perpetrator of IPV. Participants (N = 232; aged 18-24 years, M = 21.05, SD = 1.73) were randomly assigned into one of four conditions (heterosexual victim, bisexual victim with same-sex partner, bisexual victim with different-sex partner, homosexual victim), each containing a vignette portraying IPV within a relationship. Randomization checks were performed to ensure that participants in the four conditions did not differ significantly on underlying attitudes (institutional heterosexism (IH), aversive heterosexism (AH), heterosexual privilege (HP), sexist attitudes, just world beliefs) that may have affected their responses on outcome measures. Main analyses demonstrated that bisexual victims with a same-sex partner received the highest attribution of blame, whereas perpetrators in this condition received the lowest blame attribution. Male participants attributed significantly higher blame to victims than did female participants, regardless of victim sexuality. These findings substantiate the role of victim sexuality and observer sex in IPV blame attribution patterns. This research aimed to promote equality and rightful treatment to all victims of IPV regardless of their sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Boduszek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Agata Debowska
- The University of Sheffield, UK
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Edwards KM, Lim S, Huff M, Herrington R, Leader Charge L, Littleton H. Rates and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Indigenous College Students: A Multi-Campus Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7852-7866. [PMID: 36714950 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221150945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that Indigenous girls, women, and LGBTQ+ Two-Spirit people experience disproportionately high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), but there is a dearth of research on IPV among Indigenous college students. Therefore, the current study sought to explore rates of IPV victimization and perpetration among Indigenous college students, as well as correlates including depressive and anxious symptoms, emotion dysregulation, on-campus social support, and hazardous drinking. Participants were 230 undergraduate students who identified as American Indian/Alaska Native attending 20 medium- and large-sized universities across the contiguous U.S. Results indicated that 28.9% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV victimization in the past 6 months (psychological: 24.5%; physical: 9.1%; sexual: 9.8%; coercive control: 12.4%). Further, 18.3% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV perpetration in the past 6 months (psychological: 16.9%; physical: 4.5%; sexual: 2.6%; coercive control: 7.1%). Anxious and depressive symptoms were related to many forms of IPV victimization; emotion dysregulation was related to all forms of IPV victimization and sexual IPV perpetration; and hazardous drinking was related to most forms of IPV victimization and perpetration. These findings underscore the alarmingly high rates of IPV among Indigenous college students as well as the potential deleterious effects of IPV victimization on psychological functioning, as well as the need to concurrently address hazardous alcohol use in IPV prevention and response efforts.
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Blayney JA, Jaffe AE, Hequembourg AL, Parrott DJ. Sexual Victimization Among Sexual and Gender Minoritized Groups: Recent Research and Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:183-191. [PMID: 37014545 PMCID: PMC10947481 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Sexual victimization is a significant public health concern. Compared to heterosexual and cisgender peers, sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) individuals are at elevated risk for sexual victimization. Prominent theories suggest that this risk is due in part to the stigma SGM individuals face when navigating heteronormative cultures. The goal of this article is to review the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of sexual victimization in SGM individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Studies continue to show that SGM individuals-bisexual and/or gender minoritized in particular-are at higher risk for sexual victimization. Little work has focused on risk factors, though recent research continues to highlight post-victimization disparities among SGM individuals. Emerging studies also point to theoretically informed factors that may influence victimization risk and recovery, including sexual and gender-related stigma. To inform prevention and intervention efforts, future research would benefit from streamlining assessment, methodology, and dissemination practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amy L Hequembourg
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dominic J Parrott
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sarno EL, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Minority Stress and Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual and Gender Minorities assigned Female at Birth. