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Cappelletto E, Fasiolo LT, Salizzato V, Piccin L, Fabozzi A, Contato A, Bianco PD, Pasello G, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gion M, Fabricio ASC. Cytokine and soluble programmed death-ligand 1 levels in serum and plasma of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy: Preanalytical and analytical considerations. Int J Biol Markers 2024; 39:9-22. [PMID: 38407953 DOI: 10.1177/03936155231226234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate cytokine and soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) levels in the serum and plasma of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy, and to test different assays. METHODS Three Luminex xMAP assays and two ELLA microfluidic cartridges were used to screen 28 immune-related biomarkers in 38 paired serum and citrate-theophylline-adenosine-dipyridamole (CTAD) plasma samples collected from 10 advanced melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients at different time points during immunotherapy. RESULTS Twenty-three of 28 biomarkers were detected both in serum and plasma by at least one of the assays, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, VEGF, IP-10, MCP-1, eotaxin, fractalkine, G-CSF, IFN-α, IL-1RA, IL-13, IL-17A, MIP-1β and sPD-L1. Conversely, FGF-2 and IL-1α were not detected in both matrices; GRO-α factor and EGF were detected only in serum and MIP-1α only in plasma. sPD-L1, MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-8, MIP-1β and VEGF were, respectively, 1.15-, 1.44-, 1.83-, 2.43-, 2.82-, 6.72-fold higher in serum, whereas IL-10, IL-4, IL-2 and IL-5 were 1.05-, 1.19-, 1.92- and 2.17-fold higher, respectively, in plasma. IP-10 levels were higher in plasma but, as well as for VEGF, the bias serum versus plasma varied depending on the assay used (IP-10: -5.7% to -145%; VEGF: 115% to 165%). No significant differences were found for the remaining nine analyzed cytokines. CONCLUSION The cytokine and sPD-L1 levels may differ between serum and plasma samples collected from cancer patients treated with immunotherapy, and the results obtained can be influenced by the different characteristics of the tested assays. The standardization of pre-analytical and analytical procedures is therefore needed for the future implementation of these circulating biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Cappelletto
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Piccin
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Fabozzi
- Medical Oncology 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Contato
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Paola Del Bianco
- Clinical Research Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Gion
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Aline S C Fabricio
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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2
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Everts PA, Lana JF, Onishi K, Buford D, Peng J, Mahmood A, Fonseca LF, van Zundert A, Podesta L. Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1922. [PMID: 37509560 PMCID: PMC10377284 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessel from existing vessels and is a critical first step in tissue repair following chronic disturbances in healing and degenerative tissues. Chronic pathoanatomic tissues are characterized by a high number of inflammatory cells; an overexpression of inflammatory mediators; such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1); the presence of mast cells, T cells, reactive oxygen species, and matrix metalloproteinases; and a decreased angiogenic capacity. Multiple studies have demonstrated that autologous orthobiological cellular preparations (e.g., platelet-rich plasma (PRP)) improve tissue repair and regenerate tissues. There are many PRP devices on the market. Unfortunately, they differ greatly in platelet numbers, cellular composition, and bioformulation. PRP is a platelet concentrate consisting of a high concentration of platelets, with or without certain leukocytes, platelet-derived growth factors (PGFs), cytokines, molecules, and signaling cells. Several PRP products have immunomodulatory capacities that can influence resident cells in a diseased microenvironment, inducing tissue repair or regeneration. Generally, PRP is a blood-derived product, regardless of its platelet number and bioformulation, and the literature indicates both positive and negative patient treatment outcomes. Strangely, the literature does not designate specific PRP preparation qualifications that can potentially contribute to tissue repair. Moreover, the literature scarcely addresses the impact of platelets and leukocytes in PRP on (neo)angiogenesis, other than a general one-size-fits-all statement that "PRP has angiogenic capabilities". Here, we review the cellular composition of all PRP constituents, including leukocytes, and describe the importance of platelet dosing and bioformulation strategies in orthobiological applications to initiate angiogenic pathways that re-establish microvasculature networks, facilitating the supply of oxygen and nutrients to impaired tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Everts
- Research & Education Division, Gulf Coast Biologics, Fort Myers, FL 33916, USA
- OrthoRegen Group, Max-Planck University, Indaiatuba, São Paulo 13334-170, Brazil
| | - José Fábio Lana
- OrthoRegen Group, Max-Planck University, Indaiatuba, São Paulo 13334-170, Brazil
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba, São Paulo 13334-170, Brazil
| | - Kentaro Onishi
- Department of PM&R and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Don Buford
- Texas Orthobiologics, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peng
- Stanford Health Care-O'Connor Hospital Sports Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Ansar Mahmood
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Lucas F Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Andre van Zundert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane and the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Luga Podesta
- Bluetail Medical Group & Podesta Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Naples, FL 34109, USA
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3
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Sjöbom U, Nilsson AK, Gyllensten H, Hellström A, Löfqvist C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preanalytical factors and methodological differences influencing the measurement of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270232. [PMID: 35793362 PMCID: PMC9258884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraocular treatment with antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) inhibits pathological vessel growth in adults and preterm infants. Recently, concerns regarding the impact of anti-VEGF treatment on systemic VEGF levels in preterm infants have been raised. Earlier studies suggest that preanalytical and methodological parameters impact analytical VEGF concentrations, but we have not found a comprehensive systematic review covering preanalytical procedures and methods for VEGF measurements. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to evaluate the most critical factors during sample collection, sample handling, and the analytical methods that influence VEGF levels and therefore should be considered when planning a prospective collection of samples to get reproducible, comparable results. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were searched 2021/Nov/11. In addition, identification of records via other methods included reference, citation, and Google Scholar searches. Rayyan QCRI was used to handle duplicates and the selection process. Publications reporting preanalytical handling and/or methodological comparisons using human blood samples were included. Exclusion criteria were biological, environmental, genetic, or physiological factors affecting VEGF. The data extraction sheets included bias assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool, evaluating patient selection, index-test, reference standard, and flow and timing. Concentrations of VEGF and results from statistical comparisons of analytical methods and/or preanalytical sample handling and/or different sample systems were extracted. The publications covering preanalytical procedures were further categorized based on the stage of the preanalytical procedure. Meta-analysis was used to visualize VEGF concentrations among healthy individuals. The quality of evidence was rated according to GRADE. RESULTS We identified 1596 publications, and, after the screening process, 43 were considered eligible for this systematic review. The risk of bias estimation was difficult for 2/4 domains due to non-reported information. Four critical steps in the preanalytical process that impacted VEGF quantification were identified: blood drawing and the handling before, during, and after centrifugation. Sub-categorization of those elements resulted in nine findings, rated from moderate to very low evidence grade. The choice of sample system was the most reported factor. VEGF levels (mean [95% CI]) in serum (n = 906, 20 publications), (252.5 [213.1-291.9] pg/mL), were approximated to ninefold higher than in plasma (n = 1122, 23 publications), (27.8 [23.6-32.1] pg/mL), based on summarized VEGF levels with meta-analysis. Notably, most reported plasma levels were below the calibration range of the used method. CONCLUSION When measuring circulating VEGF levels, choice of sample system and sample handling are important factors to consider for ensuring high reproducibility and allowing study comparisons. Protocol: CRD42020192433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Sjöbom
