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Guenther CL, Zhang Y, Sedikides C. The Authentic Self Is the Self-Enhancing Self: A Self-Enhancement Framework of Authenticity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1182-1196. [PMID: 37002664 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Authenticity refers to behaving in a manner that aligns with one's true self. The true self, though, is positive. From a self-enhancement standpoint, people exaggerate their strengths and overlook their shortcomings, forming positively-distorted views of themselves. We propose a self-enhancement framework of authenticity, advocating a reciprocal relation between the two constructs. Trait self-enhancement was associated with higher trait authenticity (Study 1), and day-to-day fluctuations in self-enhancement predicted corresponding variations in state authenticity (Study 2). Furthermore, manipulating self-enhancement elevated state authenticity (Studies 3-4), which was associated with meaning in life (Study 4), and manipulating authenticity augmented self-enhancement, which was associated with meaning in life and thriving (Study 5). The authentic self is largely the self-enhancing self.
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Roberts ER, Lee MF, Simpson K, Kelley NJ, Sedikides C, Angus DJ. Authenticity, Well-Being, and Minority Stress in LGB Individuals: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024:1-28. [PMID: 39028856 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2024.2378738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In general (i.e. in heteronormative and cisgendered samples), authenticity appears protective against threats to well-being. Authenticity may also, in part, protect well-being against the minority stressors experienced by sexually minoritized (LGB; lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals. In this scoping review, we examined the relation between authenticity and well-being in LGB samples experiencing minority stress. We hypothesized that (i) LGB minority stress relates to decreased authenticity (i.e. inauthenticity), (ii) authenticity relates to increased well-being, and (iii) authenticity influences the relation between LGB minority stress and well-being. We identified 17 studies (N = 4,653) from systematic searches across Medline, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and Scopus using terms related to sexual identity, minority stress, authenticity, and well-being. In almost all studies, proximal (but not distal) stress was associated with inauthenticity, and inauthenticity with decreased well-being. In all but one study, the association between proximal stress and well-being was associated with inauthenticity. Although these results are consistent with our hypotheses, the included studies were limited in scope and heterogenous in their methods, instruments, and samples, restricting conclusions regarding mediation or moderation. The results require replication, well-powered direct comparisons between LGB and non-LGB samples, and consideration of the varied ways authenticity can be conceptualized and measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan F Lee
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Kate Simpson
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Australia
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Yan S, Tang W. The Influence of State Authenticity on the Sense of Meaning in Life of Middle School Students: Evidence from a Daily Diary Investigation and an Authenticity Enhancement Experiment. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:550. [PMID: 39062373 PMCID: PMC11274163 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Authenticity is a positive force for adolescent development. Taking middle school students as the main research objects, this paper examines the causal mechanism between state authenticity (SA) and sense of meaning in life through two studies: the diary method and authenticity level increase experiment. In study 1, through the daily diary data tracking investigation of 130 middle school students in daily life situations, the basic psychological needs (BPNs) and satisfaction with life (SWL) play a chain mediating role between state authenticity and sense of daily meaning in life. State authenticity has a one-way prediction effect on sense of meaning in life. In study 2, 140 participants were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group). Middle school students in the experimental group were activated to recall the authenticity experience events to enhance the level of personal authenticity, and it was found that the subjects reported a higher sense of meaning in life. This study reveals the causal mechanism between authenticity and sense of meaning of life, which has positive practical significance for exploring ways to enhance the sense of meaning of life of middle school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Weihai Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Russo-Netzer P, Atad OI. Activating values intervention: an integrative pathway to well-being. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1375237. [PMID: 38629035 PMCID: PMC11018899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study expands the existing knowledge base regarding positive psychology interventions (PPIs), by employing an integrative approach to explore the potential benefits of translating values into action. Methods Participants (n = 476) were randomly assigned to the Activating Values intervention, the affirmation-only, or the control (no treatment) group. The intervention involved participants choosing a life area they valued, affirming its importance, identifying a specific action related to that valued area, and then planning and carrying out that chosen action within the following week. Data was collected at baseline and three follow-up points: one, two, and three weeks after the intervention. Results Results suggest that the intervention contributes to the participants' well-being, including increased self-insight, sense of coherence, and prioritizing meaning, and decreased symptoms of psychopathology. Exploratory content analyses provide a deeper understanding of the content and frequency of activities chosen and the enabling conditions. Discussion The discussion explores the findings within this intersection as well as ramifications for brief, scalable interventions to support and promote well-being.
