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Zhang J, Li Y, Chen J, Huang T, Lin J, Pi Y, Hao H, Wang D, Liang X, Fu S, Yu J. TOB1 modulates neutrophil phenotypes to influence gastric cancer progression and immunotherapy efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369087. [PMID: 38617839 PMCID: PMC11010640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ErbB-2.1(TOB1) signaling transducer protein is a tumor-suppressive protein that actively suppresses the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer cells. Yet, TOB1 negatively regulates the activation and growth of different immune cells. Understanding the expression and role of TOB1 in the gastric cancer immune environment is crucial to maximize its potential in targeted immunotherapy. Methods This study employed multiplex immunofluorescence analysis to precisely delineate and quantify the expression of TOB1 in immune cells within gastric cancer tissue microarrays. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to assess the influence of clinical-pathological parameters, immune cells, TOB1, and double-positive cells on the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Subsequent experiments included co-culture assays of si-TOB1-transfected neutrophils with AGS or HGC-27 cells, along with EdU, invasion, migration assays, and bioinformatics analyses, aimed at elucidating the mechanisms through which TOB1 in neutrophils impacts the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Results We remarkably revealed that TOB1 exhibits varying expression levels in both the nucleus (nTOB1) and cytoplasm (cTOB1) of diverse immune cell populations, including CD8+ T cells, CD66b+ neutrophils, FOXP3+ Tregs, CD20+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD68+ macrophages within gastric cancer and paracancerous tissues. Significantly, TOB1 was notably concentrated in CD66b+ neutrophils. Survival analysis showed that a higher density of cTOB1/nTOB1+CD66b+ neutrophils was linked to a better prognosis. Subsequent experiments revealed that, following stimulation with the supernatant of tumor tissue culture, the levels of TOB1 protein and mRNA in neutrophils decreased, accompanied by enhanced apoptosis. HL-60 cells were successfully induced to neutrophil-like cells by DMSO. Neutrophils-like cells with attenuated TOB1 gene expression by si-TOB1 demonstrated heightened apoptosis, consequently fostering a malignant phenotype in AGS and HCG-27 cells upon co-cultivation. The subsequent analysis of the datasets from TCGA and TIMER2 revealed that patients with high levels of TOB1 combined neutrophils showed better immunotherapy response. Discussion This study significantly advances our comprehension of TOB1's role within the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer, offering promising therapeutic targets for immunotherapy in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongtong Huang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yilin Pi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huiting Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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Wang D, Hao S, He H, Zhang J, You G, Wu X, Zhang R, Meng X, Cui X, Bai J, Fu S, Yu J. Contribution of PGAP3 co-amplified and co-overexpressed with ERBB2 at 17q12 involved poor prognosis in gastric cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2424-2436. [PMID: 37386793 PMCID: PMC10424286 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus at 17q12 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) has been heavily amplificated and overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC), but it remains to be elucidated about the clinical significance of the co-amplification and co-overexpression of PGAP3 gene located around ERBB2 in GC. The profile of PGAP3 and ERBB2 in four GC cell lines and tissue microarrays containing 418 primary GC tissues was assessed to investigate the co-overexpression and clinical significance of the co-amplified genes, and to evaluate the impact of the co-amplified genes on the malignancy of GC. Co-amplification of PGAP3 and ERBB2 accompanied with co-overexpression was observed in a haploid chromosome 17 of NCI-N87 cells with double minutes (DMs). PGAP3 and ERBB2 were overexpressed and positively correlated in 418 GC patients. Co-overexpression of the PGAP3 and ERBB2 was correlated with T stage, TNM stage, tumour size, intestinal histological type and poor survival proportion in 141 GC patients. In vitro, knockdown of the endogenous PGAP3 or ERBB2 decreased cell proliferation and invasion, increased G1 phase accumulation and induced apoptosis in NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined silencing of PGAP3 and ERBB2 showed an additive effect on resisting proliferation of NCI-N87 cells compared with targeting ERBB2 or PGAP3 alone. Taken together, the co-overexpression of PGAP3 and ERBB2 may be crucial due to its significant correlation with clinicopathological factors of GC. Haploid gain of PGAP3 co-amplified with ERBB2 is sufficient to facilitate the malignancy and progression of GC cells in a synergistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Siyu Hao
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Hongjie He
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Ge You
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xin Wu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research CentreThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University)Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
