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Saeed RF, Naz S, Awan UA, Gul S, Subhan F, Saeed S. Micronutrients Importance in Cancer Prevention-Vitamins. Cancer Treat Res 2024; 191:119-144. [PMID: 39133406 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The effect of nutrition in the development and prognosis of cancer has received a lot of attention. Research shows taking vitamins, which are powerful antioxidants, can significantly lower the risk of cancers. Nutritional supplements suited to a patient's background, genetics, diet, tumour histology, and therapy may be beneficial in some cases. A poor diet may have a negative impact on immunity and treatment tolerance, decreasing the efficacy of chemotherapy in destroying malignant cells. Most cancer patients now take vitamins to supplement regular treatment and/or to decrease side effects from the medicine as well as the underlying ailment. This is a new development in recent decades, whereas taking nutritional supplements while receiving cancer treatment may increase the success of chemotherapy. To enhance the quality of life, lengthen the survival rate, and sustain immunotherapy compliance, additional study into the use of micronutrients in medical treatment is required for cancer patients. The main purpose of this book chapter was to highlight the role of vitamins in cancer and to establish a solid foundation for future research on this exciting topic. The possible impact of some vitamins in various malignancies such as colorectal, breast, prostate, lung, pancreatic, and stomach cancers are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Fatima Saeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Azeem Awan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Gul
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Subhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Zhang C, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Ning N, Liu H, Jiang W, Yu X, Mu K, Li Y, Guo W, Hu H, Li J, Chen D. Inhibition of GABAA receptors in intestinal stem cells prevents chemoradiotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213480. [PMID: 36125780 PMCID: PMC9499828 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal intestinal tissue toxicity is a common side effect and a dose-limiting factor in chemoradiotherapy. Chemoradiotherapy can trigger DNA damage and induce P53-dependent apoptosis in LGR5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its A receptors (GABAAR) are present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the functioning of the GABAergic system in ISCs is poorly defined. We found that GABAAR α1 (GABRA1) levels increased in the murine intestine after chemoradiotherapy. GABRA1 depletion in LGR5+ ISCs protected the intestine from chemoradiotherapy-induced P53-dependent apoptosis and prolonged animal survival. The administration of bicuculline, a GABAAR antagonist, prevented chemoradiotherapy-induced ISC loss and intestinal damage without reducing the chemoradiosensitivity of tumors. Mechanistically, it was associated with the reduction of reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage via the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Notably, flumazenil, a GABAAR antagonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, rescued human colonic organoids from chemoradiotherapy-induced toxicity. Therefore, flumazenil may be a promising drug for reducing the gastrointestinal side effects of chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nannan Ning
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kun Mu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Translational Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huili Hu
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Jingxin Li:
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, CHU, Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence to Dawei Chen:
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Raza A, Karimyan N, Watters A, Emperumal CP, Al-Eryani K, Enciso R. Efficacy of oral and topical antioxidants in the prevention and management of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:8689-8703. [PMID: 35680672 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants in the prevention and management of oral mucositis in adults undergoing radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with diagnosed head and neck cancer (HNC) compared to placebo intervention. METHODS Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were used to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral or topical antioxidants with placebo in clinically diagnosed HNC adult patients receiving radiotherapy with/without chemotherapy. The primary outcome was to assess the efficacy of the antioxidant to prevent and decrease the incidence/prevalence and severity of oral/oropharyngeal mucositis. The risk of bias was assessed following Cochrane's guidelines. RESULTS The database search resulted in 203 records up to February 19, 2021. Thirteen RCTs were included with 650 HNC-diagnosed patients. Included studies showed a statistically significant improvement in mucositis severity score for all antioxidants except melatonin. However, further studies are needed as only one study reported outcomes for zinc, propolis, curcumin, and silymarin. Patients receiving vitamin E were 60% less likely to develop severe mucositis grade 2 or higher than those receiving placebo in one study (P = 0.040). Patients receiving zinc were 95% less likely to develop severe mucositis (grades 3-4) in one study compared to placebo (P = 0.031). One meta-analysis showed no statistical difference in the risk of having severe mucositis (grades 3-4) with 199 patients compared to placebo for honey (n = 2 studies, P = 0.403). Meta-analyses could not be conducted for zinc, propolis, curcumin, melatonin, silymarin, and selenium due to the lack of studies reporting similar outcomes for the same intervention. CONCLUSION Though oral and topical antioxidants significantly improved mucositis severity scores in HNC patients receiving radiotherapy with/without chemotherapy in individual studies, the quality of the evidence was low due to the small number of studies and unclear/high-risk bias. Additionally, large RCTs are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Raza
- Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nelli Karimyan
- Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Chitra P Emperumal
- Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kamal Al-Eryani
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reyes Enciso
- Department of Geriatrics, Special Patients and Behavioral Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, room #4268, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lopes NB, Almeida IV, Lucchetta L, Düsman E, Vicentini VEP. Cytotoxicity of iodine-131 radiopharmaceutical in tumor and non-tumor human cells and radioprotection by integral juices of Vitis labrusca L. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e253206. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.253206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Iodine-131 (I-131) radioisotope it causes the formation of free radicals, which lead to the formation of cell lesions and the reduction of cell viability. Thus, the use of radioprotectors, especially those from natural sources, which reduce the effects of radiation to healthy tissues, while maintaining the sensitivity of tumor cells, stands out. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytoprotective/radioprotective effects of whole grape juices manufactured from the conventional or organic production systems, whether or not exposed to ultraviolet (UV-C) light irradiation. The results showed that I-131 presented a cytotoxic effect on human hepatocellular cells (HepG2/C3A) at concentrations above 1.85 MBq/mL, after 24 and 48 hours of treatment, though all concentrations (0.0037 to 7.40 MBq/mL) were cytotoxic to non-tumor human lung fibroblast (MCR-5) cells, after 48 hours. However, grape juices (10 and 20 µL/mL) did not interfere with the cytotoxic effect of the therapeutic dose of I-131 on tumor cells within 48 hours of treatment, while protecting the non-tumor cells, probably due to its high antioxidant activity. In accordance with their nutraceutical potential, antioxidant and radioprotective activity, these data stimulate in vivo studies on the use of natural products as radioprotectants, such as grape juice, in order to confirm the positive beneficial potential in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Lucchetta
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brasil
| | - E. Düsman
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brasil
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Heymans V, Kunath S, Hajieva P, Moosmann B. Cell Culture Characterization of Prooxidative Chain-Transfer Agents as Novel Cytostatic Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:6743. [PMID: 34771157 PMCID: PMC8586999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prooxidative therapy is a well-established concept in infectiology and parasitology, in which prooxidative drugs like artemisinin and metronidazole play a pivotal clinical role. Theoretical considerations and earlier studies have indicated that prooxidative therapy might also represent a promising strategy in oncology. Here, we have investigated a novel class of prooxidative drugs, namely chain-transfer agents, as cytostatic agents in a series of human tumor cell lines in vitro. We have found that different chain-transfer agents of the lipophilic thiol class (like dodecane-1-thiol) elicited half-maximal effective concentrations in the low micromolar range in SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma), Hela cells (human cervical carcinoma), HEK293 cells (immortalized human kidney), MCF7 cells (human breast carcinoma), and C2C12 cells (mouse myoblast). In contrast, HepG2 cells (human hepatocellular carcinoma) were resistant to toxicity, presumably through their high detoxification capacity for thiol groups. Cytotoxicity was undiminished by hypoxic culture conditions, but substantially lowered after cellular differentiation. Compared to four disparate, clinically used reference compounds in vitro (doxorubicin, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and hydroxyurea), chain-transfer agents emerged as comparably potent on a molar basis and on a maximum-effect basis. Our results indicate that chain-transfer agents possess a promising baseline profile as cytostatic drugs and should be explored further for anti-tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Heymans
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (V.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Sascha Kunath
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (V.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Parvana Hajieva
- Institute for Translational Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Bernd Moosmann
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (V.H.); (S.K.)
