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Muzio L, Perego J. CNS Resident Innate Immune Cells: Guardians of CNS Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4865. [PMID: 38732082 PMCID: PMC11084235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the CNS has been considered for a long time an immune-privileged organ, it is now well known that both the parenchyma and non-parenchymal tissue (meninges, perivascular space, and choroid plexus) are richly populated in resident immune cells. The advent of more powerful tools for multiplex immunophenotyping, such as single-cell RNA sequencing technique and upscale multiparametric flow and mass spectrometry, helped in discriminating between resident and infiltrating cells and, above all, the different spectrum of phenotypes distinguishing border-associated macrophages. Here, we focus our attention on resident innate immune players and their primary role in both CNS homeostasis and pathological neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, two key interconnected aspects of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Cavalla P, Golzio P, Maietta D, Bosa C, Pasanisi MB, Alteno A, Schillaci V, Costantini G, Durelli P, Cuffini E, Panizzolo S, De Francesco A, Chiò A, Vercellino M. Dietary habits, nutritional status and risk of a first demyelinating event: an incident case-control study in a southern European cohort. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:4373-4380. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Barbieri MA, Sorbara EE, Battaglia A, Cicala G, Rizzo V, Spina E, Cutroneo PM. Adverse Drug Reactions with Drugs Used in Multiple Sclerosis: An Analysis from the Italian Pharmacovigilance Database. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808370. [PMID: 35281926 PMCID: PMC8904918 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of inflammation at the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS), therapy is mainly based on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs including disease modifying therapies (DMTs). Considering the recent approval of some DMTs, pharmacovigilance becomes a fundamental tool for the acquisition of new safety data. The aim of the study was to analyze adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to the use of drugs approved for MS. All national publicly-available aggregated ADR reports recorded from 2002 to 2020 into the Reports of Adverse Reactions of Medicines (RAM) system and all complete Sicilian data reported into the Italian spontaneous reporting system (SRS) database having as suspected drugs interferon β-1a (IFN β-1a), interferon β-1b (IFN β-1b), peginterferon β-1a (PEG-IFN β-1a), glatiramer acetate (GA), natalizumab (NTZ), fingolimod (FNG), teriflunomide (TRF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), alemtuzumab (Alem), ocrelizumab (OCZ), or cladribine (Cladr), were collected. Descriptive analyses of national, publicly-available aggregated data and full-access regional data were performed to assess demographic characteristics and drug-related variables followed by a more in-depth analysis of all Sicilian ADRs with a case-by-case assessment and a disproportionality analysis of unexpected ADRs. A total of 13,880 national reports have been collected from 2002 to 2020: they were mainly not serious ADRs (67.9% vs. 26.1%) and related to females (71.7% vs. 26.3%) in the age group 18–65 years (76.5%). The most reported ADRs were general and administration site conditions (n = 6,565; 47.3%), followed by nervous (n = 3,090; 22.3%), skin (n = 2,763; 19.9%) and blood disorders (n = 2,180; 15.7%). Some unexpected Sicilian ADRs were shown, including dyslipidemia for FNG (n = 10; ROR 28.5, CI 14.3–59.6), NTZ (n = 5; 10.3, 4.1–25.8), and IFN β-1a (n = 4; 8.7, 3.1–24.1), abortion and alopecia for NTZ (n = 9; 208.1, 73.4–590.1; n = 3; 4.9, 1.5–15.7), and vitamin D deficiency for GA (n = 3; 121.2, 30.9–475.3). Moreover, breast cancer with DMF (n = 4, 62.8, 20.5–191.9) and hypothyroidism with Cladr (n = 3; 89.2, 25.9–307.5) were also unexpected. The reporting of drugs-related ADRs in MS were mostly reported in the literature, but some unknown ADRs were also found. However, further studies are necessary to increase the awareness about the safety profiles of new drugs on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Battaglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cicala
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Maria Cutroneo
- Sicilian Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Engelenburg HJ, Lucassen PJ, Sarafian JT, Parker W, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:277-294. [PMID: 35747061 PMCID: PMC9211007 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurological autoimmune disorder, has recently been linked to neuro-inflammatory influences from the gut. In this review, we address the idea that evolutionary mismatches could affect the pathogenesis of MS via the gut microbiota. The evolution of symbiosis as well as the recent introduction of evolutionary mismatches is considered, and evidence regarding the impact of diet on the MS-associated microbiota is evaluated. Distinctive microbial community compositions associated with the gut microbiota of MS patients are difficult to identify, and substantial study-to-study variation and even larger variations between individual profiles of MS patients are observed. Furthermore, although some dietary changes impact the progression of MS, MS-associated features of microbiota were found to be not necessarily associated with diet per se. In addition, immune function in MS patients potentially drives changes in microbial composition directly, in at least some individuals. Finally, assessment of evolutionary histories of animals with their gut symbionts suggests that the impact of evolutionary mismatch on the microbiota is less concerning than mismatches