- Learning and Leadership for Health Care Professionals At the Institute of Health and Care Science at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience At the Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders K. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience At the Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Gyllensten
- Learning and Leadership for Health Care Professionals At the Institute of Health and Care Science at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hellström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience At the Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chatarina Löfqvist
- Learning and Leadership for Health Care Professionals At the Institute of Health and Care Science at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience At the Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Serum vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and aflibercept levels in retinopathy of prematurity. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2022; 66:151-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Optimizing Measurement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Small Blood Samples of Premature Infants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6744. [PMID: 31043645 PMCID: PMC6494810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a method that allows for the reliable assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) concentrations in very small blood samples of preterm infants. Systemic VEGF measurements are important in view of the most appropriate Anti-VEGF drug to be used for the treatment of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Cord blood samples from preterm (n = 6) infants, blood samples from preterm infants with treatment requiring ROP (n = 12), and blood samples from healthy adults (n = 10) were collected. Serum, citrate plasma, and serum from recalcified citrate blood were obtained. Levels of VEGF-A and platelet factor-4 (PF-4) were quantified by ELISA or AlphaLISA immunoassay. VEGF-A levels could be detected by both assays, with the AlphaLISA generating slightly lower levels in healthy adults, but not in cord blood of preterm infants. In plasma samples, VEGF levels ranged from non detectable to 181 pg/ml. PF-4 concentrations were between 0.16–3.88 µg/ml. Values of VEGF-A and PF-4 in serum and recalcified serum were significantly higher compared to plasma through the release of these cytokines after platelet activation. In plasma samples of infants with ROP, VEGF-A could always be detected and its values ranged from 19.50 to 245.91 pg/ml and PF-4 concentrations were between 0.1 and 3.3 µg/ml. Using the AlphaLISA kit, we were able to detect VEGF in small sample volumes (5 µl plasma or serum/well) in premature infants with treatment requiring ROP and to monitor platelet activation by PF-4 detection. Minimal blood probe volumes reduce phlebotomy losses avoiding the risk of iatrogenic anemia, thus allowing close monitoring of the cytokine levels in these very fragile infants.
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Abbas M, Faggian A, Sintali DN, Khan GJ, Naeem S, Shi M, Dingding C. Current and future biomarkers in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1688-1700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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7
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Selby PJ, Banks RE, Gregory W, Hewison J, Rosenberg W, Altman DG, Deeks JJ, McCabe C, Parkes J, Sturgeon C, Thompson D, Twiddy M, Bestall J, Bedlington J, Hale T, Dinnes J, Jones M, Lewington A, Messenger MP, Napp V, Sitch A, Tanwar S, Vasudev NS, Baxter P, Bell S, Cairns DA, Calder N, Corrigan N, Del Galdo F, Heudtlass P, Hornigold N, Hulme C, Hutchinson M, Lippiatt C, Livingstone T, Longo R, Potton M, Roberts S, Sim S, Trainor S, Welberry Smith M, Neuberger J, Thorburn D, Richardson P, Christie J, Sheerin N, McKane W, Gibbs P, Edwards A, Soomro N, Adeyoju A, Stewart GD, Hrouda D. Methods for the evaluation of biomarkers in patients with kidney and liver diseases: multicentre research programme including ELUCIDATE RCT. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundProtein biomarkers with associations with the activity and outcomes of diseases are being identified by modern proteomic technologies. They may be simple, accessible, cheap and safe tests that can inform diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, monitoring of disease activity and therapy and may substitute for complex, invasive and expensive tests. However, their potential is not yet being realised.Design and methodsThe study consisted of three workstreams to create a framework for research: workstream 1, methodology – to define current practice and explore methodology innovations for biomarkers for monitoring disease; workstream 2, clinical translation – to create a framework of research practice, high-quality samples and related clinical data to evaluate the validity and clinical utility of protein biomarkers; and workstream 3, the ELF to Uncover Cirrhosis as an Indication for Diagnosis and Action for Treatable Event (ELUCIDATE) randomised controlled trial (RCT) – an exemplar RCT of an established test, the ADVIA Centaur® Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd, Camberley, UK) [consisting of a panel of three markers – (1) serum hyaluronic acid, (2) amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and (3) tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1], for liver cirrhosis to determine its impact on diagnostic timing and the management of cirrhosis and the process of care and improving outcomes.ResultsThe methodology workstream evaluated the quality of recommendations for using prostate-specific antigen to monitor patients, systematically reviewed RCTs of monitoring strategies and reviewed the monitoring biomarker literature and how monitoring can have an impact on outcomes. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate monitoring and improve the merits of health care. The monitoring biomarker literature is modest and robust conclusions are infrequent. We recommend improvements in research practice. Patients strongly endorsed the need for robust and conclusive research in this area. The clinical translation workstream focused on analytical and clinical validity. Cohorts were established for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal transplantation (RT), with samples and patient data from multiple centres, as a rapid-access resource to evaluate the validity of biomarkers. Candidate biomarkers for RCC and RT were identified from the literature and their quality was evaluated and selected biomarkers were prioritised. The duration of follow-up was a limitation but biomarkers were identified that may be taken forward for clinical utility. In the third workstream, the ELUCIDATE trial registered 1303 patients and randomised 878 patients out of a target of 1000. The trial started late and recruited slowly initially but ultimately recruited with good statistical power to answer the key questions. ELF monitoring altered the patient process of care and may show benefits from the early introduction of interventions with further follow-up. The ELUCIDATE trial was an ‘exemplar’ trial that has demonstrated the challenges of evaluating biomarker strategies in ‘end-to-end’ RCTs and will inform future study designs.ConclusionsThe limitations in the programme were principally that, during the collection and curation of the cohorts of patients with RCC and RT, the pace of discovery of new biomarkers in commercial and non-commercial research was slower than anticipated and so conclusive evaluations using the cohorts are few; however, access to the cohorts will be sustained for future new biomarkers. The ELUCIDATE trial was slow to start and recruit to, with a late surge of recruitment, and so final conclusions about the impact of the ELF test on long-term outcomes await further follow-up. The findings from the three workstreams were used to synthesise a strategy and framework for future biomarker evaluations incorporating innovations in study design, health economics and health informatics.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN74815110, UKCRN ID 9954 and UKCRN ID 11930.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full inProgramme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 6, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Selby
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Walter Gregory
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jenny Hewison
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William Rosenberg