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Ku TC, Wang PH, Huang JL, Chen HY, Fang JT, Hsieh HL, Chen JL. The survival outcome of nasopharyngeal cancer patients with traditional Chinese medicine external use: A hospital-based study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114380. [PMID: 34197958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE External-use traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) agents are widely used to relieve the adverse effects of radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of external-use TCM agents to relieve radiotherapy-related adverse effects on the efficacy of radiation therapy and the prognosis of nasopharyngeal cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD), we analyzed 1823 newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal cancer patients with radiotherapy-related adverse effects between 2001/01 and 2015/12. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model to estimate the differences in effects on survival outcomes between two groups, TCM external users and non-TCM external users. RESULTS We found that TCM external users had significantly better 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates (log-rank test, p = 0.0377 and p = 0.034, respectively) than non-TCM external users. The 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival rates were not statistically significantly different between the groups. We also found a trend of improved 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates in TCM external users with advanced-stage disease, without statistical significance (log-rank test, p = 0.10 and p = 0.089, respectively). The subgroup analysis revealed lower risks of mortality in TCM external users among the nonhypertension, nonhyperlipidemia, nonischemic heart disease, noncirrhosis, and nonchronic kidney disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that TCM agents external use could significantly improve 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates in nasopharyngeal cancer patients with radiotherapy-related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chien Ku
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Han Wang
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jhen-Ling Huang
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ji-Tseng Fang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, And Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Yuen RCF, Tsao SY. Embracing cancer immunotherapy with vital micronutrients. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:712-724. [PMID: 34631438 PMCID: PMC8479349 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i9.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now commonly prescribed to cancer patients, but autoimmune-related adverse events are considerable. For severe, life-threatening side effects, cessation of therapy seems unavoidable, let alone intensive medical care required for patching up the adverse events. Even without serious adverse events, the response rates are too low and various combinatory regimens have been tried. However, toxicities are also added on, unless the adjuvant agents have remarkably few side effects. Actually, micronutrients are usually taken by a majority of cancer patients as nutritional support or to boost the immune function, let alone hoping to counteract treatment side effects. Recent studies have shown that combinations of micronutrients exert pleiotropic effects in controlling tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment, enhancing gut microbiota immune functions, and providing adjunct nutritional support to micronutrient deficient cancer patients. A higher than recommended dietary allowance micronutrient dose is proposed to reduce the toxic free radicals generated as a result of immunotherapy and tumor metabolism. This is not only helpful for managing treatment side effects but also enhancing treatment efficacy. As micronutrient supplementation is also useful to improve patients’ quality of life, prolong survival, and sustain compliance to immunotherapy, further investigations are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C-F Yuen
- Department of Occupational and Family Medicine, Hosanna Clinic, Singapore 370051, Singapore
| | - Shiu-Ying Tsao
- Department of Clinical Research, Hong Kong SAR Oncology Centre, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Curcumin for the Treatment of Prostate Diseases: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Trials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1291:345-362. [PMID: 34331700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56153-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is another condition of the prostate which, like prostate cancer, is more common among ageing men and is linked to inflammation. In this study, a systematic review was undertaken to estimate the effect of turmeric or curcumin supplementation on prostate diseases. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 15 April 2020 to identify clinical trials assessing the effects of curcumin/turmeric alone or in combination with other herbs on prostate diseases. This led to the identification of 11 records comprising 745 patients who met the eligibility criteria. Eight studies were conducted on patients with prostate cancer, and three were on other diseases of the prostate. Although outcomes across the studies were heterogeneous, in some studies curcumin/turmeric supplementation had some favourable effects. This included beneficial effects on the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (2/6 studies), quality of life (1/2 studies), as well as on oxidative stress markers, feelings of incomplete bladder emptying, urination frequency, intermittency, urgency, weak stream, straining and nocturia. Curcumin/turmeric supplementation had no significant adverse effects among patients. This study demonstrated that turmeric or curcumin supplementation might have beneficial effects on some parameters related to prostate diseases, but it should be noted that some studies showed no effect. Therefore, further studies using curcumin-related compounds, particularly in highly bioavailable forms, are needed to assess the impact of curcumin on prostate conditions.
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Vostrikova SM, Grinev AB, Gogvadze VG. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1254-1266. [PMID: 33202210 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Strictly regulated balance between the formation and utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the basis of normal functioning of organisms. ROS play an important role in the regulation of many metabolic processes; however, excessive content of ROS leads to the development of various disorders, including oncological diseases, as a result of ROS-induced mutations in DNA. In tumors, high levels of oxygen radicals promote cell proliferation and metastasis. On the other hand, high content of ROS can trigger cell death, a phenomenon used in the antitumor therapy. Water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants, as well as antioxidant enzyme systems, can inhibit ROS generation; however, they should be used with caution. Antioxidants can suppress ROS-dependent cell proliferation and metastasis, but at the same time, they may inhibit the death of tumor cells if the antitumor therapeutic agents stimulate oxidative stress. The data on the role of antioxidants in the death of tumor cells and on the effects of antioxidants taken as dietary supplements during antitumor therapy, are contradictory. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which antioxidants can affect tumor and healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vostrikova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A B Grinev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V G Gogvadze
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia. .,Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
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10
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Postradiation Fractures after Combined Modality Treatment in Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Sarcoma 2021; 2021:8877567. [PMID: 33790687 PMCID: PMC7984930 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8877567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremities is typically treated with limb-sparing surgery and radiation therapy; with this treatment approach, high local control rates can be achieved. However, postradiation bone fractures, fractures occurring in the prior radiation field with minimal or no trauma, are a serious late complication that occurs in 2–22% of patients who receive surgery and radiation for STS. Multiple risk factors for sustaining a postradiation fracture exist, including high radiation dose, female sex, periosteal stripping, older age, femur location, and chemotherapy administration. The treatment of these pathological fractures can be difficult, with complications including delayed union, nonunion, and infection posing particular challenges. Here, we review the mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment challenges associated with postradiation fractures in STS patients.
