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Feng Y, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang S, Cao M, Hu D, Wang C. Streptococcus suis infection: an emerging/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases? Virulence 2014; 5:477-97. [PMID: 24667807 PMCID: PMC4063810 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a family of pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains that represents a primary health problem in the swine industry worldwide. S. suis is also an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe human infections clinically featuring with varied diseases/syndromes (such as meningitis, septicemia, and arthritis). Over the past few decades, continued efforts have made significant progress toward better understanding this zoonotic infectious entity, contributing in part to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying its high pathogenicity. This review is aimed at presenting an updated overview of this pathogen from the perspective of molecular epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and typing, virulence mechanism, and protective antigens contributing to its zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases & State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease; First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC); Urbana, IL USA
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Shihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command; Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Atieh T, Audoly G, Hraiech S, Lepidi H, Roch A, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Papazian L, Brégeon F. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of fluorescent in situ hybridization in a rat model of bacterial pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:425-31. [PMID: 23747031 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In severe nosocomial pneumonia, the pathogenic responsibility of bacteria isolated from airways is far from certain, and a lung biopsy is sometimes performed. However, detection and identification of pathogens are frequently unachieved. Here, we developed a protocol for direct visualization of bacteria within the lung tissue using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in a rat model of Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. The reference positive diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia was the presence of pathological signs of pneumonia associated with the proof of bacteria or bacterial PCR products into the parenchyma. By analysis of 122 sets of slices from 26 rats and using the eubacterial probe EUB-338, our results show that FISH reached a sensitivity and a diagnostic accuracy higher than that of optic microscopy (sensitivity: 96% versus 55.4% and diagnostic accuracy: 96.7% versus 66.4%), whereas both approaches had 100% specificity. FISH could be useful especially on negative biopsies from patients with suspected infectious pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Atieh
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization for the Identification of Bacterial Species in Archival Heart Valve Sections of Canine Bacterial Endocarditis. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:298-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gui J, Patel IR. Recent advances in molecular technologies and their application in pathogen detection in foods with particular reference to yersinia. J Pathog 2011; 2011:310135. [PMID: 22567329 PMCID: PMC3335726 DOI: 10.4061/2011/310135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause yersiniosis in humans and animals. Food has been suggested to be the main source of yersiniosis. It is critical for the researchers to be able to detect Yersinia or any other foodborne pathogen with increased sensitivity and specificity, as well as in real-time, in the case of a foodborne disease outbreak. Conventional detection methods are known to be labor intensive, time consuming, or expensive. On the other hand, more sensitive molecular-based detection methods like next generation sequencing, microarray, and many others are capable of providing faster results. DNA testing is now possible on a single molecule, and high-throughput analysis allows multiple detection reactions to be performed at once, thus allowing a range of characteristics to be rapidly and simultaneously determined. Despite better detection efficiencies, results derived using molecular biology methods can be affected by the various food matrixes. With the improvements in sample preparation, data analysis, and testing procedures, molecular detection techniques will likely continue to simplify and increase the speed of detection while simultaneously improving the sensitivity and specificity for tracking pathogens in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gui
- College of Management and Technology, Walden University, 155 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, MOD 1 Facility, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Jensen HE, Gyllensten J, Hofman C, Leifsson PS, Agerholm JS, Boye M, Aalbæk B. Histologic and bacteriologic findings in valvular endocarditis of slaughter-age pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:921-7. [PMID: 21088176 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocarditis lesions from 117 slaughter pigs were examined pathologically and etiologically in addition to 90 control hearts with cardiac valves. Lesions were located on the valves; however, the lesions had extended to the walls in 21 cases (18%). Lesions predominated on the mitral valve (59%). A total of 28 cases, from which no growth was obtained or a contamination flora was grown, were screened by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for bacteria (general bacterial probe) and probes specific for Streptococcus suis and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, respectively. Using FISH, an additional 10 cases