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas G Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Julie Parkes
- Primary Care and Population Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Maureen Twiddy
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Janine Bestall
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Tilly Hale
- LIVErNORTH Liver Patient Support, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marc Jones
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Vicky Napp
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alice Sitch
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sudeep Tanwar
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveen S Vasudev
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Baxter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sue Bell
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David A Cairns
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Neil Corrigan
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Heudtlass
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nick Hornigold
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Hulme
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Hutchinson
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Carys Lippiatt
- Department of Specialist Laboratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Roberta Longo
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Potton
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephanie Roberts
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheryl Sim
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sebastian Trainor
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew Welberry Smith
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - James Neuberger
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Paul Richardson
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Christie
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neil Sheerin
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William McKane
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Gibbs
- Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Naeem Soomro
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Grant D Stewart
- NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Hrouda
- Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Gonzales SK, Badell M, Cottrell H, Rimawi B, Deepak V, Sidell N, Rajakumar A. Villous explants from preeclamptic placentas induce sFlt1 in PBMCs: An ex vivo co-culture study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 12:40-46. [PMID: 29674197 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soluble Flt1 (sFlt1) is an anti-angiogenic protein linked to the pathology of preeclampsia (PE). While the placenta serves as the major organ producing sFlt1 during normal pregnancy, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), endothelial cells, and stromal cells also produce sFlt1. The key question is 'what drives the overexpression of sFlt1 observed during PE?' In the present work we show evidence for sFlt1 over-expression in PBMCs due to interaction with placental villi from PE patients. STUDY DESIGN sFlt1 production by PBMCs is estimated by using two blood collection methods with different coagulation chemistry. PBMCs were then cultured with homologous villous explants and heterologous villous explants to determine the effects of the interaction between the two tissues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES sFlt1 levels were estimated using real time PCR, ELISA, and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Plasma samples obtained using CTAD as anti-coagulant showed 16-23% less sFlt1 compared to plasma collected in EDTA. Preeclamptic PBMCs showed higher basal level of sFlt1 mRNA. In addition, we show evidence of placental interaction as a cause of sFlt1 overexpression in PBMCs using homologous and heterologous co-culture system. However, during co-culture, we observed that while the sFlt1 expression in PE PBMCs is increased, PE villous explants show reduced sFlt1 RNA expression. CONCLUSION sFlt1 was produced in significant amounts by preeclamptic PBMCs, and ex vivo studies show that the placenta induces this over-expression. In contrast, exposure to PBMCs appears to decrease sFlt1 production by preeclamptic placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Venkataraman Deepak
- Division of Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neil Sidell
- Division of Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Augustine Rajakumar
- Division of Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Roselli M, Mineo T, Martini F, Mariotti S, Ambrogi V, Spila A, D'Alessandro R, Basili S, Guadagni F, Ferroni P. Soluble Selectin Levels in Patients with Lung Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080201700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of selectins has been found on endothelial cells of venules and capillaries in the tumor stroma of non-small cell lung cancer, suggesting their functional role in the process of chemotaxis for tumor cells. The present study was aimed at analyzing the role of both soluble (s)P-selectin and sE-selectin levels in association with clinico-pathological variables in 116 patients with lung cancer, 38 patients with benign diseases and 59 healthy donors. The results obtained showed that sP-selectin and sE-selectin levels were higher in patients with lung cancer compared to normal donors (p<0.02 and p<0.005, respectively). No differences were observed among patients with various benign diseases for both selectins. Increased levels of sP-selectin and sE-selectin were significantly associated with squamous lung cancer at late stages (p<0.05), but not adenocarcinoma. Both sP- and sE-selectin were independently related to the stage of squamous lung cancer by stepwise regression analysis (p<0.02 and p<0.03, respectively), while only sE-selectin was independently related to the presence of distant metastasis in the same histotype (p<0.02). These results suggest that measurement of plasma soluble selectins might represent a useful laboratory parameter in the management of patients with squamous lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Roselli
- Clinical Oncology Section, Department of Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome
| | - T.C. Mineo
- Thoracic Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome
| | - F. Martini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza University, Rome
| | - S. Mariotti
- Clinical Oncology Section, Department of Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome
| | - V. Ambrogi
- Thoracic Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome
| | - A. Spila
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - R. D'Alessandro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - S. Basili
- Department of Medical Therapy, La Sapienza University, Rome - Italy
| | - F. Guadagni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome
| | - P. Ferroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza University, Rome
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Spence GM, Graham ANJ, Mulholland K, McAllister I, Sloan JM, Armstrong MA, Campbell FC, McGuigan JA. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Serum and Plasma following Esophageal Cancer Resection - Relationship to Platelet Count. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 17:119-24. [PMID: 12113578 DOI: 10.1177/172460080201700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In patients with cancer circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may be tumor-derived and have prognostic significance. Activated platelets may also be a source of VEGF, releasing it in serum formation. Debate exists as to whether serum or plasma VEGF (S-VEGF, P-VEGF) is the most appropriate surrogate marker of tumor angiogenesis. As healing wounds produce VEGF that can spill over into the circulation, we aimed to investigate the potential confounding effects of cancer surgery on both perioperative S-VEGF and P-VEGF levels and to evaluate their relationship with platelet count. S-VEGF, P-VEGF and platelet counts were measured in 23 patients undergoing esophageal cancer resection. Samples were taken preoperatively and six weeks following surgery. Seven patients were also sampled on postoperative days 1, 5 and 10. VEGF was assayed using a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. S-VEGF and P-VEGF both rose after surgery (S-VEGF; day 5: 1017 [446–1224] pg/mL and day 10: 1231 [626–2046] pg/mL versus pre-op: 329 [189–599] pg/mL. P-VEGF; day 1: 55 [46–104] pg/mL and day 10: 58 [20–154] pg/mL versus pre-op: 23 [13–46] pg/mL), falling towards pre-operative levels by six weeks. Platelet count correlated with S-VEGF (rho=0.281; p<0.05, Spearman's rank) and P-VEGF (rho=0.330; p<0.01, Spearman's rank). Platelets may contribute to VEGF levels in plasma as well as in serum. The effects of surgery on S-VEGF or P-VEGF levels are mainly transient. Care must be exercised when interpreting circulating VEGF levels in the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Spence
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, N. Ireland.