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Aday A, Guo Y, Mehta S, Chen S, Hall W, Götz FM, Sedikides C, Schmader T. The SAFE Model: State Authenticity as a Function of Three Types of Fit. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231223597. [PMID: 38281178 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231223597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The SAFE model asserts that state authenticity stems from three types of fit to the environment. Across two studies of university students, we validated instruments measuring self-concept, goal, and social fit as unique predictors of state authenticity. In Study 1 (N = 969), relationships between fit and state authenticity were robust to controlling for conceptually similar and distinct variables. Using experience sampling methodology, Study 2 (N = 269) provided evidence that fit and authenticity co-vary at the state (i.e., within-person) level, controlling for between-person effects. Momentary variation in each fit type predicted greater state authenticity, willingness to return to the situation, and state attachment to one's university. Each fit type was also predicted by distinct contextual features (e.g., location, activity, company). Supporting a theorized link to cognitive fluency, situations eliciting self-concept fit elicited higher working memory capacity and lower emotional burnout. We discuss the implications of fit in educational contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Aday
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yingchi Guo
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - William Hall
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Toni Schmader
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Cecil V, Pendry LF, Ashbullby K, Salvatore J. Masquerading their way to authenticity: Does age stigma concealment benefit older women? J Women Aging 2023; 35:428-445. [PMID: 36174986 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2022.2128245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
As women age they can be subject to both sexism and ageism, and consequently be stereotyped as low in competence and irrelevant despite having a relatively young subjective age. Drawing on theories of stigma, we conducted a survey study of older women (N = 184) with a strong interest in fashion and their visual image. We used template thematic analysis to understand their experiences in relation to their age-changed appearance. Two major themes were identified: unfavourable experiences of ageism and efforts to evade these experiences through attention to appearance. Our participants employed masquerade to conceal or reduce the visible evidence of their age-both to avoid ageism and to align their outward appearance more closely with their inner, felt, authentic selves. We interrogate the benefits and penalties of concealment for a group whose stigmatised condition is dynamic, changing as their appearance grows increasingly dissimilar to societally favoured youthfulness. Masquerade may for this group of women produce more positive than negative outcomes, via effects on felt authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cecil
- Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Louise F Pendry
- Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Ashbullby
- Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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Yu CW, Chang JH. Believe, express, and enjoy: utility beliefs about social emotion expression consistently predict satisfactory outcomes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023; 47:399-411. [PMID: 37234067 PMCID: PMC10015137 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the association between people's beliefs about emotion and their overall satisfaction with a social interaction. We focus on three specific aspects to examine this association: (a) utility beliefs-a dimension of emotion beliefs; (b) emotion expression-an emotion channel; and (c) four social emotions-anger, other-embarrassment, gratitude, and other-pride. We examine whether people's utility beliefs about expressing a social emotion can predict their evaluation of a social interaction when they express (vs. suppress) their social emotion. Results (N = 209) consistently show that when people express their social emotion, their utility beliefs positively predict their satisfaction with an event. However, when people suppress their gratitude, their utility beliefs negatively predict their satisfaction, an effect not observed in the other three emotion events. These findings corroborate the claim that emotion beliefs impact people's emotional lives. Implications for research on emotion beliefs and motivated emotion regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Yu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL United States
| | - Jen-Ho Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zou X, Sedikides C, Wildschut T. What Good is Organizational Nostalgia in the Time of Pandemic? Unpacking a Pathway from COVID-Related Stress to Authenticity at Work. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2154258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zou
- Leadership, Management and Organization, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Parenting Practices and Authenticity in Mothers and Fathers. SEX ROLES 2022; 87:487-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hassan Y, Pandey J, Behl A, Pereira V, Vaz D. CSR authenticity and micro-foundations of business: a systematic review. CROSS CULTURAL & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-11-2021-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe current market conditions are driving firms to plan, design and implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies that are true to the firms' real sense, i.e. authentic. Authenticity is an important aspect of micro-foundations of CSR in shaping the way social responsibility initiatives would impact the stakeholders including the customers, partners, current members of the organization and shareholders. This calls for a need to synthesize past research on CSR authenticity in order to propose directions for future research.Design/methodology/approachThe current study synthesizes relevant literature on CSR authenticity using systematic literature review (SLR) approach. In total, 34 research works were identified and examined to seek insights on CSR authenticity.FindingsFindings of the study identified various miro-, meso- and macro-level determinants of CSR authenticity and different set of outcomes having implications on business and society. The study also proposes a comprehensive definition of CSR authenticity which was somewhat missing in existing literature.Practical implicationsThe study provides strong theoretical and managerial implications. Particularly, the study provides directions for future research on the topic.Originality/valueIn this paper, a review of literature on CSR authenticity is currently missing.
