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Wouk K, Piggott J, Towner Wright S, Palmquist AE, Knittel A. Lactation Support for People Who Are Incarcerated: A Systematic Review. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:891-925. [PMID: 36301257 PMCID: PMC9700340 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2022.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Lactation support, defined here as the access to educational resources, supplies, mental health and psychosocial support, skilled lactation counseling, and peer support, has been identified as critical to optimal health outcomes for birthing parents and infants. People who give birth while incarcerated are likely to receive suboptimal lactation support. The purpose of this review is to explore the literature on lactation support for incarcerated people to identify existing programs and policies, gaps in lactation support and ways to address the gaps, and incarcerated people's perspectives on breastfeeding and lactation support. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature to identify studies that addressed two main concepts: (1) breastfeeding and (2) incarcerated populations in the United States. Results: After meeting the eligibility criteria, 29 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis of the findings. Studies highlight the importance of supporting birthing people who want to provide milk to their infants in a way that is desired, psychologically safe, and structurally supported. Programs are needed to delay or prevent parent-infant separation after birth, provide education around breastfeeding misconceptions, and link to resources and ongoing support for both breastfeeding and milk expression. Implementation of breastfeeding programs may be most effectively undertaken with clear policies and dedicated leadership either internally or through community or health care partnerships. Discussion: This review highlights the policies and practices that hinder adequate lactation support for birthing parent-infant dyads who are incarcerated and describes feasible policies, education, and clinical support that can be used to improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wouk
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jaslyn Piggott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sarah Towner Wright
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aunchalee E.L. Palmquist
- Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Wilson SH, Marsh LN, Zielinski M, Corbett A, Siegler A, Shlafer R. Enhanced Perinatal Programs for People in Prisons: A Summary of Six States' Programs. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 83:101965. [PMID: 37441170 PMCID: PMC10338033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine enhanced perinatal support programs for pregnant and postpartum people in six state prisons, describe the service components offered by each program, and discuss similarities and differences of services offered between programs. Methods In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each program's site lead(s) in order to collect information regarding each program's historical context, conception, and key aspects of the implementation of service components offered at each site. Results Program components fell into five broad categories: group-based education and support, one-on-one support, labor and birth support, lactation facilitation and support, and other support services. Results highlight similarities and differences within and across programs and common themes that govern program success. Conclusions This study provides an initial understanding of the variation in enhanced perinatal programming in six state prisons and offers insights for other states interested in establishing these types of programs. These programs implemented individual components piecemeal to fit site-specific context and needs, instead of adopting the entirety of another program model. Programs' success was largely dependent upon collaboration between program facilitators and partnering prison sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - L. Noël Marsh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Amanda Corbett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne Siegler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Kirubarajan A, Tsang J, Dong S, Hui J, Sreeram P, Mohmand Z, Leung S, Ceccacci A, Sobel M. Pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration: A qualitative systematic review of lived experiences. BJOG 2022; 129:1460-1472. [PMID: 35274810 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated individuals who experience pregnancy or childbirth in correctional facilities face unique considerations for obstetric care and consequently are at greater risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVES To characterise patient experiences regarding pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration via qualitative synthesis. SEARCH STRATEGY Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Social Work Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycInfo were systematically searched from inception to 24 December 2020. Supplementary searches were performed using the Scopus database. SELECTION CRITERIA Only original, peer-reviewed literature was examined. Eligible studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. RESULTS After screening 4173 original database citations, 24 studies that met inclusion criteria were included and analysed via thematic analysis. The 24 studies included perspectives from 645 female patients who had experienced incarceration, 69 healthcare providers and 70 prison staff. Key patient-reported concerns for the well-being of pregnant individuals during incarceration included mental health challenges, dehumanisation of prenatal care and delivery, lack of privacy, stigma, psychological trauma, lack of emotional support and shackle usage during pregnancy and/or labour. The studies reported a lack of support for patients to access female correctional officers or guards, privacy during intimate examinations, timely medical care and support for breastfeeding. Above all, the psychological trauma of separation from one's newborn after birth was of utmost devastation. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review highlights the dire need for accountability and interventions to improve pregnancy and childbirth care for incarcerated individuals. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT This systematic review describes lived experiences of pregnancy & childbirth during incarceration, including dehumanisation, psychological trauma, and use of shackles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kirubarajan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jackie Tsang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Dong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeanette Hui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Padmaja Sreeram