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11
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Motallebnejad M, Zahedpasha S, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S, Moslemi D, Pouramir M, Asgharpour F. Protective effect of lycopene on oral mucositis and antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in the rat exposed to gamma radiation. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2021; 11:419-425. [PMID: 33680384 PMCID: PMC7911765 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.11.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, radiotherapy is used effectively for the treatment of head and neck cancers. Mucositis is one of the most important side effects of radiotherapy. Radio-protective agents protect tissues and cells against the adverse effects due to ionizing radiation and cleave radiation-induced free radicals. Lycopene as a potent antioxidant protects cells against oxidative damage by free radical–scavenging. The present study investigated the antioxidant effect of lycopene on oral mucosa of irradiated rats. Methods: In this experimental animal study, 28 rats were placed in four groups as follows: treated with 50 mg /kg of lycopene (L50), solvent+irradiation (SR), 25 mg / kg of lycopene+irradiation (LR25), and 50 mg / kg of lycopene+irradiation (LR50). The rats received lycopene intraperitoneally. On the irradiation day (day 0) and tenth day of radiation, blood samples were taken from the animals for FRAP and TBARS tests. Results: The results showed that the LR50 group did not show mucositis higher than grade 2. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between SR and the L50 regarding the severity of mucositis. In addition, L50 showed higher antioxidant activity and lower peroxidation than SR. Conclusion: Lycopene reduced the severity of mucositis. Therefore, it can be used as a potential and promising nutritional substance to prevent radiotherapy complications, especially in the treatment of head and neck cancers. However, further research is necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Motallebnejad
- Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Daryoush Moslemi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pouramir
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fariba Asgharpour
- Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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12
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George S, Abrahamse H. Redox Potential of Antioxidants in Cancer Progression and Prevention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111156. [PMID: 33233630 PMCID: PMC7699713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The benevolent and detrimental effects of antioxidants are much debated in clinical trials and cancer research. Several antioxidant enzymes and molecules are overexpressed in oxidative stress conditions that can damage cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA. Natural antioxidants remove excess free radical intermediates by reducing hydrogen donors or quenching singlet oxygen and delaying oxidative reactions in actively growing cancer cells. These reducing agents have the potential to hinder cancer progression only when administered at the right proportions along with chemo-/radiotherapies. Antioxidants and enzymes affect signal transduction and energy metabolism pathways for the maintenance of cellular redox status. A decline in antioxidant capacity arising from genetic mutations may increase the mitochondrial flux of free radicals resulting in misfiring of cellular signalling pathways. Often, a metabolic reprogramming arising from these mutations in metabolic enzymes leads to the overproduction of so called ’oncometabolites’ in a state of ‘pseudohypoxia’. This can inactivate several of the intracellular molecules involved in epigenetic and redox regulations, thereby increasing oxidative stress giving rise to growth advantages for cancerous cells. Undeniably, these are cell-type and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) specific, which is manifested as changes in the enzyme activation, differences in gene expression, cellular functions as well as cell death mechanisms. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using light-activated photosensitizing molecules that can regulate cellular redox balance in accordance with the changes in endogenous ROS production is a solution for many of these challenges in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India;
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gupta K, Vuckovic I, Zhang S, Xiong Y, Carlson BL, Jacobs J, Olson I, Petterson XM, Macura SI, Sarkaria J, Burns TC. Radiation Induced Metabolic Alterations Associate With Tumor Aggressiveness and Poor Outcome in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:535. [PMID: 32432031 PMCID: PMC7214818 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is uniformly fatal with a 1-year median survival, despite best available treatment, including radiotherapy (RT). Impacts of prior RT on tumor recurrence are poorly understood but may increase tumor aggressiveness. Metabolic changes have been investigated in radiation-induced brain injury; however, the tumor-promoting effect following prior radiation is lacking. Since RT is vital to GBM management, we quantified tumor-promoting effects of prior RT on patient-derived intracranial GBM xenografts and characterized metabolic alterations associated with the protumorigenic microenvironment. Human xenografts (GBM143) were implanted into nude mice 24 hrs following 20 Gy cranial radiation vs. sham animals. Tumors in pre-radiated mice were more proliferative and more infiltrative, yielding faster mortality (p < 0.0001). Histologic evaluation of tumor associated macrophage/microglia (TAMs) revealed cells with a more fully activated ameboid morphology in pre-radiated animals. Microdialyzates from radiated brain at the margin of tumor infiltration contralateral to the site of implantation were analyzed by unsupervised liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In pre-radiated animals, metabolites known to be associated with tumor progression (i.e., modified nucleotides and polyols) were identified. Whole-tissue metabolomic analysis of pre-radiated brain microenvironment for metabolic alterations in a separate cohort of nude mice using 1H-NMR revealed a significant decrease in levels of antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASC)), NAD+, Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates, and rise in energy carriers (ATP, GTP). GSH and ASC showed highest Variable Importance on Projection prediction (VIPpred) (1.65) in Orthogonal Partial least square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA); Ascorbate catabolism was identified by GC-MS. To assess longevity of radiation effects, we compared survival with implantation occurring 2 months vs. 24 hrs following radiation, finding worse survival in animals implanted at 2 months. These radiation-induced alterations are consistent with a chronic disease-like microenvironment characterized by reduced levels of antioxidants and NAD+, and elevated extracellular ATP and GTP serving as chemoattractants, promoting cell motility and vesicular secretion with decreased levels of GSH and ASC exacerbating oxidative stress. Taken together, these data suggest IR induces tumor-permissive changes in the microenvironment with metabolomic alterations that may facilitate tumor aggressiveness with important implications for recurrent glioblastoma. Harnessing these metabolomic insights may provide opportunities to attenuate RT-associated aggressiveness of recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Gupta
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ivan Vuckovic
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yuning Xiong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian Olson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Slobodan I Macura
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jann Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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14
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Nutraceutical Boom in Cancer: Inside the Labyrinth of Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061936. [PMID: 32178382 PMCID: PMC7139678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological studies have shown that food is a very powerful means for maintaining a state of well-being and for health prevention. Many degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases are related to nutrition and the nutrient-organism interaction could define the balance between health and disease. Nutrients and dietary components influence epigenetic phenomena and modify drugs response; therefore, these food-host interactions can influence the individual predisposition to disease and its potential therapeutic response. Do nutraceuticals have positive or negative effects during chemotherapy? The use of nutraceutical supplements in cancer patients is a controversial debate without a definitive conclusion to date. During cancer treatment, patients take nutraceuticals to alleviate drug toxicity and improve long-term results. Some nutraceuticals may potentiate the effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy by inducing cell growth arrest, cell differentiation, and alteration of the redox state of cells, but in some cases, high levels of them may interfere with the effectiveness of chemotherapy, making cancer cells less reactive to chemotherapy. In this review, we highlighted the emerging opinions and data on the pros and cons on the use of nutraceutical supplements during chemotherapy.
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15
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Chaouni S, Lecomte DD, Stefan D, Leduc A, Barraux V, Leconte A, Grellard JM, Habrand JL, Guillamin M, Sichel F, Laurent C. The Possibility of Using Genotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Blood Biomarkers to Predict the Occurrence of Late Cutaneous Side Effects after Radiotherapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030220. [PMID: 32156042 PMCID: PMC7139389 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progresses performed in the field of radiotherapy, toxicity to the healthy tissues remains a major limiting factor. The aim of this work was to highlight blood biomarkers whose variations could predict the occurrence of late cutaneous side effects. Two groups of nine patients treated for Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) were established according to the grade of late skin toxicity after adjuvant irradiation for MCC: grade 0, 1 or 2 and grade 3 or 4 of RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group)/EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer). To try to discriminate these 2 groups, biomarkers of interest were measured on the different blood compartments after ex vivo irradiation. In lymphocytes, cell cycle, apoptosis and genotoxicity were studied. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the determination of the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced and oxidized glutathione) as well as degradation products (protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation). Inflammation was assessed in the plasma by the measurement of 14 cytokines. The most radiosensitive patients presented a decrease in apoptosis, micronucleus frequency, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione and carbonyls; and an increase in TNF-a (Tumor Necrosis Factor a), IL-8 (Interleukin 8) and TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor β1) levels. These findings have to be confirmed on a higher number of patients and before radiotherapy and could allow to predict the occurrence of late skin side effects after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Chaouni
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
| | - Delphine Dumont Lecomte
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
- Radiotherapy Department, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Dinu Stefan
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
- Radiotherapy Department, Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen France
| | - Alexandre Leduc
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
| | - Victor Barraux
- Medical Physics Department, Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France,
| | - Alexandra Leconte
- Clinical Research Department, Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France, (A.L.)
| | - Jean-Michel Grellard
- Clinical Research Department, Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France, (A.L.)
| | - Jean-Louis Habrand
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
- Radiotherapy Department, Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen France
| | - Marilyne Guillamin
- IFR ICORE-Flow Cytometry Platform, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France,
| | - François Sichel
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
- Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Carine Laurent
- ABTE-EA4651, ToxEMAC, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France, (S.C.)