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11
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Gion M. Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Markers: Are We Ready for their Clinical Use? The Opinion of a Clinical Biochemist. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080301800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gion
- Regional Centre for the Study of Biological Markers of Malignancy, General Regional Hospital, Azienda ULSS 12, Venice - Italy
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12
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Artusi R, Verderio P, Marubini E. Bravais-Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefficients: Meaning, Test of Hypothesis and Confidence Interval. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 17:148-51. [PMID: 12113584 DOI: 10.1177/172460080201700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Artusi
- Operative Unit of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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13
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Gonzalez F, Rueda A, Sevilla I, Alonso L, Villarreal V, Torres E, Alba E. Shift in the Balance between Circulating Thrombospondin-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Cancer Patients: Relationship to Platelet α-Granule Content and Primary Activation. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumoral angiogenesis is regulated by the balance between factors that activate and inhibit angiogenesis. Elevated levels of activators have been associated with a poor prognosis in cancer patients, but little is known about the net balance between circulating activators and inhibitors in these patients. This study was designed to determine whether the balance between circulating concentrations of the angiogenesis inhibitor TSP-1 and the activator VEGF differs from that in healthy persons, and to shed light on the possible role of platelets in this balance. Twenty-five cancer patients and 18 healthy subjects were included. Serum and plasma concentrations of VEGF, TSP-1 and PF4 were measured by ELISA. Our results showed that in healthy subjects the balance between the TSP-1 and VEGF concentrations in serum and in serum minus plasma was twice to three times as high as in cancer patients (p<0.05). The theoretical TSP-1 content per platelet was greater in healthy subjects than in patients (94 vs. 53.6 ng/mL, p<0.05), and platelet activation (determined indirectly as the plasma concentration of PF4) was greater in cancer patients (129 vs. 48 IU/mL, p<0.01). Platelet activation correlated significantly with serum concentration of TSP-1 (r=0.470, p=0.018) and showed a tendency toward correlation with plasma concentration of TSP-1 (r=0.382, p=0.059). Our findings show that the circulating TSP-1/VEGF balance is diminished in cancer patients. Platelet activation may play an important role in this decrease and may ultimately lead to increased angiogenic activity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.J. Gonzalez
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - A. Rueda
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - I. Sevilla
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - L. Alonso
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - V. Villarreal
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - E. Torres
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
| | - E. Alba
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga - Spain
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van den Ameele S, Coppens V, Schuermans J, De Boer P, Timmers M, Fransen E, Sabbe B, Morrens M. Neurotrophic and inflammatory markers in bipolar disorder: A prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84:143-150. [PMID: 28711724 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Altered neurotrophic signaling is thought to impair neuroplasticity in bipolar disorder (BD). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is proposed as a neurotrophic marker in BD. However, the current evidence for its use in monitoring disease activity and illness progression is conflicting and an exploration of additional neurotrophic markers is needed. This prospective case-control study investigated mood-specific changes in potential neurotrophic markers and their association to inflammatory activity. Patients with BD were included during an acute mood episode, either depressive (n=35) or (hypo)manic (n=32). Fifty-nine patients (88%) and 29 healthy controls (97%) completed the study. Peripheral blood levels of BDNF, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured at baseline and after 2 months. Biomarker levels in patients were compared to controls and correlated to HDRS-17 and YMRS total scores and the PANSS positive subscale scores. Linear mixed model analysis revealed no significant differences in neurotrophic markers between patients and controls. We found significantly increased TNF-α levels in patients and a subsequent normalization during euthymia. None of the biomarkers strongly correlated to mood symptom severity. Despite standardized methodological practices, BDNF and VEGF levels had a wide distribution range. We need a better understanding of methodological aspects influencing the analysis of neurotrophic factors to improve future research on markers for mood state monitoring and illness progression in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seline van den Ameele
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium.
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Schuermans
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Peter De Boer
- Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium; Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa - Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
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15
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Imatoh T, Kamimura S, Miyazaki M. No causal impact of serum vascular endothelial growth factor level on temporal changes in body mass index in Japanese male workers: a five-year longitudinal study. Endocrine 2017; 55:831-838. [PMID: 27834039 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that adipocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor. Therefore, we conducted a 5-year longitudinal epidemiological study to further elucidate the association between vascular endothelial growth factor levels and temporal changes in body mass index. METHODS Our study subjects were Japanese male workers, who had regular health check-ups. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured at baseline. To examine the association between vascular endothelial growth factor levels and overweight, we calculated the odds ratio using a multivariate logistic regression model. Moreover, linear mixed effect models were used to assess the association between vascular endothelial growth factor level and temporal changes in body mass index during the 5-year follow-up period. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were marginally higher in subjects with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 compared with in those with a body mass index less than 25 kg/m2 (505.4 vs. 465.5 pg/mL, P = 0.1) and were weakly correlated with leptin levels (β: 0.05, P = 0.07). In multivariate logistic regression, subjects in the highest vascular endothelial growth factor quantile were significantly associated with an increased risk for overweight compared with those in the lowest quantile (odds ratio 1.65, 95 % confidential interval: 1.10-2.50). Moreover P for trend was significant (P for trend = 0.003). However, the linear mixed effect model revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor levels were not associated with changes in body mass index over a 5-year period (quantile 2, β: 0.06, P = 0.46; quantile 3, β: -0.06, P = 0.45; quantile 4, β: -0.10, P = 0.22; quantile 1 as reference). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that high vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly associated with overweight in Japanese males but high vascular endothelial growth factor levels did not necessarily cause obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Imatoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Seiichiro Kamimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Tenjin Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motonobu Miyazaki
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
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Ferroni P, Palmirotta R, Riondino S, De Marchis ML, Nardecchia A, Formica V, Guadagni F, Roselli M. VEGF gene promoter polymorphisms and risk of VTE in chemotherapy-treated cancer patients. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:143-51. [PMID: 26336029 DOI: 10.1160/th15-03-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the possible genetic contributors to cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) could play an important role, as an imbalance of the VEGFA system (either disease-related or drug-induced) may result in a disturbance of vascular homeostasis. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the predictive role of eight different VEGFA gene promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a first VTE episode in cancer out-patients undergoing chemotherapy. To this purpose, VEGFA gene promoter polymorphisms were analysed in 297 cancer patients using polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing analysis. One hundred forty unrelated healthy subjects from the same geographical area were also analysed in order to evaluate and compare genotype/haplotype frequencies in our ethnicity. VTE occurred in 26 (9%) of cancer patients with a median time-to-event of 3.4 months. Association analyses showed that -1154G/A polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of chemotherapy-triggered VTE, with the A allele exerting a protective role both in the overall population (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.58) or in bevacizumab-treated metastatic patients (HR: 0.09, 95%CI: 0.01-0.86) in whom VEGFA -1154AA genotype also conferred a reduced risk of early progression (HR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.34-0.98). These results suggest that VEGFA may represent a candidate gene contributing to VTE development in chemotherapy treated cancer patients and that -1154G/A SNP might provide useful clinical information on the efficacy and toxicity of bevacizumab in metastatic patients. Validation studies are needed for translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- Prof. Patrizia Ferroni, MD, PhD, University San Raffaele and BioBIM - IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy, E-mail:
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17
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Alkozai EM, Porte RJ, Adelmeijer J, Zanetto A, Simioni P, Senzolo M, Lisman T. Levels of angiogenic proteins in plasma and platelets are not different between patients with hepatitis B/C-related cirrhosis and patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Platelets 2014; 26:577-82. [PMID: 25275728 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.961415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that levels of angiogenic proteins within blood platelets change at the earliest stages of cancer development and may thus provide a promising diagnostic and prognostic tool. Patients with cirrhosis have increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to study whether development of HCC in hepatitis-related cirrhosis results in changes in platelet levels of angiogenic proteins. We studied the intraplatelet levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), endostatin, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and thrombospondin type 1 (TSP-1) in 38 consecutive patients with hepatitis B- or C-related liver cirrhosis with or without HCC in addition to plasma levels of the same proteins. Twenty healthy volunteers were included to establish reference values for the various tests. Intraplatelet levels of VEGF, bFGF, HGF and endostatin were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. Intraplatelet levels of PDGF, PF4 and TSP-1 were comparable between patients and controls. Plasma levels of VEGF, bFGF and endostatin were comparable between patients and controls. Plasma levels of PDGF, PF4 and TSP-1 were decreased in patients, but this difference disappeared when levels were corrected for platelet count. Intraplatelet and plasma levels of all proteins assessed were comparable between patients with and without HCC. In conclusion, the intraplatelet levels of some angiogenic proteins are elevated in cirrhosis, but do not discriminate between patients with and without HCC. Thus, intraplatelet levels of angiogenic proteins do not seem useful as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of HCC in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris M Alkozai
- Surgical Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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18
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Zamudio S, Borges M, Echalar L, Kovalenko O, Vargas E, Torricos T, Khan AA, Alvarez M, Illsley NP. Maternal and fetoplacental hypoxia do not alter circulating angiogenic growth effectors during human pregnancy. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:42. [PMID: 24352559 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One causal model of preeclampsia (PE) postulates that placental hypoxia alters the production of angiogenic growth effectors (AGEs), causing an imbalance leading to maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. We tested this model using the natural experiment of high-altitude (HA) residence. We hypothesized that in HA pregnancies 1) circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) is increased and placental growth factor (PlGF) decreased, and 2) AGE concentrations correlate with measures of hypoxia. A cross-sectional study of healthy pregnancies at low altitude (LA) (400 m) versus HA (3600 m) compared normal (n = 80 at HA, n = 90 at LA) and PE pregnancies (n = 20 PE at HA, n = 19 PE at LA). Blood was collected using standard serum separation and, in parallel, by a method designed to inhibit platelet activation. AGEs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AGEs did not differ between altitudes in normal or PE pregnancies. AGE concentrations were unrelated to measures of maternal or fetal hypoxia. PlGF was lower and sFlt-1 higher in PE, but overlapped considerably with the range observed in normal samples. PlGF correlated with placental mass in both normal and PE pregnancies. The contribution of peripheral cells to the values measured for AGEs was similar at LA and HA, but was greater in PE than in normotensive women. Hypoxia, across a wide physiological range in pregnancy, does not alter levels of circulating AGEs in otherwise normal pregnancies. Peripheral cell release of AGEs with the hemostasis characteristic of standard blood collection is highly variable and contributes to a doubling of the amount of sFlt-1 measured in PE as compared to normal pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Zamudio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine and Surgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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Zamudio S, Kovalenko O, Echalar L, Torricos T, Al-Khan A, Alvarez M, Illsley NP. Evidence for extraplacental sources of circulating angiogenic growth effectors in human pregnancy. Placenta 2013; 34:1170-6. [PMID: 24161217 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are associated with reduced blood flow, contributing to placental and fetal hypoxia. Placental hypoxia is thought to cause altered production of angiogenic growth effectors (AGEs), reflected in the circulation of mother and fetus. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF) and their soluble binding protein (sFlt-1) are, in turn, postulated as being causally involved in PE via induction of systemic endothelial cell dysfunction. To dissect the role of AGEs, accurate measurement is of great importance. However, the values of AGEs are highly variable, contributing to heterogeneity in their association (or lack thereof) with preeclampsia. To test the hypothesis that variability may be due to peripheral cell release of AGEs we obtained blood samples from normal healthy pregnant women (n = 90) and the cord blood of a subset of their neonates using standard serum separation and compared results obtained in parallel samples collected into reagents designed to inhibit peripheral cell activation (sodium citrate, theophylline, adenosine and dipyridamole-CTAD). AGEs were measured by ELISA. CTAD collection reduced maternal and fetal free VEGF by 83%, and 98%, respectively. Free PlGF was decreased by 29%, maternal sFlt-1 by >20% and fetal sFlt-1 by 59% in the CTAD-treated vs. serum sample (p < 0.0001). In summary blood collection techniques can profoundly alter measured concentrations of AGEs in mother and fetus. This process is highly variable, contributes to variation reported in the literature, and renders questionable the true impact of alteration in AGEs on pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zamudio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Surgery and the Center for Abnormal Placentation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
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20
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Serum EPO and VEGF levels in patients with sleep-disordered breathing and acute myocardial infarction. Sleep Breath 2013; 17:1063-9. [PMID: 23340852 PMCID: PMC3742958 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-013-0801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background A high level of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) may be associated with a smaller infarct size determined by the release of necrosis markers. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, protective effects of SDB have also been described. The potential role of increased levels of EPO and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is suggested in this process. The study aimed to explore the EPO and VEGF serum levels in SDB and non-SDB patients during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Methods Thirty-seven patients undergoing successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the acute myocardial infarction have been examined for the levels of EPO, VEGF, and troponin I (Tn). In the following, patients had an overnight polysomnography to determine breathing disturbances during sleep. Results Both on admission day (day 1) and day 3 of hospitalization, EPO levels showed statistically significant differences in both SDB-positive and SDB-negative patient groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in VEGF levels. No correlation was found between the EPO and Tn levels. Conclusions SDB patients tend to have higher levels of EPO during acute myocardial infarction. No statistically significant differences in VEGF levels were observed.
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Graf C, Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. Effect of leukoreduction treatment on vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in stored canine blood transfusion products. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:2001-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Platelet activation and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 release in hepatocellular cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:450-4. [PMID: 21111726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF₁₆₅) is stored, transported and released by platelets. Platelet functional abnormalities have been described in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, this study was designed to investigate the behavior of VEGF₁₆₅ with respect to platelet activation in HCC. METHODS Plasma and serum VEGF₁₆₅ and plasma sP-selectin levels were analyzed in patients with HCC (n=70) or cirrhosis (n=45) and control subjects (n=70). Given the thrombocytopenia that characterizes both HCC and cirrhotic patients, plasma VEGF₁₆₅ and sP-selectin as well as serum VEGF (plt-VEGF₁₆₅-load) levels were normalized by platelet counts. RESULTS Median concentrations of plasma VEGF₁₆₅/platelet (p=0.002) and sP-selectin/platelet (p<0.0001) were higher in HCC or cirrhotic patients compared to controls. Moreover, sP-selectin/platelet was the only independent variable predictive of plasma VEGF₁₆₅/platelet at multivariate analysis (p<0.0001). Conversely, plt-VEGF₁₆₅-load correlated with tumor diameter (p<0.05) but not with sP-selectin/platelet and was an independent predictor for 5year overall survival (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained are suggestive for VEGF₁₆₅ release by tumor in HCC. It is plt-VEGF₁₆₅-load, but not plasma VEGF₁₆₅ or serum VEGF₁₆₅ that is an independent predictor for overall survival of HCC patients.
