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Pellow C, Pichardo S, Pike GB. A systematic review of preclinical and clinical transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation and opportunities for functional connectomics. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:734-751. [PMID: 38880207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound has surged forward as a non-invasive and disruptive tool for neuromodulation with applications in basic neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview and update of preclinical and clinical transcranial low intensity ultrasound for neuromodulation and emphasize the emerging role of functional brain mapping to guide, better understand, and predict responses. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching the Web of Science and Scopus databases for studies on transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation, both in humans and animals. RESULTS 187 relevant studies were identified and reviewed, including 116 preclinical and 71 clinical reports with subjects belonging to diverse cohorts. Milestones of ultrasound neuromodulation are described within an overview of the broader landscape. General neural readouts and outcome measures are discussed, potential confounds are noted, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging is highlighted. CONCLUSION Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a powerful tool to study and treat a range of conditions and its combination with various neural readouts has significantly advanced this platform. In particular, the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging has yielded exciting inferences into ultrasound neuromodulation and has the potential to advance our understanding of brain function, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and ultimately clinical outcomes. It is anticipated that these preclinical and clinical trials are the first of many; that transcranial low intensity focused ultrasound, particularly in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging, has the potential to enhance treatment for a spectrum of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Samuel Pichardo
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Caffaratti H, Slater B, Shaheen N, Rhone A, Calmus R, Kritikos M, Kumar S, Dlouhy B, Oya H, Griffiths T, Boes AD, Trapp N, Kaiser M, Sallet J, Banks MI, Howard MA, Zanaty M, Petkov CI. Neuromodulation with Ultrasound: Hypotheses on the Directionality of Effects and a Community Resource. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.14.24308829. [PMID: 38947047 PMCID: PMC11213082 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.24308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Low-intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive technique for deep-brain stimulation and focal neuromodulation. Research with animal models and computational modelling has raised the possibility that TUS can be biased towards enhancing or suppressing neural function. Here, we first conduct a systematic review of human TUS studies for perturbing neural function and alleviating brain disorders. We then collate a set of hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects and conduct an initial meta-analysis on the human TUS study reported outcomes to date (n = 32 studies, 37 experiments). We find that parameters such as the duty cycle show some predictability regarding whether the targeted area's function is likely to be enhanced or suppressed. Given that human TUS sample sizes are exponentially increasing, we recognize that results can stabilize or change as further studies are reported. Therefore, we conclude by establishing an Iowa-Newcastle (inTUS) resource for the systematic reporting of TUS parameters and outcomes to support further hypothesis testing for greater precision in brain stimulation and neuromodulation with TUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Caffaratti
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ben Slater
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nour Shaheen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ariane Rhone
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan Calmus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael Kritikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sukhbinder Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian Dlouhy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tim Griffiths
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew I Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew A Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mario Zanaty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Meng W, Lin Z, Lu Y, Long X, Meng L, Su C, Wang Z, Niu L. Spatiotemporal Distributions of Acoustic Propagation in Skull During Ultrasound Neuromodulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:584-595. [PMID: 38557630 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2024.3383027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
There is widespread interest and concern about the evidence and hypothesis that the auditory system is involved in ultrasound neuromodulation. We have addressed this problem by performing acoustic shear wave simulations in mouse skull and behavioral experiments in deaf mice. The simulation results showed that shear waves propagating along the skull did not reach sufficient acoustic pressure in the auditory cortex to modulate neurons. Behavioral experiments were subsequently performed to awaken anesthetized mice with ultrasound targeting the motor cortex or ventral tegmental area (VTA). The experimental results showed that ultrasound stimulation (US) of the target areas significantly increased arousal scores even in deaf mice, whereas the loss of ultrasound gel abolished the effect. Immunofluorescence staining also showed that ultrasound can modulate neurons in the target area, whereas neurons in the auditory cortex required the involvement of the normal auditory system for activation. In summary, the shear waves propagating along the skull cannot reach the auditory cortex and induce neuronal activation. Ultrasound neuromodulation-induced arousal behavior needs direct action on functionally relevant stimulation targets in the absence of auditory system participation.
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Sherman J, Bortz E, Antonio ES, Tseng HA, Raiff L, Han X. Ultrasound pulse repetition frequency preferentially activates different neuron populations independent of cell type. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586645. [PMID: 38585918 PMCID: PMC10996595 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial ultrasound activates mechanosensitive cellular signaling and modulates neural dynamics. Given that intrinsic neuronal activity is limited to a couple hundred hertz and often exhibits frequency preference, we examined whether pulsing ultrasound at physiologic pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) could selectively influence neuronal activity in the mammalian brain. We performed calcium imaging of individual motor cortex neurons, while delivering 0.35 MHz ultrasound at PRFs of 10, 40, and 140 Hz in awake mice. We found that most neurons were preferentially activated by only one of the three PRFs, highlighting unique cellular effects of physiologic PRFs. Further, ultrasound evoked responses were similar between excitatory neurons and parvalbumin positive interneurons regardless of PRFs, indicating that individual cell sensitivity dominates ultrasound-evoked effects, consistent with the heterogeneous mechanosensitive channel expression we found across single neurons in mice and humans. These results highlight the feasibility of tuning ultrasound neuromodulation effects through varying PRFs.
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Mesik L, Parkins S, Severin D, Grier BD, Ewall G, Kotha S, Wesselborg C, Moreno C, Jaoui Y, Felder A, Huang B, Johnson MB, Harrigan TP, Knight AE, Lani SW, Lemaire T, Kirkwood A, Hwang GM, Lee HK. Transcranial Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation of the Visual Thalamus Produces Long-Term Depression of Thalamocortical Synapses in the Adult Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0784232024. [PMID: 38316559 PMCID: PMC10941064 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0784-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, which can penetrate deeper and modulate neural activity with a greater spatial resolution (on the order of millimeters) than currently available noninvasive brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). While there are several studies demonstrating the ability of tFUS to modulate neuronal activity, it is unclear whether it can be used for producing long-term plasticity as needed to modify circuit function, especially in adult brain circuits with limited plasticity such as the thalamocortical synapses. Here we demonstrate that transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation of the visual thalamus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, dLGN), a deep brain structure, leads to NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term depression of its synaptic transmission onto layer 4 neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of adult mice of both sexes. This change is not accompanied by large increases in neuronal activity, as visualized using the cFos Targeted Recombination in Active Populations (cFosTRAP2) mouse line, or activation of microglia, which was assessed with IBA-1 staining. Using a model (SONIC) based on the neuronal intramembrane cavitation excitation (NICE) theory of ultrasound neuromodulation, we find that the predicted activity pattern of dLGN neurons upon sonication is state-dependent with a range of activity that falls within the parameter space conducive for inducing long-term synaptic depression. Our results suggest that noninvasive transcranial LIFU stimulation has a potential for recovering long-term plasticity of thalamocortical synapses in the postcritical period adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mesik
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Samuel Parkins
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Cell Molecular Developmental Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Daniel Severin
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Bryce D Grier
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Gabrielle Ewall
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sumasri Kotha
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christian Wesselborg
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Cell Molecular Developmental Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Cristian Moreno
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Yanis Jaoui
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Adrianna Felder
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Brian Huang
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Marina B Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723
| | - Timothy P Harrigan
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723
| | - Anna E Knight
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723
| | - Shane W Lani
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723
| | - Théo Lemaire
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10016
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Grace M Hwang
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Bao S, Kim H, Shettigar NB, Li Y, Lei Y. Personalized depth-specific neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex via ultrasound. J Physiol 2024; 602:933-948. [PMID: 38358314 DOI: 10.1113/jp285613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation has the potential to boost neuronal plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1), but it remains unclear whether the stimulation of both superficial and deep layers of the human motor cortex can effectively promote M1 plasticity. Here, we leveraged transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) to precisely target M1 circuits at depths of approximately 5 mm and 16 mm from the cortical surface. Initially, we generated computed tomography images from each participant's individual anatomical magnetic resonance images (MRI), which allowed for the generation of accurate acoustic simulations. This process ensured that personalized TUS was administered exactly to the targeted depths within M1 for each participant. Using long-term depression and long-term potentiation (LTD/LTP) theta-burst stimulation paradigms, we examined whether TUS over distinct depths of M1 could induce LTD/LTP plasticity. Our findings indicated that continuous theta-burst TUS-induced LTD-like plasticity with both superficial and deep M1 stimulation, persisting for at least 30 min. In comparison, sham TUS did not significantly alter M1 excitability. Moreover, intermittent theta-burst TUS did not result in the induction of LTP- or LTD-like plasticity with either superficial or deep M1 stimulation. These findings suggest that the induction of M1 plasticity can be achieved with ultrasound stimulation targeting distinct depths of M1, which is contingent on the characteristics of TUS. KEY POINTS: The study integrated personalized transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) with electrophysiology to determine whether TUS targeting superficial and deep layers of the human motor cortex (M1) could elicit long-term depression (LTD) or long-term potentiation (LTP) plastic changes. Utilizing acoustic simulations derived from individualized pseudo-computed tomography scans, we ensured the precision of TUS delivery to the intended M1 depths for each participant. Continuous theta-burst TUS targeting both the superficial and deep layers of M1 resulted in the emergence of LTD-like plasticity, lasting for at least 30 min. Administering intermittent theta-burst TUS to both the superficial and deep layers of M1 did not lead to the induction of LTP- or LTD-like plastic changes. We suggest that theta-burst TUS targeting distinct depths of M1 can induce plasticity, but this effect is dependent on specific TUS parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Bao