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuhal Mohmand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Leung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mara Sobel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lived experiences of pregnancy and prison through a reproductive justice lens: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Soc Sci Med 2022; 307:115179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Abbott L, Scott T, Thomas H. Compulsory separation of women prisoners from their babies following childbirth: Uncertainty, loss and disenfranchised grief. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021. [PMID: 34957583 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to show increased mental ill health in women compulsorily separated from their babies at birth (Cantwell et al., MBRRACE-UK, 2018:56). For imprisoned women, the risk of self-harm and suicide may be exacerbated. This article draws on in-depth interviews with a sample of 28 imprisoned pregnant women/new mothers, 10 prison staff and observations to discuss the experience of separation from or anticipation of separation of women from their babies. Oakley (Signs, 4:607-631, 1980) reflected on the transition to motherhood with reference to the sociology of loss of identity. Women who have been compulsorily separated from their babies experience subjugated loss out of place with societal norms. The experiences of compulsory separation, in relation to concepts of disenfranchised grief, resonate with Lovell's (Social Science & Medicine, 17:755-761, 1983) research into the altered identities of mothers when loss occurs through late miscarriage or stillbirth. Additionally, this type of complex loss also denies a woman her identity as a 'mother'. This article offers a fresh sociological perspective on the ways loss and grief are experienced by women facing separation from their babies in prison, drawing on concepts of uncertainty, loss and disenfranchised grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abbott
- Department of Allied Health and Midwifery, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Tricia Scott
- Healthcare Research and Education Consultant, Stockton, UK
| | - Hilary Thomas
- Centre for Research and Community Care, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
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Howland MA, Kotlar B, Davis L, Shlafer RJ. Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Prison. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:494-502. [PMID: 34260138 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women in prison experience high rates of mental and physical health problems, and pregnant and postpartum women in prison may be particularly vulnerable. Very few studies have examined depressive symptoms among women who are pregnant and give birth in prison. We assessed depressive symptoms longitudinally from pregnancy into the postpartum period in a sample of 58 women who gave birth in prison. We also considered whether incarceration-related factors (length of time incarcerated while pregnant, remaining length of sentence to serve after birth) were associated with depressive symptoms. METHODS Data were collected as part of an ongoing evaluation of a prison-based pregnancy and parenting support program at one women's state prison. At prenatal and postpartum visits with their doula, women completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a measure of depressive symptom severity. RESULTS More than one-third of our sample of women who were incarcerated and gave birth in custody met criteria for moderate to severe depression on the PHQ-9 during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Women who faced longer periods of incarceration following birth and separation from their newborns reported higher levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION Findings have implications for practice and policy aimed at supporting the mental health needs of women who are pregnant in prison, particularly those women who give birth in custody and are separated from their newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann A Howland
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota -Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bethany Kotlar
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca J Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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The Benefits of Doula Support for Women Who Are Pregnant in Prison and Their Newborns. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67599-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Franco C, Mowers E, Lewis DL. Equitable Care for Pregnant Incarcerated Women: Infant Contact After Birth-A Human Right. PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2020; 52:211-215. [PMID: 33369047 DOI: 10.1363/psrh.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Mowers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah Landis Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abbott L, Scott T, Thomas H, Weston K. Pregnancy and childbirth in English prisons: institutional ignominy and the pains of imprisonment. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2020; 42:660-675. [PMID: 31922273 PMCID: PMC7078929 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With a prison population of approximately 9000 women in England, it is estimated that approximately 600 pregnancies and 100 births occur annually. Despite an extensive literature on the sociology of reproduction, pregnancy and childbirth among women prisoners is under-researched. This article reports an ethnographic study in three English prisons undertaken in 2015-2016, including interviews with 22 prisoners, six women released from prison and 10 staff members. Pregnant prisoners experience numerous additional difficulties in prison including the ambiguous status of a pregnant prisoner, physical aspects of pregnancy and the degradation of the handcuffed or chained prisoner during visits to the more public setting of hospital. This article draws on Erving Goffman's concepts of closed institutions, dramaturgy and mortification of self, Crewe et al.'s work on the gendered pains of imprisonment and Crawley's notion of 'institutional thoughtlessness', and proposes a new concept of institutional ignominy to understand the embodied situation of the pregnant prisoner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abbott
