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INOKUMA H, YAMAMOTO K, FUJIWARA R, MAEZAWA M, CHAMBERS JK, UCHIDA K. Three cases of paresis due to vertebral abscess in Shiba goats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:946-950. [PMID: 39048345 PMCID: PMC11422688 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Three Shiba goats aged 1 to 7 years kept in Ibaraki prefecture in Japan were presented with chief complaint of lumbar paralysis or gait abnormalities. As cerebrospinal setariasis were suspected in all cases at the first stage, ivermectin was administered to treat, but the response was insufficient. Necropsy revealed abscess formation on the ventral side of the spine at T5 in Case 1, T5-6 in Case 2, and C7-T1 in Case 3, causing compression of the spinal cord in all three cases. In addition to cerebrospinal setariasis, vertebral abscess should be considered as a cause of paresis or gait abnormalities in goats in Japan. Computed tomography was a useful for diagnosing vertebral abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi INOKUMA
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Medicine, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Kie YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Medicine, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina FUJIWARA
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masaki MAEZAWA
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Bennett SJ, Adkins PRF, Schultz LG, Walker KE. Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid analysis and short-term survival outcomes in South American camelids: A retrospective study of 54 cases (2005-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2263-2269. [PMID: 36151907 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly analyzed in South American camelids with suspected neurologic disease because of ease of collection and characteristic findings associated with certain diseases. OBJECTIVES To assess CSF findings associated with short-term survival or non-survival in South American camelids in which neurologic disease was a differential diagnosis based on history and physical examination. ANIMALS Twenty-one llamas and 33 alpacas that underwent CSF analysis at the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records of camelids that underwent CSF analysis between January 2005 and September 2021 were studied. Short-term survival was defined as survival to discharge from the Veterinary Health Center. A Fisher's exact test was used to compare species, CSF results, and survival. RESULTS Odds of survival were 3.9 times higher in camelids with a total nucleated cell count (TNCC) <3 cells/μL (P = .04). No significant association was found between survival and total protein concentration (TPC; P = .15) or percentage of eosinophils (P = 1.0). No significant correlation was found between species and increased TNCC (P = .63), TPC (P = .55), or percentage of eosinophils (P = .30). Among camelids diagnosed with Paralephostrongylus tenuis infestation, odds of survival were 4.95 times higher in alpacas (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Cerebrospinal fluid TNCC ≥3 cells/μL is associated with decreased odds of short-term survival in South American camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Bennett
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Loren G Schultz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelsey E Walker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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3
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Keane C, Marchetto KM, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Wünschmann A, Wolf TM. Epidemiological Investigation of Meningeal Worm-Induced Mortalities in Small Ruminants and Camelids Over a 19 Year Period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859028. [PMID: 35464381 PMCID: PMC9020814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal worm, or Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (P. tenuis) is a nematode parasite that can invade the nervous system of small ruminant and camelid species such as alpaca, llama, goats and sheep. Limited reports exist on the epidemiology of disease caused by the nematode in susceptible livestock. We examined archived necropsy reports from small ruminant and camelid mortalities that were submitted, post mortem, to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MNVDL) during 2001–2019 for gross necropsy, histopathology, and pathogen screening. We estimated P. tenuis-induced mortality over time and developed temporal models to better understand patterns and drivers of P. tenuis-induced mortalities in these animals. During the period under examination, 5,617 goats, sheep, llamas and alpacas were necropsied, revealing an overall P. tenuis-induced mortality rate of 1.14% in the necropsy submission pool for these species. P. tenuis-induced mortality rates were highest in llamas (9.91%) and alpacas (5.33%) compared to sheep and goats (<1%), with rates in llamas and alpacas significantly higher than in sheep and goats. P. tenuis-induced mortalities exhibited one seasonal peak, around October to December. P. tenuis-induced mortality rates varied greatly between years, and have significantly increased over time. We also observed a positive correlation between summer temperature (range 20.4–22.4°C) and P. tenuis-induced mortality rates (range 0–3.9%), but not precipitation. This study demonstrates seasonal patterns and differences in mortality between alpacas, goats, llamas and sheep and helps us to better understand the epidemiology of P. tenuis mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlena Keane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Katherine M. Marchetto
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Katherine M. Marchetto