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hakjoo Kim
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nandan B Shettigar
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yuming Lei
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Qin PP, Jin M, Xia AW, Li AS, Lin TT, Liu Y, Kan RL, Zhang BB, Kranz GS. The effectiveness and safety of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation: A systematic review of human and animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105501. [PMID: 38061596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (LITUS) is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate current evidence on the efficacy and safety of LITUS neuromodulation. Five databases were searched from inception to May 31, 2023. Randomized controlled human trials and controlled animal studies were included. The neuromodulation effects of LITUS on clinical or pre-clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, histological and biochemical outcomes, and adverse events were summarized. In total, 11 human studies and 44 animal studies were identified. LITUS demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, pain, sleep disorders and hypertension. LITUS-related changes in neuronal structure and cortical activity were found. From histological and biochemical perspectives, prominent findings included suppressing the inflammatory response and facilitating neurogenesis. No adverse effects were reported in controlled animal studies included in our review, while reversible headache, nausea, and vomiting were reported in a few human subjects. Overall, LITUS alleviates various symptoms and modulates associated brain circuits without major side effects. Future research needs to establish a solid therapeutic framework for LITUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Ping Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Minxia Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adam Weili Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ami Sinman Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tim Tianze Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Laidi Kan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bella Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Mental Health Research Center (MHRC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hwang S, Jun SB. Ultrasound neuromodulation of cultured hippocampal neurons. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:79-89. [PMID: 38186947 PMCID: PMC10769976 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is becoming an emerging and promising method for neuromodulation due to its advantage of noninvasiveness and its high spatial resolution. However, the underlying principles of ultrasound neuromodulation have not yet been elucidated. We have herein developed a new in vitro setup to study the ultrasonic neuromodulation, and examined various parameters of ultrasound to verify the effective conditions to evoke the neural activity. Neurons were stimulated with 0.5 MHz center frequency ultrasound, and the action potentials were recorded from rat hippocampal neural cells cultured on microelectrode arrays. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the neuronal activity also increased. There was a notable and significant increase in both the spike rate and the number of bursts at 50% duty cycle, 1 kHz pulse repetition frequency, and the acoustic intensities of 7.6 W/cm2 and 3.8 W/cm2 in terms of spatial-peak pulse-average intensity and spatial-peak temporal-average intensity, respectively. In addition, the impact of ultrasonic neuromodulation was assessed in the presence of a gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonist to exclude the effect of activated inhibitory neurons. Interestingly, it is noteworthy that the predominant neuromodulatory effects of ultrasound disappeared when the GABAA blocker was introduced, suggesting the potential of ultrasonic stimulation specifically targeting inhibitory neurons. The experimental setup proposed herein could serve as a useful tool for the clarification of the mechanisms underlying the electrophysiological effects of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Hwang
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Jun
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in Smart Factory, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Guo H, Salahshoor H, Wu D, Yoo S, Sato T, Tsao DY, Shapiro MG. Effects of focused ultrasound in a "clean" mouse model of ultrasonic neuromodulation. iScience 2023; 26:108372. [PMID: 38047084 PMCID: PMC10690554 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNM) in rodents have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) can activate peripheral auditory pathways, leading to off-target and brain-wide excitation, which obscures the direct activation of the target area by FUS. To address this issue, we developed a new mouse model, the double transgenic Pou4f3+/DTR × Thy1-GCaMP6s, which allows for inducible deafening using diphtheria toxin and minimizes off-target effects of UNM while allowing effects on neural activity to be visualized with fluorescent calcium imaging. Using this model, we found that the auditory confounds caused by FUS can be significantly reduced or eliminated within a certain pressure range. At higher pressures, FUS can result in focal fluorescence dips at the target, elicit non-auditory sensory confounds, and damage tissue, leading to spreading depolarization. Under the acoustic conditions we tested, we did not observe direct calcium responses in the mouse cortex. Our findings provide a cleaner animal model for UNM and sonogenetics research, establish a parameter range within which off-target effects are confidently avoided, and reveal the non-auditory side effects of higher-pressure stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsun Guo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hossein Salahshoor
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sangjin Yoo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tomokazu Sato
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Doris Y. Tsao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G. Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Yu F, Müller WS, Ehnholm G, Okada Y, Lin JW. Ultrasound-Induced Membrane Hyperpolarization in Motor Axons and Muscle Fibers of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:2527-2536. [PMID: 37758529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Focused ultrasound (FUS) can modulate neuronal activity by depolarization or hyperpolarization. Although FUS-evoked depolarization has been studied extensively, the mechanisms underlying FUS-evoked hyperpolarization (FUSH) have received little attention. In the study described here, we developed a procedure using FUS to selectively hyperpolarize motor axons in crayfish. As a previous study had reported that these axons express mechano- and thermosensitive two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, we tested the hypothesis that K2P channels underlie FUSH. METHODS Intracellular recordings from a motor axon and a muscle fiber were obtained simultaneously from the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation. FUSH was examined while K2P channel activities were modulated by varying temperature or by K2P channel blockers. RESULTS FUSH in the axons did not exhibit a coherent temperature dependence, consistent with predicted K2P channel behavior, although changes in the resting membrane potential of the same axons indicated well-behaved K2P channel temperature dependence. The same conclusion was supported by pharmacological data; namely, FUSH was not suppressed by K2P channel blockers. Comparison between the FUS-evoked responses recorded in motor axons and muscle fibers revealed that the latter exhibited very little FUSH, indicating that the FUSH was specific to the axons. CONCLUSION It is not likely that K2P channels are the underlying mechanism for FUSH in motor axons. Alternative mechanisms such as sonophore and axon-specific potassium channels were considered. Although the sonophore hypothesis could account for electrophysiological features of axonal recordings, it is not consistent with the lack of FUSH in muscle fibers. An axon-specific and mechanosensitive potassium channel is also a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyuan Yu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gösta Ehnholm
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Labate A, Bertino S, Morabito R, Smorto C, Militi A, Cammaroto S, Anfuso C, Tomaiuolo F, Tonin P, Marino S, Cerasa A, Quartarone A. MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Refractory Epilepsy: Where Are We Now? J Clin Med 2023; 12:7070. [PMID: 38002683 PMCID: PMC10672423 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases in both adults and children. Despite improvements in medical care, 20 to 30% of patients are still resistant to the best medical treatment. The quality of life, neurologic morbidity, and even mortality of patients are significantly impacted by medically intractable epilepsy. Nowadays, conservative therapeutic approaches consist of increasing medication dosage, changing to a different anti-seizure drug as monotherapy, and combining different antiseizure drugs using an add-on strategy. However, such measures may not be sufficient to efficiently control seizure recurrence. Resective surgery, ablative procedures and non-resective neuromodulatory (deep-brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation) treatments are the available treatments for these kinds of patients. However, invasive procedures may involve lengthy inpatient stays for the patients, risks of long-term neurological impairment, general anesthesia, and other possible surgery-related complications (i.e., hemorrhage or infection). In the last few years, MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) has been proposed as an emerging treatment for neurological diseases because of technological advancements and the goal of minimally invasive neurosurgery. By outlining the current knowledge obtained from both preclinical and clinical studies and discussing the technical opportunities of this therapy for particular epileptic phenotypes, in this perspective review, we explore the various mechanisms and potential applications (thermoablation, blood-brain barrier opening for drug delivery, neuromodulation) of high- and low-intensity ultrasound, highlighting possible novel strategies to treat drug-resistant epileptic patients who are not eligible or do not accept currently established surgical approaches. Taken together, the available studies support a possible role for lesional treatment over the anterior thalamus with high-intensity ultrasound and neuromodulation of the hippocampus via low-intensity ultrasound in refractory epilepsy. However, more studies, likely conceiving epilepsy as a network disorder and bridging together different scales and modalities, are required to make ultrasound delivery strategies meaningful, effective, and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopathology and Movement Disorders Unit, BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Bertino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (S.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Rosa Morabito
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Chiara Smorto
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Annalisa Militi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Simona Cammaroto
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Carmelo Anfuso
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Francesco Tomaiuolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (S.B.); (F.T.)
| | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
| | - Antonio Cerasa
- S.Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (R.M.); (C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.); (S.M.); (A.Q.)