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Nostalgia confers psychological wellbeing by increasing authenticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Maffly-Kipp J, Holte PN, Stichter M, Hicks JA, Schlegel RJ, Vess M. Civic Hope and the Perceived Authenticity of Democratic Participation. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221107261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In two studies, we tested how the expression of civic hope in narratives and the perceived authenticity of civic/political actions relate to civic/political engagement. In a cross-sectional study of undergraduates ( N = 230), the expression of civic hope predicted the perceived authenticity of civic actions (e.g., voting), which in turn predicted the motivation to engage in them. In a longitudinal on-line study that began 8 weeks prior to the 2020 U.S. Presidential election ( N = 308 MTurk workers), overall expressions of civic hope positively predicted the perceived authenticity of voting and the motivation to vote. In addition, expressions of civic hope positively predicted the perceived authenticity of voting, which in turn positively predicted the likelihood of reporting that one did vote. These findings indicate that a sense of civic hope and the experience of authenticity in political contexts may be important for democratic engagement.
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Deeds Pamphile V, Ruttan RL. The (Bounded) Role of Stated-Lived Value Congruence and Authenticity in Employee Evaluations of Organizations. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research documents that audiences reward organizations perceived to be authentic with positive evaluations. In the current work, we adopt a mixed-methods approach—using data collected from Glassdoor.com and two experiments—to establish that perceptions of authenticity are elicited by perceived congruence between an organization’s stated values (i.e., the values it claims to hold) and its lived values (i.e., values members perceive as embodied by the organization), which in turn lead to more positive organizational evaluations. We then explore the conditions under which audiences are less likely to respond favorably to organizational authenticity, finding that the positive effects of stated-lived value congruence on evaluations are attenuated when audiences have a lower preference for stated values. Although scholars have often explored whether and how organizations can successfully make themselves appear authentic to reap rewards, our findings suggest that the perceived authenticity that results from stated-lived value congruence may not prove fruitful unless the audience holds a higher preference for an organization’s stated values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Lise Ruttan
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6, Canada
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Borawski D. Ostracized and unreal: Does cyberostracism affect authenticity? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Huber C, Germar M, Mojzisch A. Authenticity Occurs More Often Than Inauthenticity in Everyday Life. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Researchers have assumed that people generally strive toward authenticity, yet have also argued that authenticity may often be impeded by social constraints. Against this backdrop, it is unclear whether people feel authentic or inauthentic more often in everyday life. To address this question, we examined the retrospective frequency of these feelings. As researchers have conceptualized authenticity and inauthenticity in various ways, we also tested for generalization of the results across different conceptualizations. Our results indicate that authenticity occurs more often than inauthenticity in everyday life. While the results largely generalized across different conceptualizations of authenticity and inauthenticity, there was nonetheless some variation. Future research, therefore, should take different conceptualizations of authenticity and inauthenticity more into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Huber
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Markus Germar
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Germany
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Bossom IR, Zelenski JM. The impact of trait introversion-extraversion and identity on state authenticity: Debating the benefits of extraversion. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Mok A. Feeling at Home in Two Cultural Worlds: Bicultural Identity Integration Moderates Felt Authenticity. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221211072798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bicultural individuals navigate and identify with two cultures. Biculturals differ in levels of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII)—how much their two cultural identities are combined and compatible (high BII) versus divided and conflicting (low BII). We hypothesized that during conformity in cultural ingroup contexts, biculturals with low BII feel inauthentic (being untrue to themselves), whereas biculturals with high BII feel authentic (being true to themselves). Across four experiments with Asian-Americans, expressing cultural conformity (vs. non-conformity) in Asian or American contexts produced felt inauthenticity among participants with low BII but not high BII (Studies 1–3). Felt inauthenticity was due to cultural identity threat (perceived identity exclusion) (Study 2). Activating self-kindness counteracted felt inauthenticity for low BII participants during cultural conformity (Study 3) and produced felt authenticity (Study 4). Our findings imply that responding kindly to the self makes biculturals at ease in their cultural homes, at least temporarily.
