1
|
Hayashi H, Sun J, Yanagida Y, Otera T, Kubota-Koketsu R, Shioda T, Ono C, Matsuura Y, Arase H, Yoshida S, Nakamaru R, Ju N, Ide R, Tenma A, Kawabata S, Ehara T, Sakaguchi M, Tomioka H, Shimamura M, Okamoto S, Amaishi Y, Chono H, Mineno J, Komatsuno T, Saito Y, Rakugi H, Morishita R, Nakagami H. Preclinical study of a DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. Curr Res Transl Med 2022; 70:103348. [PMID: 35489099 PMCID: PMC9020527 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To fight against the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the development of an effective and safe vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is required. As potential pandemic vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines and protein-based vaccines have been rapidly developed to prevent pandemic spread worldwide. In this study, we designed plasmid DNA vaccine targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S protein) as pandemic vaccine, and the humoral, cellular, and functional immune responses were characterized to support proceeding to initial human clinical trials. After intramuscular injection of DNA vaccine encoding S protein with alum adjuvant (three times at 2-week intervals), the humoral immunoreaction, as assessed by anti-S protein or anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers, and the cellular immunoreaction, as assessed by antigen-induced IFNγ expression, were up-regulated. In IgG subclass analysis, IgG2b was induced as the main subclass. Based on these analyses, DNA vaccine with alum adjuvant preferentially induced Th1-type T cell polarization. We confirmed the neutralizing action of DNA vaccine-induced antibodies by a binding assay of RBD recombinant protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and neutralization assays using pseudo-virus, and live SARS-CoV-2. Further B cell epitope mapping analysis using a peptide array showed that most vaccine-induced antibodies recognized the S2 and RBD subunits. Finally, DNA vaccine protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, DNA vaccine targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 might be an effective and safe approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuka Yanagida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takako Otera
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Anges Inc, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamaru
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nan Ju
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Lead contact, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jinno M, Isomura M, Sato N, Torii Y, Yoshida W, Sugita Y, Kubo K, Maeda H. Enhancement of DNA Vaccine Potency Against Hamster Oral Papillomavirus-Associated Oral Cancer by Electroporation in vivo. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.26.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Jinno
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Madoka Isomura
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasuyoshi Torii
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Waka Yoshida
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Katsutoshi Kubo
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gnagi SH, Gnagi FT, Schraff SA, Hinni ML. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Counseling in Pediatric Training. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:87-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816639932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Demonstrate the need for increased education regarding otolaryngology-related manifestations of human papillomavirus (HPV). Highlight a need to incorporate otolaryngology-related manifestations of HPV in vaccine counseling. Study Design Survey. Setting Tertiary care academic children’s hospital. Subjects Pediatric residents, fellows, and staff. Methods An online survey was made available regarding HPV education and vaccination. Results Participants (N = 348) initiated the survey representing 28.4%, 25.6%, and 19.0% postgraduate year 1, 2, and 3 residents, respectively, as well as 17.5% chief residents/fellows and 9.5% attendings. Participants rated their prior education as none or fair regarding recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (63.8%) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (68.3%). In contrast, 60.6% and 70.9% rated their education on genital warts and cervical cancer correspondingly as good or excellent. When asked what was routinely discussed during HPV vaccine counseling, 63.3% reported “never” discussing recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and 52.9% “never” discussing oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A range from 92.7% to 95.5% responded that there was a need for increased education regarding HPV and its role in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions Increased education about HPV and its otolaryngology-related manifestations should be undertaken to increase provider, patient, and parent awareness of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. We propose that discussing the risks of otolaryngology-related disease be routinely included in HPV vaccination counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon H. Gnagi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Scott A. Schraff
- Department of Otolaryngology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael L. Hinni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doorbar J. Model systems of human papillomavirus-associated disease. J Pathol 2015; 238:166-79. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Immune status, strain background, and anatomic site of inoculation affect mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) induction of exophytic papillomas or endophytic trichoblastomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113582. [PMID: 25474466 PMCID: PMC4256377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) induce papillomas, premalignant lesions, and carcinomas in a wide variety of species. PVs are classified first based on their host and tissue tropism and then their genomic diversities. A laboratory mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1 (formerly MusPV), was horizontally transmitted within an inbred colony of NMRI-Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1nu (nude; T cell deficient) mice of an unknown period of time. A ground-up, filtered papilloma inoculum was not capable of infecting C57BL/6J wild-type mice; however, immunocompetent, alopecic, S/RV/Cri-ba/ba (bare) mice developed small papillomas at injection sites that regressed. NMRI-Foxn1(nu) and B6.Cg-Foxn1(nu), but not NU/J-Foxn1(nu), mice were susceptible to MmuPV1 infection. B6 congenic strains, but not other congenic strains carrying the same allelic mutations, lacking B- and T-cells, but not B-cells alone, were susceptible to infection, indicating that mouse strain and T-cell deficiency are critical to tumor formation. Lesions initially observed were exophytic papillomas around the muzzle, exophytic papillomas on the tail, and condylomas of the vaginal lining which could be induced by separate scarification or simultaneous scarification of MmuPV1 at all four sites. On the dorsal skin, locally invasive, poorly differentiated tumors developed with features similar to human trichoblastomas. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences between the normal skin in these anatomic sites and in papillomas versus trichoblastomas. The primarily dysregulated genes involved molecular pathways associated with cancer, cellular development, cellular growth and proliferation, cell morphology, and connective tissue development and function. Although trichoepitheliomas are benign, aggressive tumors, few of the genes commonly associated with basal cell carcinoma or squamous cells carcinoma were highly dysregulated.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer, the third most common cancer in women. The development of prophylactic HPV vaccines Gardasil® and Cervarix® targeting the major oncogenic HPV types is now the frontline of cervical cancer prevention. Both vaccines have been proven to be highly effective and safe although there are still open questions about their target population, cross-protection, and long-term efficacy. The main limitation for a worldwide implementation of Gardasil® and Cervarix® is their high cost. To develop more affordable vaccines research groups are concentrated in new formulations with different antigens including capsomeres, the minor capsid protein L2 and DNA. In this article we describe the vaccines' impact on HPV-associated disease, the main open questions about the marketed vaccines, and current efforts for the development of second-generation vaccines.
Collapse
|
7
|
Psyrri A, Burtness B. Viruses in head and neck cancers: prevention and therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:1365-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.9.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
8
|
Prevalence of human papillomavirus in saliva and cervix of sexually active women. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:395-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Psyrri A, Sasaki C, Vassilakopoulou M, Dimitriadis G, Rampias T. Future directions in research, treatment and prevention of HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6 Suppl 1:S121-8. [PMID: 22782231 PMCID: PMC3394158 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causative relationship between high-risk HPV and OSCC is well-established. HPV-associated OSCC represents a distinct disease entity compared to tobacco-associated ones. These virus-associated cancers continuously express the HPV E6 and E7 viral oncogenes even in advanced stages, and repression of viral oncogene expression can prevent the growth or survival of cancer cells. This finding raises the possibility that even late-stage HPV-associated OSCC can be cured by HPV-targeted approaches, such as medicines that interfere with the expression or function of viral oncoproteins, and therapeutic vaccines that elicit a cytolytic immune response to cells expressing these oncoproteins. The demonstration that high-risk HPVs are causally associated with a subset of OSCC has allowed the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease. The better outcome of HPV-associated OSCC raises the question as to whether similar results can be achieved with less treatment. An important aim of novel approaches for favorable-prognosis, HPV-associated cancers will be minimization of devastating side effects of intensified treatment developed for poor prognostic subsets. Clinical trials are studying the potential for de-escalation of radiation therapy in HPV + OSCC in the setting of different chemoradiotherapy regimens. The role of cetuximab in HPV-associated OSCC needs to be explored in prospective clinical trials. This review summarizes the main events of HPV-induced carcinogenesis with an emphasis on the implications of these carcinogenic mechanisms on research, treatment and prevention of HPV-associated OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Psyrri
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece ,Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Clarence Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Maria Vassilakopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - George Dimitriadis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Psyrri A, Cohen E. Oropharyngeal cancer: clinical implications of the HPV connection. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:997-999. [PMID: 21521724 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Psyrri
- Department of Medicine, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - E Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Chen SF, Yu FS, Chang YC, Fu E, Nieh S, Lin YS. Role of human papillomavirus infection in carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma with evidences of prognostic association. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:9-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Human papillomavirus-related head and neck tumors: clinical and research implication. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21:201-5. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328329ab64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
14
|