| | - Luiz Gustavo R. Oliveira-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Ecology, BioScience Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Arno Wünschmann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Díaz-Delgado J, Cruz D, Sobotyk C, Hensley T, Anguiano M, Verocai GG, Gomez G. Pathologic features and molecular identification of parelaphostrongylosis in a sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1476-1480. [PMID: 34334513 PMCID: PMC8498824 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the pathologic features, local inflammatory response immunophenotype, and molecular identification results of cerebral nematodiasis in a young sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii) from Texas. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of cerebral nematodiasis by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a sitatunga, a bovid species introduced into the USA, and the first characterization of the local inflammatory response immunoprofile in this condition. A molecular identification method based on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded-polymerase chain reaction was described. These results contribute to knowledge on geographical distribution and host spectrum of P. tenuis, and highlight the relevance of this nematodiasis in naïve translocated or introduced bovid species into endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Cruz
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL)
| | - Caroline Sobotyk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Terry Hensley
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL)
| | | | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL)
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MacKay EE, Fratzke AP, Gerhold RW, Porter BF, Washburn KE. Cerebrospinal nematodosis caused by Parelaphostrongylus species in an adult bull. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:486-489. [PMID: 32242771 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720915530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-y-old Brahman bull was presented with progressive hindlimb ataxia and paraparesis that led to recumbency. Postmortem examination revealed scattered pinpoint, red-brown foci within the brainstem and gray matter of the spinal cord, and a larger lesion within the spinal cord at the level of T13. Histology of the section of T13 contained cross-sections of nematodes consistent with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Evidence of inflammation was present in other affected areas of the spinal cord and brain. DNA extraction and nested PCR were performed, which demonstrated 98% identity and 100% coverage to both P. tenuis and P. andersoni. Our case highlights the utility of DNA sequencing in parasite identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E MacKay
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (MacKay, Washburn) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Fratzke, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold)
| | - Alycia P Fratzke
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (MacKay, Washburn) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Fratzke, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold)
| | - Richard W Gerhold
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (MacKay, Washburn) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Fratzke, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold)
| | - Brian F Porter
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (MacKay, Washburn) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Fratzke, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold)
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (MacKay, Washburn) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Fratzke, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold)
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Breuer R, Merkatoris P, Tepley S, Dierks C, Klostermann C, Flaherty H, Smith J. Treatment of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a Boer Buck. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Paul Merkatoris
- VDPAMIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Samantha Tepley
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Caitlyn Dierks
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | | | | | - Joseph Smith
- VDPAMIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
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Mittelman NS, Divers TJ, Engiles JB, Gerhold R, Ness S, Scrivani PV, Southard T, Johnson AL. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in a Horse with Cervical Scoliosis and Meningomyelitis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:890-893. [PMID: 28317172 PMCID: PMC5435076 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are reports of horses with acute onset acquired cervical scoliosis and cutaneous analgesia. The underlying dorsal gray column myelitis that produces these neurologic signs has been only presumptively attributed to migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis within the spinal cord. Despite previous confirmation brain by polymerase chain reaction testing, of P. tenuis within the brain of horses by polymerase chain reaction testing, genetic testing has failed to definitively identify the presence of this parasite in cases of equine myelitis. This case report provides molecular confirmation via polymerase chain reaction of P. tenuis within the cervical spinal cord of a horse with scoliosis and cutaneous analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Mittelman
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
| | - T J Divers
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - J B Engiles
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
| | - R Gerhold
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - S Ness
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - P V Scrivani
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - T Southard
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - A L Johnson
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
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Abstract
In food animals, spinal cord damage is most commonly associated with infection or trauma. Antemortem diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and imaging. As clinical signs are often severe, and prognosis is grave, necropsy may provide a postmortem diagnosis. Peripheral nerve abnormalities are most often the result of trauma. Calving paralysis or paresis is the most common condition affecting the sciatic or obturator nerve and often concurrently involves the peroneal branch of the sciatic. Damage to peripheral nerves is often transient and resolves within a few days as long as the nerve is not severed.