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12
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Shin DH, Son S, Kim EY. Low-Energy Transcranial Navigation-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Neuropathic Pain: An Exploratory Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1433. [PMID: 37891801 PMCID: PMC10605299 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation using high-energy focused ultrasound (FUS) has recently been developed for various neurological disorders, including tremors, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain. We investigated the safety and efficacy of low-energy FUS for patients with chronic neuropathic pain. We conducted a prospective single-arm trial with 3-month follow-up using new transcranial, navigation-guided, focused ultrasound (tcNgFUS) technology to stimulate the anterior cingulate cortex. Eleven patients underwent FUS with a frequency of 250 kHz and spatial-peak temporal-average intensity of 0.72 W/cm2. A clinical survey based on the visual analog scale of pain and a brief pain inventory (BPI) was performed during the study period. The average age was 60.55 ± 13.18 years-old with a male-to-female ratio of 6:5. The median current pain decreased from 10.0 to 7.0 (p = 0.021), median average pain decreased from 8.5 to 6.0 (p = 0.027), and median maximum pain decreased from 10.0 to 8.0 (p = 0.008) at 4 weeks after treatment. Additionally, the sum of daily life interference based on BPI was improved from 59.00 ± 11.66 to 51.91 ± 9.18 (p = 0.021). There were no side effects such as burns, headaches, or seizures, and no significant changes in follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging. Low-energy tcNgFUS could be a safe and noninvasive neuromodulation technique for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Son
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
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13
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Ziebell P, Rodrigues J, Forster A, Sanguinetti JL, Allen JJ, Hewig J. Inhibition of midfrontal theta with transcranial ultrasound explains greater approach versus withdrawal behavior in humans. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:1278-1288. [PMID: 37611659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reviews highlighted low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (TUS) as a promising new tool for non-invasive neuromodulation in basic and applied sciences. Our preregistered double-blind within-subjects study (N = 152) utilized TUS targeting the right prefrontal cortex, which, in earlier work, was found to positively enhance self-reported global mood, decrease negative states of self-reported emotional conflict (anxiety/worrying), and modulate related midfrontal functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in affect regulation brain networks. To further explore TUS effects on objective physiological and behavioral variables, we used a virtual T-maze task that has been established in prior studies to measure motivational conflicts regarding whether participants execute approach versus withdrawal behavior (with free-choice responses via continuous joystick movements) while allowing to record related electroencephalographic data such as midfrontal theta activity (MFT). MFT, a reliable marker of conflict representation on a neuronal level, was of particular interest to us since it has repeatedly been shown to explain related behavior, with relatively low MFT typically preceding approach-like risky behavior and relatively high MFT typically preceding withdrawal-like risk aversion. Our central hypothesis is that TUS decreases MFT in T-maze conflict situations and thereby increases approach and reduces withdrawal. Results indicate that TUS led to significant MFT decreases, which significantly explained increases in approach behavior and decreases in withdrawal behavior. This study expands TUS evidence on a physiological and behavioral level with a large sample size of human subjects, suggesting the promise of further research based on this distinct TUS-MFT-behavior link to influence conflict monitoring and its behavioral consequences. Ultimately, this can serve as a foundation for future clinical work to establish TUS interventions for emotional and motivational mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ziebell
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology I, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rodrigues
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology I, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - André Forster
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology I, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joseph L Sanguinetti
- University of Arizona, Department of Psychology, 1503 E. University Blvd. (Building 68), Tucson (AZ) 85721, USA.
| | - John Jb Allen
- University of Arizona, Department of Psychology, 1503 E. University Blvd. (Building 68), Tucson (AZ) 85721, USA.
| | - Johannes Hewig
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology I, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Procko C, Wong WM, Patel J, Mousavi SAR, Dabi T, Duque M, Baird L, Chalasani SH, Chory J. Mutational analysis of mechanosensitive ion channels in the carnivorous Venus flytrap plant. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3257-3264.e4. [PMID: 37437572 PMCID: PMC10528943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
How the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) evolved the remarkable ability to sense, capture, and digest animal prey for nutrients has long puzzled the scientific community.1 Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing studies have provided clues to the genes thought to play a role in these tasks.2,3,4,5 However, proving a causal link between these and any aspect of the plant's hunting behavior has been challenging due to the genetic intractability of this non-model organism. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 methods to generate targeted modifications in the Venus flytrap genome. The plant detects prey using touch-sensitive trigger hairs located on its bilobed leaves.6 Upon bending, these hairs convert mechanical touch signals into changes in the membrane potential of sensory cells, leading to rapid closure of the leaf lobes to ensnare the animal.7 Here, we generate mutations in trigger-hair-expressed MscS-like (MSL)-family mechanosensitive ion channel genes FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1) and FLYCATCHER2 (FLYC2)5 and find that double-mutant plants have a reduced leaf-closing response to mechanical ultrasound stimulation. While we cannot exclude off-target effects of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, our genetic analysis is consistent with these and other functionally redundant mechanosensitive ion channels acting together to generate the sensory system necessary for prey detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Wen Mai Wong
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seyed Ali Reza Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, 3528 General Atomics Ct., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Tsegaye Dabi
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Marc Duque
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Sreekanth H Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
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15
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Seo J, Shin H, Cho S, Lee S, Ryu W, Han SC, Kim DH, Kang GH. A phased array ultrasound system with a robotic arm for neuromodulation. Med Eng Phys 2023; 118:104023. [PMID: 37536829 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNMOD) provides a non-invasive brain stimulation. However, the high-resolution region-specificity of UNMOD with a single element transducer combined with a mechanical positioning system could have limits due to the intrinsic positioning error from mechanical systems. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS A phased array system could lead to highly selective neuromodulation with electronic control. METHODS A specialized phased-array system with a robotic arm is implemented for a rhesus monkey model. Various primary motor cortex areas related to tail, hand, and mouth were stimulated with a 200 μm step size. The ultrasonic parameters were ISPTA of 840 mW/cm2, pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz, and a 5% duty factor at 600 kHz. The induced movement were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Separate digits, mouth, and tongue motions were successfully induced by electronically controlling the focus. The identical body part movement could be induced when the focus was moved back to the identical primary motor cortex with electronic control. Accordingly, the reproducibility of UNMOD could be partially validated with rhesus monkey model. CONCLUSION A phased-array system appears to have a potential for the non-invasive and region-selective neuromodulation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbum Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea.
| | - Hyunsoo Shin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), Ansan Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sungtaek Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), Ansan Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sungon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University (ERICA Campus), Ansan Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Wooseok Ryu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, KIT, KRICT, Korea
| | - Da Hee Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, KIT, KRICT, Korea
| | - Goo Hwa Kang
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, KIT, KRICT, Korea
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16
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Ferreira Felloni Borges Y, Cheyuo C, Lozano AM, Fasano A. Essential Tremor - Deep Brain Stimulation vs. Focused Ultrasound. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:603-619. [PMID: 37288812 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2221789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential Tremor (ET) is one of the most common tremor syndromes typically presented as action tremor, affecting mainly the upper limbs. In at least 30-50% of patients, tremor interferes with quality of life, does not respond to first-line therapies and/or intolerable adverse effects may occur. Therefore, surgery may be considered. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss and compare unilateral ventral intermedius nucleus deep brain stimulation (VIM DBS) and bilateral DBS with Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy, which comprises focused acoustic energy generating ablation under real-time MRI guidance. Discussion includes their impact on tremor reduction and their potential complications. Finally, the authors provide their expert opinion. EXPERT OPINION DBS is adjustable, potentially reversible and allows bilateral treatments; however, it is invasive requires hardware implantation, and has higher surgical risks. Instead, MRgFUS is less invasive, less expensive, and requires no hardware maintenance. Beyond these technical differences, the decision should also involve the patient, family, and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ferreira Felloni Borges
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cletus Cheyuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital, Gravedona Ed Uniti, Como, Italy
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17
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Yamaguchi T, Nakano M, Sasanuma J, Takasaki M, Maki F, Hino S, Kaburagi M, Iijima K, Iwamuro H, Watanabe K. Cavitation with low-energy sonication during focused ultrasound thalamotomy for a patient with tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease: a potential risk. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:1195-1200. [PMID: 36917360 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease who had a mild cavitation bioeffect during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy. During the aligning phase with low-energy sonication, cavitation caused mild dysarthria and paresthesia, prompting treatment cessation. At the same time, tremor and rigidity improved. MRI revealed extensive high-intensity lesions in the thalamus 1 day after the procedure followed by steroid infusion, which resulted in resolution of adverse events. Tremor and rigidity improved 1.5 years after the procedure. Although cavitation can relieve tremors and rigidity, it should be carefully monitored due to potential permanent adverse events by unpredictable and unknown behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Yamaguchi
- International Academia for Focused Ultrasound Therapy, Katahira, Asaoku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 215-0023, Japan. .,Research Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jinichi Sasanuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Takasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Futaba Maki
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakae Hino
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kaburagi
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Iijima
- International Academia for Focused Ultrasound Therapy, Katahira, Asaoku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 215-0023, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Iwamuro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Watanabe
- Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