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The Overexpression of TOB1 Induces Autophagy in Gastric Cancer Cells by Secreting Exosomes. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7925097. [PMID: 35465266 PMCID: PMC9019440 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7925097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously confirmed that transducer of ERBB2, 1 (TOB1) gene, can induce autophagy in gastric cancer cells. Studies have shown the biogenesis of exosomes overlaps with different autophagy processes, which helps to maintain the self-renewal and homeostasis of body cells. This study is aimed at verifying whether overexpressing TOB1 induces autophagy by secreting exosomes in gastric cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms. Differential ultracentrifugation was used to extracted the exosomes from the culture medium of gastric cancer cell line AGS-TOB1 ectopically overexpressing TOB1 (exo-AGS-TOB1, experimental group) and AGS-empty-vector cell line with low expression of endogenous TOB1 (exo-AGS-Vector, control group). Exosomal markers CD9 and TSG101 were determined in both the cell supernatants of exo-AGS-TOB1 and exo-AGS-Vector by Western blot. Under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the exosomes were round and saucer-like vesicles with double-layer membrane structure, and the vesicles showed different translucency due to different contents. The peak size of exosomes detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was about 100 nm. When the exosomes of exo-AGS-TOB1 and exo-AGS-Vector were cocultured with TOB1 knockdown gastric cancer cell line HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 for 48 hours, the conversion of autophagy-related protein LC3-I to LC3-II in HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 gastric cancer cells cocultured with exo-AGS-TOB1 was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was statistically different (P < 0.05). More autophagosomes in HGC-27-TOB1-6E12 cells cocultured with exo-AGS-TOB1 for 48 hours were observed under TEM, while fewer autophagosomes were found in the control group. Lastly, miRNAs were differentially expressed by cell supernatant-exosomal whole transcriptome sequencing. Thus, our results provide new insights into TOB1-induced autophagy in gastric cancer.
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Wang D, Li Y, Sui S, Cai M, Dong K, Wang P, Liang X, Fu S, Yu J. Involvement of TOB1 on autophagy in gastric cancer AGS cells via decreasing the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12904. [PMID: 35186488 PMCID: PMC8820212 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified the tumor suppressor gene TOB1 as related to gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore whether TOB1 induces autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in gastric cancer. METHODS Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of TOB1, LC3, AKT, mTOR, phosphorylated (p) AKT, and p-mTOR. A double fluorescent GFP-RFP-LC3 fusion protein was used to trace autophagy by laser confocal microscopy. Autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were significantly increased in AGS cells overexpressing TOB1 compared with control cells. Fluorescence imaging showed LC3 puncta at 48 h, and these puncta increased significantly at 72 h after TOB1 transfection compared with control tumor cells. The presence of autophagosomes in AGS cells was observed at 72 h after TOB1 transfection by transmission electron microscopy, and no autophagosomes were found in the control cells. Moreover, the levels of p-AKT and p -mTOR were lower in AGS cells than in control cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insight that TOB1 might suppress gastric cancer by inducing autophagy, possibly through decreasing phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuning Sui
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengdi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Yu L, Li Y, Wang H, Wang D, Hao H, Zhang D, Liang X, Cai M, Guan R, Bai J, Yu J. The functional variant in promoter of OVCA1 was associated with the risk of gastric cancer in the northeast Chinese Han population. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 230:153755. [PMID: 34990869 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously found allelic deletions on chromosomes 17 in primary gastric cancers (GC) using microsatellite markers for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). OVCA1 lies in one of these regions (17q21.33). The association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of OVCA1 gene and risk of gastric cancer is not yet clear. In this study, the peripheral blood of 505 gastric cancer patients and 544 healthy controls were genotyped for six SNPs (rs2273981, rs1131600, rs3752963, rs3803806, rs2236375, and rs1051322) of OVCA1, to evaluate the association of these SNPs with the risk of gastric cancer in the Han population in northeast China. The effect of rs2273981 located in the promoter region of OVCA1 on the transcription activity was determined using dual luciferase reporter assay. We found that the association between the AA + AG genotype of rs2273981 and the risk of gastric cancer was significant in smokers (AA + AG vs. GG, OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.04 - 5.87, P < 0.05). Stratified analysis of the clinicopathological parameters revealed that rs1131600 AG + GG genotype were significantly associated with increased gastric tumor volume (AG + GG vs. AA, OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.00 - 3.29, P < 0.05). The rs2236375 CT + TT genotype was also significantly associated with increased gastric tumor volume (CT + TT vs. CC, OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.38 - 5.10, P < 0.05). Additionally, by interacting with the transcription factor AP2A, the GG genotype the rs2273981 increased the transcription activity of OVCA1 compared with AA genotype, thus involved in gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huiting Hao
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - DongWei Zhang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Mengdi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rongwei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China.