of endocarditis due to S. suis and E. rhusiopathiae were disclosed. Within lesions, streptococci predominated (53%) followed by E. rhusiopathiae (30%). Distinct features of both the lesions and the shape and localization of bacterial colonies were related to streptococci and E. rhusiopathiae. The propensity for streptococci to be localized on more than 1 valve in single hearts may be because S. suis-infected pigs tend to have been infected for a longer period compared with E. rhusiopathiae. Mineralization of endocarditis lesions was significantly associated with infection by streptococci, and was seen in 71% of the cases, whereas it was present in only 28% of lesions caused by E. rhusiopathiae. In addition, areas with mineralization were significantly correlated to the presence of a granulomatous reaction. Granulomatous endocarditis is likely a result of a foreign body reaction due to dystrophic mineralization. Local proliferation of valvular endothelial cells, found in 9 hearts in the current study, may increase the risk of developing thrombosing endocarditis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik E Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Nielsen OL, Iburg T, Aalbaek B, Leifsson PS, Agerholm JS, Heegaard P, Boye M, Simon S, Jensen KB, Christensen S, Melsen K, Bak AK, Backman ER, Jørgensen MH, Groegler DK, Jensen AL, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen HE. A pig model of acute Staphylococcus aureus induced pyemia. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:14. [PMID: 19327150 PMCID: PMC2667522 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus constitutes an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, and the incidence of this disease-entity is increasing. In this paper we describe the initial microbial dynamics and lesions in pigs experimentally infected with S. aureus, with the aim of mimicking human sepsis and pyemia. Methods The study was conducted in anaesthetized and intravenously inoculated pigs, and was based on bacteriological examination of blood and testing of blood for IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Following killing of the animals and necropsy bacteriological and histological examinations of different organs were performed 4, 5 or 6 h after inoculation. Results Clearance of bacteria from the blood was completed within the first 2 h in some of the pigs and the highest bacterial load was recorded in the lungs as compared to the spleen, liver and bones. This probably was a consequence of both the intravenous route of inoculation and the presence of pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Inoculation of bacteria induced formation of acute microabscesses in the lungs, spleen and liver, but not in the kidneys or bones. No generalized inflammatory response was recorded, i.e. IL-6 was not detected in the blood and C-reactive protein did not increase, probably because of the short time course of the study. Conclusion This study demonstrates the successful induction of acute pyemia (microabscesses), and forms a basis for future experiments that should include inoculation with strains of S. aureus isolated from man and an extension of the timeframe aiming at inducing sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Liu CH, Hsu YH. The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses. Tzu Chi Med J 2007; 19:127-133. [PMID: 32288424 PMCID: PMC7129507 DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(10)60004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses have raised great concerns in both human and animal health worldwide in the past 20 years. Rudolph Virchow proposed a "one medicine" discipline and emphasized the importance of cooperation 150 years ago. In the face of emerging threats from unpredictable zoonoses, human medicine and veterinary medicine should not be separate and independent sciences. Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. Although disease-associated microbes are numerous, morphologic patterns of tissue reaction caused by microbes are limited. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and host determine the histological changes in the target tissues. The contributions of anatomic pathology, with its use of morphologic similarities and special techniques, are important in zoonosis diagnosis. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. In Taiwan, the Chinese Society for Comparative Pathology, which was established in 1994, provides for this interaction. Interlaboratory cooperation plays an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance, and control of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Lun ZR, Wang QP, Chen XG, Li AX, Zhu XQ. Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2007; 7:201-9. [PMID: 17317601 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine pathogen worldwide, and can be transmitted to human beings by close contact with sick or carrier pigs. S suis causes meningitis, septicaemia, endocarditis, arthritis, and septic shock in both pigs and human beings, and mortality is high. Human infection with S suis occurs mainly among certain risk groups that have frequent exposure to pigs or pork. Outbreaks of human S suis infection are uncommon, although several outbreaks have occurred in China in recent years. In July, 2005, the largest outbreak of human S suis infection occurred in Sichuan province, China, where 204 people were infected and 38 of them died. There have been 409 cases of human S suis infection worldwide, most of which have occurred in China, Thailand, and the Netherlands, and these infections have led to 73 deaths. This review provides background information on the biology and molecular characteristics of this Gram-positive bacterium, and describes the clinical signs, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of human infection with S suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Rong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, Guangzhou, China.