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Sridharan B, Lim HG. Exosomes and ultrasound: The future of theranostic applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100556. [PMID: 36756211 PMCID: PMC9900624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and pertaining formulations have been very successful in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications because of its ability to overcome pharmacological limitations. Some of them have gained significant focus in the recent decade for their theranostic properties. Exosomes can be grouped as biomaterials, since they consist of various biological micro/macromolecules and possess all the properties of a stable biomaterial with size in nano range. Significant research has gone into isolation and exploitation of exosomes as potential theranostic agent. However, the limitations in terms of yield, efficacy, and target specificity are continuously being addressed. On the other hand, several nano/microformulations are responsive to physical or chemical alterations and were successfully stimulated by tweaking the physical characteristics of the surrounding environment they are in. Some of them are termed as photodynamic, sonodynamic or thermodynamic therapeutic systems. In this regard, ultrasound and acoustic systems were extensively studied for its ability towards altering the properties of the systems to which they were applied on. In this review, we have detailed about the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes and ultrasound separately, consisting of their conventional applications, drawbacks, and developments for addressing the challenges. The information were categorized into various sections that provide complete overview of the isolation strategies and theranostic applications of exosomes in various diseases. Then the ultrasound-based disease diagnosis and therapy were elaborated, with special interest towards the use of ultrasound in enhancing the efficacy of nanomedicines and nanodrug delivery systems, Finally, we discussed about the ability of ultrasound in enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes, which could be the future of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Corresponding author. Biomedical Ultrasound Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Dong S, Yan J, Xie Z, Yuan Y, Ji H. Modulation effect of mouse hippocampal neural oscillations by closed-loop transcranial ultrasound stimulation. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36541474 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aca799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Closed-loop transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) can be applied at a specific time according to the state of neural activity to achieve timely and precise neuromodulation and improve the modulation effect. In a previous study, we found that closed-loop TUS at the peaks and troughs of the theta rhythm in the mouse hippocampus was able to increase the absolute power and decrease the relative power of the theta rhythm of local field potentials (LFPs) independent of the peaks and troughs of the stimulus. However, it remained unclear whether the modulation effect of this closed-loop TUS-induced mouse hippocampal neural oscillation depended on the peaks and troughs of the theta rhythm.Approach. In this study, we used ultrasound with different stimulation modes and durations to stimulate the peaks (peak stimulation) and troughs (trough stimulation) of the hippocampal theta rhythm. The LFPs in the area of ultrasound stimulation were recorded and the amplitudes and power spectra of the theta rhythm before and after ultrasound stimulation were analyzed.Main results. The results showed that (a) the relative change in amplitude of theta rhythm decreases as the number of stimulation trials under peak stimulation increases; (b) the relative change in the absolute power of the theta rhythm decreases as the number of stimulation trials under peak stimulation increases; (c) the relative change in amplitude of the theta rhythm increases nonlinearly with the stimulation duration (SD) under peak stimulation, and; (d) the relative change in absolute power exhibits a nonlinear increase with SD under peak stimulation.Significance. These results suggest that the modulation effect of closed-loop TUS on theta rhythm is dependent on the stimulation mode and duration under peak stimulation. TUS has the potential to precisely modulate theta rhythm-related neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Dong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Bex A, Bex V, Carpentier A, Mathon B. Therapeutic ultrasound: The future of epilepsy surgery? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:1055-1065. [PMID: 35853776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the leading neurological diseases in both adults and children and in spite of advancement in medical treatment, 20 to 30% of patients remain refractory to current medical treatment. Medically intractable epilepsy has a real impact on a patient's quality of life, neurologic morbidity and even mortality. Actual therapy options are an increase in drug dosage, radiosurgery, resective surgery and non-resective neuromodulatory treatments (deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation). Resective, thermoablative or neuromodulatory surgery in the treatment of epilepsy are invasive procedures, sometimes requiring long stay-in for the patients, risks of permanent neurological deficit, general anesthesia and other potential surgery-related complications such as a hemorrhage or an infection. Radiosurgical approaches can trigger radiation necrosis, brain oedema and transient worsening of epilepsy. With technology-driven developments and pursuit of minimally invasive neurosurgery, transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound has become a valuable treatment for neurological diseases. In this critical review, we aim to give the reader a better understanding of current advancement for ultrasound in the treatment of epilepsy. By outlining the current understanding gained from both preclinical and clinical studies, this article explores the different mechanisms and potential applications (thermoablation, blood brain barrier disruption for drug delivery, neuromodulation and cortical stimulation) of high and low intensity ultrasound and compares the various possibilities available to patients with intractable epilepsy. Technical limitations of therapeutic ultrasound for epilepsy surgery are also detailed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bex
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - V Bex
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | - A Carpentier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 23, Brain Machine Interface, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Advanced Surgical Research Technology Lab, Paris, France
| | - B Mathon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 23, Brain Machine Interface, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Advanced Surgical Research Technology Lab, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, UMRS, 1127 Paris, France.
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21
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Liu T, Choi MH, Zhu J, Zhu T, Yang J, Li N, Chen Z, Xian Q, Hou X, He D, Guo J, Fei C, Sun L, Qiu Z. Sonogenetics: Recent advances and future directions. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1308-1317. [PMID: 36130679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded, ultrasound-responsive mediators for noninvasive and selective control of neural activity. It is a promising tool for studying neural circuits. However, due to its infancy, basic studies and developments are still underway, including gauging key in vivo performance metrics such as spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, specificity, and safety. In this paper, we summarize recent findings on sonogenetics to highlight technical hurdles that have been cleared, challenges that remain, and future directions for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China
| | - Mi Hyun Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Jiejun Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China; School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China; School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanxiang Xian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuandi Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongmin He
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China
| | - Jinghui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlong Fei
- School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhihai Qiu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China.
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22
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Zhuo SY, Li GF, Gong HQ, Qiu WB, Zheng HR, Liang PJ. Low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound modulates light responsiveness of mouse retinal ganglion cells. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35772385 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasound modulates the firing activity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but the effects of lower-frequency, lower-intensity ultrasound on RGCs and underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood. This study aims to address these questions. APPROACH Multi-electrode recordings were used in this study to record the firing sequences of RGCs in isolated mouse retinas. RGCs' background firing activities as well as their light responses were recorded with or without ultrasound stimulation. Cross-correlation analyses were performed to investigate the possible cellular/circuitry mechanism(s) underlying ultrasound modulation. MAIN RESULTS It was found that ultrasound stimulation of isolated mouse retina enhanced the background activity of ON-RGCs and OFF-RGCs. In addition, background ultrasound stimulation shortened the light response latency of both ON-RGCs and OFF-RGCs, while enhancing part of the RGCs' (both ON- and OFF-subtypes) light response and decreasing that of the others. In some ON-OFF RGCs, the ON- and OFF-responses of an individual cell were oppositely modulated by the ultrasound stimulation, which suggests that ultrasound stimulation does not necessarily exert its effect directly on RGCs, but rather via its influence on other type(s) of cells. By analyzing the cross-correlation between the firing sequences of RGC pairs, it was found that concerted activity occurred during ultrasound stimulation differed from that occurred during light stimulation, in both spatial and temporal aspects. These results suggest that the cellular circuits involved in ultrasound- and light-induced concerted activities are different and glial cells may be involved in the circuit in response to ultrasound. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that ultrasound affects neuronal background activity and light responsiveness, which are critical for visual information processing. These results may also imply a hitherto unrecognized role of glial cell activation in the bidirectional modulation effects of RGCs and may be critical for the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yi Zhuo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Guo-Feng Li
- Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, CHINA
| | - Hai-Qing Gong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800 road, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Wei-Bao Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Ave.,, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Hai-Rong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, P.R.China, Shenzhen, 518055, CHINA
| | - Pei-Ji Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, Shanghai, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
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23
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Nasr K, Haslacher D, Dayan E, Censor N, Cohen LG, Soekadar SR. Breaking the boundaries of interacting with the human brain using adaptive closed-loop stimulation. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102311. [PMID: 35750290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is arguably one of the most complex systems in nature. To understand how it operates, it is essential to understand the link between neural activity and behavior. Experimental investigation of that link requires tools to interact with neural activity during behavior. Human neuroscience, however, has been severely bottlenecked by the limitations of these tools. While invasive methods can support highly specific interaction with brain activity during behavior, their applicability in human neuroscience is limited. Despite extensive development in the last decades, noninvasive alternatives have lacked spatial specificity and yielded results that are commonly fraught with variability and replicability issues, along with relatively limited understanding of the neural mechanisms involved. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in interacting with human brain activity and highlight current limitations and recent efforts to overcome these limitations. Beyond crucial technical and scientific advancements in electromagnetic brain stimulation, new frontiers in interacting with human brain activity such as task-irrelevant sensory stimulation and focal ultrasound stimulation are introduced. Finally, we argue that, along with technological improvements and breakthroughs in noninvasive methods, a paradigm shift towards adaptive closed-loop stimulation will be a critical step for advancing human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Nasr
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory & Center for Translational Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Haslacher