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Decreased expression levels of DAL-1 and TOB1 are associated with clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152403. [PMID: 30962003 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously demonstrated that the functional inactivation of DAL-1 and TOB1 promotes an aggressive phenotype in gastric cancer cells, but the links between both genes and the survival of patients with gastric cancer are unknown. Here, we investigated the correlations of the expression levels of DAL-1 and TOB1 with the progression of gastric cancer. METHODS A total of 270 patients who underwent resectable gastrectomy were included. The expression of DAL-1 and TOB1 was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Low expression of DAL-1 in cancer tissue was significantly associated with tumor site (p < 0.05), histological grade (p < 0.01), depth of invasion (p < 0.05), lymph node metastasis status (p < 0.05), Lauren classification (p < 0.001), and clinical stage (p < 0.01). A lower level of TOB1 was observed in gastric cancer patients with diffuse type disease compared to patients with either intestinal or mixed type disease (p < 0.001). Additionally, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that decreased expression of DAL-1 was positively correlated with low TOB1 expression (r=0.304, p < 0.001). The survival analysis showed that low levels of DAL-1 and TOB1 were significantly associated with poor survival of gastric cancer patients (p <0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION The downregulation of DAL-1 and TOB1 expression is associated with shorter survival of gastric cancer patients. Hence, DAL-1 and TOB1 may be considered potential novel markers for predicting the outcomes of patients with gastric cancer.
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Wang H, Hao H, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Yu J. Association between the SNPs of the TOB1 gene and gastric cancer risk in the Chinese Han population of northeast China. J Cancer 2018; 9:1371-1378. [PMID: 29721046 PMCID: PMC5929081 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The TOB1 (ErbB-2,1) gene is an anti-proliferative factor that has the potential to regulate cell growth and encodes a member of the transducer of erbB-2/B-cell translocation gene protein. The association between the polymorphisms of the TOB1 gene and gastric cancer (GC) risk is still unclear. In this study, 506 GC cases and 548 healthy controls (HCs) were collected to evaluate the association between the eleven SNPs (rs35220381, rs12950561, rs7221352, rs61482741, rs9303568, rs34700818, rs12949115, rs9903822, rs12601477, rs11656976 and rs4626) of the TOB1 gene and GC risk in the population of northeast China. The results showed that there were significant associations of haplotype GCCTTGC, haplotype ATCTTGG, and haplotype GCCACGC with GC risk (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, and P <0.001, respectively). The association between rs12601477 GA+AA genotypes and GC risk was significant among individuals older than 58 (adjusted OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.05-2.22, P< 0.05). The association between rs4626 AG+GG genotypes and GC risk was significant among individuals older than 58 (adjusted OR=1.54, 95% CI = 1.03-2.28, P<0.05). The rs34700818 CT+TT genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of T3-T4 (CT+TT vs CC, adjusted OR=1.71, 95% CI= 1.01-2.88, P<0.05) and TNM stage II (CT+TT vs CC, adjusted OR=2.40, 95% CI =1.27-4.52, P<0.01). The rs61482741 CG+GG genotypes were also associated with a significantly increased risk of T3-T4 (CG+GG vs CC, adjusted OR=1.71, 95% CI = 1.01-2.88, P<0.05) and TNM stage II (CG+GG vs CC, adjusted OR=2.40, 95% CI=1.27-4.52, P<0.01). The results suggest that four SNPs (rs12601477, rs4626, rs34700818 and rs61482741) of the TOB1 gene play an important role in the occurrence and development of GC in the Chinese Han population of northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huiting Hao
- Scientific Research Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,The clinical laboratory, the Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Haonan Guo
- Scientific Research Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lidan Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Decreased TOB1 expression and increased phosphorylation of nuclear TOB1 promotes gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75243-75253. [PMID: 29088861 PMCID: PMC5650416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TOB1, a member of the BTG/TOB protein family, inhibits tumor cell proliferation. We previously observed down-regulation and phosphorylation of TOB1 in gastric cancer (GC). Here, we examined the subcellular distribution and clinical significance of TOB1 expression and phosphorylation in GC. Immunohistochemical analysis of 341 primary GC and corresponding normal gastric tissue samples demonstrated