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9
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Bertin FR, Taylor SD. Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1390-5. [PMID: 27155894 PMCID: PMC5084757 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information about the clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of cerebrospinal nematodiasis (CN) in camelids is limited. Hypothesis Clinical and therapeutic variables will be identified as factors predictive of survival. Animals Client‐owned camelids suspected of having CN admitted to Purdue University between 1995 and 2015. Methods A retrospective study was performed. A diagnosis of CN was based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilic pleocytosis or postmortem findings. Results Eleven alpacas and 9 llamas met the inclusion criteria. Seventy‐five percent of the camelids were male (27% castrated and 73% intact). Common clinical abnormalities included proprioceptive deficits (100% of animals), recumbency (55%), tachypnea (55%), and ataxia (40%). Among the 85% of treated animals, 100% received PO fenbendazole, and 88% received a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. The survival rate to discharge was 45%. Plasma fibrinogen concentration, creatine kinase activity, and serum creatinine concentration were significantly higher in nonsurvivors. Blood eosinophil count, platelet count, and total CO2 were significantly lower in nonsurvivors. Factors associated with survival were species, sex, absence of treatment with corticosteroids, and clinical improvement. There was no association between recumbency at admission and survival. A plasma fibrinogen concentration above >266 mg/dL was an excellent diagnostic test to predict survival in the presence of neurological signs or CSF eosinophilia. Conclusions Although prognosis for CN in camelids is guarded, presence of recumbency at admission is not predictive of nonsurvival. Male camelids and llamas appear more likely to die from CN. Corticosteroid treatment is contraindicated in animals diagnosed with CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Bertin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Dobey CL, Grunenwald C, Newman SJ, Muller L, Gerhold RW. Retrospective study of central nervous system lesions and association with Parelaphostrongylus species by histology and specific nested polymerase chain reaction in domestic camelids and wild ungulates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:748-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714553427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from elk ( Cervus elaphus), goats, and camelids with case histories and lesions suggestive of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis were examined by histology to characterize lesions that could aid in definitively diagnosing P. tenuis infection. Additionally, sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were used in a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) using Parelaphostrongylus-specific primers to determine how PCR results corresponded with histological findings. Histological changes in brain and spinal cord consisted of linear tracks of hemorrhage; tracks or perivascular accumulations of hemosiderin-laden macrophages; acute foci of axonal degeneration and/or linear glial scars; and perivascular, parenchymal, or meningeal accumulations of eosinophils and/or lymphocytes and plasma cells. Of the 43 samples with histologic lesions consistent with neural larval migrans, 19 were PCR positive; however, only 8 were confirmed Parelaphostrongylus by DNA sequencing. Additionally, 1 goat was identified with a protostrongylid that had a 97% identity to both Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and a protostrongylid nematode from pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) from Argentina. None of the histologic lesions individually or in combination correlated statistically to positive molecular tests for the nematode. The results indicate that it is possible to extract Parelaphostrongylus DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, but extended fixation presumably can cause DNA crosslinking. Nested PCR provides another diagnostic tool to identify the cause of neurologic disease in camelids and elk with histologic lesions consistent with neural larval migrans. Furthermore, potential novel protostrongylid DNA was detected from a goat with lesions consistent with P. tenuis infection, suggesting that other neurotropic Parelaphostrongylus species may occur locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Dobey
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Dobey), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology (Grunenwald), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newman, Gerhold), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and the Center for Wildlife Health (Muller), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Caroline Grunenwald
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Dobey), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology (Grunenwald), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newman, Gerhold), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and the Center for Wildlife Health (Muller), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Shelley J. Newman
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Dobey), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology (Grunenwald), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newman, Gerhold), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and the Center for Wildlife Health (Muller), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Lisa Muller
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Dobey), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology (Grunenwald), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newman, Gerhold), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and the Center for Wildlife Health (Muller), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Richard W. Gerhold
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Dobey), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology (Grunenwald), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newman, Gerhold), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and the Center for Wildlife Health (Muller), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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