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory & Center for Translational Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eran Dayan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Surjo R Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory & Center for Translational Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Chen X, Xu L, Li Z. Autonomic Neural Circuit and Intervention for Comorbidity Anxiety and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:852891. [PMID: 35574459 PMCID: PMC9092179 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.852891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disease and imposes a significant influence on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous evidence support that anxiety contributes to the onset and progression of various CVDs through different physiological and behavioral mechanisms. However, the exact role of nuclei and the association between the neural circuit and anxiety disorder in CVD remains unknown. Several anxiety-related nuclei, including that of the amygdala, hippocampus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and medial prefrontal cortex, along with the relevant neural circuit are crucial in CVD. A strong connection between these nuclei and the autonomic nervous system has been proven. Therefore, anxiety may influence CVD through these autonomic neural circuits consisting of anxiety-related nuclei and the autonomic nervous system. Neuromodulation, which can offer targeted intervention on these nuclei, may promote the development of treatment for comorbidities of CVD and anxiety disorders. The present review focuses on the association between anxiety-relevant nuclei and CVD, as well as discusses several non-invasive neuromodulations which may treat anxiety and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhao Chen
- The Center of Pathological Diagnosis and Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyan Li
- The Center of Pathological Diagnosis and Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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25
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Darmani G, Bergmann T, Butts Pauly K, Caskey C, de Lecea L, Fomenko A, Fouragnan E, Legon W, Murphy K, Nandi T, Phipps M, Pinton G, Ramezanpour H, Sallet J, Yaakub S, Yoo S, Chen R. Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound stimulation for neuromodulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 135:51-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Duque M, Lee-Kubli CA, Tufail Y, Magaram U, Patel J, Chakraborty A, Mendoza Lopez J, Edsinger E, Vasan A, Shiao R, Weiss C, Friend J, Chalasani SH. Sonogenetic control of mammalian cells using exogenous Transient Receptor Potential A1 channels. Nat Commun 2022; 13:600. [PMID: 35140203 PMCID: PMC8828769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has been used to non-invasively manipulate neuronal functions in humans and other animals. However, this approach is limited as it has been challenging to target specific cells within the brain or body. Here, we identify human Transient Receptor Potential A1 (hsTRPA1) as a candidate that confers ultrasound sensitivity to mammalian cells. Ultrasound-evoked gating of hsTRPA1 specifically requires its N-terminal tip region and cholesterol interactions; and target cells with an intact actin cytoskeleton, revealing elements of the sonogenetic mechanism. Next, we use calcium imaging and electrophysiology to show that hsTRPA1 potentiates ultrasound-evoked responses in primary neurons. Furthermore, unilateral expression of hsTRPA1 in mouse layer V motor cortical neurons leads to c-fos expression and contralateral limb responses in response to ultrasound delivered through an intact skull. Collectively, we demonstrate that hsTRPA1-based sonogenetics can effectively manipulate neurons within the intact mammalian brain, a method that could be used across species. Ultrasound can be used to non-invasively control neuronal functions. Here the authors report the use of human Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (hsTRPA1) to achieve ultrasound sensitivity in mammalian cells, and show that it can be used to manipulate neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Duque
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Corinne A Lee-Kubli
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yusuf Tufail
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Uri Magaram
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ahana Chakraborty
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mendoza Lopez
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Aditya Vasan
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rani Shiao
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Connor Weiss
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sreekanth H Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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27
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Jeong H, Song IU, Chung YA, Park JS, Na SH, Im JJ, Bikson M, Lee W, Yoo SS. Short-Term Efficacy of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to the Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020250. [PMID: 35207738 PMCID: PMC8878180 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have suggested that low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) may have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by opening the blood–brain barrier (BBB), reducing amyloid pathology, and improving cognition. This study investigated the effects of tFUS on BBB opening, regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglu), and cognitive function in AD patients. Eight patients with AD received image-guided tFUS to the right hippocampus immediately after intravenous injection of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents. Patients completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET), and cognitive assessments before and after the sonication. No evidence of transient BBB opening was found on T1 dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. However, immediate recall (p = 0.03) and recognition memory (p = 0.02) were significantly improved on the verbal learning test. PET image analysis demonstrated increased rCMRglu in the right hippocampus (p = 0.001). In addition, increases of hippocampal rCMRglu were correlated with improvement in recognition memory (Spearman’s ρ = 0.77, p = 0.02). No adverse event was observed. Our results suggest that tFUS to the hippocampus of AD patients may improve rCMRglu of the target area and memory in the short term, even without BBB opening. Further larger sham-controlled trials with loger follow-up are warranted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tFUS in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (H.J.); (J.J.I.)
- Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea
| | - In-Uk Song
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.N.)
- Correspondence: (I.-U.S.); (Y.-A.C.); Tel.: +82-32-280-5010 (I.-U.S.); +82-32-280-5242 (Y.-A.C.); Fax: +82-32-280-5244 (I.-U.S. & Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yong-An Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (H.J.); (J.J.I.)
- Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-U.S.); (Y.-A.C.); Tel.: +82-32-280-5010 (I.-U.S.); +82-32-280-5242 (Y.-A.C.); Fax: +82-32-280-5244 (I.-U.S. & Y.-A.C.)
| | - Jong-Sik Park
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.N.)
| | - Seung-Hee Na
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (J.-S.P.); (S.-H.N.)
| | - Jooyeon Jamie Im
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 21431, Korea; (H.J.); (J.J.I.)
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (W.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (W.L.); (S.-S.Y.)
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28
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Yoo S, Mittelstein DR, Hurt RC, Lacroix J, Shapiro MG. Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification. Nat Commun 2022; 13:493. [PMID: 35078979 PMCID: PMC8789820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic neuromodulation has the unique potential to provide non-invasive control of neural activity in deep brain regions with high spatial precision and without chemical or genetic modification. However, the biomolecular and cellular mechanisms by which focused ultrasound excites mammalian neurons have remained unclear, posing significant challenges for the use of this technology in research and potential clinical applications. Here, we show that focused ultrasound excites primary murine cortical neurons in culture through a primarily mechanical mechanism mediated by specific calcium-selective mechanosensitive ion channels. The activation of these channels results in a gradual build-up of calcium, which is amplified by calcium- and voltage-gated channels, generating a burst firing response. Cavitation, temperature changes, large-scale deformation, and synaptic transmission are not required for this excitation to occur. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of specific ion channels leads to reduced responses to ultrasound, while over-expressing these channels results in stronger ultrasonic stimulation. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the effect of ultrasound on neurons to facilitate the further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics as tools for neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Yoo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - David R Mittelstein
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robert C Hurt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jerome Lacroix
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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29
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Arulpragasam AR, van 't Wout-Frank M, Barredo J, Faucher CR, Greenberg BD, Philip NS. Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Non-invasive and Reversible Deep Brain Neuromodulation-A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825802. [PMID: 35280168 PMCID: PMC8907584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes an emerging non-invasive neuromodulatory technology, called low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). This technology is potentially paradigm shifting as it can deliver non-invasive and reversible deep brain neuromodulation through acoustic sonication, at millimeter precision. Low intensity focused ultrasound's spatial precision, yet non-invasive nature sets it apart from current technologies, such as transcranial magnetic or electrical stimulation and deep brain stimulation. Additionally, its reversible effects allow for the causal study of deep brain regions implicated in psychiatric illness. Studies to date have demonstrated that LIFU can safely modulate human brain activity at cortical and subcortical levels. Due to its novelty, most researchers and clinicians are not aware of the potential applications and promise of this technique, underscoring the need for foundational papers to introduce the community to LIFU. This mini-review and synthesis of recent advances examines several key papers on LIFU administered to humans, describes the population under study, parameters used, and relevant findings that may guide future research. We conclude with a concise overview of some of the more pressing questions to date, considerations when interpreting new data from an emerging field, and highlight the opportunities and challenges in this exciting new area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Arulpragasam
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Mascha van 't Wout-Frank
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer Barredo
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Christiana R Faucher
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Noah S Philip
- VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,COBRE Center for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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30
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Riis T, Kubanek J. Effective Ultrasonic Stimulation in Human Peripheral Nervous System. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:15-22. [PMID: 34057888 PMCID: PMC9080060 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3085170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-intensity ultrasound can stimulate excitable cells in a noninvasive and targeted manner, but which parameters are effective has remained elusive. This question has been difficult to answer because differences in transducers and parameters-frequency in particular-lead to profound differences in the stimulated tissue volumes. The objective of this study is to control for these differences and evaluate which ultrasound parameters are effective in stimulating excitable cells. METHODS Here, we stimulated the human peripheral nervous system using a single transducer operating in a range of frequencies, and matched the stimulated volumes with an acoustic aperture. RESULTS We found that low frequencies (300 kHz) are substantially more effective in generating tactile and nociceptive responses in humans compared to high frequencies (900 kHz). The strong effect of ultrasound frequency was observed for all pressures tested, for continuous and pulsed stimuli, and for tactile and nociceptive responses. CONCLUSION This prominent effect may be explained by a mechanical force associated with ultrasound. The effect is not due to heating, which would be weaker at the low frequency. SIGNIFICANCE This controlled study reveals that ultrasonic stimulation of excitable cells is stronger at lower frequencies, which guides the choice of transducer hardware for effective ultrasonic stimulation of the peripheral nervous system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Riis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, UT 84112 USA
| | - Jan Kubanek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, UT 84112 USA
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31
