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Olteanu G, Neacșu SM, Joița FA, Musuc AM, Lupu EC, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Lupuliasa D, Mititelu M. Advancements in Regenerative Hydrogels in Skin Wound Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3849. [PMID: 38612660 PMCID: PMC11012090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review explores the emerging field of regenerative hydrogels and their profound impact on the treatment of skin wounds. Regenerative hydrogels, composed mainly of water-absorbing polymers, have garnered attention in wound healing, particularly for skin wounds. Their unique properties make them well suited for tissue regeneration. Notable benefits include excellent water retention, creating a crucially moist wound environment for optimal healing, and facilitating cell migration, and proliferation. Biocompatibility is a key feature, minimizing adverse reactions and promoting the natural healing process. Acting as a supportive scaffold for cell growth, hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, aiding the attachment and proliferation of cells like fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Engineered for controlled drug release, hydrogels enhance wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and preventing infection. The demonstrated acceleration of the wound healing process, particularly beneficial for chronic or impaired healing wounds, adds to their appeal. Easy application and conformity to various wound shapes make hydrogels practical, including in irregular or challenging areas. Scar minimization through tissue regeneration is crucial, especially in cosmetic and functional regions. Hydrogels contribute to pain management by creating a protective barrier, reducing friction, and fostering a soothing environment. Some hydrogels, with inherent antimicrobial properties, aid in infection prevention, which is a crucial aspect of successful wound healing. Their flexibility and ability to conform to wound contours ensure optimal tissue contact, enhancing overall treatment effectiveness. In summary, regenerative hydrogels present a promising approach for improving skin wound healing outcomes across diverse clinical scenarios. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits, mechanisms, and challenges associated with the use of regenerative hydrogels in the treatment of skin wounds. In this review, the authors likely delve into the application of rational design principles to enhance the efficacy and performance of hydrogels in promoting wound healing. Through an exploration of various methodologies and approaches, this paper is poised to highlight how these principles have been instrumental in refining the design of hydrogels, potentially revolutionizing their therapeutic potential in addressing skin wounds. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting potential avenues for future research, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Olteanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Sorinel Marius Neacșu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Florin Alexandru Joița
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Elena Carmen Lupu
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900001 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (G.O.); (M.M.)
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Mondal AK, Uddin MT, Sujan SMA, Tang Z, Alemu D, Begum HA, Li J, Huang F, Ni Y. Preparation of lignin-based hydrogels, their properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125580. [PMID: 37379941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymers obtained from biomass are a concerning alternative to petro-based polymers because of their low cost of manufacturing, biocompatibility, ecofriendly and biodegradability. Lignin as the second richest and the only polyaromatics bio-polymer in plant which has been most studied for the numerous applications in different fields. But, in the past decade, the exploitation of lignin for the preparation of new smart materials with improved properties has been broadly sought, because lignin valorization plays one of the primary challenging issues of the pulp and paper industry and lignocellulosic biorefinery. Although, well suited chemical structure of lignin comprises of many functional hydrophilic and active groups, such as phenolic hydroxyls, carboxyls and methoxyls, which provides a great potential to be applied in the preparation of biodegradable hydrogels. In this review, lignin hydrogel is covered with preparation strategies, properties and applications. This review reports some important properties, such as mechanical, adhesive, self-healing, conductive, antibacterial and antifreezing properties were then discussed. Furthermore, herein also reviewed the current applications of lignin hydrogel, including dye adsorption, smart materials for stimuli sensitive, wearable electronics for biomedical applications and flexible supercapacitors. Overall, this review covers recent progresses regarding lignin-based hydrogel and constitutes a timely review of this promising material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Kanti Mondal
- Leather Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Tushar Uddin