affecting helminths and protists. These observations suggest that the benefits of an anti-inflammatory diet for patients with MS may not be mediated by the microbiota per se. Furthermore, any alteration of the microbiota found in association with MS may be an effect rather than a cause. This conclusion is consistent with other studies indicating that a loss of complex eukaryotic symbionts, including helminths and protists, is a pivotal evolutionary mismatch that potentiates the increased prevalence of autoimmunity within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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Advanced glycation end-products as potential triggering factors of self-reactivity against myelin antigens in Multiple Sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2021; 157:110702. [PMID: 34666261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T lymphocytes infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and react against antigens derived from proteins of the myelin sheath. The reason why T lymphocytes recognize certain myelin antigens as exogenous, activating the autoimmune response, remains unknown and represents the key to understand the pathogenesis of MS. Neurons are characterized by an elevated glycolytic metabolism. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive α-oxoaldehyde spontaneously formed as a by-product of glycolysis, and it reacts with proteins, nucleotides and phospholipids forming stable adducts called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Several studies demonstrate that MG-derived AGEs accumulate in the plasma and brain of MS patients. Furthermore, there are evidences that post-myelinated oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming glial cells, increase their glycolytic metabolism to maintain their survival and functions, likely explaining the progressive accumulation of MG in MS lesions. The hypothesis proposed here is that the MG-derived AGEs, accumulated on the proteins composing the myelin sheath, are responsible for the altered antigen presentation process, mimicking exogenous antigens and triggering the autoimmune response. If this hypothesis will be experimentally confirmed a new pathogenic mechanism of MS will be identified.
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6
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Boligan KF, Oechtering J, Keller CW, Peschke B, Rieben R, Bovin N, Kappos L, Cummings RD, Kuhle J, von Gunten S, Lünemann JD. Xenogeneic Neu5Gc and self-glycan Neu5Ac epitopes are potential immune targets in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/2/e676. [PMID: 32014849 PMCID: PMC7051216 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the repertoire of glycan-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in treatment-naive patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS A systems-level approach combined with glycan array technologies was used to determine specificities and binding reactivities of glycan-specific IgGs in treatment-naive patients with RRMS compared with patients with noninflammatory and other inflammatory neurologic diseases. RESULTS We identified a unique signature of glycan-binding IgG in MS with high reactivities to the dietary xenoglycan N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the self-glycan N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Increased reactivities of serum IgG toward Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac were additionally observed in an independent, treatment-naive cohort of patients with RRMS. CONCLUSION Patients with MS show increased IgG reactivities to structurally related xenogeneic and human neuraminic acids. The discovery of these glycan-specific epitopes as immune targets and potential biomarkers in MS merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayluz F Boligan
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Johanna Oechtering
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian W Keller
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Peschke
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert Rieben
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- From the Institute of Pharmacology (K.F.B., S.v.G.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (J.O., L.K., J.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (C.W.K., J.D.L.), University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroinflammation (C.W.K., B.P., J.D.L.), Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) (R.R.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science (N.B.), Moscow, Russia; Auckland University of Technology (N.B.), New Zealand; and Department of Surgery (R.D.C.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Healy LM, Yaqubi M, Ludwin S, Antel JP. Species differences in immune-mediated CNS tissue injury and repair: A (neuro)inflammatory topic. Glia 2019; 68:811-829. [PMID: 31724770 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in the brain parenchyma and in the meningeal spaces contribute to physiologic functions and disease states in the central nervous system (CNS). Animal studies have demonstrated the involvement of immune constituents, along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, in neural development and rare genetic disorders (e.g., colony stimulating factor 1 receptor [CSF1R] deficiency). Genome wide association studies suggest a comparable role of the immune system in humans. Although the CNS can be the target of primary autoimmune disorders, no current experimental model captures all of the features of the most common human disorder placed in this category, multiple sclerosis (MS). Such features include spontaneous onset, environmental contributions, and a recurrent/progressive disease course in a genetically predisposed host. Numerous therapeutic interventions related to antigen and cytokine specific