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Zeng K, Darmani G, Fomenko A, Xia X, Tran S, Nankoo JF, Oghli YS, Wang Y, Lozano AM, Chen R. Induction of Human Motor Cortex Plasticity by Theta Burst Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation. Ann Neurol 2021; 91:238-252. [PMID: 34964172 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique with advantages of high spatial precision and ability to target deep brain regions. This study aimed to develop a TUS protocol to effectively induce brain plasticity in human subjects. METHODS An 80 s train of theta burst patterned TUS (tbTUS), regularly patterned TUS (rTUS) with the same sonication duration and sham tbTUS were delievered to the motor cortex in healthy subjects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to examine changes in corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and the site of plasticity induction. The effects of motor cortical tbTUS on a visuo-motor task and the effects of occipital cortex tbTUS on motor cortical excitability were also tested. RESULTS The tbTUS produced consistent increase in corticospinal excitability for at least 30 minutes while rTUS and sham tbTUS produced no significant change. tbTUS decreased short-interval intracortical inhibiton and increased intracortical facilitation. The effects of TMS in different current directions suggested that the site of the plastic changes was within the motor cortex. tbTUS to the occipital cortex did not change motor cortical excitability. Motor cortical tbTUS shortened movement time in a visuo-motor task. INTERPRETATION tbTUS is a novel and efficient paradigm to induce cortical plasticity in human. It has the potential to be developed for neuromodulation treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders, and to advance neuroscience research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zeng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ghazaleh Darmani
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anton Fomenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xue Xia
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephanie Tran
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yazan Shamli Oghli
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Lee CC, Chou CC, Hsiao FJ, Chen YH, Lin CF, Chen CJ, Peng SJ, Liu HL, Yu HY. Pilot study of focused ultrasound for drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 63:162-175. [PMID: 34729772 PMCID: PMC9297900 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective The neuromodulatory effects of focused ultrasound (FUS) have been demonstrated in animal epilepsy models; however, the safety and efficacy of FUS in humans with epilepsy have not been well established. Patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) undergoing stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) provide an opportunity to investigate the neuromodulatory effects of FUS in humans. Methods Patients with DRE undergoing SEEG for localization of the seizure onset zone (SOZ) were prospectively enrolled. FUS was delivered to the SOZ using a neuronavigation‐guided FUS system (ceiling spatial‐peak temporal‐average intensity level = 2.8 W/cm2, duty cycle = 30%, modulating duration = 10 min). Simultaneous SEEG recordings were obtained during sonication and for 3 days after treatment. Seizures, interictal epileptiform discharges, and adverse events after FUS were monitored. Results Six patients met the eligibility criteria and completed FUS treatment. A decrease in seizure frequency was observed in two patients within the 3‐day follow‐up; however, one patient presented an increase in the frequency of subclinical seizures. Posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging revealed neither lesion nor brain edema. Significant changes in spectral power of SEEG were noted at the targeted electrodes during FUS treatment. One patient reported subjective scalp heating during FUS, and one patient developed transient naming and memory impairment that resolved within 3 weeks after FUS. Significance FUS can be safely delivered to the SOZ of patients with DRE, resulting in significant changes in spectral power of SEEG. A larger sample cohort and pursuing optimal sonication parameters will be required to elucidate the neuromodulatory effects of FUS when used for seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Chou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Hsiao
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Syu-Jyun Peng
- Professional Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Yu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Lemaire T, Vicari E, Neufeld E, Kuster N, Micera S. MorphoSONIC: A morphologically structured intramembrane cavitation model reveals fiber-specific neuromodulation by ultrasound. iScience 2021; 24:103085. [PMID: 34585122 PMCID: PMC8456061 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation (LIFUS) holds promise for the remote modulation of neural activity, but an incomplete mechanistic characterization hinders its clinical maturation. Here we developed a computational framework to model intramembrane cavitation (a candidate mechanism) in multi-compartment, morphologically structured neuron models, and used it to investigate ultrasound neuromodulation of peripheral nerves. We predict that by engaging membrane mechanoelectrical coupling, LIFUS exploits fiber-specific differences in membrane conductance and capacitance to selectively recruit myelinated and/or unmyelinated axons in distinct parametric subspaces, allowing to modulate their activity concurrently and independently over physiologically relevant spiking frequency ranges. These theoretical results consistently explain recent empirical findings and suggest that LIFUS can simultaneously, yet selectively, engage different neural pathways, opening up opportunities for peripheral neuromodulation currently not addressable by electrical stimulation. More generally, our framework is readily applicable to other neural targets to establish application-specific LIFUS protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Lemaire
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Vicari
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna (SSSA), 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT’IS), 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT’IS), 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna (SSSA), 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xu M, Song X, Chen S, Jian X, Ming D. The Effects of the Structural and Acoustic Parameters of the Skull Model on Transcranial Focused Ultrasound. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175962. [PMID: 34502853 PMCID: PMC8434628 DOI: 10.3390/s21175962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has great potential in brain imaging and therapy. However, the structural and acoustic differences of the skull will cause a large number of technical problems in the application of tFUS, such as low focus energy, focal shift, and defocusing. To have a comprehensive understanding of the skull effect on tFUS, this study investigated the effects of the structural parameters (thickness, radius of curvature, and distance from the transducer) and acoustic parameters (density, acoustic speed, and absorption coefficient) of the skull model on tFUS based on acrylic plates and two simulation methods (self-programming and COMSOL). For structural parameters, our research shows that as the three factors increase the unit distance, the attenuation caused from large to small is the thickness (0.357 dB/mm), the distance to transducer (0.048 dB/mm), and the radius of curvature (0.027 dB/mm). For acoustic parameters, the attenuation caused by density (0.024 dB/30 kg/m3) and acoustic speed (0.021 dB/30 m/s) are basically the same. Additionally, as the absorption coefficient increases, the focus acoustic pressure decays exponentially. The thickness of the structural parameters and the absorption coefficient of the acoustic parameters are the most important factors leading to the attenuation of tFUS. The experimental and simulation trends are highly consistent. This work contributes to the comprehensive and quantitative understanding of how the skull influences tFUS, which further enhances the application of tFUS in neuromodulation research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.Z.); (M.X.); (S.C.)
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.Z.); (M.X.); (S.C.)
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Xizi Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Shanguang Chen
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.Z.); (M.X.); (S.C.)
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiqi Jian
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Dong Ming
- Laboratory of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.Z.); (M.X.); (S.C.)
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- Correspondence:
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35
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Zhang M, Li B, Liu Y, Tang R, Lang Y, Huang Q, He J. Different Modes of Low-Frequency Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Epilepsy Based on the Topological Theory. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12081001. [PMID: 34442623 PMCID: PMC8399944 DOI: 10.3390/mi12081001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is common brain dysfunction, where abnormal synchronized activities can be observed across multiple brain regions. Low-frequency focused pulsed ultrasound has been proven to modulate the epileptic brain network. In this study, we used two modes of low-intensity focused ultrasound (pulsed-wave and continuous-wave) to sonicate the brains of KA-induced epileptic rats, analyzed the EEG functional brain connections to explore their respective effect on the epileptic brain network, and discuss the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation. By comparing the brain network characteristics before and after sonication, we found that two modes of ultrasound both significantly affected the functional brain network, especially in the low-frequency band below 12 Hz. After two modes of sonication, the power spectral density of the EEG signals and the connection strength of the brain network were significantly reduced, but there was no significant difference between the two modes. Our results indicated that the ultrasound neuromodulation could effectively regulate the epileptic brain connections. The ultrasound-mediated attenuation of epilepsy was independent of modes of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-68917396
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36
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Chen X, Wang D, Zhang L, Yao H, Zhu H, Zhao N, Peng X, Yang K. Neuroprotective Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Mouse MPTP/MPP + Model of Dopaminergic Neuron Injury. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2321-2330. [PMID: 34011450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound mediated neuromodulation has been demonstrated to a safe treatment strategy in the field of neuroscience. In this study, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) was used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) models induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to explore the possibility of ultrasound neuroprotective effect on PD. The results demonstrated that LIPUS treatment can attenuate the central neurotoxicity of MPTP in mice, reduce the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and decrease the apoptosis in the section of substantia nigra. The movement and balance dysfunctions in PD mice were improved with LIPUS treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that LIPUS can inhibit the decreased activity and increased apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP+, restrain the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by MPP+. Moreover, LIPUS stimulation alone did not cause any cytotoxicity and tissue damage in our study. Taken together, the protective and regulatory effects of LIPUS on dopaminergic neurons make it possible as a new, safe and noninvasive treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Nvjun Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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37
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Shi L, Jiang Y, Fernandez FR, Chen G, Lan L, Man HY, White JA, Cheng JX, Yang C. Non-genetic photoacoustic stimulation of single neurons by a tapered fiber optoacoustic emitter. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:143. [PMID: 34257273 PMCID: PMC8277806 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation at high spatial resolution poses great significance in advancing fundamental knowledge in the field of neuroscience and offering novel clinical treatments. Here, we developed a tapered fiber optoacoustic emitter (TFOE) generating an ultrasound field with a high spatial precision of 39.6 µm, enabling optoacoustic activation of single neurons or subcellular structures, such as axons and dendrites. Temporally, a single acoustic pulse of sub-microsecond converted by the TFOE from a single laser pulse of 3 ns is shown as the shortest acoustic stimuli so far for successful neuron activation. The precise ultrasound generated by the TFOE enabled the integration of the optoacoustic stimulation with highly stable patch-clamp recording on single neurons. Direct measurements of the electrical response of single neurons to acoustic stimulation, which is difficult for conventional ultrasound stimulation, have been demonstrated. By coupling TFOE with ex vivo brain slice electrophysiology, we unveil cell-type-specific responses of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to acoustic stimulation. These results demonstrate that TFOE is a non-genetic single-cell and sub-cellular modulation technology, which could shed new insights into the mechanism of ultrasound neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 580 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Fernando R Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lu Lan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John A White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 580 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 St. Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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38
