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Weinberger K, Seick Barbarini D, Simma B. Adherence to Guidelines in the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children: An Austrian Survey. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:245-249. [PMID: 30045350 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to assess the adherence of Austrian physicians to International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes guidelines 2009 concerning treatment in diabetic ketoacidosis and whether there is a difference between specialty (endocrinologists or intensivists) or clinical experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS An online questionnaire was sent to members of the working groups of the Austrian Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. RESULTS Of 106 questionnaires, 56 were included in the analysis. The mean ± SD overall adherence was 60 ± 23.5%. Endocrinologists showed a nonsignificant higher result, related to a significant higher adherence regarding the amount of fluids (P < 0.05) and tendency to bicarbonate use (P = 0.052) respectively. No differences were found between participants with different clinical experience. All gave crystalloids, 55% administered initial bolus of 10 to 20 mL/kg per hour, 58% used 1.5 to 2 times fluid maintenance, 87% started insulin after first fluid bolus, 28% gave 0.05 and 0.1 IE/kg per hour to infants and children respectively, and 43% 0.05 IE/kg per hour to all patients. When blood glucose falls, 53% gave glucose and 47% reduced insulin. In cerebral edema, 46% gave at least 2 of 3 recommended measures (fluid reduction, mannitol, or hypertonic saline). In acidosis (pH <6.9), 25% administered bicarbonate (as per guideline) and 52.9% never gave bicarbonate. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to the actual guidelines is 60% and does neither depend on speciality nor on clinical routine. Essential treatment measures (eg, amount of fluids, consequence of rapid glucose fall, bicarbonate use) are not commonly known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Weinberger
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Academic Teaching Hospital, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
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Al Nemri A, Amer YS, Gasim H, Osman ME, Aleyadhy A, Al Otaibi H, Iqbal SM, Aljurayyan NA, Assiri AM, Babiker A, Mohamed S. Substantial reduction in hospital stay of children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis after implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines in a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Eval Clin Pract 2017; 23:173-177. [PMID: 27896902 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the effect of Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) implementation on length of hospital stay of children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). METHODS This was a 6-year (2008-2014) case-control retrospective study conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, that compared patients with DKA managed using CPG with those treated before CPG implementation. RESULTS There were 63 episodes of DKA in 41 patients managed using CPG compared with 40 episodes in 33 patients treated before implementation of CPG. Baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were similar (age, sex, newly diagnosed patients, recurrent DKA, DKA severity, and mean glycosylated hemoglobin). The mean length of hospital stay (±SD) was 68.6 ± 53.1 hours after implementation of CPG compared with 107.4 ± 65.6 hours before implementation (P < .001). The reduction in length of hospital stay equals to 1700 bed days saved per year per 1000 patients. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of CPG for DKA decreased the length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Al Nemri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Sami Amer
- Quality Management, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,CPGs Steering Committee, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Gasim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elfaki Osman
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Aleyadhy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessah Al Otaibi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikh Mohammed Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asaad M Assiri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Abdullah bin Khalid Coeliac Disease Research Chair, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Babiker
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarar Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Munir I, Fargo R, Garrison R, Yang A, Cheng A, Kang I, Motabar A, Xu K, Loo LK, Kim DI. Comparison of a 'two-bag system' versus conventional treatment protocol ('one-bag system') in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5:e000395. [PMID: 28878933 PMCID: PMC5574429 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the conventional 'one-bag protocol' of management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with the 'two-bag protocol' which utilizes two bags of fluids, one containing saline and supplemental electrolytes and the other containing the same solution with the addition of 10% dextrose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective chart review and analysis was done on adult patients admitted for DKA to the Riverside University Health System Medical Center from 2008 to 2015. There were 249 cases of DKA managed by the one-bag system and 134 cases managed by the two-bag system. RESULTS The baseline patient characteristics were similar in both groups. The anion gap closed in 13.56 hours in the one-bag group versus 10.94 hours in the two-bag group (p value <0.0002). None of the individual factors significantly influenced the anion gap closure time; only the two-bag system favored earlier closure of the anion gap. Plasma glucose levels improved to <250 mg/dL earlier with two-bag protocol (9.14 vs 7.82 hours, p=0.0241). The incidence of hypoglycemic events was significantly less frequent with the two-bag protocol compared with the standard one-bag system (1.49% vs 8.43%, p=0.0064). Neither the time to improve serum HCO3 level >18 mg/dL nor the hospital length of stay differed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the two-bag protocol closes the anion gap earlier than the one-bag protocol in adult patients with DKA. Blood glucose levels improved faster with the two-bag protocol compared with the one-bag protocol with fewer associated episodes of hypoglycemia. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Munir
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Ramiz Fargo
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Roger Garrison
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Almira Yang
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Andy Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California, USA
| | - Ilho Kang
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Ali Motabar
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
| | - Karen Xu
- Department of Statistics, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, USA
| | - Lawrence K Loo
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California, USA
| | - Daniel I Kim
- Department of Medicine, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
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Larson-Williams LM, Youngblood AQ, Peterson DT, Zinkan JL, White ML, Abdul-Latif H, Matalka L, Epps SN, Tofil NM. Interprofessional, multiple step simulation course improves pediatric resident and nursing staff management of pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. World J Crit Care Med 2016; 5:212-218. [PMID: 27896145 PMCID: PMC5109920 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i4.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the use of a multidisciplinary, longitudinal simulation to educate pediatric residents and nurses on management of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis.