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VEGF-A gene promoter polymorphisms and microvascular complications in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:1090-5. [PMID: 20621078 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Metwally FM, El-mezayen HA, Ahmed HH. Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-18 and nitric oxide in patients with breast cancer: correlation with carbohydrate antigen 15.3. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S15-21. [PMID: 20725807 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine serum concentrations of angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and nitric oxide (NO) in patients with breast cancer and to evaluate whether these factors will be correlated with CA 15.3, as a routine tumor marker for breast cancer or not. This study was conducted on 44 patients with breast cancer and 15 healthy individuals as a control group. The results demonstrated significant increase in serum IL-18, NO and CA 15.3 levels in sera of breast cancer patients when compared to those of the control group (P < 0.001, P = 0.016 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, the mean serum level of VEGF in patients as showed insignificant increase compared to that of the controls was not significant (P = 0.311). Sensitivity of CA 15.3, VEGF, IL-18 and NO to detect patients with disease was 52.2, 21.3, 77.2 and 70.4 %, respectively. In addition, positive status of serum CA 15.3 and/or IL-18 was found in 39 out of 44 (88.6 %) patients, and the positive status of serum CA 15.3 and/or NO was only found in 35 out of 44 (79.5 %). In conclusion, the simultaneous determination of IL-18 or NO in combination with the CA 15.3 may increase the sensitivity to diagnose breast cancer and may aid in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatehya M Metwally
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Palmirotta R, Ferroni P, Savonarola A, Martini F, Ciatti F, Laudisi A, Sini V, Del Monte G, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Prognostic value of pre-surgical plasma PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) levels in breast cancer. Thromb Res 2009; 124:403-8. [PMID: 19351570 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Serum levels of angiogenic factors in early breast cancer remain close to normal. Breast 2009; 18:26-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Soluble P-selectin as a marker of in vivo platelet activation. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 399:88-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brostjan C, Gebhardt K, Gruenberger B, Steinrueck V, Zommer H, Freudenthaler H, Roka S, Gruenberger T. Neoadjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer with bevacizumab: the perioperative angiogenic balance is sensitive to systemic thrombospondin-1 levels. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2065-74. [PMID: 18381946 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment with bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may suffer from wound healing complications after surgery as the antibody persists in patient blood. We characterized the systemic angiogenic balance in the perioperative period to evaluate its effect on physiologic angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Nineteen patients receiving combination chemotherapy and bevacizumab for six neoadjuvant cycles were compared with 14 patients receiving chemotherapy without bevacizumab. Plasma from perioperative days -1, +1, +7, and +21 was analyzed for VEGF, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), and PD-ECGF concentrations. The angiogenic capacity was further tested in an in vitro assay of endothelial cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS On day +1, the onset of wound healing was reflected in a change of balance, i.e., an increase of proangiogenic factors VEGF and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor compared with low TSP-1 inhibitor levels in both treatment groups. Patients with bevacizumab therapy showed significantly higher blood levels of total VEGF throughout the evaluation period. However, most VEGF molecules were inactive, i.e., complexed with antibody. Nevertheless, the capacity to stimulate endothelial growth was higher for these plasma samples and was reflected in low TSP-1 levels and an altered TSP-1 sensitivity. When purified TSP-1 protein was added, plasma samples of the bevacizumab but not the chemotherapy group showed reduced endothelial growth. CONCLUSIONS Feedback mechanisms of bevacizumab therapy are not restricted to VEGF expression but seem to involve additional factors, such as TSP-1, which influences the systemic angiogenic balance and permits endothelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brostjan
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Zimmermann R, Weisbach V, Eckstein R. Choice of sample for the analysis of circulating angiogenic cytokines. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:1328. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Buchholz J, Wergin M, Walt H, Gräfe S, Bley CR, Kaser-Hotz B. Photodynamic Therapy of Feline Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Newly Developed Liposomal Photosensitizer: Preliminary Results Concerning Drug Safety and Efficacy. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wergin MC, Roos M, Inteeworn N, Laluhovà D, Allemann K, Kaser-Hotz B. The influence of fractionated radiation therapy on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in dogs with spontaneous tumors and its impact on outcome. Radiother Oncol 2006; 79:239-44. [PMID: 16677728 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a specific pro-angiogenic factor is proposed to be involved in cancer progression and resistance to radiation therapy by promoting angiogenesis and by protecting endothelial cells from radiation induced apoptosis. The aim of this study, was first to assess the influence of ionizing radiation on plasma VEGF concentration in spontaneous canine tumors during fractionated radiation therapy with curative or palliative intent and second to analyze plasma VEGF concentration as predictor for treatment outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS For plasma VEGF analysis a human VEGF enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used. Sixty dogs with various tumor types were included in this study. Dogs were irradiated with either low dose per fx (3-3.5 Gy per fraction, total dose: 42-49 Gy, group A: curative intent) or high dose per fx (6-8 Gy per fraction, total dose: 24-30 Gy, group B: palliative intent). Blood samples were taken before and after dose application at certain time points during therapy. Follow-up evaluation was performed for analysis of time to treatment failure and survival. RESULTS Repeated measures analysis showed no increase of plasma VEGF in dogs treated with fractionated radiation therapy (group A and B). Dichotomizing baseline plasma VEGF into two groups with high and low plasma VEGF, resulted in shorter time to treatment failure in dogs with high plasma VEGF levels (TTF, group A: P=0.038, group B: P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that dogs with a plasma VEGF level higher than 5 pg/ml had a poorer outcome after radiation therapy. It is therefore, suggested, to use plasma VEGF as predictor for treatment outcome in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Wergin
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Gasparini G, Longo R, Toi M, Ferrara N. Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:562-77. [PMID: 16270097 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep, complex and tightly regulated process that is necessary for tumor growth and metastasis. Based on data of preclinical models, several antiangiogenic compounds has been shown to modify activated tumor endothelium, which suggests that these compounds can improve cytotoxic drug delivery. Such agents have entered clinical trials as single agents or in combination with cytotoxic drugs, and have shown promising antitumor activity. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of antiangiogenic drugs are reviewed here. Most of the early clinical testing of these agents was conducted in patients with advanced disease resistant to standard therapies. Phase III trials compared the efficacy of standard chemotherapy alone with standard chemotherapy in combination with an experimental angiogenesis inhibitor. Although some of these studies were negative or controversial, recent studies validated in large clinical trials with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody demonstrated significant clinical benefit and renewed enthusiasm for this therapeutic strategy. This review describes the clinical studies of antiangiogenic agents and highlights the challenges related to choosing appropriate strategies for the selection of patients, study design and choice of appropriate endpoints for the studies' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Gasparini
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Via G Martinotti, 20 00135 Rome, Italy.