that nuclear TOB1 expression was lower in GC than normal tissue (80.4% vs. 92.4%), and decreased nuclear TOB1 expression correlated with high TNM stage. By contrast, phosphorylation of nuclear TOB1 was higher in GC than normal gastric tissue (66.0% vs. 36.4%), and was associated with poorly differentiated and high TNM stage tumors. Patients with intestinal type GC and increased nuclear TOB1 phosphorylation had poor overall survival. Multivariate survival analysis indicated the nuclear concentration of phosphorylated TOB1 was an independent prognostic factor for intestinal type GC. Overexpression of TOB1 containing mutations in its nuclear export signal inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion compared to cells expressing TOB1 with the nuclear localization signal. Thus, decreased TOB1 expression and increased phosphorylation of nuclear TOB1 is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis in intestinal type GC. Additionally, TOB1 nuclear retention is critical for its anti-proliferative activity.
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Yu J, Liu P, Cui X, Sui Y, Ji G, Guan R, Sun D, Ji W, Liu F, Liu A, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Jin Y, Bai J, Geng J, Xue Y, Qi J, Lee KY, Fu S. Identification of novel subregions of LOH in gastric cancer and analysis of the HIC1 and TOB1 tumor suppressor genes in these subregions. Mol Cells 2011; 32:47-55. [PMID: 21533545 PMCID: PMC3855460 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified 3 overlapping regions showing loss of heterozygosity (LOH, R(1)-R(3) from 11 to 30 cM) on chromosome 17 in 45 primary gastric cancers (GCs). The data indicated the presence of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) on chromosome 17 involved in GC. Among the putative TSGs in these regions, HIC1 (in SR(1)) and TOB1 (in SR(3)) remain to be examined in GC. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and western blot, we evaluated the expression and regulation status for HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC. We narrowed down the deletion intervals on chromosome 17 and defined five smaller LOH subregions, SR(1)-SR(5) (0.54 to 3.42 cM), in GC. We found that HIC1 had downregulated expression in 86% (91/106) and was methylated in 87% (26/30) of primary GCs. Of the primary GCs showing downregulation of HIC1 protein, 75% (18/24) had methylated HIC1 gene. TOB1 was either absent or expressed at reduced levels in 75% (73/97) of the GC samples. In addition, a general reduction was found in total and the ratio of unphosphorylated to phosphorylated TOB1 protein levels in the differentiated GC cell lines. Further analysis revealed significant simultaneous downregulation of both HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC tissue microarray samples (67%, 52/78) and in primary GCs (65%, 11/17). These results indicate that silencing of HIC1 and TOB1 expression is a common occurrence in GC and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcui Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Sui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rongwei Guan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fangli Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - An Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiping Qi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Carey TE. Galanin receptor subtypes 1 and 2 as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:289-302. [PMID: 20148716 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003598922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite advances in the therapeutic approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at some sites, no substantial improvement in treatment efficacy and survival has occurred over the past several decades. Recent application of molecular biology has focused on the importance of galanin and its receptors as potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to examine galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) and galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) as HNSCC therapeutic targets and explore opportunities and strategies for making use of GALR1 and GALR2 signaling. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides recent data about galanin receptor signaling and function in various cell types, especially HNSCC. Signaling through GALR1 induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses proliferation in HNSCC. Similar to GALR1, GALR2 not only induces cell cycle arrest but also apoptosis, which was not observed with GALR1. TAKE HOME MESSAGES GALR1 and GALR2 act as tumor suppressors in HNSCC, in a p53-independent manner. The current data suggest that GALR1 and GALR2 are potentially significant therapeutic targets and prognostic factors in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- The University of Michigan, Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA
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