METHODS A multidisciplinary, multiple step simulation course was developed by faculty and staff using a modified Delphi method from the Pediatric Simulation Center and pediatric endocrinology department. Effectiveness of the simulation for the residents was measured with a pre- and post-test and a reference group not exposed to simulation. A follow up post-test was completed 3-6 mo after the simulation. Nurses completed a survey regarding the education activity.
RESULTS Pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents (n = 20) and pediatric nurses (n = 25) completed the simulation course. Graduating residents (n = 16) were used as reference group. Pretest results were similar in the control and intervention group (74% ± 10% vs 76% ± 15%, P = 0.658). After completing the intervention, participants improved in the immediate post-test in comparison to themselves and the control group (84% ± 12% post study; P < 0.05). The 3-6 mo follow up post-test results demonstrated knowledge decay when compared to their immediate post-test results (78% ± 14%, P = 0.761). Residents and nurses felt the interdisciplinary and longitudinal nature of the simulation helped with learning.
CONCLUSION Results suggest a multidisciplinary, longitudinal simulation improves immediate post-intervention knowledge but important knowledge decay occurs, future studies are needed to determine ways to decrease this decay.
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Wong B, Cheng A, Yu C, Goguen J. Examining the "Killer K" of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at a Tertiary Care Hospital: An Exploratory Study. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:204-9. [PMID: 26970890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypokalemia, a frequently cited complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment, can have critical implications, including arrhythmias and death. We assessed the prevalence of hypokalemia and its associated factors in patients with DKA at our tertiary-care centre and identified opportunities to improve care. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review to establish the prevalence of hypokalemia in patients diagnosed with DKA between July 2012 and July 2013. A focused root-cause analysis was subsequently performed to identify Canadian Diabetes Association DKA clinical practice guideline deviations and preventable errors that resulted in significant hypokalemia (K<3.3 mmol/L) during the first 48 hours of management. Clinical and management details were reviewed to determine the type, preventability and root cause(s) of each error. RESULTS We identified 40 cases of DKA during the study period. The overall prevalence of hypokalemia during DKA treatment was 38% (15/40), with 25% in type 1 and 56% in type 2 diabetes. Males were more likely to experience hypokalemia (87%), and 47% of hypokalemic incidents occurred in the first presentation of diabetes. All 10 cases of significant hypokalemia were reviewed. We identified 23 errors in 6 (60%) cases, of which 87% were deemed to be preventable. The most common errors were noncessation of insulin infusion during hypokalemia (60%), inadequate potassium supplementation (50%) and infrequent biochemical monitoring (50%). CONCLUSIONS Hypokalemia occurs frequently during acute DKA management and is often preventable. Our findings suggest that interventions targeted at enhancing awareness of guidelines may reduce hypokalemia rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Wong
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Cheng
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Yu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeannette Goguen
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) continues to be suboptimal; simulation-based training may bridge this gap and is particularly applicable to teaching DKA management skills given it enables learning of basic knowledge, as well as clinical reasoning and patient management skills. OBJECTIVES 1) To develop, test, and refine a computer-based simulator of DKA management; 2) to collect validity evidence, according to National Standard's validity framework; and 3) to judge whether the simulator scoring system is an appropriate measure of DKA management skills of undergraduate and postgraduate medical trainees. DESIGN After developing the DKA simulator, we completed usability testing to optimize its functionality. We then conducted a preliminary validation of the scoring system for measuring trainees' DKA management skills. PARTICIPANTS We recruited year 1 and year 3 medical students, year 2 postgraduate trainees, and endocrinologists (n = 75); each completed a simulator run, and we collected their simulator-computed scores. MAIN MEASURES We collected validity evidence related to content, internal structure, relations with other variables, and consequences. KEY RESULTS Our simulator consists of six cases highlighting DKA management priorities. Real-time progression of each case includes interactive order entry, laboratory and clinical data, and individualised feedback. Usability assessment identified issues with clarity of system status, user control, efficiency of use, and error prevention. Regarding validity evidence, Cronbach's α was 0.795 for the seven subscales indicating favorable internal structure evidence. Participants' scores showed a significant effect of training level (p < 0.001). Scores also correlated with the number of DKA patients they reported treating, weeks on Medicine rotation, and comfort with managing DKA. A score on the simulation exercise of 75 % had a sensitivity and specificity of 94.7 % and 51.8%, respectively, for delineating between expert staff physicians and trainees. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate how a simulator and scoring system can be developed, tested, and refined to determine its quality for use as an assessment modality. Our evidence suggests that it can be used for formative assessment of trainees' DKA management skills.