- Department of Allied Health and MidwiferySchool of HealthUniversity of HertfordshireHertfordshireUK
| | - Tricia Scott
- The Centre for Research in Public Health and Community CareUniversity of HertfordshireHertfordshireUK
| | - Hilary Thomas
- The Centre for Research in Public Health and Community CareUniversity of HertfordshireHertfordshireUK
| | - Kathy Weston
- The Centre for Research in Public Health and Community CareUniversity of HertfordshireHertfordshireUK
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10
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Stanton AE, Rose SJ. The Mental Health of Mothers Currently and Formerly Incarcerated in Jails and Prisons: An Integrative Review on Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, and Traumatic Experiences. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2020; 16:224-231. [PMID: 32947439 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most incarcerated women in the United States are mothers who report high rates of mental health issues and traumatic experiences, yet their needs are often overlooked because they comprise a smaller proportion of the incarcerated population compared with men. OBJECTIVE This integrative review aimed to synthesize the literature on the mental health, mental health treatment, and traumatic experiences of currently and formerly incarcerated mothers. METHODS We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Criminal Justice Abstracts for all research articles that were written in English; included adult mothers who were incarcerated or incarcerated and released; and contained findings related to mental health, mental health treatment, or traumatic experiences. RESULTS Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Mothers had high rates of moderate-to-severe mental health problems and high childhood and adult trauma rates, especially intimate partner violence. Mothers faced barriers to treatment yet showed psychological resilience and active coping skills. IMPLICATIONS Nurses can recognize risk factors for women's incarceration and assess mental health symptoms and trauma, especially interpersonal violence. Nurses can use assessment findings to refer mothers to treatment and community resources and support their reuniting with their children. Nurses can also provide trauma-informed care and education about mental health topics and advocate for mental health treatment prerelease and postrelease. Staff education and organizational interventions to reduce burnout may remove additional barriers to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Stanton
- Author Affiliations: Adult Crisis Mobile Team, Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division
| | - Susan J Rose
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
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11
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Paynter MJ, Snelgrove-Clarke E. "Breastfeeding in public" for incarcerated women: the baby-friendly steps. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14:16. [PMID: 31019543 PMCID: PMC6471946 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-019-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women are the fastest-growing population in carceral facilities in Canada. Most incarcerated women are mothers, with above-average parity. The incarceration of women has implications not only for women's health, but for that of their children. For example, how is breastfeeding and access to human milk supported in the context of imprisonment? Both carceral and health services are publicly-funded and administered in Canada. Due in part to the well-documented ill-health burden of imprisoned women, health and carceral functions overlap in the spaces of confinement. This paper discusses "breastfeeding in public" in relation to imprisoned women: separated from the public, yet in publicly-funded spaces under public servant control. With increasing adoption of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFI) Ten Steps in Canadian health centres, there is a need to consider the health centre spaces precluded from its application and make visible the women and children affected. This paper uses the BFI Steps as a lens to consider the environment of confinement for the breastfeeding incarcerated person. The exclusion of breastfeeding and access to human milk for imprisoned women and children extends the punitive carceral function beyond the experience of incarceration and beyond the experience of the convicted mother. Discussion Carceral facilities lack breastfeeding policies, foundational to breastfeeding support. Despite high fertility and parity among incarcerated women, carceral health care providers are not required to demonstrate maternity and reproductive health care specialization. The overarching mission of carceral institutions remains security, and support for breastfeeding among incarcerated women is hampered in spaces of conflict, punishment, surveillance and control. A minimal requirement to support exclusive breastfeeding is to promote the mother being with the infant and most incarcerated mothers are separated from their infants. Incarcerated women lack support, information, and community connections for extended breastfeeding beyond six months. Carceral facilities are not welcoming environments for breastfeeding families. Despite the incompatibility of breastfeeding with incarceration, BFI Step 10, coordinating discharge, demonstrates opportunity for improvement through community and health care provider engagement. Conclusion Incarceration challenges the reach and applicability of the BFI Steps to enhance breastfeeding and to problematize the idea of breastfeeding "in public."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Jane Paynter
- Dalhousie University School of Nursing, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Erna Snelgrove-Clarke
- Dalhousie University School of Nursing, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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12
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Paynter MJ, Drake EK, Cassidy C, Snelgrove‐Clarke E. Maternal health outcomes for incarcerated women: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:2046-2060. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K. Drake
- Faculty of Health Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | | | - Erna Snelgrove‐Clarke
- School of Nursing Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- Faculty of Health Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- IWK Health Centre Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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13