- SAPHYN/ARCHADE (Advanced Resource Centre for HADrontherapy in Europe), Cancer Centre François Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France
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16
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Gonzalez A. Antioxidants and Neuron-Astrocyte Interplay in Brain Physiology: Melatonin, a Neighbor to Rely on. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:34-50. [PMID: 31989469 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is a review focused onto the role of astrocytes in the protection of neurons against oxidative stress and how melatonin can contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. The first part of the review is dedicated to the dependence of neurons on astrocytes by terms of survival under oxidative stress conditions. Additionally, the effects of melatonin against oxidative stress in the brain and its putative role in the protection against diseases affecting the brain are highlighted. The effects of melatonin on the physiology of neurons and astrocytes also are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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17
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Poljsak B, Milisav I. The Role of Antioxidants in Cancer, Friends or Foes? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5234-5244. [PMID: 30674247 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190123112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of dietary supplements by millions of people is increasing [1]. Between 64 to 81% of cancer patients and survivors use multivitamin supplements after the cancer diagnosis [2]. The use of antioxidants during cancer therapy has been a hot topic in medical science for the last 20 years without clear answers and recommendations. It seems that antioxidants are able to I) decrease the cancer formation risk by quenching ROS that are involved in cancer initiation and progression and II) assist in survival of cancer/precancer cells once the malignant transformation already occurred. Antioxidants were shown to assist cancer initiation, interfere with cancer treatment by reducing its efficacy and patient survival, and vice versa, there are reports of beneficial antioxidant effect during the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poljsak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Milisav
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Reduction of Serum Concentrations and Synergy between Retinol, β-Carotene, and Zinc According to Cancer Staging and Different Treatment Modalities Prior to Radiation Therapy in Women with Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122953. [PMID: 31817125 PMCID: PMC6950526 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The procedures used for breast cancer treatment are able to increase the level of oxidative stress and cause depletion of antioxidants. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between serum concentrations of retinol, β-carotene, and zinc, according to breast cancer staging, considering different treatment modalities prior to radiation therapy and the synergistic action between these micronutrients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study comprising a cohort of patients with breast cancer which was carried out prior to radiation therapy. Patients were divided into 3 groups: G1 comprised women who had undergone breast-conserving surgery, G2 comprised those who had undergone chemotherapy, and G3 those who had undergone breast-conserving surgery and chemotherapy. Serum concentrations of retinol, β-carotene, and zinc were quantified. Breast cancer staging was based on the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) classification of malignant tumors, a type of staging tool for different cancers. Results: A total of 230 patients were assessed. A decrease of the serum concentrations of the micronutrients assessed as the staging level of the disease increased was observed. Surgery alone had a greater negative impact on serum concentrations of retinol. Considering the treatments prior to radiotherapy, patients undergoing surgery alone and chemotherapy associated with surgery had higher percentages of deficiency of β-carotene and retinol. There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of zinc, retinol, and β-carotene, showing a synergy between these micronutrients. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the serum concentrations of the assessed micronutrients was observed, according to the increase in breast cancer staging. The synergy between the micronutrients must be considered in order to maximize the benefits and minimize the adverse effects of irradiation to normal cells.
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19
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Pentoxifylline and vitamin E reduce the severity of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and dysphagia in head and neck cancer patients: a randomized, controlled study. Med Oncol 2019; 37:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Das U, Manna K, Adhikary A, Mishra S, Saha KD, Sharma RD, Majumder B, Dey S. Ferulic acid enhances the radiation sensitivity of lung and liver carcinoma cells by collapsing redox homeostasis: mechanistic involvement of Akt/p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:944-967. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1655559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Arghya Adhikary
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Biology, Mitra Biotech, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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21
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Ocoxin Modulates Cancer Stem Cells and M2 Macrophage Polarization in Glioblastoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9719730. [PMID: 31467641 PMCID: PMC6701394 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9719730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and devastating primary brain tumor. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been linked to their therapy resistance. Molecular and cellular components of the tumor microenvironment also play a fundamental role in the aggressiveness of these tumors. In particular, high levels of hypoxia and reactive oxygen species participate in several aspects of GBM biology. Moreover, GBM contains a large number of macrophages, which normally behave as immunosuppressive tumor-supportive cells. In fact, the presence of both, hypoxia and M2-like macrophages, correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis in gliomas. Antioxidant agents, as nutritional supplements, might have antitumor activity. Ocoxin® oral solution (OOS), in particular, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as antitumor properties in several neoplasia, without known side effects. Here, we describe how OOS affects stem cell properties in certain GBMs, slowing down their tumor growth. In parallel, OOS has a direct effect on macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the protumoral features of M2 macrophages. Therefore, OOS could be a feasible candidate to be used in combination therapies during GBM treatment because it can target the highly resilient CSCs as well as their supportive immune microenvironment, without adding toxicity to conventional treatments.