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Konstantinov NK, Rohrscheib M, Agaba EI, Dorin RI, Murata GH, Tzamaloukas AH. Respiratory failure in diabetic ketoacidosis. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1009-1023. [PMID: 26240698 PMCID: PMC4515441 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure complicating the course of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a source of increased morbidity and mortality. Detection of respiratory failure in DKA requires focused clinical monitoring, careful interpretation of arterial blood gases, and investigation for conditions that can affect adversely the respiration. Conditions that compromise respiratory function caused by DKA can be detected at presentation but are usually more prevalent during treatment. These conditions include deficits of potassium, magnesium and phosphate and hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic pulmonary edema. Conditions not caused by DKA that can worsen respiratory function under the added stress of DKA include infections of the respiratory system, pre-existing respiratory or neuromuscular disease and miscellaneous other conditions. Prompt recognition and management of the conditions that can lead to respiratory failure in DKA may prevent respiratory failure and improve mortality from DKA.
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Hassan IS, Al-Otaibi AD, Al-Bugami MM, Salih SB, Saleh YA, Abdulaziz S. The Impact of a Structured Clinical Pathway on the Application of Management Standards in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Its Acceptability by Medical Residents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2014.44038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beik N, Anger KE, Forni AA, Bawa K, Szumita PM. Evaluation of an Institution-Wide Guideline for Hyperglycemic Emergencies at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47:1260-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028013503111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Beik
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Komal Bawa
- UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lo MC, Freeman M, Lansang MC. Effect of a multidisciplinary-assisted resident diabetes clinic on resident knowledge and patient outcomes. J Grad Med Educ 2013; 5:145-9. [PMID: 24404243 PMCID: PMC3613301 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-12-00065.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the rising prevalence of diabetes, there is a paucity of diabetes curricula in residency training. The multidisciplinary diabetes team approach is underused in residency education. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of an innovative multidisciplinary resident diabetes clinic (MRDC) in enhancing (1) resident diabetes knowledge via a Diabetes Awareness Questionnaire, and (2) subsequent process and patient outcomes in patients with diabetes via a Diabetes Practice Behavior Checklist. METHODS From October 2008 to February 2010, 14 internal medicine residents managed patients with uncontrolled diabetes in a weekly half-day MRDC for 1 month (total 4-5 half-day sessions/resident), with a collaborative team of internists, diabetes educators, an endocrinologist, and a pharmacist. The curriculum included didactic sessions, required readings, and patient-specific case discussions. A 20-question Diabetes Awareness Questionnaire was administered to each resident prerotation and postrotation. Records of 47 patients with diabetes in the residents' own continuity clinics (not the MRDC) were audited 6 months before and after the MRDC for Diabetes Practice Behavior Checklist measures (glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, retinal referral, foot exam, microalbumin screen). Pre-MRDC and post-MRDC data were compared via paired t test. RESULTS The MRDC residents exhibited a modest increase in mean (SD) scores on the Diabetes Awareness Questionnaire (before, 8.2 [2.8]; after, 10.9 [2.8]; P = .02) and a modest mean (SD) performance increase in overall process outcomes from the Diabetes Practice Behavior Checklist (before, 74% [18%]; after, 84% [18%]; P = .004). No improvements occurred in patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary diabetes teaching may be useful in fostering certain resident knowledge and performance measures but may not alter clinical outcomes. Further large-scale, longitudinal studies are needed to understand the effect of our curriculum on residents' diabetes knowledge and future practice behavior.
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