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Self-Expression can be Authentic or Inauthentic, with Differential Outcomes for Well-Being: Development of the Authentic and Inauthentic Expression Scale (AIES). JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yang Y, Zhu S, Gan Y, Dang J. To Be Authentic, to Be Eco: Exploring the Link Between Authenticity and Pro-environmental Behavior. Front Psychol 2021; 12:755860. [PMID: 34867653 PMCID: PMC8632707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentic self is believed to be morally good. The current research proposes that the authentic self is also environmentally good. Across two studies, we tested the link between authenticity and pro-environmental attitude and behavior. In Study 1 (N=2,646), dispositional authenticity was found to be a predictor of pro-environmental behavior (PEB). In Study 2 (N=474), participants in the authentic condition (recalling their experiences of being authentic) were more willing to donate money to protect the environment than those in the inauthentic (recalling their experiences of being inauthentic) or the neutral (recalling their experiences of a typical day) conditions. Participants in the authentic condition also reported higher intention to conduct PEB than their peers in the other conditions. The results of the present research provide initial evidence that people are more likely to endorse pro-environmental attitude and behave pro-environmentally when being authentic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Centre, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Zhu
- Department of Development and Planning, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yulu Gan
- Mental Health Education Centre, Zhejiang International Maritime College, Zhoushan, China
| | - Junhua Dang
- College of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li A, Kong DT, Lin Q, Fan YF. Why do followers feel inauthentic and withdraw? The joint effect of leader Machiavellianism and perceived collectivistic work climate. J Pers 2021; 90:490-508. [PMID: 34655474 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although past research has shown the negative consequences of state inauthenticity (i.e., the experience of inauthenticity), what triggers state inauthenticity remains to be better understood. We focus on leader Machiavellianism (Mach), defined as the extent to which leaders engage in unethical and manipulative behaviors to attain their goals, as a predictor of follower state inauthenticity. Drawing on the social misfit argument, we examined a model in which leader Mach, jointly with a perceived collectivistic work climate, determines follower state inauthenticity and subsequent work withdrawal. METHOD We used a vignette-based lab study (303 participants from the United States) and a daily diary field study (476 daily responses from 69 participants recruited from China). RESULTS Across two studies, we found that follower state inauthenticity mediated the relationship between leader Mach and follower work withdrawal. The positive relationship between leader Mach and follower state inauthenticity was strengthened by a perceived collectivistic work climate. CONCLUSIONS The present research underlines the importance of the social environment in influencing follower state inauthenticity at work and shifts research attention from the consequences of state inauthenticity to its predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Li
- Department of Management, Engler College of Business, West Texas A & M University, Canyon, Texas, USA
| | - Dejun Tony Kong
- School of Information Systems and Management, Muma College of Business, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Quan Lin
- Department of Business Administration, Business School, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Felix Fan
- Department of Management, Dolan School of Business, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut, USA
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Cheng L, Li Z, Hao M, Zhu X, Wang F. Objectification limits authenticity: Exploring the relations between objectification, perceived authenticity, and subjective well-being. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:622-643. [PMID: 34532868 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Five studies (total valid N = 834) examined whether objectification (i.e., being treated as a tool or an object to achieve others' goals) reduces people's perceived authenticity and subjective well-being. Participants who experienced more objectification (Studies 1a and 1b), imagined being objectified (Study 2), or recalled a past objectification experience (Study 3) felt less authentic and reported lower levels of subjective well-being than their counterparts. Moreover, perceived authenticity mediated the link between objectification and subjective well-being (Studies 1a-3). In addition, offering objectified participants an opportunity to restore authenticity could enhance their well-being (Study 4). Taken together, our findings highlight the crucial role of authenticity in understanding when and why objectification decreases subjective well-being and how to ameliorate this relationship. Our findings also imply the effect of authenticity in understanding various psychological outcomes following objectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zifei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Huang Q, Teng F, Yang W. Awareness of societal emphasis on appearance decreases women's (but not men's) career aspiration: A serial mediation model. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:564-573. [PMID: 34013584 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the association between awareness of societal emphasis on physical appearance and people's career aspiration and the process that linked the two. Specifically, we proposed that perceived societal emphasis on physical attractiveness would decrease women's career aspiration through decreased authenticity and perceived opportunity. A total of 349 college students (227 females) participated in the study. The results revealed that awareness of societal emphasis on physical attractiveness negatively predicted women's authenticity, and authenticity positively predicted perception of opportunity, which in turn predicted their career aspiration. However, this serial mediational model was not found in men. These findings suggest that socially prioritization of attractiveness can undermine women's strive for occupational prospects and add to a better understanding of women's growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Huang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Teng
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, The Base of Psychological Services and Counseling for "Happiness" in Guangzhou South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Matsuo M. Reflection on success in promoting authenticity and proactive behavior: A two-wave study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chawla N, Gabriel AS, Rosen CC, Evans JB, Koopman J, Hochwarter WA, Palmer JC, Jordan SL. A person‐centered view of impression management, inauthenticity, and employee behavior. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Chawla
- Department of Management, Mays Business School Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Allison S. Gabriel
- Department of Management & Organizations, Eller College of Management University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Christopher C. Rosen
- Department of Management, Sam M. Walton College of Business University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Jonathan B. Evans
- Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Division, Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Joel Koopman
- Department of Management, Mays Business School Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Wayne A. Hochwarter
- Department of Management, College of Business Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - Joshua C. Palmer
- Michael A. Leven School of Management, Entrepreneurship and Hospitality Kennesaw State University Kennesaw Georgia USA
| | - Samantha L. Jordan
- Department of Management, College of Business Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
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Kirby TA, Kaiser CR. Person-Message Fit: Racial Identification Moderates the Benefits of Multicultural and Colorblind Diversity Approaches. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:873-890. [PMID: 32930037 PMCID: PMC8107502 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220948707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although diversity approaches attempt to foster inclusion, one size may not fit all. In five studies, African Americans (N = 1,316), who varied in strength of racial identification, contemplated interviewing at a company with a multicultural or colorblind approach. Participants in the multicultural condition anticipated pressure to be prototypical group members relative to colorblind and control conditions. Only weakly identified participants reacted to this pressure, experiencing more anxiety and inauthenticity in the multicultural relative to colorblind (not control) company. Strongly identified participants experienced less anxiety and inauthenticity in the multicultural relative to colorblind and control companies. Inauthenticity among weakly identified participants was apparent in self-descriptions and linked with worse hiring outcomes in multicultural relative to colorblind and control contexts. Despite predictions, there were no self-stereotyping effects. Diversity approaches that make some group members more comfortable may prove simultaneously constraining for others, highlighting the complexity in how diversity approaches affect individuals.
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Matsuo M. The role of work authenticity in linking strengths use to career satisfaction and proactive behavior: a two-wave study. CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/cdi-01-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeAlthough positive psychology asserts that authenticity comes from identifying and using our strengths, no quantitative research has been conducted to test that relationship. This study aims to examine the mediating role of work authenticity in linking strengths use to career satisfaction and proactive behavior.Design/methodology/approachUsing a two-wave survey with nurses in two large, acute hospitals in Japan (n = 298), a structural equation model was produced.FindingsThe results show that work authenticity fully mediated between strengths use and career satisfaction, and that work authenticity partially mediated between strengths use and proactive behavior.Research limitations/implicationsAs work authenticity, career satisfaction and proactive behavior were measured at time 2, it is desirable to conduct a three-wave survey to measure these variables separately in future research.Practical implicationsIt may be imperative to recognize that employees who use their strengths are satisfied with their careers only by enhancing authenticity at work.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this study was to identify the mediating role of work authenticity in linking strengths use to both career-related well-being and proactive work behaviors.