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22
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Cruz-Galvez CC, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Pedraza-Brindis EJ, Villasenor-Garcia MM, Reyes-Uribe E, Bravo-Hernandez A, Solis-Martinez RA, Cancino-Marentes M, Rodriguez-Padilla C, Bravo-Cuellar A, Hernandez-Flores G. Pentoxifylline Enhances the Apoptotic Effect of Carboplatin in Y79 Retinoblastoma Cells. In Vivo 2019; 33:401-412. [PMID: 30804118 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy. Carboplatin (CPt) is a DNA damage-inducing agent that is widely used for the treatment of RB. Unfortunately, this drug also activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB), leading to promotion of tumor survival. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a drug that inhibits the phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha (IĸBα) in serines 32 and 36, and this disrupts NF-ĸB activity that promotes tumor survival. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the PTX on the antitumor activity of CPt. MATERIALS AND METHODS Y79 RB cells were treated with CPt, PTX, or both. Cell viability, apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activity of caspase-9, -8, and -3, cytochrome c release, cell-cycle progression, p53, and phosphorylation of IĸBα, and pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were evaluated. RESULTS Both drugs significantly affected the viability of the Y79 RB cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The PTX+CPt combination exhibited the highest rate of apoptosis, a decrease in cell viability and significant caspase activation, as well as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and increased p53 protein levels. Cells treated with PTX alone displayed decreased I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation, compared to the CPt treated group. In addition, the PTX+CPt combination treatment induced up-regulation of the proapoptotic genes Bax, Bad, Bak, and caspases- 3, -8, and -9, compared to the CPt and PTX individual treated groups. CONCLUSION PTX induces apoptosis per se and increases the CPt-induced apoptosis, augmenting its antitumor effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carolina Cruz-Galvez
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Doctoral Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Eliza Julia Pedraza-Brindis
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Maria Martha Villasenor-Garcia
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Reyes-Uribe
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,University Center of the Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan, Mexico
| | | | - Raul Antonio Solis-Martinez
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Martha Cancino-Marentes
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Doctoral Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Padilla
- Department of Immunology and Virology, College of Biomedical Science, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico .,Department of Health Science, University Center of the Altos (CUALTOS), University of Guadalajara, Tepatitlan de Morelos, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernandez-Flores
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center (CIBO), Mexican Institute of Social Insurance (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
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23
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Kanegasaki S, Yamashita T, Tsuchiya T. Reduced Number of Lymphocytes by X-ray Irradiation: A Problem in a Combination Therapy Trial that Elicits the Abscopal Effect in Preclinical Studies Using Electron Beam Irradiation. Cureus 2019; 11:e4142. [PMID: 31058025 PMCID: PMC6485521 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies with model animals, intravenous administration of a derivative of chemokine CCL3, named eMIP, after local electron-beam irradiation, not only enhanced tumor growth inhibition at a target site but also induced tumor killing beyond the treated site (a phenomenon known as the abscopal effect). eMIP works with alarmins such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) released from overexpressed tumor cells by irradiation. These alarmins at the irradiated tumor bed trap injected eMIP and, by forming complexes with eMIP, play a key role to recruit and activate tumor inhibitory natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Tumor type-specific secretion of gamma interferon from splenocytes was also demonstrated, which may also activate NK cells. During Phase 1 clinical studies using X-rays, however, no apparent abscopal effect was observed. Instead, we saw frequent reduction in numbers of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of irradiated patients. The reduced number of lymphocytes recovered poorly once depleted, in contrast to neutrophils, and persisted for months after the treatment. This might have affected outcome after combination treatment of irradiation and eMIP. To enhance host defense mechanisms during and after photon-beam (X-ray) radiotherapy of a deep-seated tumor, it seems essential to keep lymphocytes undamaged by eliminating reactive oxygen species that are formed in the peripheral blood during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kanegasaki
- Radiation Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
| | | | - Tomoko Tsuchiya
- Radiation Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, JPN
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24
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Stevens JF, Revel JS, Maier CS. Mitochondria-Centric Review of Polyphenol Bioactivity in Cancer Models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1589-1611. [PMID: 29084444 PMCID: PMC6207154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Humans are exposed daily to polyphenols in milligram-to-gram amounts through dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols are also available as components of dietary supplements for improving general health. Although polyphenols are often advertised as antioxidants to explain health benefits, experimental evidence shows that their beneficial cancer preventing and controlling properties are more likely due to stimulation of pro-oxidant and proapoptotic pathways. Recent Advances: The understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cell, and especially the role that mitochondria play in carcinogenesis, has greatly advanced in recent years. These advances have resulted in a wealth of new information on polyphenol bioactivity in cell culture and animal models of cancer. Polyphenols appear to target oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glycolysis, pro-oxidant pathways, and antioxidant (adaptive) stress responses with greater selectivity in tumorigenic cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of polyphenols to dissipate the MMP (Δψm) by a protonophore mechanism has been known for more than 50 years. However, researchers focus primarily on the downstream molecular effects of Δψm dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We argue that the physicochemical properties of polyphenols are responsible for their anticancer properties by virtue of their protonophoric and pro-oxidant properties rather than their specific effects on downstream molecular targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Polyphenol-induced dissipation of Δψm is a physicochemical process that cancer cells cannot develop resistance against by gene mutation. Therefore, polyphenols should receive more attention as agents for cotherapy with cancer drugs to gain synergistic activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Johana S. Revel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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25
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Photobiomodulation at Multiple Wavelengths Differentially Modulates Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6510159. [PMID: 30534349 PMCID: PMC6252186 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6510159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is emerging as an effective strategy for the management of multiple inflammatory conditions, including oral mucositis (OM) in cancer patients who receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Still, the poor understanding of the mechanisms by which the light interacts with biological tissues and the heterogeneity of light sources and protocols employed worldwide significantly limits its applicability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are massively generated during the early phases of OM and play a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in general. Here, we report the results of a clinical and experimental study, aimed at evaluating the effect of laser light at different wavelengths on oxidative stress in vivo in oncologic patients suffering from OM and in vitro in two cell types abundantly present within the inflamed oral mucosa, neutrophil polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes, and keratinocytes. In addition to standard ROS detection methods, we exploited a roGFP2-Orp1 genetically encoded sensor, allowing specific, quantitative, and dynamic imaging of redox events in living cells in response to oxidative stress and PBM. We found that the various wavelengths differentially modulate ROS production. In particular, the 660 nm laser light increases ROS production when applied either before or after an oxidative stimulus. In contrast, the 970 nm laser light exerted a moderate antioxidant activity both in the saliva of OM patients and in both cell types. The most marked reduction in the levels of ROS was detected in cells exposed either to the 800 nm laser light or to the combination of the three wavelengths. Overall, our study demonstrates that PBM exerts different effects on the redox state of both PMNs and keratinocytes depending on the used wavelength and prompts the validation of a multiwavelength protocol in the clinical settings.
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Jiang H, Wang H, De Ridder M. Targeting antioxidant enzymes as a radiosensitizing strategy. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:154-164. [PMID: 30223069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy represents a major anti-cancer modality and effectively kills cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, cancer cells are commonly characterized by increased activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes in adaptation to intrinsic oxidative stress, leading to radioresistance. Abrogation of this defense network by pharmacological ROS insults therefore is shown to improve radioresponse in preclinical models; some of them are then tested in clinical trials. In this review, we address (1) the importance of ROS in radioresponse, (2) the main systems regulating redox homeostasis with a special focus on their prognostic effect and predictive role in radiotherapy, and (3) the potential radiosensitizers acting through inhibition of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Coroglaucigenin enhances the radiosensitivity of human lung cancer cells through Nrf2/ROS pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32807-32820. [PMID: 28415625 PMCID: PMC5464829 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven cardenolides isolated from the ethanol extract of the stems of Calotropis gigantea were evaluated in vitro against human cancer cells and the structure-activity relationships were discussed. The results demonstrated that a compound, named CGN (coroglaucigenin), had better anti-proliferative activity with the IC50 value less than 6 μM among these compounds. Further, we found that CGN displayed much lower cytotoxicity to normal lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) than cancer cells (A549). Especially, our results demonstrated that treatment with CGN (1 μM) combined with X-ray irradiation induced higher radiosensitivity in human lung cancer cells (A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H446) but not in BEAS-2B. The expression levels of nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 and Nrf2-driven antioxidant molecule NQO-1 reduced in A549 cells after combined treatment compared to the radiation only. However, CGN had no toxicity and the levels of antioxidant molecules expression were higher in BEAS-2B cells when given the similar treatment as A549 cells. These results suggest that CGN is a very promising potential sensitizer for cancer radiotherapy, which not only inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells but also enhances the radiosensitivity of cancer cells through suppressing the expression of antioxidant molecules while there is no influence for normal cells.