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Permezel F. Brain MRI-guided focused ultrasound conceptualised as a tool for brain network intervention. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 90:370-379. [PMID: 34275578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging guided high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has emerged as a tool offering incisionless intervention on brain tissue. The low risk and rapid recovery from this procedure, in addition to the ability to assess for clinical benefit and adverse events intraprocedurally, makes it an ideal tool for intervention upon brain networks both for clinical and research applications. This review article proposes that conceptualising brain focused ultrasound as a tool for brain network intervention and adoption of methodology to complement this approach may result in better clinical outcomes, fewer adverse events and may unveil or allow treatment opportunities not otherwise possible. A brief introduction to network neuroscience is discussed before a description of pathological brain networks is provided for a number of conditions for which MRI-guided brain HIFU intervention has been implemented. Essential Tremor is discussed as the most advanced example of MRI-guided brain HIFU intervention adoption along with the issues that present with this treatment modality compared to alternatives. The brain network intervention paradigm is proposed to overcome these issues and a number of examples of implementation of this are discussed. The ability of low intensity MRI guided focussed ultrasound to neuromoduate brain tissue without lesioning is introduced. This tool is discussed with regards to its potential clinical application as well as its potential to further our understanding of network neuroscience via its ability to interrogate brain networks without damaging tissue. Finally, a number of current clinical trials utilising brain focused ultrasound are discussed, along with the additional applications available from the utilisation of low intensity focused ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Permezel
- Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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Stern JM, Spivak NM, Becerra SA, Kuhn TP, Korb AS, Kronemyer D, Khanlou N, Reyes SD, Monti MM, Schnakers C, Walshaw P, Keselman I, Cohen MS, Yong W, Fried I, Jordan SE, Schafer ME, Engel J, Bystritsky A. Safety of focused ultrasound neuromodulation in humans with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1022-1031. [PMID: 34198105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising new potential neuromodulation tool. However, the safety of tFUS neuromodulation has not yet been assessed adequately. Patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy electing to undergo an anterior temporal lobe resection present a unique opportunity to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tFUS neuromodulation. Histological changes in tissue after tFUS can be examined after surgical resection, while further potential safety concerns can be assessed using neuropsychological testing. METHODS Neuropsychological functions were assessed in eight patients before and after focused ultrasound sonication of the temporal lobe at intensities up to 5760 mW/cm2. Using the BrainSonix Pulsar 1002, tFUS was delivered under MR guidance, using the Siemens Magnetom 3T Prisma scanner. Neuropsychological changes were assessed using various batteries. Histological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, among others. RESULTS With respect to safety, the histological analysis did not reveal any detectable damage to the tissue, except for one subject for whom the histology findings were inconclusive. In addition, neuropsychological testing did not show any statistically significant changes in any test, except for a slight decrease in performance on one of the tests after tFUS. SIGNIFICANCE This study supports the hypothesis that low-intensity Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS) used for neuromodulation of brain circuits at intensities up to 5760 mW/cm2 may be safe for use in human research. However, due to methodological limitations in this study and inconclusive findings, more work is warranted to establish the safety. Future directions include greater number of sonications as well as longer exposure at higher intensity levels to further assess the safety of tFUS for modulation of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Stern
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Norman M Spivak
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sergio A Becerra
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Taylor P Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alexander S Korb
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; BrainSonix Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Kronemyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Négar Khanlou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samuel D Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA College of Letters and Science, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, USA
| | | | - Patricia Walshaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Inna Keselman
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA College of Letters and Science, USA; Department of Radiology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Biomedical Physics, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Bioengineering, UCLA School of Engineering, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, USA
| | - William Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, USA
| | - Sheldon E Jordan
- Neurology Management Associates- Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Schafer
- BrainSonix Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurobiology, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, USA
| | - Alexander Bystritsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, USA; BrainSonix Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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40
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Sun S, Shi J, Wang Y, Cheng J, Huang Z. A Temporal Precision Approach for Deep Transcranial Optogenetics with Non-invasive Surgery. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1260-1263. [PMID: 34091809 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jiali Shi
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zhihui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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41
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Mazzotti M, Kohtanen E, Erturk A, Ruzzene M. Radiation Characteristics of Cranial Leaky Lamb Waves. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2129-2140. [PMID: 33544671 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3057309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally investigate the dispersion properties of leaky Lamb waves in the cranial bone. Cranial Lamb waves leak energy from the skull into the brain when propagating at speeds higher than the speed of sound in the surrounding fluid. The understanding of their radiation mechanism is significantly complicated by the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the cortical tables and the trabecular bone (diploë). Toward such understanding, we here analyze the sub-1.0 MHz radiation angle dispersion spectrum of porous bone phantoms and parietal bone geometries obtained from μ CT scans. Our numerical results show that, when diploic pores are physically modeled, leakage angles computed from time transient finite-element analyses correspond to those predicted by an equivalent three-layered fluid-loaded waveguide model. For the bone geometries analyzed, two main leaky branches are observed in the near-field dispersion spectrum: a fast wave radiated at small angles, which is related to the fastest fundamental Lamb mode supported by the cranial bone, and a slower wave radiated at larger angles. This observation is also confirmed by experimental tests carried out on an immersed parietal bone.
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42
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Yu K, Niu X, Krook-Magnuson E, He B. Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2519. [PMID: 33947867 PMCID: PMC8097024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising neuromodulation technique, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that if tFUS parameters exhibit distinct modulation effects in different neuron populations, then the mechanism can be understood through identifying unique features in these neuron populations. In this work, we investigate the effect of tFUS stimulation on different functional neuron types in in vivo anesthetized rodent brains. Single neuron recordings were separated into regular-spiking and fast-spiking units based on their extracellular spike shapes acquired through intracranial electrophysiological recordings, and further validated in transgenic optogenetic mice models of light-excitable excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that excitatory and inhibitory neurons are intrinsically different in response to ultrasound pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The results suggest that we can preferentially target specific neuron types noninvasively by tuning the tFUS PRF. Chemically deafened rats and genetically deafened mice were further tested for validating the directly local neural effects induced by tFUS without potential auditory confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaodan Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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43
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Shen X, Song Z, Xu E, Zhou J, Yan F. Sensitization of nerve cells to ultrasound stimulation through Piezo1-targeted microbubbles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 73:105494. [PMID: 33640571 PMCID: PMC7921623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation by ultrasound (US) has recently drawn considerable attention due to its great advantages in noninvasiveness, high penetrability across the skull and highly focusable acoustic energy. However, the mechanisms and safety from US irradiation still remain less understood. Recently, documents revealed Piezo1, a mechanosensitive cation channel, plays key role in converting mechanical stimuli from US through its trimeric propeller-like structure. Here, we developed a Piezo1-targeted microbubble (PTMB) which can bind to the extracellular domains of Piezo1 channel. Due to the higher responsiveness of bubbles to mechanical stimuli from US, significantly lower US energy for these PTMB-binding cells may be needed to open these mechanosensitive channels. Our results showed US energy at 0.03 MPa of peak negative pressure can achieve an equivalent level of cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients which generally needs 0.17 MPa US intensity for the control cells. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations were greatly reduced by chelating extracellular calcium ions or using the cationic ion channel inhibitors, confirming that US-mediated calcium influx are dependent on the Piezo1 channels. No bubble destruction and obvious temperature increase were observed during the US exposure, indicating cavitation and heating effects hardly participate in the process of Ca2+ transients. In conclusion, our study provides a novel strategy to sensitize the response of nerve cells to US stimulation, which makes it safer application for US-mediated neuromodulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Shen
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China; Department of Ultrasound, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yi Chang, Hubei 443000, China
| | - Zhuqing Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Erjiao Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yi Chang, Hubei 443000, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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44
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Lin Z, Bian T, Zhou W, Wang Y, Huang X, Zou J, Zhou H, Niu L, Tang J, Meng L. Modulation of Neuronal Excitability by Low- Intensity Ultrasound in Two Principal Neurons of Rat Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:1752-1761. [PMID: 33460373 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic neuromodulation has proved to be a promising new approach for direct neuromodulation or potential noninvasive deep brain stimulation technology for treating various neurological disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that ultrasonic waves can noninvasively diffuse through the intact skull and thus precisely target specific brain regions with high spatial resolution. However, its neuromodulatory effects over different cell types of target nuclei have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the neuronal excitability resulted from ultrasound stimulation on the two major neurons of anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) in vitro. Our results demonstrated that bushy cells (BCs) were well maintaining one action potential (AP) in response to the pairing of a sequence of depolarizing current pulses and 60-s continuous low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS), and meanwhile, stellate cells (SCs) significantly increased the firing rate. The ultrasonic waves with an acoustic pressure of 0.13 MPa were elicited by an on-chip ultrasonic stimulation system compatible with patch-clamp recording. Furthermore, LIUS significantly improved the neuronal excitability in both BCs and SCs based on their intrinsic excitability. Modulation of membrane properties among cell types was due to the LIUS-induced increase in the total inward sodium currents ( INa ) and outward potassium currents ( IKv ). LIUS significantly, at a similar rate, increased the amplitude of total inward sodium currents in both cell types. Meanwhile, LIUS induces a higher rate of the outward potassium currents in the BCs compared with SCs. Therefore, this study could provide new evidence for safe use of ultrasonic neuromodulation and its potential therapy for many auditory diseases, such as the central auditory processing disorder.