therapies have demonstrated effectiveness in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model used to define principles underlying immune-mediated mechanisms in MS. Despite the similarities in the two diseases, most treatments used to ameliorate EAE have failed to translate to the human disease. As directly demonstrated in animal models and implicated by correlative studies in humans, adaptive and innate immune constituents within the systemic compartment and resident in the CNS contribute to the disease course of neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral disorders. The expanding knowledge of the molecular properties of glial cells provides increasing insights into species related variables. These variables affect glial bidirectional interactions with the immune system as well as their own production of "immune molecules" that mediate tissue injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Ludwin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Melatonin and Multiple Sclerosis: From Plausible Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action to Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:607-624. [PMID: 31054087 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to affect more than 2.5 million people worldwide. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle might influence disease activity and the frequency of relapses in patients. As melatonin (or sleep hormone) involves the regulation of circadian rhythms, much attention has been paid to the management of MS symptoms with melatonin. This review describes the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and recent clinical evidence from MS patients. Apparent risks and benefits of melatonin therapies are also discussed. Various in vivo and clinical data presented in this up-to-date review suggest that melatonin may possibly possess a protective role against the behavioral deficits and neuropathological characteristics of MS. Multiple mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin such as mitochondrial protection and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as its anti-demyelinating function are also discussed. A large body of evidence shows that melatonin potently regulates the immune system, demyelination, free radical generation, and inflammatory responses in neural tissue, which are mediated by multiple signal transduction cascades. In the present article, we focus on different pathways that are targeted by melatonin to prevent the development and progression of MS.
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't Hart BA. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset: a translationally relevant model for the cause and course of multiple sclerosis. Primate Biol 2019; 6:17-58. [PMID: 32110715 PMCID: PMC7041540 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-17-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging Western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic
autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (AIMIDs) for which treatments that are safe and effective are scarce. One of the
main reasons for this situation is the lack of animal models, which accurately replicate
clinical and pathological aspects of the human diseases. One important AIMID is the
neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), for which the mouse experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has been frequently used in preclinical
research. Despite some successes, there is a long list of experimental treatments that
have failed to reproduce promising effects observed in murine EAE models when they were
tested in the clinic. This frustrating situation indicates a wide validity gap between
mouse EAE and MS. This monography describes the development of an EAE model in nonhuman
primates, which may help to bridge the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Yan XB, Zhao YF, Yang YM, Wang N, He BZ, Qiu XT. Impact of astrocyte and lymphocyte interactions on the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:396-402. [PMID: 31027862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the impact of astrocyte and lymphocyte (LC) interactions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) on the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Primary rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMECs) and astrocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish in vitro BBB models. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability were compared between rBMEC monocultures and rBMEC/astrocyte co-cultures to evaluate the validity of each as a BBB cell model. rBMEC/LC co-cultures and rBMEC/astrocyte/LC tri-cultures were established to evaluate inflammatory responses in MS by measuring the gene expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). RESULTS The rBMEC/astrocyte co-cultures exhibited higher TEER values and lower lymphocyte permeabilities than those of rBMEC monocultures. Compared to the rBMEC mono-cultures, the rBMEC/astrocyte/LC tri-cultures showed significantly decreased NGF, IL-17, and IFN-γ and increased MMP-2 and Foxp3 expression. Furthermore, the tri-cultures exhibited decreased NGF, IL-17, and IFN-γ expression compared to the rBMEC/astrocyte co-cultures, and increased MMP-2 expression compared to that shown by the rBMEC/LC co-cultures. MMP-9 expression did not vary significantly between the four established BBB cell models. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the synergistic effect between astrocytes and LCs may increase the expression of MMP-2 and decrease that of IL-17 and IFN-γ at the BBB. Furthermore, the use of rBMEC/astrocytes/LC tri-cultures enabled us to test the synergistic effect between astrocytes and LCs and their roles in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-B Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086 Harbin, China.