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Marois C, Bougeard S, Gottschalk M, Kobisch M. Multiplex PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus suis species and serotypes 2 and 1/2 in tonsils of live and dead pigs. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3169-75. [PMID: 15243078 PMCID: PMC446262 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3169-3175.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR assay was developed for the detection of Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. This multiplex PCR is based on the amplification of the gene coding for 16S rRNA of S. suis and on the amplification of the cps2J gene coding for the capsule of S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. An internal control was constructed and added in this test to monitor the efficiency of amplification in each reaction. To evaluate the specificity of the test, 31 strains of other bacterial species related to S. suis or isolated from pigs and 42 strains of S. suis serotypes 1 and 3 to 34 were analyzed. The detection threshold of the test was 28 S. suis CFU/ml. The specificity and the sensitivity of the multiplex PCR test and the presence of an internal control allowed the analysis of biological samples without a culture step. The PCR assay was then applied to the detection of 14 S. suis serotype 1/2 strains, 88 S. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from pigs, and 25 S. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from humans. This test was also applied to analyze tonsil samples of pigs experimentally infected and carrier pigs without any symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marois
- Unité de Mycoplasmologie-Bactériologie, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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10
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Kvist PH, Jensen ES, Aalbaek B, Jensen HE. Evaluation of the pathology, pathogenesis and aetiology of auricular elephantiasis in slaughter pigs. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 49:517-22. [PMID: 12549830 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ears from slaughter pigs with auricular elephantiasis (n = 24) and the corresponding lymph nodes (lnn.) (n = 26) were grossly, histopathologically and microbiologically examined. Immunostaining for IgM, IgG, Cd3epsilon and bacterial antigens of Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was performed by indirect enzyme-based techniques. Ears were variably thickened depending on the sampled area (basis, centre and apex). However, at all locations the thickness, the length from basis to apex and the weigh of whole ears with elephantiasis were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The corresponding lnn., that is, ln. parotideus superficialis and profundus, had also increased significantly (P < 0.01) in volume. Histopathologically, lesions of the ears and the corresponding lnn. revealed changes characterized by diffuse fibrosis intermingled with multiple pyogranulomatous foci containing asteroid bodies. In the majority of lesions, four distinct zones due to different cellular infiltrates encircled the central core of the asteroid bodies. In several lesions, the pyogranulomatous foci were contained within the lymph vessels. Immunohistochemically, only the bacterial antigen of S. aureus was detected within the cytoplasm of the macrophages and/or in the asteroid bodies of the ears (41.5%) and in the regional lnn. (30.8%). An abundant number of IgM, IgG and CD3epsilon-positive cells were present in all the pyogranulomatous lesions, whereas a positive IgG-staining was observed only in a single asteroid body. Thus, porcine auricular elephantiasis is a chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation that is frequently positive for S. aureus and is lymphogenically spread. Therefore, the lesions of the ears with auricular elephantiasis and the corresponding lnn. should be termed auricular botryomycosis and botryomycotic lymphadenitis, respectively. Moreover, as the disease is observed frequently in slaughter pigs it must also be considered according to the welfare of the animals and in relation to post-mortem meat inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kvist
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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11
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Madsen LW, Svensmark B, Elvestad K, Aalbaek B, Jensen HE. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in pigs: new diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:57-65. [PMID: 11814322 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a study aimed at improving the diagnosis and elucidating the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in pigs, a combination of bacterial culture and histopathological and immunohistochemical examination was applied to a range of tissues from 42 naturally infected pigs with typical macroscopical lesions. By culture, 21 pigs (50%) were shown to be systemically infected with S. suis serotype 2; seven (17%) were infected with S. suis serotype 7, two with other bacteria, and 12 yielded no bacterial pathogens. The highest isolation rate for S. suis serotype 2 was obtained from the lateral cerebral ventricles and other regions of the brain, whereas the bacterium was only rarely isolated from the liver or spleen. Immunohistochemically, a diagnosis of S. suis serotype 2 infection was obtained in two of 12 (17%) animals from which no pathogens had been cultured. Moreover, immunohistochemistry differed from culture in revealing a greater number of positive tissue specimens. The microanatomical distribution of bacteria pointed toward the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils as principal portals of entry. Furthermore, S. suis serotype 2 bacteria were frequently identified immunohistochemically in the regional lymph nodes of the upper respiratory tract, possibly reflecting primary lymphogenous spread from the tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Madsen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Bülowsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-1870, Denmark