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2023; 13:239-247. [PMID: 38045637 PMCID: PMC10691836 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB) experience high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using multiwave longitudinal data, the present study tested the following associations of minority stress and IPV among SGM-AFAB: concurrent within-person (i.e., whether changes in minority stress co-occur with changes in IPV), prospective within-person (i.e., whether changes in minority stressors precede changes in IPV), and between-persons (i.e., whether individuals who experience more minority stress, on average, experience more IPV). Method Data were from Waves 1-7 (spanning 3.5 years) of a longitudinal cohort study of 488 young SGM-AFAB. At each wave, participants reported on SGM victimization, sexual orientation microaggressions, internalized heterosexism, and five types of IPV for up to three partners in the past six months. Results Controlling for other minority stress experiences, microaggressions showed concurrent within-person associations with two types of IPV victimization (psychological and coercive control) and three types of IPV perpetration (psychological, physical, and sexual), and between-persons associations with psychological IPV victimization and coercive control victimization and perpetration. Microaggressions also had a significant prospective within-persons association with SGM-specific IPV perpetration. SGM victimization showed no unique within-person associations with IPV but, between-persons, was associated with all types of IPV victimization (except coercive control), and psychological and sexual IPV perpetration. Internalized heterosexism was not associated with any IPV outcome. Conclusions Minority stress, particularly distal stressors, appear to contribute to risk for IPV among SGM-AFAB. Clinicians working with SGM-AFAB individuals in relationships may benefit from screening for experiences of minority stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sarno
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University
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Scheer JR, Lawlace M, Cascalheira CJ, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Help-Seeking for Severe Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents and Young Adults Assigned Female at birth: A Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6723-6750. [PMID: 36472356 PMCID: PMC10050117 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221137711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority adolescents and young adults assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB) report high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Despite adverse health outcomes of IPV, many survivors, particularly SGM-AFAB, do not seek help. This study (1) examined the proportion of SGM-AFAB who reported severe IPV victimization who sought help; (2) elucidated patterns of help-seeking facilitators and barriers; and (3) identified associations between sociodemographic characteristics, IPV victimization types, and minority stressors and latent classes of help-seeking facilitators and barriers. Participants included 193 SGM-AFAB (Mage = 20.6, SD = 3.4; 65.8% non-monosexual; 73.1% cisgender; 72.5% racial/ethnic minority; 16.6% annual household income $20,000 or less). Most participants who experienced severe IPV did not seek help (62.2%). Having a person or provider who was aware of the participant's abusive relationship was the most common reason for seeking help (50; 68.5%). Minimizing IPV was the most common reason for not seeking help (103; 87.3%). Fewer than 5% of SGM-AFAB who experienced severe IPV and who did not seek help reported SGM-specific help-seeking barriers, including not wanting to contribute to negative perceptions of the LGBTQ community, not disclosing their SGM status, and perceiving a lack of tailored services. Help-seeking facilitators and barriers varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Three classes of help-seeking facilitators and two classes of help-seeking barriers emerged. SGM-AFAB subgroups based on sexual and gender identity, recent coercive control, and identity as IPV victims differed in latent classes. This study's findings confirm SGM-AFAB IPV survivors' low likelihood of seeking help. Our results also underscore the importance of continuing to bolster SGM-AFAB survivors' access to trauma-informed, culturally sensitive, and affirming support. Further, multilevel prevention and intervention efforts are needed to reduce minimization of abuse and anticipatory judgment and blame among SGM-AFAB who hold multiple marginalized identities, experience coercive control, and identify as IPV victims.
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Parrott DJ, Leone RM, Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Salazar LF, Nizam Z, Gilmore A. Alcohol-Related Sexual Violence Perpetration Toward Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: A Critical Review and Call to Action. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24426-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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15
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Fedele E, Juster RP, Guay S. Stigma and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Women Former Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22732-NP22758. [PMID: 35189737 PMCID: PMC9679572 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority women (SMW) are at high risk of experiencing stigma, mental health problems, and being victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). This vulnerability can be explained by the sexual and gender minority stress model, stating that sexual and gender minority people suffer from specific stress factors added to general stressors, leading to more mental health and relationships problems. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to assess the impact of minority stress factors and former IPV victimization on the current mental health of Canadian SMW, as a function of their sexual and gender identity. METHOD In total, 209 individuals identifying as women (M age = 33.9), living in Canada and who lived in a past violent relationship with a woman responded to an online survey. Well-validated questionnaires assessed sexual orientation and gender identity, former IPV behaviors, minority stress factors, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Hierarchical regressions showed that past psychological aggression was positively associated with anxiety symptoms and past sexual coercion with depressive symptoms. Not being monosexual was also associated more severe symptoms of depression and age was negatively associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms. After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sexual and gender identity and former IPV victimization, having negative feelings about being a SMW was strongly associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION These results provide new information on the interconnected associations between former IPV, minority stress and SMW's mental health. Findings highlight the need to adapt clinical interventions to help buffer against victimization faced by IPV victims who identify as sexual and gender minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fedele