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Jayawickreme E, Tsukayama E, Blackie LE, Weiss B. Examining within-person relationships between state assessments of affect and eudaimonic well-being using multi-level structural equation modeling. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1818811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Department of Business, University of Hawaii-West Oahu, Honolulu, USA
| | | | - Brandon Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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Feeling authentic serves as a buffer against rejection. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang H, Chen C, Schlegel R, Chen K. Spillover of authenticity from work to home: The mediating role of affect. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Psychology Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Changkai Chen
- Department of Psychology Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | | | - Kaiyuan Chen
- Claremont Graduate University Claremont California USA
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Hewlin PF, Karelaia N, Kouchaki M, Sedikides C. Authenticity at work: Its shapes, triggers, and consequences. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ebrahimi M, Kouchaki M, Patrick VM. Juggling work and home selves: Low identity integration feels less authentic and increases unethicality. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oc B, Daniels MA, Diefendorff JM, Bashshur MR, Greguras GJ. Humility breeds authenticity: How authentic leader humility shapes follower vulnerability and felt authenticity. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Social power and the self. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:69-73. [PMID: 31400661 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Separate literatures exist on social power, status, and hierarchy on the one hand, and the self on the other, but important points of intersection have emerged over the past several decades. This paper reviews recent developments at the interface between social power (and related constructs) and the self. These developments orbit around two broad questions. First, how does social power influence self-expression (e.g. does power enhance or diminish subjective feelings of authenticity)? And second, does social power shift one's orientation toward the self or toward others (e.g. does power lead people to construe the self in more independent or interdependent terms)? I conclude by suggesting possible future directions on the link between social power and self-related processes and phenomena.
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Wilt JA, Thomas S, McAdams DP. Authenticity and inauthenticity in narrative identity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02178. [PMID: 31388595 PMCID: PMC6676168 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reported authenticity is related to higher well-being, however, employing self-report questionnaires to measure authenticity may be limited in that they do not capture the lived experience of authenticity. We employ a narrative identity approach to the study of authenticity to potentially better capture some of the idiosyncratic richness and nuance of authentic experience. In Study 1, 87 undergraduates wrote descriptions of three separate memories: one in which they felt authentic, one in which they felt inauthentic, and a vivid, emotional memory. Thematic analysis identified five dimensions of authenticity (relational authenticity, resisting external pressures, expression of true self, contentment, owning one's actions) and 4 dimensions of inauthenticity (phoniness, suppression, self-denigration, and conformity). In study 2, 103 undergraduates provided written descriptions of authentic and inauthentic experiences. Scenes were coded for the dimensions of authenticity and inauthenticity listed above, and those categories were related to self-report scales assessing authenticity and related constructs (autonomy, honesty, Machiavellianism). Correlational and factor extension results suggested that narratives themes showed evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity. Implications for narrative and self-report approaches to authenticity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Wilt
- Case Western Reserve University, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Kokkoris MD, Sedikides C. Can you be yourself in business? How reminders of business affect the perceived value of authenticity. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail D. Kokkoris
- Department of Marketing WU Vienna University of Economics and Business Vienna Austria
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Zhou X, van Tilburg WAP, Mei D, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Hungering for the past: Nostalgic food labels increase purchase intentions and actual consumption. Appetite 2019; 140:151-158. [PMID: 31077773 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We proposed that nostalgic labels strengthen the appeal of food items when the items are intrinsically nostalgic (e.g., related to one's childhood). Nostalgic labels do so by fostering a sense of food comfort (i.e., safety and security) among potential consumers. Experiment 1, testing a Chinese sample, confirmed that nostalgic (vs. descriptive) labels strengthen purchase intentions of food items when such items are intrinsically nostalgic. Experiment 2 showed that nostalgic (vs. descriptive) food labels strengthen purchase intentions of intrinsically nostalgic items, and do so by virtue of their capacity to elevate food comfort. This experiment tested a U.S. sample, thus broadening the cross-cultural generalizability of the findings. Experiment 3, testing a Chinese sample, replicated the Experiment 2 findings using nostalgic versus descriptive labels of a food item, and ruled out the influence of an alternative mediator, perceived food healthiness. Finally, Experiment 4, testing also a Chinese sample, revealed that restaurant dishes are more likely to be consumed when advertised with a nostalgic (than descriptive) label. The current work makes theoretical contributions to literature on food consumption and emotions, and has practical implications for harnessing nostalgia for dietary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Dongmei Mei