| | - Y-F Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Y-M Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - N Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - B-Z He
- The University of New South Wales, 2033 Kensington, Australia
| | - X-T Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086 Harbin, China
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11
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Black LJ, Bowe GS, Pereira G, Lucas RM, Dear K, van der Mei I, Sherriff JL. Higher Non-processed Red Meat Consumption Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Central Nervous System Demyelination. Front Neurol 2019; 10:125. [PMID: 30837942 PMCID: PMC6389668 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence associating red meat consumption and risk of multiple sclerosis is inconclusive. We tested associations between red meat consumption and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD), often presaging a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. We used food frequency questionnaire data from the 2003–2006 Ausimmune Study, an incident, matched, case-control study examining environmental risk factors for FCD. We calculated non-processed and processed red meat density (g/1,000 kcal/day). Conditional logistic regression models (with participants matched on age, sex, and study region) were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p-values for associations between non-processed (n = 689, 250 cases, 439 controls) and processed (n = 683, 248 cases, 435 controls) red meat density and risk of FCD. Models were adjusted for history of infectious mononucleosis, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, smoking, race, education, body mass index and dietary misreporting. A one standard deviation increase in non-processed red meat density (22 g/1,000 kcal/day) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of FCD (AOR = 0.81; 95%CI 0.68, 0.97; p = 0.02). When stratified by sex, higher non-processed red meat density (per 22 g/1,000 kcal/day) was associated with a 26% reduced risk of FCD in females (n = 519; AOR = 0.74; 95%CI 0.60, 0.92; p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant association between non-processed red meat density and risk of FCD in males (n = 170). We found no statistically significant association between processed red meat density and risk of FCD. Further investigation is warranted to understand the important components of a diet that includes non-processed red meat for lower FCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Black
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gabrielle S Bowe
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Research School of Population Health, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Keith Dear
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jill L Sherriff
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Bove RM. Why monkeys do not get multiple sclerosis (spontaneously): An evolutionary approach. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:43-59. [PMID: 29492266 PMCID: PMC5824939 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to apply an evolutionary lens to understanding the origins of multiple sclerosis (MS), integrating three broad observations. First, only humans are known to develop MS spontaneously. Second, humans have evolved large brains, with characteristically large amounts of metabolically costly myelin. This myelin is generated over long periods of neurologic development—and peak MS onset coincides with the end of myelination. Third, over the past century there has been a disproportionate increase in the rate of MS in young women of childbearing age, paralleling increasing westernization and urbanization, indicating sexually specific susceptibility in response to changing exposures. From these three observations about MS, a life history approach leads us to hypothesize that MS arises in humans from disruption of the normal homeostatic mechanisms of myelin production and maintenance, during our uniquely long myelination period. This review will highlight under-explored areas of homeostasis in brain development, that are likely to shed new light on the origins of MS and to raise further questions about the interactions between our ancestral genes and modern environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Nataf S. Autoimmunity as a Driving Force of Cognitive Evolution. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:582. [PMID: 29123465 PMCID: PMC5662758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, increasingly robust experimental approaches have formally demonstrated that autoimmunity is a physiological process involved in a large range of functions including cognition. On this basis, the recently enunciated “brain superautoantigens” theory proposes that autoimmunity has been a driving force of cognitive evolution. It is notably suggested that the immune and nervous systems have somehow co-evolved and exerted a mutual selection pressure benefiting to both systems. In this two-way process, the evolutionary-determined emergence of neurons expressing specific immunogenic antigens (brain superautoantigens) has exerted a selection pressure on immune genes shaping the T-cell repertoire. Such a selection pressure on immune genes has translated into the emergence of a finely tuned autoimmune T-cell repertoire that promotes cognition. In another hand, the evolutionary-determined emergence of brain-autoreactive T-cells has exerted a selection pressure on neural genes coding for brain superautoantigens. Such a selection pressure has translated into the emergence of a neural repertoire (defined here as the whole of neurons, synapses and non-neuronal cells involved in cognitive functions) expressing brain superautoantigens. Overall, the brain superautoantigens theory suggests that cognitive evolution might have been primarily driven by internal cues rather than external environmental conditions. Importantly, while providing a unique molecular connection between neural and T-cell repertoires under physiological conditions, brain superautoantigens may also constitute an Achilles heel responsible for the particular susceptibility of Homo sapiens to “neuroimmune co-pathologies” i.e., disorders affecting both neural and T-cell repertoires. These may notably include paraneoplastic syndromes, multiple sclerosis as well as autism, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of this theoretical frame, a specific emphasis is given here to the potential evolutionary role exerted by two families of genes, namely the MHC class II genes, involved in antigen presentation to T-cells, and the Foxp genes, which play crucial roles in language (Foxp2) and the regulation of autoimmunity (Foxp3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nataf