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12
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Brousseau R, Hill JE, Préfontaine G, Goh SH, Harel J, Hemmingsen SM. Streptococcus suis serotypes characterized by analysis of chaperonin 60 gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:4828-33. [PMID: 11571190 PMCID: PMC93237 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.10.4828-4833.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of swine which occasionally infects humans as well. There are 35 serotypes known for this organism, and it would be desirable to develop rapid methods methods to identify and differentiate the strains of this species. To that effect, partial chaperonin 60 gene sequences were determined for the 35 serotype reference strains of S. suis. Analysis of a pairwise distance matrix showed that the distances ranged from 0 to 0.275 when values were calculated by the maximum-likelihood method. For five of the strains the distances from serotype 1 were greater than 0.1, and for two of these strains the distances were were more than 0.25, suggesting that they belong to a different species. Most of the nucleotide differences were silent; alignment of protein sequences showed that there were only 11 distinct sequences for the 35 strains under study. The chaperonin 60 gene phylogenetic tree was similar to the previously published tree based on 16S rRNA sequences, and it was also observed that strains with identical chaperonin 60 gene sequences tended to have identical 16S rRNA sequences. The chaperonin 60 gene sequences provided a higher level of discrimination between serotypes than the 16S RNA sequences provided and could form the basis for a diagnostic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brousseau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2.
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Boye M, Baloda SB, Leser TD, Møller K. Survival of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in terrestrial microcosms. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:33-40. [PMID: 11356316 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli was investigated at 10 degrees C in laboratory microcosms consisting of soil, porcine faeces, and in soil mixed with 10% porcine faeces, respectively. By plate spreading, survival of B. hyodysenteriae was found to be 10, 78 and 112 days in soil, soil mixed with 10% faeces, and in porcine faeces, respectively. The identities of the colonies on the plates were confirmed using PCR targeting 23S rDNA for specific detection of B. hyodysenteriae. A positive PCR signal could be obtained up to 112 days in all microcosms by direct extraction of DNA from microcosms followed by PCR. The survival time for B. pilosicoli was 119 days in pure soil and 210 days in soil mixed with 10% porcine faeces and in pure faeces, respectively, as determined by plate spreading followed by PCR. On the other hand, by direct extraction of DNA followed by specific detection by PCR. B. pilosicoli could be detected up to 330 days in all microcosms.Dot blot hybridisation with digoxigenin-labelled specific oligonucleotide probe targeting rDNA could not be used for direct detection of Brachyspira spp. from microcosms due to low sensitivity. However, it was used for confirmation of the identity of colonies and proved to be a useful technique. These results show that the two Brachyspira species may survive in outdoor environment for the times shown in these investigations using laboratory microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boye
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 V, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Mbuthia PG, Christensen H, Boye M, Petersen KM, Bisgaard M, Nyaga PN, Olsen JE. Specific detection of Pasteurella multocida in chickens with fowl cholera and in pig lung tissues using fluorescent rRNA in situ hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2627-33. [PMID: 11427580 PMCID: PMC88196 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.7.2627-2633.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pasteurella multocida species-specific oligonucleotide probe, pmhyb449, targeting 16S rRNA was designed and evaluated by whole-cell hybridization against 22 selected reference strains in animal tissues. It differentiated P. multocida from other bacterial species of the families Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and also from divergent species of the order Cytophagales (except biovar 2 strains of Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella canis, which have high 16S rRNA similarity to P. multocida). The potential of the probe for specific identification and differentiation of P. multocida was further detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental fowl cholera in chickens and infections in pigs. In chicken lung tissues P. multocida cells were detected singly, in pairs, as microcolonies, and as massive colonies within air capillaries (septa and lumen), parabronchial septa, and blood vessels (wall and lumen). In pig lung, postmortem-injected P. multocida was detected in the alveoli (lumen and wall), and in both animals the bacterial cells were seen in the bronchi. The results showed that with the oligonucleotide probe pmhyb449, fluorescent in situ hybridization is a suitable and fast method for specific detection of P. multocida in histological formalin-fixed tissues. The test was replicable and reproducible and is recommended as a supplementary test for diagnosis and as a tool in pathogenesis studies of fowl cholera and respiratory tract infections in pigs due to P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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15