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45
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Cain JA, Visagan S, Johnson MA, Crone J, Blades R, Spivak NM, Shattuck DW, Monti MM. Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6100. [PMID: 33731821 PMCID: PMC7969624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain nuclei are integral components of large-scale circuits mediating important cognitive and sensorimotor functions. However, because they fall outside the domain of conventional non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques, their study has been primarily based on neuropsychological models, limiting the ability to fully characterize their role and to develop interventions in cases where they are damaged. To address this gap, we used the emerging technology of non-invasive low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to directly modulate left lateralized basal ganglia structures in healthy volunteers. During sonication, we observed local and distal decreases in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in the targeted left globus pallidus (GP) and in large-scale cortical networks. We also observed a generalized decrease in relative perfusion throughout the cerebrum following sonication. These results show, for the first time using functional MRI data, the ability to modulate deep-brain nuclei using LIFU while measuring its local and global consequences, opening the door for future applications of subcortical LIFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Cain
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Pritzker Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Shakthi Visagan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Micah A Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Pritzker Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Julia Crone
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Pritzker Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robin Blades
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Pritzker Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Norman M Spivak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David W Shattuck
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Pritzker Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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46
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Lowe KA, Zinke W, Phipps MA, Cosman J, Maddox M, Schall JD, Caskey CF. Visuomotor Transformations Are Modulated by Focused Ultrasound over Frontal Eye Field. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:679-692. [PMID: 33341303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation with focused ultrasound (FUS) is being widely explored as a non-invasive tool to stimulate focal brain regions because of its superior spatial resolution and coverage compared with other neuromodulation methods. The precise effects of FUS stimulation on specific regions of the brain are not yet fully understood. Here, we characterized the behavioral effects of FUS stimulation directly applied through a craniotomy over the macaque frontal eye field (FEF). In macaque monkeys making directed eye movements to perform visual search tasks with direct or arbitrary responses, focused ultrasound was applied through a craniotomy over the FEF. Saccade response times (RTs) and error rates were determined for trials without or with FUS stimulation with pulses at a peak negative pressure of either 250 or 425 kPa. Both RTs and error rates were affected by FUS. Responses toward a target located contralateral to the FUS stimulation were approximately 3 ms slower in the presence of FUS in both monkeys studied, while only one exhibited a slowing of responses for ipsilateral targets. Error rates were lower in one monkey in this study. In another search task requiring making eye movements toward a target (pro-saccades) or in the opposite direction (anti-saccades), the RT for pro-saccades increased in the presence of FUS stimulation. Our results indicate the effectiveness of FUS to modulate saccadic responses when stimulating FEF in awake, behaving non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb A Lowe
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wolf Zinke
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Anthony Phipps
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Josh Cosman
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Micala Maddox
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles F Caskey
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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47
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Rabut C, Yoo S, Hurt RC, Jin Z, Li H, Guo H, Ling B, Shapiro MG. Ultrasound Technologies for Imaging and Modulating Neural Activity. Neuron 2020; 108:93-110. [PMID: 33058769 PMCID: PMC7577369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing and perturbing neural activity on a brain-wide scale in model animals and humans is a major goal of neuroscience technology development. Established electrical and optical techniques typically break down at this scale due to inherent physical limitations. In contrast, ultrasound readily permeates the brain, and in some cases the skull, and interacts with tissue with a fundamental resolution on the order of 100 μm and 1 ms. This basic ability has motivated major efforts to harness ultrasound as a modality for large-scale brain imaging and modulation. These efforts have resulted in already-useful neuroscience tools, including high-resolution hemodynamic functional imaging, focused ultrasound neuromodulation, and local drug delivery. Furthermore, recent breakthroughs promise to connect ultrasound to neurons at the genetic level for biomolecular imaging and sonogenetic control. In this article, we review the state of the art and ongoing developments in ultrasonic neurotechnology, building from fundamental principles to current utility, open questions, and future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rabut
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sangjin Yoo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Hurt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyang Jin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hongyi Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hongsun Guo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bill Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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48
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Ventre DM, Cluff A, Gagnon C, Diaz Vera D, Koppes RA, Koppes AN. The effects of low intensity focused ultrasonic stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:374-391. [PMID: 32743823 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Satisfactory treatment of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) faces difficulties owing to the intrinsic biological barriers in larger injuries and invasive surgical interventions. Injury gaps >3 cm have low chances of full motor and sensory recovery, and the unmet need for PNI repair techniques which increase the likelihood of functional recovery while limiting invasiveness motivate this work. Building upon prior work in ultrasound stimulation (US) of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the effects of US on DRG neuron and Schwann cell (SC) cocultures were investigated to uncover the role of SCs in mediating the neuronal response to US in vitro. Acoustic intensity-dependent alteration in selected neuromorphometrics of DRG neurons in coculture with SCs was observed in total outgrowth, primary neurites, and length compared to previously reported DRG monoculture in a calcium-independent manner. SC viability and proliferation were not impacted by US. Conditioned medium studies suggest secreted factors from SCs subjected to US impact DRG neuron morphology. These findings advance the current understanding of mechanisms by which these cell types respond to US, which may lead to new noninvasive US therapies for treating PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Ventre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avery Cluff
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David Diaz Vera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Kubanek J, Brown J, Ye P, Pauly KB, Moore T, Newsome W. Remote, brain region-specific control of choice behavior with ultrasonic waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4193. [PMID: 32671207 PMCID: PMC7314556 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modulate neural activity in specific brain circuits remotely and systematically could revolutionize studies of brain function and treatments of brain disorders. Sound waves of high frequencies (ultrasound) have shown promise in this respect, combining the ability to modulate neuronal activity with sharp spatial focus. Here, we show that the approach can have potent effects on choice behavior. Brief, low-intensity ultrasound pulses delivered noninvasively into specific brain regions of macaque monkeys influenced their decisions regarding which target to choose. The effects were substantial, leading to around a 2:1 bias in choices compared to the default balanced proportion. The effect presence and polarity was controlled by the specific target region. These results represent a critical step towards the ability to influence choice behavior noninvasively, enabling systematic investigations and treatments of brain circuits underlying disorders of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kubanek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Julian Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick Ye
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94034, USA
| | - Kim Butts Pauly
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94034, USA
| | - Tirin Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William Newsome
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Jiang C, Li D, Xu F, Li Y, Liu C, Ta D. Numerical Evaluation of the Influence of Skull Heterogeneity on Transcranial Ultrasonic Focusing. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:317. [PMID: 32351351 PMCID: PMC7174677 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In transcranial penetration, ultrasound undergoes refraction, diffraction, multi-reflection, and mode conversion. These factors lead to phase aberration and waveform distortion, which impede the realization of transcranial ultrasonic imaging and therapy. Ray tracing has been used to correct the phase aberration and is computationally more efficient than traditional full-wave simulation. However, when ray tracing has been used for transcranial investigation, it has generally been on the premise that the skull medium is homogeneous. To find suitable homogeneity that balances computational speed and accuracy, the present work investigates how the focus deviates after phase-aberration compensation with ray tracing using time-reversal theory. The waveforms are synthetized with ray tracing for phase aberration, by which the properties of the skull bone are simplified for refraction calculation as those of either (i) the cortical bone or (ii) the mean of the entire skull bone, and the focusing accuracy is evaluated for each hypothesis. The propagation of ultrasound for transcranial focusing is simulated with the elastic model using the k-space pseudospectral method. Unlike the fluid model, the elastic model does not omit shear waves in the skull bones, and the influence of that omission is investigated, with the fluid model resulting in a focal deflection of 0.5 mm. The focusing deviations are huge when the properties of the skull bone are idealized with ray tracing as those of the mean of the entire skull bone. The focusing accuracy improves when the properties of the skull bone are idealized as those of the cortical bone. The results reveal minimal deviation (8.6, 3.9, and 3.2% in the three Cartesian coordinates) in the focal region and suggest that transcranial focusing deflections are caused mostly by ultrasonic refraction on the surface of the skull bone. A heterogeneous skull bone causes wave bending but minimal focusing deflection. The proposed simplification of a homogeneous skull bone is more accurate for transcranial ultrasonic path estimation and offers promising applications in transcranial ultrasonic focusing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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