- CarMeN Laboratory, Bank of Tissues and Cells, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1060, INRA 1397, INSA Lyon, Lyon University Hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon, France
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14
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't Hart BA, Dunham J, Faber BW, Laman JD, van Horssen J, Bauer J, Kap YS. A B Cell-Driven Autoimmune Pathway Leading to Pathological Hallmarks of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 28744286 PMCID: PMC5504154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of pathological hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in commonly used rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) hinders the development of adequate treatments for progressive disease. Work reviewed here shows that such hallmarks are present in the EAE model in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). The minimal requirement for induction of progressive MS pathology is immunization with a synthetic peptide representing residues 34–56 from human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) formulated with a mineral oil [incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)]. Pathological aspects include demyelination of cortical gray matter with microglia activation, oxidative stress, and redistribution of iron. When the peptide is formulated in complete Freund’s adjuvant, which contains mycobacteria that relay strong activation signals to myeloid cells, oxidative damage pathways are strongly boosted leading to more intensive pathology. The proven absence of immune potentiating danger signals in the MOG34–56/IFA formulation implies that a narrow population of antigen-experienced T cells present in the monkey’s immune repertoire is activated. This novel pathway involves the interplay of lymphocryptovirus-infected B cells with MHC class Ib/Caja-E restricted CD8+ CD56+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands.,MS Center Noord-Nederland, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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15
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Stimmer L, Fovet CM, Serguera C. Experimental Models of Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases in Nonhuman Primates. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:27-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDD) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune inflammatory and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). These include multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic IIDD, but also rarer disorders such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Great efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of MS, leading to the development of a few effective treatments. Nonetheless, IIDD still require a better understanding of the causes and underlying mechanisms to implement more effective therapies and diagnostic methods. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model to study the pathophysiology of IIDD. EAE is principally induced through immunization with myelin antigens combined with immune-activating adjuvants. Nonhuman primates (NHP), the phylogenetically closest relatives of humans, challenged by similar microorganisms as other primates may recapitulate comparable immune responses to that of humans. In this review, the authors describe EAE models in 3 NHP species: rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis), and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus), evaluating their respective contribution to the understanding of human IIDD. EAE in NHP is a heterogeneous disease, including acute monophasic and chronic polyphasic forms. This diversity makes it a versatile model to use in translational research. This clinical variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of immune-mediated mechanisms of neuro-inflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. Here, the authors review current insights into the pathogenesis and immunopathological mechanisms implicated in the development of EAE in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- U1169/US27 Platform for experimental pathology, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- U1169/US27 Platform for general surgery, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ché Serguera
- US27, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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16
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't Hart BA, Dunham J, Jagessar SA, Kap YS. The common marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>): a relevant preclinical model of human (auto)immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the brain. Primate Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-3-9-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The increasing prevalence of chronic autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (AIMIDs) in aging human populations creates a high unmet need for safe and effective medications. However, thus far the translation of pathogenic concepts developed in animal models into effective treatments for the patient has been notoriously difficult. The main reason is that currently used mouse-based animal models for the pipeline selection of promising new treatments were insufficiently predictive for clinical success. Regarding the high immunological similarity between human and non-human primates (NHPs), AIMID models in NHPs can help to bridge the translational gap between rodent and man. Here we will review the preclinical relevance of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a small-bodied neotropical primate. EAE is a generic AIMID model projected on the human autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS).
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17
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't Hart BA, Weissert R. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein has a dual role in T cell autoimmunity against central nervous system myelin. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2016; 2:2055217316630999. [PMID: 28607715 PMCID: PMC5433322 DOI: 10.1177/2055217316630999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a candidate primary target of the autoimmune attack on the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the physiological function of MOG has been unclear for a long time. Objective We propose that MOG has a central role in the regulation of tolerance and autoimmunity. Conclusion The interaction of MOG with DC-SIGN, an innate antigen receptor of myeloid antigen-presenting cells (m-APCs), present inside the CNS (microglia) or in draining lymph nodes (dendritic cells; DCs), keeps these cells in an immature/tolerogenic state. We postulate that this tolerogenic mechanism may be disturbed in MS by unknown factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, The Netherlands
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