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Gentilini F, Calzolari C, Turba ME, Agnoli C, Fava D, Forni M, Bergamini PF. Prognostic value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 in lymphoma-affected dogs. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1263-9. [PMID: 15893373 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is considered to be a good animal model for its human counterpart; nevertheless, comparative data on neo-angiogenesis are completely lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 in lymphoma-affected dogs. Circulating levels of VEGF and both MMP 2 and 9 activities significantly correlate with the WHO sub-stage b prognostic factor; moreover, VEGF at admission have an independent influence on the length of the disease free interval. As in humans, serum VEGF concentration and most likely also MMPs plasma activity have prognostic value in canine NHL spontaneous model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Veterinary Clinical Department, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Cressey R, Wattananupong O, Lertprasertsuke N, Vinitketkumnuen U. Alteration of protein expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from soluble to cell-associated isoform during tumourigenesis. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:128. [PMID: 16202150 PMCID: PMC1262699 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mitogen for endothelial cells, and its expression has been correlated with increased tumour angiogenesis. Although numerous publications dealing with the measurement of circulating VEGF for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring have been published, the relationship between the production of tissue VEGF and its concentration in blood is still unclear. The aims of this study were to determine: 1) The expression pattern of VEGF isoforms at the protein level in colorectal and lung adenocarcinoma in comparison to the pattern in corresponding adjacent normal tissues 2) The relationship between the expression pattern of VEGF and total level of circulating VEGF in the blood to clarify whether the results of measuring circulating VEGF can be used to predict VEGF expression in tumour tissues. Methods Ninety-four tissue samples were obtained from patients, 76 colorectal tumour tissues and 18 lung tumour tissues. VEGF protein expression pattern and total circulating VEGF were examined using western blot and capture ELISA, respectively. Results Three major protein bands were predominately detected in tumour samples with an apparent molecular mass under reducing conditions of 18, 23 and 26 kDa. The 18 kDa VEGF protein was expressed equally in both normal and colorectal tumour tissues and predominately expressed in normal tissues of lung, whereas the 23 and 26 kDa protein was only detected at higher levels in tumour tissues. The 18, 23 and 26 kDa proteins are believed to represent the VEGF121, the VEGF165 and the VEGF189, respectively. There was a significant correlation of the expression of VEGF165 with a smaller tumour size maximum diameter <5 cm (p < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation of VEGF189 with advanced clinical stage of colorectal tumours. The measurement of total circulating VEGF in serum revealed that cancer patients significantly (p < 0.001) possessed a higher level of circulating VEGF (1081 ± 652 pg/ml in colorectal and 1,251 ± 568 pg/ml in lung) than a healthy volunteer group (543 ± 344 pg/ml). No correlation between the level of circulating VEGF and the pathologic features of tumours was observed. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the expression patterns of VEGF isoforms are altered during tumourigenesis as certain isoform overexpression in tumour tissues correlated with tumour progression indicating their important role in tumour development. However, measurement of VEGF in the circulation as a prognostic marker needs to be carefully evaluated as the cell-associated isoform (VEGF189), but not the soluble isoform (VEGF121 and VEGF165) appears to play important role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchada Cressey
- Department of Associated Medical Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Onusa Wattananupong
- Department of Associated Medical Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Ferroni P, Spila A, Martini F, D'Alessandro R, Mariotti S, Del Monte G, Graziano P, Buonomo O, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in physiological and pathological conditions. Oncology 2005; 69:145-53. [PMID: 16127285 DOI: 10.1159/000087838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major endothelial-cell specific stimulatory factor regarded as the most important positive regulator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Due to its powerful angiogenic and mitogenic properties, VEGF takes part in a variety of crucial biological processes, including wound repair and tumorigenesis. The elevated expression of VEGF and its receptors has been found in malignancies of various origin as being associated with metastasis formation and poor prognosis. Recently, some possibilities appeared to block the VEGF action when it is undesirable or promote its activity when it can be useful. These new therapeutic strategies based upon the knowledge of VEGF biological role, are being tried and up till now they proved to be successful, especially in anticancer therapy and the coronary heart disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Italy.
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Ferrero S, Nicoletti A, Ragni N. Measurement of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer patients. Intern Med J 2005; 35:310-1; author reply 311. [PMID: 15845119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2005.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gion M, Daidone MG. Circulating biomarkers from tumour bulk to tumour machinery: promises and pitfalls. Eur J Cancer 2005; 40:2613-22. [PMID: 15541962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a working classification for circulating biomarkers according to their potential clinical application. We broadly divided biomarkers into four groups: (i) biomarkers of cancer risk, (ii) biomarkers of tumour-host interactions, (iii) biomarker of tumour burden, and (iv) function-related biomarkers. We hope this classification will provide a framework to which the results of future studies can be added. We also discuss the promises and pitfalls in the optional use of biomarkers in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gion
- Associazione ABO, c/o Centro Regionale Indicatori Biochimici di Tumore, Ospedale Civile, Venice 30122, Italy.