- Master’s candidate in Criminology,
School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Assistant Research Professor,
Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Guay
- Tenured Professor, School of
Criminology and Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Anderson RE, Kuhn SK, Vitale AM, Ciampaglia AM, Silver KE. The Prevalence of Sexual Violence Perpetration in Sexual Minority Men: A Secondary Analysis of Systematic Review Data. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 18:437-449. [PMID: 36605089 PMCID: PMC9780731 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Prior literature illustrates that sexual minority people (e.g., bisexual, gay, queer) are at increased vulnerability for sexual violence victimization compared to heterosexual peers, including while in college. However, the study of sexual violence perpetration in sexual minority populations, much less specifically sexual minority college men, has been neglected. This article reviews the literature and presents a secondary data analysis of a systematic review on college men's sexual perpetration rates and associated methodology. We also conducted analyses to summarize available literature regarding publishing dates, authors, and data inclusivity. METHODS We downloaded the dataset and associated materials from Mendeley.com's data archive. RESULTS To our surprise, we could not analyze sexual perpetration prevalence rates in sexual minority men using the systematic review data due to absence of reported data across all 77 independent samples including over 5,500 male participants. We found no significant relationship between inclusion of sexual minority men and the use of measurement strategies specialized to assess sexual minority needs. We did find a positive relationship between recency of publication and the inclusion of sexual minority men, r(76) = .24, p = .03, and that most authors/co-authors were women (72%). CONCLUSIONS Preventing perpetration is central to ending sexual violence; therefore, future research should include sexual minority people and use appropriate methodology in the investigation of sexual perpetration characteristics and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- RaeAnn E. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Sara K. Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Amanda M. Vitale
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Ciampaglia
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristin E. Silver
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Littleton H, Edwards KM, Sall KE, Lim S, Mauer V. COVID-Specific Coercive Control among Emerging Adults Attending College: A Brief Note. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:1-7. [PMID: 35572417 PMCID: PMC9085367 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a "perfect storm" with regards to risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Abusive partners may engage in novel forms of coercive control, such as pressuring their partner to engage in activities associated with COVID-19 infection risk (e.g., attend a large gathering). However, no empirical research has focused on COVID-specific coercive control. The current study sought to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-specific coercive control in a large sample of U.S. college students, as well as its association with other forms of IPV and depression and anxiety. A total of 2,289 undergraduate students attending eight U.S. universities who were currently in a sexual/dating/romantic relationship completed an online survey in Fall 2020 about COVID-specific coercive control, other forms of IPV (psychological, physical, sexual, coercive control) and depression and anxiety symptoms. Overall, 15.5% (n = 355) of students reported experiencing COVID-specific coercive control. Individuals who experienced COVID-specific coercive control were more likely to have experienced all other forms of IPV than those who did not experience COVID-specific coercive control. Further, individuals who experienced COVID-specific coercive control had significantly greater anxiety than individuals who did not experience any form of IPV. Individuals who experienced both COVID-specific coercive control and other forms of IPV had the highest levels of depression and anxiety. COVID-specific coercive control may serve to increase depression and anxiety, particularly if it co-occurs with other forms of IPV. Future work should evaluate the prevalence and long-term impact of coercive control during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Littleton
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO USA
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18