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, and School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The core premise of this article is that it is scientifically informative and psychologically meaningful to conceptualize and assess authenticity in context. I begin by providing some theoretical background on the nature of the self-concept, highlighting how the self-concept is composed of a collection of selves, with different selves activated and therefore at play in different contexts. This basic fact, that the self-concept is both multifaceted and malleable, implies that authenticity is a construct that requires study at a contextual level. I illustrate this by reviewing theory and findings from 3 areas of research, incorporating studies from my laboratory throughout. These areas are (a) authenticity in the context of close relationships; (b) authenticity in hierarchical contexts, wherein one occupies a lower versus higher position of social power; and (c) authenticity in relation to the larger cultural context. Finally, I address a number of issues and questions that arise when considering authenticity in context and propose a number of directions for future research on the context-specific nature of authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Ryan WS, Ryan RM. Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Authenticity entails autonomy, congruence, and genuineness. In this article, we use a self-determination theory framework to discuss a critical aspect of social environments that facilitates these aspects of authenticity, namely the experience of autonomy support. Although authenticity is often studied as a trait or individual difference, we review research demonstrating that authenticity varies within individuals and predicts variations in well-being. Next, we show that perceiving autonomy support within a relational context is associated with people feeling more authentic and more like their ideal selves and displaying constellations of Big 5 personality traits indicative of greater wellness in that context. To explore another important part of authenticity, being genuine in interactions with others, we review evidence linking autonomy support to situational variation in identity disclosure among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. This research suggests that perceiving autonomy support within a context or relationship helps lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals be more open about their sexual orientation and identity, which in turn affords greater opportunities for the satisfaction of not only autonomy, but competence and relatedness needs as well, facilitating well-being. We conclude by highlighting future directions in the study of authenticity’s dynamic nature, and the importance of the situation in its expression and its relation to well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Ryan
- The Institute of Positive Psychology & Education, Australian Catholic University, and Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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Lehman DW, O’Connor K, Carroll GR. Acting on Authenticity: Individual Interpretations and Behavioral Responses. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019829470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals in advanced consumer economies prefer authentic producers, products, and services. An important but overlooked question concerns the psychology behind such preferences: How do individuals act on authenticity when they encounter it? We suggest that the answer resides, at least in part, in the distinction between two fundamental but different meanings of authenticity: (a) attributions that a producer is true to its professed set of values ( moral authenticity) and (b) attributions that a producer is true to its assigned or claimed social category ( type authenticity). Although this conceptual distinction has long been recognized by prior theory, empirical studies tend to conflate the two meanings. We provide a brief overview of these two interpretations and, in doing so, argue that they are both conceptually and empirically distinct. To that end, we develop a set of generalizable scales for measuring both meanings of authenticity. We go on to posit that individuals will respond differently depending on which interpretation is evoked. Specifically, we suggest that perceptions of moral authenticity will be associated with higher willingness-to-pay whereas perceptions of type authenticity will be associated with higher online ratings. We then examine diners’ responses to their restaurant experiences across a series of multimethod studies in the field as well as experiments; we also report a replication study in the music domain. Taken together, the findings generally support the notion that individuals’ interpretations of and behavioral responses to authenticity indeed vary across the two meanings of the concept.
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Vess M. Varieties of Conscious Experience and the Subjective Awareness of One’s “True” Self. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019829471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The subjective awareness of one’s true self is considered a fundamental aspect of authenticity. It is theorized to reflect an experienced disconnect between one’s conscious awareness and actual experiences. In this brief review, I describe some of the early theorizing on the construct and the research that this theorizing has inspired. I then review an emerging direction of research specifically focused on the relationship between subjective feelings of being disconnected from one’s true self and tendencies to become mentally detached from present experience (i.e., mindwandering). This work offers new insights into the nature of subjective true self-awareness; it elucidates for the first time how disruptions to people’s ongoing mental connection to present experience relate to the experience of true self-awareness and it invites theorizing about aspects of authenticity in ways that do not require evaluations of a self-concept. I end the review by speculating on how this work might inspire new empirical and theoretical directions in the psychological study of authenticity and feelings of true self-awareness.