Kuo KT, Hsiao CH, Lin CH, Kuo LT, Huang SH, Lin MC. The biomarkers of human papillomavirus infection in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma-molecular basis and predicting favorable outcome. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:376-86. [PMID: 18223558 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in variable proportions in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma tissues has been demonstrated by several worldwide studies. Some reports emphasized the significance of HPV in predicting a better prognosis, as well as ethnic differences between Chinese and Caucasians. In order to understand the biological role of HPV and find out clinically accessible methods to determine its prognostic significance in primary tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma, we collected 92 patients with primary tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed or treated in National Taiwan University Hospital, for whom archival tumor tissue were available. Immunohistochemical stains of p16(INK4A), high-risk HPV in situ hybridization, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genechips were performed to detect HPV infection and determine its genotype. Clinical data were compared with HPV infection detected by the different methods mentioned above. Real-time PCR was also performed on the HPV16-positive [HPV16(+)] lesions to understand viral integration status. The positive rates of nested PCR-based genechips, overexpression of p16(INK4A), and high-risk HPV in situ hybridization were 75% (69/92), 53% (49/92), and 44% (40/92), respectively. Both overexpression of P16(INK4A) and high-risk HPV in situ hybridization positivity were associated with favorable prognoses (P=0.004 and 0.001, respectively) and also independent prognostic factors in multivariate analyses (P=0.01 and 0.01, respectively). The positivity of nested PCR-based genechips was not statistically significant. From our data, primary tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma with positive immunohistochemical stains of p16(INK4A) and/or high-risk HPV in situ hybridization is associated with a better outcome, and both methods may serve as clinically accessible markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Badaracco G, Venuti A. Human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccines in head and neck tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 7:753-66. [PMID: 17492938 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.5.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer represents one of the most challenging diseases as the mortality remains high despite advances in early diagnosis and treatment. Human papillomavirus has been implicated in a third of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and human papillomavirus type 16 is strongly associated with carcinomas arising from the oropharynx, the tonsil being the preferred infected site. Novel therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy are currently under investigation. Immune vaccines developed against human papillomavirus in the genital area are already available and could simultaneously protect other anatomical localizations; however, prophylactic vaccines are expected to be effective in reducing the incidence of tumors after many years and, therefore, there is an urgent need to improve therapeutic interventions, such as immunotherapy. To date, human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccines are either at the preclinical level or at early phase human trials for genital pathologies. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that the enhancement of specific and innate immune responses is effective in clearance of the human papillomavirus infection, promoting a cautious optimism regarding the achievement of an efficacious immunotherapy. This article reviews what has been achieved and what remains to be done in the field for the development of future viral vaccines in head and neck tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Badaracco
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:523-34. [PMID: 17258495 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral cancer remains high and is associated with many deaths in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are now well known, including smoking, drinking and consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Genetic predisposition to oral cancer has been found in certain cases but its components are not yet entirely clear. In accordance with the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis, the natural history of oral cancer seems to gradually evolve through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. A number of genomic lesions accompany this transformation and a wealth of related results has appeared in recent literature and is being summarized here. Furthermore, several key genes have been implicated, especially well-known tumor suppressors like the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, TP53 and RB1 and oncogenes like the cyclin family, EGFR and ras. Viral infections, particularly with oncogenic HPV subtypes and EBV, can have a tumorigenic effect on oral epithelia and their role is discussed, along with potential therapeutic interventions. A brief explanatory theoretical model of oral carcinogenesis is provided and potential avenues for further research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Tsantoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str., Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), particularly those that arise from the lingual and palatine tonsils within the oropharynx. High-risk HPV16 is identified in the overwhelming majority of HPV-positive tumors, which have molecular-genetic alterations indicative of viral oncogene function. Measures of HPV exposure, including sexual behaviors, seropositivity to HPV16, and oral, high-risk HPV infection, are associated with increased risk for oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection may be altering the demographics of HNSCC patients, as these patients tend to be younger, nonsmokers, and nondrinkers. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that a diagnosis of HPV-positive HNSCC has significant prognostic implications; these patients have at least half the risk of death from HNSCC when compared with the HPV-negative patient. The HPV etiology of these tumors may have future clinical implications for the diagnosis, therapy, screening, and prevention of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fakhry
- Department of Viral Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|