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Meo S, Dittadi R, Gion M. Biological variation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:342-3. [PMID: 15843243 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ferrero S. Matalliotakis IM, Goumenou AG, Koumantakis GE, Neonaki MA, Koumantakis EE, Dionyssopoulou E, Athanassakis I, Vassiliadis S. Serum concentrations of growth factors in women with and without endometriosis: the action of anti-endometriosis medicines [Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3(1):81-89]. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:157-8; author reply 159-60. [PMID: 14975370 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2003] [Revised: 09/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brostjan C, Bayer A, Zommer A, Gornikiewicz A, Roka S, Benkö T, Yaghubian R, Jakesz R, Steger G, Gnant M, Friedl J, Stift A. Monitoring of circulating angiogenic factors in dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer 2003; 98:2291-301. [PMID: 14601101 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A promising treatment approach for patients with malignant disease that recently has found its way into clinical trials is based on vaccination with autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor antigens. However, adequate assays for monitoring clinical and immunologic responses still are under debate. In recent years, the determination of angiogenic markers has shown considerable potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with malignant disease, because tumor growth and spread are promoted by angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. METHODS The authors established a method for measuring the plasma levels of three modulators of angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, and thrombospondin-1. The angiogenic blood profile of a healthy control group was characterized and compared with a group of patients with malignant disease. Ultimately, levels of circulating angiogenic factors were monitored in the course of dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. RESULTS Baseline levels of angiogenic mediators varied substantially among healthy individuals but showed consistent values for each individual. Blood levels of circulating angiogenic factors were elevated significantly in patients with advanced disease and were highly sensitive to dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the current report was the first to analyze circulating levels of angiogenic factors during dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. The authors observed a noteworthy change in the angiogenic blood profile with treatment, and this change was correlated with the induction of an immunologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brostjan
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Granato AM, Nanni O, Falcini F, Folli S, Mosconi G, De Paola F, Medri L, Amadori D, Volpi A. Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels in breast cancer patients and healthy women: useful as diagnostic tools? Breast Cancer Res 2003; 6:R38-45. [PMID: 14680499 PMCID: PMC314457 DOI: 10.1186/bcr745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in breast cancer cells and the corresponding serum levels in individual patients. The study also evaluated the potential of serum levels of the two growth factors as diagnostic markers in a case-control study. METHODS VEGF expression and bFGF expression were determined in 62 and 63 tumor samples, respectively. Serum VEGF and bFGF levels were determined in 54 and 65 healthy women and in 69 and 73 breast cancer patients, respectively, using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS A direct correlation was observed between VEGF expression and bFGF expression in individual tumors (P = 0.001) and between serum levels (P = 0.038) in individual patients, but not between tumor cell expression and the corresponding serum level for either growth factor. Median values of serum levels in healthy women and breast cancer patients were not different for VEGF (P = 0.055), but were significantly different for bFGF (P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve identified a serum bFGF concentration of 1.0 pg/ml, with 84.9% sensitivity and 63.1% specificity, as the best cut-off value to discriminate between healthy women and breast cancer patients. An age-based subgroup analysis showed that serum values of patients older than 70 years of age mainly contributed to the high accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Our data repropose bFGF as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Falcini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Secondo Folli
- Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Morgagni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Gabriella Mosconi
- Blood Transfusion Service, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Morgagni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Franca De Paola
- Pathology Unit, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Laura Medri
- Pathology Unit, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Dino Amadori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Annalisa Volpi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Oncology and Diagnostics, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
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Mentula P, Kylänpää ML, Kemppainen E, Eklund KK, Orpana A, Puolakkainen P, Haapiainen R, Repo H. Serum levels of mast cell tryptase, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 27:e29-33. [PMID: 12883276 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200308000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mast cell tryptase, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim is to describe their serum levels in relation to severity of AP. METHODS Seventy patients with AP were studied. Thirty-one had mild acute pancreatitis and 39 severe AP of whom 21 developed organ dysfunction. Serum concentration of tryptase was determined with fluoroimmunoassay (UniCAP), and VEGF and bFGF with ELISA at admission and on days 1, 2, and 7 post-hospitalization. RESULTS The peak tryptase levels and tryptase levels at 2nd day after symptom onset, although mostly within normal range, were significantly higher in patients with organ dysfunction than in patients without organ dysfunction (6.6 microg/l (inter quartile range 4.8 to 12.6) versus 4.0 microg/l (2.7 to 6.2); P = 0.018 and 6.0 microg/l (4.4 to 7.6) versus 3.4 microg/l (2.3 to 4.8); P = 0.006, respectively). Median serum VEGF and bFGF concentrations increased during follow-up, were significantly higher on day 7 than on days 0, 1, and 2, but were not related to development of organ dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Mast cell activation, as defined by serum tryptase levels, may play a role in the development of remote organ dysfunction in patients with AP. However, neither tryptase nor the factors VEGF and bFGF serve as predictors of organ dysfunction in clinical AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Mentula
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ivanović V, Todorović-Raković N, Demajo M, Nesković-Konstantinović Z, Subota V, Ivanisević-Milovanović O, Nikolić-Vukosavljević D. Elevated plasma levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in patients with advanced breast cancer: association with disease progression. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:454-61. [PMID: 12751375 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between an elevated plasma TGF-beta 1 level and the disease progression of advanced breast cancer (BC) patients (n = 44). TGF-beta 1 levels were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Platelet carryover and in vitro platelet activation in our plasma samples was assessed and found to be insignificant. Plasma TGF-beta 1 values were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in stage IIIB/IV patients (median value: 2.40 ng/ml, range: 0.13-8.48 ng/ml, n = 44) compared with healthy donors (median value: 1.30 ng/ml, range: 0.41-4.93 ng/ml, n = 36). Although pronounced in metastatic patients, especially those who had been newly diagnosed, TGF-beta 1 elevation was independent of tumour mass, site of distant metastases, histopathological type, steroid receptor (SR) content and age of the BC patients. Follow-up of 6 patients indicated a relationship between the plasma TGF-beta 1 and the patient's response. This suggests that TGF-beta 1, may be a promising prognostic marker for breast cancer patients with advanced disease. Confirmatory large-scale studies are needed, particularly given the overlap of values between our different subgroups analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Ivanović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinća, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
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Morabito A, Magnani E, Gion M, Sarmiento R, Capaccetti B, Longo R, Gattuso D, Gasparini G. Prognostic and predictive indicators in operable breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2003; 3:381-90. [PMID: 12636883 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2003.n.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of its biological heterogeneity and wide spectrum of responsiveness to different treatments, breast cancer is a complex disease of difficult clinical management. Over the past several years, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating normal and aberrant cell growth leading to cancer has been enhanced. These advances have enabled the identification of an increasing number of surrogate biomarkers, which have been correlated with prognosis or used as predictors of response to specific treatments. Axillary nodal status, age, tumor size, pathologic grade, and hormone receptor status are the established prognostic and/or predictive factors for selection of adjuvant treatments. The role of new biomarkers, such as p53, HER2/neu, angiogenesis, and the proliferation index value, is promising; however, the clinical value of their determination must be provided by prospective clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Morabito
- Division of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
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Dehaven K, Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C. Comparison of serum vascular endothelial growth levels between patients with and without ovarian malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12:715-9. [PMID: 12445248 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.2002.t01-1-01143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and ovarian malignancies by contrasting a population with ovarian malignancies and a population free of gynecological neoplasms. Two hundred forty four serum samples were obtained from the US National Cancer Institute's Prostate, Lung, Colon, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Project. These samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in duplicate, and on completion of the assays, the samples were decoded for age and disease type. Average VEGF values for the nongynecological control group was 4.399 ng/ml; for benign gynecologic cases, 2.515 ng/ml; and for patients with malignancies, 4.287 ng/ml. Specifically, there was no difference between the mean value of VEGF in patients with ovarian malignancies and the patients with benign gynecological tumors (P = 0.8823). Also, there was no difference between the mean value of VEGF in patients with ovarian malignancies and the control patients who did not have gynecological disease (P = 0.3110). Using the Mann-Whitney U-test, no significant differences were found between the three populations of this study. Based on our data, due to the lack of significant difference in mean serum VEGF values between patients with and without ovarian malignancies, we feel that serum VEGF cannot be used as a possible screening tool for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dehaven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Vermeulen PB, Gasparini G, Fox SB, Colpaert C, Marson LP, Gion M, Beliën JAM, de Waal RMW, Van Marck E, Magnani E, Weidner N, Harris AL, Dirix LY. Second international consensus on the methodology and criteria of evaluation of angiogenesis quantification in solid human tumours. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38:1564-79. [PMID: 12142044 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P B Vermeulen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
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