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Swann G, Dyar C, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Longitudinal Transitions in Intimate Partner Violence among Female Assigned at Birth Sexual and Gender Minority Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4578-NP4603. [PMID: 32954911 PMCID: PMC7981285 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Female-assigned at birth sexual and gender minorities (FAB SGM) are at elevated risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), yet little longitudinal research has been conducted with this population. In the current study, we attempted to understand how patterns of IPV victimization and perpetration, measured across a wide range of IPV behaviors (psychological, physical, sexual, cyber, and SGM-specific), changed over time for FAB SGM youth. Participants came from a longitudinal cohort study of FAB SGM late adolescents and young adults (FAB400; N = 488) and included anyone who reported a romantic partner at one of the first three waves (six months apart; N = 433). Latent class analysis (LCA) was run at each wave to determine the best-fitting class structure across IPV experiences. These were followed up with latent transition analyses (LTAs) to determine patterns of movement between classes over the course of the three waves. Lastly, we looked at the effects of staying with the same romantic partner on transitions. We found that the same three-class structure replicated across all three waves of the study. That class structure identified no/low, psychological, and high IPV classes at each wave. In the LTA, when transitions occurred for FAB SGM, they were much more likely to transition to a class defined by lower likelihoods of experiencing IPV (i.e., psychological to no/low) than they were to a class defined by higher likelihoods of IPV (i.e., psychological to high). However, we found that FAB SGM youth were less likely to transition to a less severe IPV class if they maintained the same serious romantic partner across waves. This finding, in particular, suggests that IPV is often relationship specific for FAB SGM and that efforts to reduce IPV in SGM communities must consider intervening at the relationship level to effect meaningful change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Swann
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Dyar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E. Newcomb
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Swann G, Dyar C, Baidoo L, Crosby S, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Intersectional Minority Stress and Intimate Partner Violence: The Effects of Enacted Stigma on Racial Minority Youth Assigned Female at Birth. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1031-1043. [PMID: 34342756 PMCID: PMC9109961 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many sexual minority youth of color experience enacted stigma based on each of their minority identities. We examined whether experiences of racist discrimination and heterosexist microaggressions were associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) among female-assigned at birth (FAB) sexual minority youth of color. Data were drawn from a larger study of FAB sexual and gender minority youth (FAB400; N = 488). We selected racial/ethnic minority participants who reported a sexual minority identity and reported a romantic relationship in the previous 6 months (N = 249). Negative binomial models were used to test for associations between enacted stigma (racial discrimination and heterosexist microaggressions) and IPV (psychological, physical, sexual, and sexual minority-specific) perpetration and victimization. When considered separately, both forms of enacted stigma was positively associated with perpetration and victimization across all four types of IPV. In multivariate models, racial discrimination and heterosexist microaggressions both had unique, additive effects on psychological IPV perpetration and physical- and sexual minority-specific IPV victimization. Only racial discrimination was uniquely associated with physical perpetration and psychological victimization. Only heterosexist microaggression was uniquely associated with sexual minority-specific perpetration and sexual IPV perpetration and victimization. Findings illustrate how enacted stigma based on each minority identity intersect to raise risk for IPV among sexual minority youth of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Swann
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave., Suite 14-027, Chicago, IL, 60613, USA.
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Christina Dyar
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave., Suite 14-027, Chicago, IL, 60613, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louisa Baidoo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave., Suite 14-027, Chicago, IL, 60613, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shariell Crosby
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave., Suite 14-027, Chicago, IL, 60613, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave., Suite 14-027, Chicago, IL, 60613, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah W Whitton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Update on Domestic Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010122. [PMID: 35053865 PMCID: PMC8773525 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a result of domestic violence has greatly increased in the past decade, with publications addressing the prevalence, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Although TBI due to domestic violence has recently been found to occur quite frequently, it was not widely understood until the 1990s. Individuals who suffer from domestic violence TBI often experience sequelae such as decreased cognitive functioning, memory loss, and PTSD. The goal of this article is to increase awareness about TBI secondary to domestic violence, with the intent that it will highlight areas for future research on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of TBI in this population. The articles in this study were first found using the search terms traumatic brain injury and domestic violence. Although, in recent years, there has been a significant increase in research on TBI due to domestic violence, the overall conclusion of this review article is that there is still a need for future research in many areas including the effects on minority populations, the effects of COVID-19, and improvements of screening tools.