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Cortese F, Klokov D, Osipov A, Stefaniak J, Moskalev A, Schastnaya J, Cantor C, Aliper A, Mamoshina P, Ushakov I, Sapetsky A, Vanhaelen Q, Alchinova I, Karganov M, Kovalchuk O, Wilkins R, Shtemberg A, Moreels M, Baatout S, Izumchenko E, de Magalhães JP, Artemov AV, Costes SV, Beheshti A, Mao XW, Pecaut MJ, Kaminskiy D, Ozerov IV, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Zhavoronkov A. Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14692-14722. [PMID: 29581875 PMCID: PMC5865701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While many efforts have been made to pave the way toward human space colonization, little consideration has been given to the methods of protecting spacefarers against harsh cosmic and local radioactive environments and the high costs associated with protection from the deleterious physiological effects of exposure to high-Linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation. Herein, we lay the foundations of a roadmap toward enhancing human radioresistance for the purposes of deep space colonization and exploration. We outline future research directions toward the goal of enhancing human radioresistance, including upregulation of endogenous repair and radioprotective mechanisms, possible leeways into gene therapy in order to enhance radioresistance via the translation of exogenous and engineered DNA repair and radioprotective mechanisms, the substitution of organic molecules with fortified isoforms, and methods of slowing metabolic activity while preserving cognitive function. We conclude by presenting the known associations between radioresistance and longevity, and articulating the position that enhancing human radioresistance is likely to extend the healthspan of human spacefarers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreyan Osipov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Jakub Stefaniak
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Schastnaya
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles Cantor
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Aliper
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachev Federal Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Mamoshina
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Computer Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Igor Ushakov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Sapetsky
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Quentin Vanhaelen
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Alchinova
- Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Space Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Karganov
- Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Canada Cancer and Aging Research Laboratories, Ltd., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruth Wilkins
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrey Shtemberg
- Laboratory of Extreme Physiology, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Artem V. Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Afshin Beheshti
- Wyle Laboratories, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Kaminskiy
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Deep Knowledge Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Antioxidants as precision weapons in war against cancer chemotherapy induced toxicity - Exploring the armoury of obscurity. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:177-190. [PMID: 30166914 PMCID: PMC6111235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for almost 13% of deaths in the world. Among the conventional cancer treatments, chemotherapy is most frequently carried out to treat malignant cancer rather than localised lesions which is amenable to surgery and radiotherapy. However, anticancer drugs are associated with a plethora of side effects. Each drug, within every class, has its own set of adverse reactions which may cause patient incompliance and deterioration of the quality of life. One of the major causes of adverse reactions, especially for drugs targeting DNA, is the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent build up of oxidative stress. To curb these undesired side effects, several dietary supplements have been tested, amongst which antioxidants have gained increasing popularity as adjuvant in chemotherapy. However, many oncologists discourage the use of antioxidant rich food supplements because these may interfere with the modalities which kill cancer by generating free radicals. In the present review, all studies reporting concomitant use of several antioxidants with chemotherapy are indiscriminately included and discussed impartially. The effect of supplementation of thirteen different antioxidants and their analogues as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy has been compiled in this article. The present review encompasses a total of 174 peer-reviewed original articles from 1967 till date comprising 93 clinical trials with a cumulative number of 18,208 patients, 56 animal studies and 35 in vitro studies. Our comprehensive data suggests that antioxidant has superior potential of ameliorating chemotherapeutic induced toxicity. Antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy also promises higher therapeutic efficiency and increased survival times in patients.
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Tiwari V, Kamran MZ, Ranjan A, Nimesh H, Singh M, Tandon V. Akt1/NFκB signaling pathway activation by a small molecule DMA confers radioprotection to intestinal epithelium in xenograft model. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:564-574. [PMID: 28435051 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue protection and recovery of radiation-induced damage are of paramount importance for development of radioprotector. Radioprotector which selectively protects normal tissues over cancerous tissues improves the therapeutic window of radiation therapy. In the present study, small bisbenzimidazole molecule, DMA (5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-[2'-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-5'-benzimidazolyl]-benzimidazole) was evaluated for in vivo radioprotective effects to selectively protect normal tissue over tumor with underlying molecular mechanism. Administration of single DMA dose prior to radiation has enhanced survival of Balb/c mice against sublethal and supralethal total body irradiation. DMA ameliorated radiation-induced damage of normal tissues such as hematopoietic (HP) and gastrointestinal tract (GI) system. Oxidative stress marker Malondialdehyde level was decreased by DMA whereas it maintained endogenous antioxidant status by increasing the level of reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase and total thiol content in hepatic tissue of irradiated mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that DMA treatment prior to radiation leads to Akt1/NFκB signaling which reduced radiation-induced genomic instability in normal cells. However, these pathways were not activated in tumor tissues when subjected to DMA treatment in similar conditions. Abrogation of Akt1 and NFκB genes resulted in no radioprotection by DMA and enhanced apoptosis against radiation. Plasma half-life of DMA was 3.5h and 2.65h at oral and intravenous dose respectively and 90% clearance was observed in 16h. In conclusion, these data suggests that DMA has potential to be developed as a safe radioprotective agent for radiation countermeasures and an adjuvant in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tiwari
- Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohammad Zahid Kamran
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Hemlata Nimesh
- Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India.
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Coccia A, Mosca L, Puca R, Mangino G, Rossi A, Lendaro E. Extra-virgin olive oil phenols block cell cycle progression and modulate chemotherapeutic toxicity in bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3095-3104. [PMID: 27748855 PMCID: PMC5112608 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that the daily consumption of extra‑virgin olive oil (EVOO), a common dietary habit of the Mediterranean area, lowers the incidence of certain types of cancer, in particular bladder neoplasm. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of polyphenols extracted from EVOO on bladder cancer (BCa), and to clarify the biological mechanisms that trigger cell death. Furthermore, we also evaluated the ability of low doses of extra‑virgin olive oil extract (EVOOE) to modulate the in vitro activity of paclitaxel or mitomycin, two antineoplastic drugs used in the management of different types of cancer. Our results showed that EVOOE significantly inhibited the proliferation and clonogenic ability of T24 and 5637 BCa cells in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis after EVOOE treatment showed a marked growth arrest prior to mitosis in the G2/M phase for both cell lines, with the subsequent induction of apoptosis only in the T24 cells. Notably, simultaneous treatment of mitomycin C and EVOOE reduced the drug cytotoxicity due to inhibition of ROS production. Conversely, the co‑treatment of T24 cells with paclitaxel and the polyphenol extract strongly increased the apoptotic cell death at each tested concentration compared to paclitaxel alone. Our results support the epidemiological evidence indicating that olive oil consumption exerts health benefits and may represent a starting point for the development of new anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coccia
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- L.I.L.T. Italian League for The Fight Against Cancer ‑ Latina Section, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Eugenio Lendaro
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