- Leather Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh
| | - S M A Sujan
- Leather Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh
| | - Zuwu Tang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuzhou 350300, China
| | - Digafe Alemu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
| | - Hosne Ara Begum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Liu C, Li Y, Zhuang J, Xiang Z, Jiang W, He S, Xiao H. Conductive Hydrogels Based on Industrial Lignin: Opportunities and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183739. [PMID: 36145882 PMCID: PMC9501220 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of green materials, especially the preparation of high-performance conductive hydrogels from biodegradable biomass materials, is of great importance and has received worldwide attention. As an aromatic polymer found in many natural biomass resources, lignin has the advantage of being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, widely available, and inexpensive. The unique physicochemical properties of lignin, such as the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfonate groups, make it promising for use in composite conductive hydrogels. In this review, the source, structure, and reaction characteristics of industrial lignin are provided. Description of the preparation method (physical and chemical strategies) of lignin-based conductive hydrogel is elaborated along with their several important properties, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and porous structure. Furthermore, we provide insights into the latest research advances in industrial lignin conductive hydrogels, including biosensors, strain sensors, flexible energy storage devices, and other emerging applications. Finally, the prospects and challenges for the development of lignin-conductive hydrogels are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingshun Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weikun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shuaiming He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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Bilal M, Qamar SA, Qamar M, Yadav V, Taherzadeh MJ, Lam SS, Iqbal HMN. Bioprospecting lignin biomass into environmentally friendly polymers—Applied perspective to reconcile sustainable circular bioeconomy. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Recent advances in lignin-based porous materials for pollutants removal from wastewater. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:880-891. [PMID: 34329666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution is one of the most serious threats facing mankind today and has obtained widespread attention. Significant advances have been made in the past decades to apply porous materials in wastewater treatment, due to their large specific surface areas (SBET) for interaction with the aimed ions or molecules. However, the majority of porous materials are prepared from fossil-based resources and still possess some drawbacks, such as high cost and non-degradability, which inevitably cause secondary pollution to the environment from their production to disposal. Lignin is the most abundant and the only scalable renewable aromatic resource on earth. Due to its unique physicochemical properties including high carbon content, plentiful functional groups and environmental friendliness, the lignin-based porous materials (LPMs) have shown promising prospects in efficient removal of soluble pollutants from wastewater. In this review, we firstly described the structural and chemical basis of LPMs, following presented the recent progress in the decontamination of heavy metal ions, organic dyes, antibiotics, anions and radionuclides from aqueous systems. Additionally, the outlook was provided to promote more practical implementation of LPMs in the near future.
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Jin Y, Lin J, Cheng Y, Lu C. Lignin-Based High-Performance Fibers by Textile Spinning Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3378. [PMID: 34207222 PMCID: PMC8234621 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin is one of the largest natural resources of biopolymers and, thus, an abundant and renewable raw material for products, such as high-performance fibers for industrial applications. Direct conversion of lignin has long been investigated, but the fiber spinning process for lignin is difficult and the obtained fibers exhibit unsatisfactory mechanical performance mainly due to the amorphous chemical structure, low molecular weight of lignin, and broad molecular weight distribution. Therefore, different textile spinning techniques, modifications of lignin, and incorporation of lignin into polymers have been and are being developed to increase lignin's spinnability and compatibility with existing materials to yield fibers with better mechanical performance. This review presents the latest advances in the textile fabrication techniques, modified lignin-based high-performance fibers, and their potential in the enhancement of the mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiaxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chunhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.C.)