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21
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Anderson RE, Garcia M, Delahanty DL. Test-Retest Reliabilities of Four Tactic-first Sexual Violence History Questionnaires. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2021; 11:580-590. [PMID: 34925953 PMCID: PMC8675893 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study documented, compared, and contrasted the test-retest reliabilities of the victimization and perpetration forms of a Tactic-first Sexual Experiences Survey (T-SESs) and the Post-Refusal Sexual Persistence Scales (PRSPSs). METHODS 243 Mechanical Turk workers (116 women, 124 men) completed four questionnaires in a randomized order via anonymous web survey at Time 1 and approximately one week later at Time 2. RESULTS There were consistent gender differences in test-retest estimates. When assessing a history of victimization in women, both the T-SES and the PRSPS demonstrated evidence of minimal to good reliability (κ > .61, ICC = .86-92) while for men the PRSPS (κ = .64) was more consistent than the T-SES (κ = .59). When assessing a history of perpetration, there were fewer gender differences although post-hoc analyses suggest potential gender differences in assessing substance use facilitated perpetration (κ .48-.83) but were limited by few cases. Continuous scoring approaches were the most reliable, dichotomous scores were mostly reliable, and categorical scores generally did not meet minimal acceptable standards. For the rape victimization acknowledgment items, we found strong evidence of reliability for women (κ = .89, n = 31) and suggestive evidence of reliability for men (n = 7). There were few differences in reliability between standard and extended versions of the questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS All four questionnaires exhibited good evidence of one-week test-retest reliability when scored continuously. Evidence of reliability was strongest with the populations and constructs most well studied - victimization history among women and perpetration history among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- RaeAnn E Anderson
- Kent State University, Psychological Sciences, 144 Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44221
- University of North Dakota, Psychology, 2000 Columbia Hall, Grand Forks, ND 58201
| | - Monica Garcia
- Kent State University, Psychological Sciences, 144 Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44221
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Kent State University, Psychological Sciences, 144 Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44221
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22
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Whitton SW, Lawlace M, Dyar C, Newcomb ME. Exploring mechanisms of racial disparities in intimate partner violence among sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 27:602-612. [PMID: 34323511 PMCID: PMC8497400 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual and gender minority people of color (SGM-POC) report higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) than White SGM, adding to growing evidence that people holding multiple stigmatized social identities are at particular risk for adverse experiences. We aimed to identify mechanisms underlying the racial/ethnic disparities in IPV among SGM, focusing on childhood experiences of violence, structural inequalities, and sexual minority stress. METHOD 308 SGM assigned female-at-birth (AFAB; 82 White, 133 Black, 93 Latinx; age 16-31) self-reported on minor psychological, severe psychological, physical, and sexual IPV victimization and perpetration, and three proposed mechanisms: childhood violence (child abuse, witnessing interparental violence), structural inequalities (economic stress, racial discrimination), and sexual minority stressors (internalized heterosexism, anti-SGM victimization, low social support). Indirect effects of race on IPV victimization via hypothesized mechanisms were estimated using logistic regression with 5,000 bootstrapped samples. RESULTS Compared to White participants, Black participants were 2.5-7.03 times more likely to report all eight IPV types; Latinx participants were 2.5-4.8 times more likely to experience four IPV types. Univariate indirect effects analyses indicated that these racial/ethnic disparities were partially explained by higher economic stress, racial/ethnic discrimination, and childhood violence experiences (for Black and Latinx participants) and lower social support (Black participants). In multivariate models, the most robust indirect effects were through racial/ethnic discrimination and childhood violence. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the need for policy and interventions aimed at preventing IPV among SGM-POC by targeting factors that contribute to IPV disparities in this group, particularly racial/ethnic discrimination and family violence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Dyar
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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23
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Stroem IF, Goodman K, Mitchell KJ, Ybarra ML. Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Relationship Abuse across Different Sexual and Gender Identities. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1521-1536. [PMID: 34128143 PMCID: PMC10177626 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the characteristics and context of adolescent relationship abuse victimization across youth of different sexual and gender minority identities. This study sought to examine this in a national sample of 14-15-year-old youth. The sample comprised 3296 youth who reported having been in a relationship, of which 36% (n = 1197) were exclusively cisgender heterosexual; 41% (n = 1, 349) cisgender sexual minority; and 23% (n = 750) gender minority, the majority of whom were also sexual minority. More than half of all youth who had been in a relationship, dated or hooked up with someone had experienced some form of adolescent relationship abuse victimization. Gender minority youth, in particular transgender boys and non-binary youth assigned female at birth, were more likely to be victims of multiple types of adolescent relationship abuse compared to cisgender youth. Perpetrator gender varied for sexual and gender minorities and was more homogenous for cisgender heterosexual youth. Several factors were associated with adolescent relationship abuse for all youth, although alcohol use, and parental trust and communication emerged as particularly important for sexual and gender minority youth. Overall, findings address multiple gaps in the literature and contribute to the understanding of adolescent relationship abuse across different sexual and gender identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida F Stroem
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, 555N. El Camino Real #A347, San Clemente, CA, 92672-6745, USA.