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Tan JK, Then SM, Mazlan M, Jamal R, Ngah WZW. Vitamin E, γ-tocotrienol, Protects Against Buthionine Sulfoximine-Induced Cell Death by Scavenging Free Radicals in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:507-17. [PMID: 27008382 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1153671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to selectively kill cancer cells is an important feature of radiotherapy and various chemotherapies. Depletion of glutathione can induce apoptosis in cancer cells or sensitize them to anticancer treatments intended to modulate ROS levels. In contrast, antioxidants protect cancer cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death by scavenging ROS. The role of exogenous antioxidants in cancer cells under oxidative insults remains controversial and unclear. This study aimed to identify protective pathways modulated by γ-tocotrienol (γT3), an isomer of vitamin E, in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells under oxidative stress. Using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) as an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, we found that BSO treatment reduced the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. BSO induced cell death by increasing apoptosis, decreased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Addition of γT3 increased the viability of BSO-treated cells, suppressed apoptosis, and decreased the ROS level induced by BSO, while the GSH level was unaffected. These results suggest that decreasing GSH levels by BSO increased ROS levels, leading to apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. γT3 attenuated the BSO-induced cell death by scavenging free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Kit Tan
- a UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Sue-Mian Then
- a UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Musalmah Mazlan
- b Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- a UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- a UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Hejazi J, Rastmanesh R, Taleban FA, Molana SH, Hejazi E, Ehtejab G, Hara N. Effect of Curcumin Supplementation During Radiotherapy on Oxidative Status of Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Double Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:77-85. [PMID: 26771294 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is an antioxidant agent with both radiosensitizing and radioprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin supplementation on oxidative status of patients with prostate cancer who undergo radiotherapy. Forty patients treated with radiotherapy for prostate cancer were randomized to the curcumin (CG, n = 20) or placebo group (PG, n = 20). They received curcumin (total 3 g/day) or placebo during external-beam radiation therapy of up to 74 Gy. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured at baseline and 3 mo after radiotherapy completion. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the variables between groups following the intervention. Serum PSA levels and MRI/MRS images were investigated. In CG, TAC significantly increased (P < 0.001) and the activity of SOD decreased (P = 0.018) after radiotherapy compared with those at baseline. In CG, however, the activity of SOD had a significant reduction (P = 0.026) and TAC had a significant increase (P = 0.014) compared with those in PG. PSA levels were reduced to below 0.2 ng/ml in both groups, 3 mo after treatment, however, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups regarding treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Hejazi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition , Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | | | - Forough-Azam Taleban
- c Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed-Hadi Molana
- c Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- c Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Golamreza Ehtejab
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , Beasat Hospital, Armey Medical Sciences University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Noboru Hara
- e Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
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Topical application of Aloe vera and vitamin E on induced ulcers on the tongue of rats subjected to radiation: clinical and histological evaluation. Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:2557-64. [PMID: 26698599 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-3048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the effect of two types of antioxidants, vitamin E (VE) and Aloe vera (AV), on healing of induced oral lesions after radiation in a murine model by clinical and histological analysis. METHODS The animals were randomly divided into three groups of 12 animals each (400 mg VE, 70 % AV and control) and two time periods (5 and 7 days). They were irradiated with a single dose of 30 Gy, and after 24 h, a lesion was produced on the ventral tongue of each animal. The products were applied daily in their respective group until euthanasia. RESULTS On clinical analysis, there was a higher frequency of lesions in the animals of the control group at both periods. The area of the lesions was also greater in the control group compared with the groups AV and VE (5 days p = 0.006; 7 days p = 0.002). On microscopic analysis, the degree of inflammation differed between the study groups and experimental periods. At 5 days, the statistical difference was not significant among the groups evaluated, but at 7 days, animals in the control group showed intense inflammation, while those in groups VE and AV exhibited mild to moderate inflammation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The results suggest that VE and AV contributed to the decrease in inflammatory response and healing of the lesions induced on the tongue of rats subjected to radiation.
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Li BQ, Dong X, Li N, Gao JY, Yuan Q, Fang SH, Gong XC, Wang SJ, Wang FS. In vitro enzyme-mimic activity and in vivo therapeutic potential of HSJ-0017, a novel Mn porphyrin-based antioxidant enzyme mimic. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1366-79. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (III) 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis [3-(2-(2-methoxy)-ethoxy) ethoxy] phenyl porphyrin chloride, designated HSJ-0017, is a novel antioxidant enzyme mimic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the enzyme-mimic activity and the therapeutic potential of HSJ-0017 in free radical-related diseases. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic activity was measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium chloride monohydrate reduction assay. Catalase (CAT) mimic activity was measured based on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The antitumor, radioprotective and chemoprotective effects of HSJ-0017 were evaluated in H22 or S180 tumor-bearing Kunming mice. The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects were, respectively, evaluated in histamine-induced edema model and CCl4-induced hepatic damage model in Wistar rats. HSJ-0017 over a concentration range of 0.001–10 µmol/L significantly inhibited the generation of superoxide anion. Significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was observed when the concentration of HSJ-0017 was higher than 0.01 µmol/L. HSJ-0017 at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg exhibited significant antitumor effect on S180 tumor xenografts, whereas no significant antitumor effect was observed in H22 tumor xenografts. HSJ-0017 at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg enhanced the antitumor effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and reduced their toxicity. However, HSJ-0017 counteracted the antitumor effects of radiotherapy when administered simultaneously with radiotherapy. HSJ-0017 showed significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. Our results demonstrate that HSJ-0017 exhibits antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, chemoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. It is a potent dual SOD/CAT mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-qiu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Shandong Hongli Laboratory Animal Experiment Co, Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Na Li
- Shandong Hongli Laboratory Animal Experiment Co, Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Ji-you Gao
- Shandong Hongli Laboratory Animal Experiment Co, Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Shandong Hongli Laboratory Animal Experiment Co, Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Shi-hong Fang
- Shandong Hongli Laboratory Animal Experiment Co, Ltd, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Xian-chang Gong
- Jinan Saiwen Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Shu-juan Wang
- Jilin Province A-Think Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Changchun, Jilin 130616, China
| | - Feng-shan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Hosseinimehr SJ. Beneficial effects of natural products on cells during ionizing radiation. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 29:341-353. [PMID: 24695025 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural products like vegetables, fruits, and herbs are widely consumed by humans on a daily basis. These natural products have many biologic and pharmacologic properties. Ionizing radiation (IR) can interact with macromolecules like DNA, which induces serious side effects on cells and tissues. Natural products can directly scavenge free radicals produced by IR, and they can also activate or inhibit enzymes or proteins involved in the oxidative stress. Several natural products have dual biologic effects on normal and cancer cells during radiation and might be of interest for use in patients during radiotherapy. In this review, the effects of natural products on genotoxicity and cell death induced by IR were reviewed and some potentiated compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48175-861, Iran.