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Pathayappurakkal Mohanan D, Pathayappurakkal Mohan N, Selvasudha N, Thekkilaveedu S, Kandasamy R. Facile fabrication and structural elucidation of lignin based macromolecular green composites for multifunctional applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nandakumar Selvasudha
- School of Pharmacy Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Deemed University Puducherry Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saranya Thekkilaveedu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), University College of Engineering Anna University Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), University College of Engineering Anna University Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu India
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Vasile C, Pamfil D, Stoleru E, Baican M. New Developments in Medical Applications of Hybrid Hydrogels Containing Natural Polymers. Molecules 2020; 25:E1539. [PMID: 32230990 PMCID: PMC7180755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New trends in biomedical applications of the hybrid polymeric hydrogels, obtained by combining natural polymers with synthetic ones, have been reviewed. Homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides, as well as polypeptides, proteins and nucleic acids, are presented from the point of view of their ability to form hydrogels with synthetic polymers, the preparation procedures for polymeric organic hybrid hydrogels, general physico-chemical properties and main biomedical applications (i.e., tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO, Iaşi 700484, Romania; (D.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Daniela Pamfil
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO, Iaşi 700484, Romania; (D.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Stoleru
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, RO, Iaşi 700484, Romania; (D.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Mihaela Baican
- Pharmaceutical Physics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” Medicine and Pharmacy University, 16, University Str., Iaşi 700115, Romania
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Raschip IE, Paduraru‐Mocanu OM, Nita LE, Dinu MV. Antibacterial porous xanthan‐based films containing flavoring agents evaluated by near infrared chemical imaging technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina E. Raschip
- Physical Chemistry Department“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Oana M. Paduraru‐Mocanu
- Physical Chemistry Department“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Loredana E. Nita
- Physical Chemistry Department“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Maria V. Dinu
- Physical Chemistry Department“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
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Meng Y, Lu J, Cheng Y, Li Q, Wang H. Lignin-based hydrogels: A review of preparation, properties, and application. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:1006-1019. [PMID: 31154040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lignin as the second most abundant and the only polyaromatics-contained bio-polymer in plant has been most studied for various applications. In the past decade, the utilization of lignin for value-added materials has been extensively sought after since lignin valorization represents one of the main challenging issues of the paper industry and lignocellulosic biorefinery. Among these researches, making lignin into hydrogels has great potential for upgrading lignin into functional materials. In this review, lignin hydrogel is wrapped up with preparation strategies, properties and applications. The major cross-linking strategies to synthesize lignin-based hydrogels were reviewed first, including monomers copolymerization, crosslinking of monomers with reactive polymer precursors and polymer-polymer crosslinking. Two most important properties of mechanical and porous structures of lignin hydrogel were then discussed. More importantly, we extensively reviewed current applications of lignin hydrogel, including absorption, controlled release, smart materials for stimuli sensitive, biosensors and electrodes. These applications have paved avenues for lignin valorization. Overall, this paper covers recent advancements regarding lignin-based hydrogel and represents a timely review of this promising material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Meng
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Lu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
| | - Haisong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China.
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Musilová L, Mráček A, Kovalcik A, Smolka P, Minařík A, Humpolíček P, Vícha R, Ponížil P. Hyaluronan hydrogels modified by glycinated Kraft lignin: Morphology, swelling, viscoelastic properties and biocompatibility. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang Y, Xiong Y, Wang J, Zhang X. Ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of montmorillonite-lignin hybrid hydrogel: Highly efficient swelling behaviors and super-sorbent for dye removal from wastewater. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thakur VK, Thakur MK. Recent advances in green hydrogels from lignin: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:834-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ten E, Vermerris W. Recent developments in polymers derived from industrial lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ten
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32610‐3610
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32610‐3610
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Fernandes EM, Pires RA, Mano JF, Reis RL. Bionanocomposites from lignocellulosic resources: Properties, applications and future trends for their use in the biomedical field. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Raschip IE, Hitruc GE, Vasile C, Popescu MC. Effect of the lignin type on the morphology and thermal properties of the xanthan/lignin hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 54:230-7. [PMID: 23274678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the morphological and thermal characterization of xanthan/lignin hydrogels. It has been emphasized the effect of the lignin type on the hydrogel properties. The hydrogels described here were obtained by chemical crosslinking, in the presence of epichlorohydrine as a cross-linker agent. The obtained materials were analyzed by AFM, TG/DTG, DSC, and FT-IR spectroscopy. It has been established that hydrogels have a porous morphology. The lignin type influences the hydrogel morphology which is either fibrilar as in case of hydrogel containing aspen wood lignin (which has the highest content of COOH groups and lowest content of phenolic OH groups) or smooth surface for other hydrogels. The specific intermolecular interactions are stronger in the case of 70 xanthan (X)/30 aspen wood lignin (AWL) hydrogel. The thermal properties of the hydrogels also depend on lignin type, the lowest thermal stability being found for the hydrogel containing lignin with the highest content of functional groups (AWL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Elena Raschip
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi-700487, Romania.
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