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Curtidor H, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Recent advances in the development of a chemically synthesised anti-malarial vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1567-81. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1075505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Some adjuvants may exert adverse effects upon injection or, on the other hand, may not trigger a full immunological reaction. The mechanisms underlying adjuvant adverse effects are under renewed scrutiny because of the enormous implications for vaccine development. In the search for new and safer adjuvants, several new adjuvants were developed by pharmaceutical companies utilizing new immunological and chemical innovations. The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of special immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on leukocyte membranes. The very fact that TLR activation leads to adaptive immune responses to foreign entities explains why so many adjuvants used today in vaccinations are developed to mimic TLR ligands. Alongside their supportive role, adjuvants were found to inflict by themselves an illness of autoimmune nature, defined as ‘the adjuvant diseases’. The debatable question of silicone as an adjuvant and connective tissue diseases, as well as the Gulf War syndrome and macrophagic myofaciitis which followed multiple injections of aluminium-based vaccines, are presented here. Owing to the adverse effects exerted by adjuvants, there is no doubt that safer adjuvants need to be developed and incorporated into future vaccines. Other needs in light of new vaccine technologies are adjuvants suitable for use with mucosally delivered vaccines, DNA vaccines, cancer and autoimmunity vaccines. In particular, there is demand for safe and non-toxic adjuvants able to stimulate cellular (Th1) immunity. More adjuvants were approved to date besides alum for human vaccines, including MF59 in some viral vaccines, MPL, AS04, AS01B and AS02A against viral and parasitic infections, virosomes for HBV, HPV and HAV, and cholera toxin for cholera. Perhaps future adjuvants occupying other putative receptors will be employed to bypass the TLR signaling pathway completely in order to circumvent common side effects of adjuvant-activated TLRs such as local inflammation and the general malaise felt because of the costly whole-body immune response to antigen. Lupus (2009) 18, 1217—1225.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Israeli
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - N. Agmon-Levin
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - M. Blank
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kip Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Israel,
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Galin FS, Chrisman CL, Cook JR, Xu L, Jackson PL, Noerager BD, Weathington NM, Blalock JE. Possible therapeutic vaccines for canine myasthenia gravis: implications for the human disease and associated fatigue. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:323-31. [PMID: 17113748 PMCID: PMC1857319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by T cell-dependent antibodies reactive with acetylcholine receptors. These autoreactive antibodies cause muscle weakness by interfering with neuromuscular transmission via removal of acetylcholine receptors from the neuromuscular junction as well as changing the architecture of the junction itself. Consequently, muscle fatigue is a debilitating aspect of MG often leading to more general feelings of tiredness not directly due to muscle weakness. We have previously described two peptides that are mimetics of antigen receptors on certain autoreactive T and B cells that are involved in MG. When used as vaccines in the rat model of MG, these peptides prevented and ameliorated disease and muscle fatigue by blunting acetylcholine receptor antibody responses. Such disease protection resulted from vaccine-induced anergizing antibodies against acetylcholine receptor-specific T and B cell antigen receptors. The present study prospectively evaluated the efficacy of these two vaccines in spontaneous acquired MG in pet dogs. When compared to historical controls that were prospectively studied, the vaccines increased the proportion of remitted dogs from 17 to 75%. In comparison to retrospectively studied historical controls that spontaneously remitted from MG, the vaccines accelerated the rate of decline in acetylcholine receptor antibody titers which resulted in a 3-fold decrease in the mean time to remission. These results are suggestive of a new type of targeted therapy that can drive autoimmune responses into long-term remission and possibly afford a means of determining whether correction of a physical cause of muscle weakness also corrects the perception of chronic, generalized fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shawn Galin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., MCLM 896, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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Maruta T, Oshima M, Deitiker PR, Ohtani M, Atassi MZ. Use of alum and inactive Bordetella pertussis for generation of antibodies against synthetic peptides in mice. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:137-48. [PMID: 16698673 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600616383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the efficacy of the combined use of Alum and inactive Bordetella pertussis (iBP) adjuvants for eliciting anti-peptide antibodies. ICR mice were immunized four times at 3-week intervals with each of 7 free (i.e., not conjugated to any carrier) synthetic peptides of 15-17 amino acid residues in Alum + iBP, in the commonly used adjuvant protocols (CFA; CFA (initial) followed by IFA), or in CFA + iBP. Serum samples after 3 and 4 injections were tested by RIA. Use of Alum + iBP greatly increased the production of antibodies for most of the peptides. The results have important implications for human vaccine formulation involving peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Oshima M, Maruta T, Ohtani M, Deitiker PR, Mosier D, Atassi MZ. Vaccination with a MHC class II peptide in Alum and inactive pertussis strongly ameliorates clinical MG in C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 171:8-16. [PMID: 16271400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the efficacy of immunization against peptides from predisposing MHC class II molecules in human-compatible adjuvants for ameliorating experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). C57BL/6 mice were immunized three times with the peptide I-Abetab62-76 in Alum+killed pertussis organisms (PT) prior to two injections with tAChR. The treatment greatly reduced the occurrence and severity of clinical MG relative to controls that received saline/Alum+PT or none. It also reduced antibody and T-cell responses against tAChR. The results have important implications for the possible immunotherapy of MG by targeting disease-associated MHC.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Alum Compounds
- Animals
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Antibody Formation
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Pertussis Vaccine/immunology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods
- Radioimmunoassay/methods
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- Torpedo
- Vaccination/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Oshima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Weathington NM, Blalock JE. Rational design of peptide vaccines for autoimmune disease: harnessing molecular recognition to fix a broken network. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2:61-73. [PMID: 12901598 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T-cells and antibodies are found at low levels in normal individuals and are thought to be kept at bay by regulatory T-cells and a network of idiotypic and anti-idiotype-bearing antigen receptors on lymphocytes as well as idiotypic anti-idiotypic antibodies. Disruption of this network by genetic, environmental and unknown factors is thought to result in autoimmune diseases. An obvious, ideal and specific therapy for such disorders would be to harness this regulatory network to re-establish immunologic homeostasis. In practice, however, this is not an easy task as most autoimmune diseases involve polyclonal responses to self antigen. Thus, we are faced with the conundrum of not knowing which autoreactive idiotype-bearing antibody or antigen receptor(s) to target in order to restore or induce network regulatory function. The thesis of this review is that understanding a fundamental property governing peptide/protein shape can be used in part to circumvent the problems of self reactivity and polyclonality in autoimmune disorders. More specifically, an algorithm has been developed to design peptide vaccines with shapes that are thought to be complementary in contour to self epitopes which seem to be the focus of autoimmunity. In theory, such complementary shapes should be engendered in certain autoreactive antigen receptors--these complementary constructs consequently represent receptor mimetics. By targeting an immune response against such mimetics, one generates a polyclonal anti-idiotype response that matches the complexity of the autoimmune response itself. This article will describe the algorithm for vaccine design, summarize the in vitro and in vivo evidence for its efficacy and discuss possible therapeutic utility in human autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/chemistry
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Autoantibodies/chemistry
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/chemistry
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome/immunology
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome/therapy
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Molecular Mimicry
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) are reviewed. Increased awareness about the need for more uniform methods of reporting treatment trials for MG has prompted systematic review of the literature and inspired an effort to develop better classifications and disease-specific outcome measures. New antibodies have been discovered in patients with seronegative MG, possibly defining an immunologically distinct form of the disease. A new immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil, may be an additional and safe option in the treatment of MG. Other work supports the possibility of developing a vaccine against MG suitable for trial in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ciafaloni
- Duke University Medical Center, 932 Morreene Road, Room 230, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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