| | - Kimberly Goodman
- Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, 1220L St NW, Suite 505, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 25 McConnell Hall, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Michele L Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, 555N. El Camino Real #A347, San Clemente, CA, 92672-6745, USA
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24
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Stephenson R, Todd K, Gamarel KE, Bonar EE, Peitzmeier S. Addendum to: Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations: Protocol for a Linear Three-Phase Study (Project Empower). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28614. [PMID: 33979298 PMCID: PMC8225160 DOI: 10.2196/28614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/23819.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Stephenson
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of NursingUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Kieran Todd
- Center for Sexuality and Health DisparitiesUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Erin E Bonar
- Center for Sexuality and Health DisparitiesUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
- Addiction CenterDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
- The Injury Prevention CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Sarah Peitzmeier
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of NursingUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
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25
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Esopenko C, Meyer J, Wilde EA, Marshall AD, Tate DF, Lin AP, Koerte IK, Werner KB, Dennis EL, Ware AL, de Souza NL, Menefee DS, Dams-O'Connor K, Stein DJ, Bigler ED, Shenton ME, Chiou KS, Postmus JL, Monahan K, Eagan-Johnson B, van Donkelaar P, Merkley TL, Velez C, Hodges CB, Lindsey HM, Johnson P, Irimia A, Spruiell M, Bennett ER, Bridwell A, Zieman G, Hillary FG. A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:475-503. [PMID: 33405096 PMCID: PMC8785101 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence includes psychological aggression, physical violence, sexual violence, and stalking from a current or former intimate partner. Past research suggests that exposure to intimate partner violence can impact cognitive and psychological functioning, as well as neurological outcomes. These seem to be compounded in those who suffer a brain injury as a result of trauma to the head, neck or body due to physical and/or sexual violence. However, our understanding of the neurobehavioral and neurobiological effects of head trauma in this population is limited due to factors including difficulty in accessing/recruiting participants, heterogeneity of samples, and premorbid and comorbid factors that impact outcomes. Thus, the goal of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium Intimate Partner Violence Working Group is to develop a global collaboration that includes researchers, clinicians, and other key community stakeholders. Participation in the working group can include collecting harmonized data, providing data for meta- and mega-analysis across sites, or stakeholder insight on key clinical research questions, promoting safety, participant recruitment and referral to support services. Further, to facilitate the mega-analysis of data across sites within the working group, we provide suggestions for behavioral surveys, cognitive tests, neuroimaging parameters, and genetics that could be used by investigators in the early stages of study design. We anticipate that the harmonization of measures across sites within the working group prior to data collection could increase the statistical power in characterizing how intimate partner violence-related head trauma impacts long-term physical, cognitive, and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Esopenko
- Department of Rehabilitation & Movement Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
| | - Jessica Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, 44304, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David F Tate
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Department of Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Ashley L Ware
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicola L de Souza
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7501, South Africa
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Affairs, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Kathy S Chiou
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Judy L Postmus
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kathleen Monahan
- School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8231, USA
| | | | - Paul van Donkelaar
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Tricia L Merkley
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Velez
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Cooper B Hodges
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hannah M Lindsey
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Paula Johnson
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Andrei Irimia
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Denney Research Center Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Matthew Spruiell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther R Bennett
- Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ashley Bridwell
- Barrow Concussion and Brain Injury Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Glynnis Zieman
- Barrow Concussion and Brain Injury Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Frank G Hillary
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Social Life and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Stephenson R, Todd K, Gamarel KE, Bonar EE, Peitzmeier S. Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations: Protocol for a Linear Three-Phase Study (Project Empower). JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e23819. [PMID: 33242022 PMCID: PMC7728535 DOI: 10.2196/23819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is approximately twice as prevalent among transgender and gender diverse individuals (those whose current gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth) than among cisgender individuals (those whose gender aligns with their sex assigned at birth). However, most existing scales measuring IPV are not validated among transgender and gender diverse populations and do not consider the unique forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse individuals. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the protocol for Project Empower, a study that seeks to develop and validate a new scale to measure IPV as experienced by transgender and gender diverse adults. A new scale is necessary to improve the accuracy of IPV measurement among transgender and gender diverse populations and may inform the current tools used to screen and link to services for transgender and gender diverse people who experience or perpetrate IPV. METHODS The proposed new scale will be developed by a linear three-phase process. In Phase I, we will recruit a maximum of 110 transgender and gender diverse participants to participate in in-depth interviews and focus groups. Phase I will collect qualitative data on the experiences of IPV among transgender and gender individuals. After generating scale items from the qualitative data in Phase I, Phase II will conduct up to 10 cognitive interviews to examine understanding of scale items and refine wording. Phase III will then conduct a survey with an online recruited sample of 700 transgender and gender diverse individuals to validate the scale using factor analysis and examine the prevalence, antecedents, and linked health outcomes of IPV. This study will generate the first comprehensive IPV scale including trans-specific IPV tactics that has undergone robust mixed-methods validation for use in transgender and gender diverse populations, regardless of sex assigned at birth. RESULTS Project Empower launched in August 2019, with Phases I and II expected to be complete by late 2020. Phase III (survey of 700 transgender individuals) is expected to be launched in January 2021. CONCLUSIONS A scale that more accurately captures the forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse people not only has the potential to lead to more accurate measurements of prevalence but also can identify unique forms of violence that may form the basis of IPV prevention interventions. Additionally, identifying the forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse people has the potential to lead to the refinement of clinical screening tools used to identify and refer those who experience and perpetrate violence in clinical settings. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23819.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Stephenson
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kieran Todd
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erin E Bonar
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- The Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sarah Peitzmeier
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Dyar C, Feinstein BA, Zimmerman AR, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B, Whitton SW. Dimensions of Sexual Orientation and Rates of Intimate Partner Violence among Young Sexual Minority Individuals Assigned Female at Birth: The Role of Perceived Partner Jealousy. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2020; 10:411-421. [PMID: 33163254 PMCID: PMC7641336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual minorities assigned female at birth are at increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to heterosexual individuals, and bisexual individuals assigned female at birth appear to be at greatest risk. However, few studies have examined potential explanatory factors. Partner jealousy may contribute to bisexual individuals' increased risk for experiencing IPV, given stereotypes that they are promiscuous and evidence that people anticipate being jealous of a bisexual partner. METHODS This study examined the role of perceived partner jealousy in cross-sectional associations between self-reported dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attractions, behavior) and IPV victimization among 368 young sexual minorities assigned female at birth (77.4% cisgender women). RESULTS Sexual behavior was associated with IPV, but sexual identity and attractions were not. Those with both male and female sexual partners in their lifetime were at increased risk for many forms of IPV compared to those with only male partners and those who never had sex, and these associations were partially explained by their higher perceived partner jealousy. Those with male and female partners were only at increased risk for two types of IPV compared to those with only female partners and these differences were not explained by perceived partner jealousy. CONCLUSIONS Jealousy may contribute to behaviorally bisexual individuals' increased risk for many forms of IPV compared to those with only male partners or never had sex. This highlights the importance of considering multiple dimensions of sexual orientation and has implications for the development of interventions to reduce IPV in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dyar
- Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
| | - Brian A. Feinstein
- Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
| | - Arielle R. Zimmerman
- Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
| | - Michael E. Newcomb
- Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
- Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
- Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences
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28
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Whitton SW, Dyar C, Mustanski B, Newcomb ME. Intimate Partner Violence Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents and Young Adults Assigned Female at Birth. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019; 43:232-249. [PMID: 31649417 PMCID: PMC6812525 DOI: 10.1177/0361684319838972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority youth, especially those assigned female at birth, are at risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) due to minority stressors. With a sample of 352 sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth (age 16-32), we aimed to describe IPV in this population, including the prevalence, directionality, frequency, co-occurrence, and demographic correlates of various IPV types. Rates of past-6-month IPV were high, with victimization and perpetration of minor psychological IPV most common (64-70%); followed by severe psychological, minor physical, and coercive control (20-33%); and severe physical and sexual IPV (10-15%). For cyber abuse and IPV tactics leveraging anti-sexual minority stigma, victimization (12.5% and 15%, respectively) was more common than perpetration (8% and 6%, respectively). Most IPV was bidirectional and occurred 1-2 times in 6 months, although frequency varied considerably. Latent class analyses revealed that half of participants reported no or minimal IPV; one-third experienced multiple forms of psychological IPV (including coercive control); and 10-15% reported psychological, physical, sexual, and cyber abuse. Racial minority youth had higher rates of most IPV types than White participants. We hope study findings will inform policies and interventions to prevent IPV among gender and sexual minority youth assigned female at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Dyar
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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