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Madsen LW, Svensmark B, Elvestad K, Jensen HE. Otitis interna is a frequent sequela to Streptococcus suis meningitis in pigs. Vet Pathol 2001; 38:190-5. [PMID: 11280375 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-2-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight histologically confirmed cases of porcine leptomeningitis were examined retrospectively, with focus on the pathology of the inner and middle ear, brain, and vestibulocochlear nerve. Tissues were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry for Streptococcus suis serotype 2 antigen, and the bacteriologic results were recorded. Exudative otitis interna was diagnosed in 20/28 pigs (71%). The lesions primarily affected the perilymphatic ducts, with consistent involvement of the scala tympani. Perineuritis of the vestibulocochlear nerve was seen in all but four of the ears affected with otitis interna. Immunohistochemically, S. suis serotype 2 antigen was demonstrated in the leptomeningeal, perineural, and labyrinthine exudates in 11 cases. Otitis media was diagnosed in 10/28 pigs (34%), but evidence of extension to the inner ear was not observed. The findings were highly similar to descriptions of meningogenic labyrinthitis in humans and in laboratory animal models. Otitis interna in pigs can also develop via the meningogenic route and is not always, as generally stated, tympanogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Madsen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Tegtmeier C, Angen O, Ahrens P. Comparison of bacterial cultivation, PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry as tools for diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus pneumonia in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2000; 76:385-94. [PMID: 11000534 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the potential of bacterial cultivation (BC), PCR, in situ hybridisation (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus, when applied to pneumonic bovine tissue. Lungs from 65 field cases submitted for bacteriological examination were included in the study. The PCR-detection was performed on three different samples: plate-PCR (detection on plate washes after incubation of lung tissue on agar plates); swab-PCR (direct detection on a swab from the cut surface); and, whenever possible, a bronchus-PCR (direct detection on a swab from the main bronchus of the right cranial lung lobe). In order to examine the pathological significance of the findings, a histopathological examination of the cases was performed. H. somnus was detected by one or more techniques in 33 cases in total. By BC the bacterium was isolated from 10 cases, IHC and ISH were positive in 17 and 19 cases, and plate- and swab-PCR were positive in 21 and 29 cases, respectively. The bronchus-PCR was positive in 30 out of 61 cases examined. The PCR-technique was the most sensitive method, and as this technique is fast and relatively inexpensive, it should be considered as a supplementary tool in the diagnosis of H. somnus induced calf pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tegtmeier
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 V, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gottschalk M, Segura M. The pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis: the unresolved questions. Vet Microbiol 2000; 76:259-72. [PMID: 10973700 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important swine pathogens world-wide. Among the serotypes described, type 2 is the serotype most frequently associated with disease. Despite increasing research in recent years, knowledge of virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the infection remain limited. This review discusses the currently available information on S. suis serotype 2 virulence factors and the pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by this important bacterial species. In addition, some hypotheses on the critical steps of the infection, such as bacterial invasion from mucosal surfaces to the bloodstream, survival of bacteria in blood, and invasion from blood into the central nervous system, are presented. Finally, the role that the stimulation of the immune system of animals (inflammatory reaction) could play during infection is also discussed. A complete understanding of the cell-interacting pathways that S. suis may follow inside the host could give important insights into the progression of disease. Further studies to delineate the mechanisms through which S. suis induces meningitis will contribute to the development of potential therapies for S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Montreal, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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