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An Alternative to Mother and Infants Behind Bars: How One Prison Nursery Program Impacted Attachment and Nurturing for Mothers Who Gave Birth While Incarcerated. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2019; 33:116-125. [PMID: 31021936 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of women in United States prisons has increased, with the most rapid growth among women of childbearing age. Detrimental effects on maternal-infant attachment have been shown to exist when mothers and infants are separated at birth. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the impact of an out-of-prison nursery program, Baby and Mother Bonding Initiative (BAMBI), on maternal-infant attachment and nurturing competencies among women who gave birth while incarcerated. A sample of 41 participants was recruited through a "Closed" BAMBI Alumni Facebook page and nonprobability snowball sampling. Participants were surveyed, and responses were submitted online or via mail. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, multiple regression, and logistic regression. Results indicated that the number of children living in the mother's household was a significant predictor of positive maternal nurturance. Inversely, the high number of children in the household was the most significant predictor of increased risk for infants to have insecure attachment to mothers. As the number of women giving birth in prisons continues to trend upward, the need for more programs to promote best outcomes for both mother and infants is crucial.
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Baldwin A, Sobolewska A, Capper T. Pregnant in prison: An integrative literature review. Women Birth 2018; 33:41-50. [PMID: 30559007 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women in prisons are recognised as a marginalised group. However, there is a limited understanding of the women's unique maternity needs and how correctional institutions and maternity service providers respond to these needs. AIM The aims of the review are threefold. METHOD An integrative literature review was undertaken. A comprehensive search strategy using seven electronic databases resulted in the retrieval of 363 articles. Of them, 32 peer-reviewed studies met the final selection criteria and were included in this review which utilised the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tools and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. Thematic analysis identified universal themes. FINDINGS Three dominant themes emerged related to the experience of pregnant women in prison: (1) risks and vulnerability factors; (2) prison enablers and supports; and (3) prison barriers. Extant research on risks and vulnerability factors is disproportionate to research examining how prisons can enable or obstruct responding to the women's perinatal needs. Limited research on the midwifery support available to the women in prison is available. Significantly, only two out of 32 reviewed papers include research directly conducted with the pregnant women in prison. CONCLUSION Pregnant women in prisons have complex needs. More research is required to understand how prisons can enhance the pregnancy experience by engaging pregnant women in prisons as research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Baldwin
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 Finsbury Place, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia.
| | - Agnieszka Sobolewska
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 160 Ann St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tanya Capper
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 160 Ann St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
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15
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Krüger S, Priebe S, Fritsch R, Mundt AP. Burden of separation and suicide risk of prisoners with minor children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 52:55-61. [PMID: 28395894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the burden of separation from children and its relationship with suicide risk in prisoners with minor children at the moment of admission into the penal justice system. Suicide risk was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview in newly admitted female (n=198) and male (n=229) prisoners in Santiago de Chile. The burden of separation from minor children was rated on a numeric rating scale. Both genders showed high burden of separation from children at imprisonment. Mothers had significantly lower suicide risk than women without children. The relative risk was 0.31 (95% CI [0.16-0.6], p<0.001) to show 'high suicide risk'. There was no difference of suicide risk between imprisoned fathers and male prisoners without children. Within the group of fathers, the suicide risk associated with the burden of separation. Our study indicates that strengthening the parent role and facilitating parent-child contacts during imprisonment could be an important element of suicide prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Krüger
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Campus Mitte Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Rosemarie Fritsch
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian P Mundt
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Chile.
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Benning CL, Lahm KF. Effects of Parent-Child Relationships on Inmate Behavior: A Comparison of Male and Female Inmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2016; 60:189-207. [PMID: 25217362 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14551402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is very little current information on the nature and extent of contacts between inmate parents and their children. To fill in this gap, it was the purpose of this study to determine how parental contacts with children, in the form of visits, mail, and telephone calls, affected inmate behavior behind bars. A subsample of more than 6,000 inmate parents from a larger sample of state prison inmates in the United States was analyzed. Results showed that inmates who got visits, both males and females, and mail (female inmates only) were more likely to be written up and/or found guilty of rule violations. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Kotlar B, Kornrich R, Deneen M, Kenner C, Theis L, von Esenwein S, Webb-Girard A. Meeting Incarcerated Women's Needs For Pregnancy-Related and Postpartum Services: Challenges and Opportunities. PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2015; 47:221-225. [PMID: 26098397 DOI: 10.1363/47e3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Kotlar
- Motherhood Beyond Bars, Georgia Prison Ministries, Atlanta.