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Sedikides C, Lenton AP, Slabu L, Thomaes S. Sketching the Contours of State Authenticity. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We outline a program of research in which we examined state authenticity, the sense of being one’s true self. In particular, we describe its phenomenology (what it feels like to be experience authenticity), its correlates (e.g., emotions, needs), its nomological network (e.g., real-ideal self overlap, public and private self-consciousness), its cultural parameters (Easter and Western culture), its precursors or determinants (congruency, positivity, and hedonism), and its psychological health implications. We conclude by arguing that state authenticity deserves its own conceptual status, distinct from trait authenticity, and by setting an agenda for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Chen
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rebecca Friesdorf
- Department of Social Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Christian H. Jordan
- Department of Social Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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Zhang JW, Chen S, Tomova Shakur TK, Bilgin B, Chai WJ, Ramis T, Shaban-Azad H, Razavi P, Nutankumar T, Manukyan A. A Compassionate Self Is a True Self? Self-Compassion Promotes Subjective Authenticity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1323-1337. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218820914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research converge to suggest that authenticity predicts positive psychological adjustment. Given these benefits of authenticity, there is a surprising dearth of research on the factors that foster authenticity. Five studies help fill this gap by testing whether self-compassion promotes subjective authenticity. Study 1 found a positive association between trait self-compassion and authenticity. Study 2 demonstrated that on days when people felt more self-compassionate, they also felt more authentic. Study 3 discovered that people experimentally induced to be self-compassionate reported greater state authenticity relative to control participants. Studies 4 and 5 recruited samples from multiple cultures and used a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design, respectively, and found that self-compassion predicts greater authenticity through reduced fear of negative evaluation (Study 4) and heightened optimism (Study 5). Across studies, self-compassion’s effects on authenticity could not be accounted for by self-esteem. Overall, the results suggest that self-compassion can help cultivate subjective authenticity.
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van Dijke M, Leunissen JM, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Nostalgia promotes intrinsic motivation and effort in the presence of low interactional justice. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sedikides C, Ntoumanis N, Sheldon KM. I am the chosen one: Narcissism in the backdrop of self-determination theory. J Pers 2018; 87:70-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kokkoris MD, Sedikides C, Kühnen U. Do consumer choices augment narcissism? The role of self-referent processing. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1486881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail D. Kokkoris
- Marketing Department, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrich Kühnen
- Department of Psychology and Methods, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Gan M, Heller D, Chen S. The Power in Being Yourself: Feeling Authentic Enhances the Sense of Power. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1460-1472. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218771000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Across five experiments (total N = 715), we propose that people can gain a subjective sense of power by being authentic—in other words, state authenticity breeds power. Supporting this, participants reported feeling more powerful when they visualized themselves behaving authentically versus inauthentically (Study 1), or recalled a time when they felt authentic versus inauthentic (Studies 2-4). Studies 3 and 4 revealed that authenticity (vs. inauthenticity) likely drives the authenticity-to-power effect. Finally, Study 5 showed that perceivers infer others’ power and make important downstream judgments (i.e., likelihood of being an effective negotiator and leader), based on others’ authenticity. Importantly, our findings could not be explained by positive affect or by preexisting power differences, and held across diverse situations (e.g., those absent of social pressure). Implications for state authenticity as a strategic means to attain power and for understanding its dynamic nature and effects are discussed.
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Zachry CE, Phan LV, Blackie LER, Jayawickreme E. Situation-Based Contingencies Underlying Wisdom-Content Manifestations: Examining Intellectual Humility in Daily Life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:1404-1415. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Zachry
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Le Vy Phan
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Schmader T, Sedikides C. State Authenticity as Fit to Environment: The Implications of Social Identity for Fit, Authenticity, and Self-Segregation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 22:228-259. [PMID: 28975851 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317734080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
People seek out situations that "fit," but the concept of fit is not well understood. We introduce State Authenticity as Fit to the Environment (SAFE), a conceptual framework for understanding how social identities motivate the situations that people approach or avoid. Drawing from but expanding the authenticity literature, we first outline three types of person-environment fit: self-concept fit, goal fit, and social fit. Each type of fit, we argue, facilitates cognitive fluency, motivational fluency, and social fluency that promote state authenticity and drive approach or avoidance behaviors. Using this model, we assert that contexts subtly signal social identities in ways that implicate each type of fit, eliciting state authenticity for advantaged groups but state inauthenticity for disadvantaged groups. Given that people strive to be authentic, these processes cascade down to self-segregation among social groups, reinforcing social inequalities. We conclude by mapping out directions for research on relevant mechanisms and boundary conditions.
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