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37
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Zhou S, Ye W, Shao Q, Zhang M, Liang J. Nrf2 is a potential therapeutic target in radioresistance in human cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:706-15. [PMID: 24126138 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy can effectively kill cancer cells through ROS generation. Cancer cells with upregulated antioxidant systems can develop high radioresistance ability, and the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator of the antioxidant system. Currently, there are numerous data indicating the important role of Nrf2 in cancer radioresistance. In this review, we summarize the aberrant regulation of Nrf2 in radioresistant cells and discuss the effects and underlying mechanism of Nrf2 in promoting radioresistance. These findings suggest that Nrf2 might be a potential therapeutic target in cancer radiation resistance or a promising radioprotector for normal organs during radiation therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Pesee M, Kirdpon W, Puapairoj A, Kirdpon S, Prathnadi P. Palliative treatment of advanced cervical cancer with radiotherapy and thai herbal medicine as supportive remedy - analysis of survival. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:1593-6. [PMID: 23679241 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate outcomes using a Thai herbal medicine, Vilac Plus (G716/45) with standard radiotherapy in comparison with historic controls from literature reports of the results of treatment in stage IIIB cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between March 2003 and June 2005, thirty patients with advanced cervical cancer stage IIIB-IV who had a poor performance status were treated by palliative radiotherapy along with an adjuvant daily dose of 15-30 ml of Thai herbal tonic solution (Vilac Plus G716/45) administered orally three times after meals as an additional supportive therapy. The results were analyzed from the aspect of the overall survival rates with curves estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The median follow -up time for stage IIIB was 4.2 years with a range of 7.9 months - 6.1 years. The overall 1, 3, and 5 year survival rates for stage IIIB were 88%, 60% and 52%. CONCLUSIONS The overall 5 year survival rate for stage IIIB with a poor performance status was 52% when compared with 34-54.8% for historic controls. The combined complementary palliative radiotherapy (CCPR) had low rates of radiation morbidity. It was a simple technique and feasible for developing countries. The pilot study was limited by the small number of patients and further research will be necessary to assess interrelated and confounding factors in treatment of cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montien Pesee
- Division of Radiotherapy, Department of Radiology, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Production of Cyr61 protein is modulated by extracellular acidification and PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:169-76. [PMID: 23623839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High expression of Cyr61, an extracellular cysteine-rich heparin-binding protein, has been associated with a malignant cell phenotype and poor outcome in prostate cancers. Although Cyr61 was found by us to be overproduced in androgen-independent PC-3 cells treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), its significance is still unclear. We therefore aimed to determine how and why Cyr61 protein is overexpressed in NAC-treated cells. Here, we found that Cyr61 protein level markedly increased in cells treated with NAC at high cell seeding density. Silencing of Cyr61 by siRNA induced enhanced activity of caspase-3/7, upregulation of the proapototic Bok, BimL and BimS, cleavage of apoptosis hallmarkers such as Bax, PARP and caspase-3, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 proteins. NAC treatment caused a reduction of extracellular medium pH to acidic and an increase in Akt phosphorylation, after which the replacement with NAC-free medium returned them to control levels within 24h. Acid stimulation increased the levels of Cyr61 and p-Akt proteins, whereas it suppressed the induction of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Overall, our data indicate that PC-3 cells overproduce Cyr61 protein via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling as a part of the survival mechanisms under the conditions causing extracellular acidity and further cytotoxicity.
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Franca C, Nogueira C, Ramalho A, Carvalho A, Vieira S, Penna A. Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1109-1112. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of melatonin and capecitabine on experimental pancreatic cancer. METHODS Fifty Syrian hamsters were randomized in 5 groups: group 1: no tumor induction (control group); group 2: tumor induction with BOP [N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl) amine]; group 3: tumor induction with BOP and melatonin administration; group 4: tumor induction with BOP and capecitabine administration; and group 5: tumor induction with BOP and administration of combined capecitabine and melatonin therapy. The evaluation of pathological tumor evolution and oxidative stress markers in pancreatic tissue was carried out. RESULTS All animals under BOP exposure presented poorly or moderately differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with increased lipoperoxide levels and decreased antioxidant activity in pancreatic tissue. Pancreatic cancer was shown in only 66% of the capecitabine-treated group and 33% of melatonin-treated group (P < 0.05), most of them moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. When capecitabine and melatonin were combined, a well-differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinoma was observed in 10% of animals. The beneficial effect was associated with a decrease in lipoperoxide levels and increased antioxidant activity in pancreatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS The combined administration of capecitabine and melatonin provided an improvement in antioxidant status as well as a synergistic antitumoral effect in experimental pancreatic cancer.
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Lee YJ, Lee DM, Lee CH, Heo SH, Won SY, Im JH, Cho MK, Nam HS, Lee SH. Suppression of human prostate cancer PC-3 cell growth by N-acetylcysteine involves over-expression of Cyr61. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:199-205. [PMID: 21055460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), sulfidryl-containing thiol antioxidant, has been heralded as chemopreventive agent, generally because of its ability to scavenge free radicals. It also suppresses the proliferation of many cancer cells; however, the antiproliferative mechanism(s) remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated a growth-suppressive mechanism of NAC action in androgen-independent prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. NAC (≥ 1mM) inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, NAC treatment suppressed the activation of NF-κB induced by IKK-β as detected by the NF-κB reporter gene assay. NAC exerted a biphasic effect on the intracellular ROS levels depending on incubation time; the antioxidant effect was seen within 2h after NAC treatment, however, a pro-oxidant effect was evident after 48 h treatment. In addition to these effects, NAC treatment elicited a dose- and time-dependent increase in the Cyr61 expression that was accompanied by an increase in its mRNA and blocked by cycloheximide pretreatment. Importantly, NAC treatment caused an early but transient activation of Akt and Erk1/2. The NAC-induced increase in Cyr61 protein levels was suppressed by the PI3K inhibitor (Ly294002) and, to a lesser extent, MEK/Erk1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). Taken together, our data suggest that the antiproliferative effect of NAC is partially mediated by intracellular ROS production, the inhibition of NF-κB activity, and the activation of PI3K- and/or MEK/Erk-related intracellular signaling pathways, which lead to up-regulation of Cyr61 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Looney A. Oncology Pain in Veterinary Patients. Top Companion Anim Med 2010; 25:32-44. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zabbarova I, Kanai A. Targeted delivery of radioprotective agents to mitochondria. Mol Interv 2009; 8:294-302. [PMID: 19144902 DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects of ionizing radiation are mediated through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Mitochondria are the principal source of these species in the cell and play an important role in irradiation-induced apoptosis. The use of free radical scavengers and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors has proven to protect normal tissues and, in some cases, to sensitize tumor tissues to radiation damage. Dual molecules that combine radical-scavenging and NOS-inhibitory functions may be particularly effective. Drugging strategies that target mitochondria can enhance the effectiveness of such agents, in comparison to systemic administration, and circumvent side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zabbarova
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Katz J, Blake E, Medrano TA, Sun Y, Shiverick KT. Isoflavones and gamma irradiation inhibit cell growth in human salivary gland cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:87-94. [PMID: 18585854 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied the effects of isoflavones and irradiation on cell cycle in a human salivary gland cell line (HSG). Genistein and a soy isoflavone conjugate (NS) inhibited DNA synthesis. Cells deconjugated the glucoside form of isoflavones in NS to the aglycones genistein and daidzein. NS, genistein and IR increased phosphorylation of p53 and p21 CIP1 at serine 15 (phos-p53). Irradiation and NS also increased levels of p21 CIP1. In a cologenic survival assay, cells in log phase growth had high radio-sensitivity with 2 Gy causing a reduction in survival (SF2=0.45). CONCLUSION isoflavones and radiation may interact to sensitize cancer cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Katz
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414, USA.
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Trachootham D, Lu W, Ogasawara MA, Valle NRD, Huang P. Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1343-74. [PMID: 18522489 PMCID: PMC2932530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1245] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in regulation of cell survival. In general, moderate levels of ROS/RNS may function as signals to promote cell proliferation and survival, whereas severe increase of ROS/RNS can induce cell death. Under physiologic conditions, the balance between generation and elimination of ROS/RNS maintains the proper function of redox-sensitive signaling proteins. Normally, the redox homeostasis ensures that the cells respond properly to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. However, when the redox homeostasis is disturbed, oxidative stress may lead to aberrant cell death and contribute to disease development. This review focuses on the roles of key transcription factors, signal-transduction pathways, and cell-death regulators in affecting cell survival, and how the redox systems regulate the functions of these molecules. The current understanding of how disturbance in redox homeostasis may affect cell death and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and degenerative disorders is reviewed. We also discuss how the basic knowledge on redox regulation of cell survival can be used to develop strategies for the treatment or prevention of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum-thani, Thailand
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Marcia A. Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nilsa Rivera-Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Zain RB. Management of radiation therapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer patients. Part I: Clinical significance, pathophysiology and prevention. Oncol Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-008-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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