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Theis
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
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Shaw J, Downe S, Kingdon C. Systematic mixed-methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for imprisoned pregnant women. J Adv Nurs 2015; 71:1451-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Shaw
- School of Health; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Soo Downe
- School of Health; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Carol Kingdon
- School of Health; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
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Shlafer RJ, Hellerstedt WL, Secor-Turner M, Gerrity E, Baker R. Doulas' Perspectives about Providing Support to Incarcerated Women: A Feasibility Study. Public Health Nurs 2014; 32:316-26. [PMID: 24980835 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the logistical feasibility of a doula program for pregnant incarcerated women and to assess doulas' perceptions of their achievements. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Six doulas provided written case notes ("birth stories") about their experiences with 18 pregnant women in one Midwestern state prison. MEASURES The birth stories were analyzed by two coders to identify major themes related to doulas' perceptions about providing support to incarcerated women. Analyses involved coder consensus about major themes and doula affirmation of findings. RESULTS All doulas reported that they met key objectives for a successful relationship with each of their clients. Key themes were their ability to empower clients, establish a trusting relationship, normalize the delivery, and support women as they were separated from their newborns. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was logistically feasible, suggesting that doulas can adapt their practice for incarcerated women. Doulas may need specific training to prepare themselves for institutional restrictions that may conflict with the traditional roles of doula care. It may be important for doulas to understand the level of personal and professional resources they may have to expend to support incarcerated women if they are separated from their infants soon after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics & Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy L Hellerstedt
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Erica Gerrity
- Isis Rising - Everyday Miracles, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rae Baker
- Isis Rising - Everyday Miracles, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Bicking Kinsey C, Hupcey JE. State of the science of maternal-infant bonding: a principle-based concept analysis. Midwifery 2013; 29:1314-20. [PMID: 23452661 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to provide a principle-based analysis of the concept of maternal-infant bonding. DESIGN principle-based method of concept analysis for which the data set included 44 articles published in the last decade from Pubmed, CINAHL, and PyschINFO/PsychARTICLES. SETTING literature inclusion criteria were English language, articles published in the last decade, peer-reviewed journal articles and commentary on published work, and human populations. MEASUREMENT AND FINDINGS after a brief review of the history of maternal-infant bonding, a principle-based concept analysis was completed to examine the state of the science with regard to this concept. The concept was critically examined according to the clarity of definition (epistemological principle), applicability of the concept (pragmatic principle), consistency in use and meaning (linguistic principle), and differentiation of the concept from related concepts (logical principle). Analysis of the concept revealed: (1) Maternal-infant bonding describes maternal feelings and emotions towards her infant. Evidence that the concept encompasses behavioural or biological components was limited. (2) The concept is clearly operationalised in the affective domain. (3) Maternal-infant bonding is linguistically confused with attachment, although the boundaries between the concepts are clearly delineated. KEY CONCLUSION despite widespread use of the concept, maternal-infant bonding is at times superficially developed and subject to confusion with related concepts. Concept clarification is warranted. A theoretical definition of the concept of maternal-infant bonding was developed to aid in the clarification, but more research is necessary to further clarify and advance the concept. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE nurse midwives and other practitioners should use the theoretical definition of maternal-infant bonding as a preliminary guide to identification and understanding of the concept in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bicking Kinsey
- School of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University SON, 600 Centerview Drive, 1300 ASB/A110, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Abstract
The 1999 publication of a report by Amnesty International on the use of shackles and restraints with pregnant incarcerated women by correctional facilities in the United States was an attempt to highlight this ongoing practice. Despite the initial outrage expressed in many professional arenas, it continues in many states. This commentary provides a snapshot of incarcerated pregnant women and briefly discusses the risks associated with the use of shackles and restraints. Specific strategies describing how to advocate for this invisible and vulnerable population are provided with the hope that more nurses will be the voice for these women in correctional institutions, hospitals and in state government.
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