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Wang X, Zong K, Gao Y, Li B, Wang S, Zhang L. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the quality of life of Chinese football referees: the chain mediating role of occupational stress and job burnout. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1314. [PMID: 37430258 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 lockdown measures have had a great negative impact on the development of sports competition in China, as well as on the quality of life of football referees. This study aims to explore the impact of lockdown measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of football referees in China and its mechanism of action. METHODS The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale (ERI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). The scale was used from August to September 2022. Using an online questionnaire, 350 questionnaires were sent out and 338 were returned, for a return rate of 96.57%. Invalid questionnaires were excluded, and 307 football referees with referee grades in 29 provinces registered with the CFA were surveyed. SPSS 24.0 and Mplus 8.0 were used for data analysis and structural equation model testing in this study. RESULTS The results showed that the COVID-19 lockdown had no significant impact on the quality of life of Chinese football referees. However, the COVID-19 lockdown can affect the quality of life of Chinese football referees through occupational stress or job burnout. Occupational stress and job burnout also play a chain intermediary role between the COVID-19 lockdown and the quality of life of Chinese football referees. In addition, this study further explores the quality of life by dividing it into four dimensions (physical, social, psychological, and environmental). The results show that all four dimensions satisfy the chain mediation model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the quality of life of Chinese football referees can be improved by reducing their occupational stress and job burnout during the COVID-19 lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Kehao Zong
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Bochen Li
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
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Popkin CA, Fortney TA, Padaki AS, Rogers AJ, Trofa DP, Lynch TS, Tuominen M, Stuart MJ. Injuries to Ice Hockey Referees and Linesmen: A Survey of International Ice Hockey Federation Officials. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221117504. [PMID: 36105655 PMCID: PMC9465570 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221117504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ice hockey referees and linesmen are at risk for musculoskeletal injuries because of the lack of protective equipment and contact with players, sticks, pucks, the ice surface and boards. Purpose To quantify and analyze injuries reported by officials of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods A 61-question survey tool was designed by an interdisciplinary team to evaluate musculoskeletal injuries experienced by ice hockey officials. This survey was administered to 600 active IIHF referees and linesmen. Only completed survey responses were included in the statistical analysis. Continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired t-tests, while categorical data were assessed utilizing chi-square tests. Results Of the 600 surveys administered, 264 surveys were completed by officials from 45 countries (44% response rate). Of the respondents, 72% were male, and 28% were female, with a mean age of 31.1 ± 5.8 years. Officiating experience averaged 11.4 ± 6.0 years (6.3 ± 4.5 years with the IIHF). A total of 295 injuries were reported by 55% of the officials. Injuries occurred more frequently during games compared with training, and officials who worked year-round had more total injuries than those who took time off (P = .03). The most common injuries involved the wrist and hand (n = 64 [22%]), head and face (n = 58 [20%]), and the knee (n = 47 [16%]). Wrist and hand trauma included 23 fractures. Knee and shoulder injuries were most likely to require surgery compared with other body areas (P < .001); 30 officials underwent surgery because of an acute knee injury (10%). Injury prevention activities were effective at reducing injuries (P = .04). Conclusion Most ice hockey officials experienced musculoskeletal injuries during their career. The risk of trauma to the wrist and hand can possibly be reduced via equipment modifications including protective gloves. A greater emphasis should be placed on injury prevention programs and time away from officiating competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Popkin
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Fortney
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ajay S Padaki
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Rogers
- Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Massachusetts General Brigham, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David P Trofa
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Moen C, Andersen TE, Clarsen B, Madsen-Kaarød G, Dalen-Lorentsen T. Prevalence and burden of health problems in top-level football referees. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:131-138. [PMID: 35430956 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2055782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Top-level football referees take decisions during strenuous physical activity, and often under great mental pressure. Despite their central role in a football match, little is known about referees' health problems, particularly in female referees. AIM To investigate the prevalence and burden of health problems in female and male top-level referees. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHOD Fifty-five Norwegian male and female top-level referees reported health problems (injuries and illnesses) in pre-season and during the 2020 competitive season, using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-H2). RESULTS We recorded data for 49 weeks with a compliance of 98%. On average, 34% (95% CI 31-36%) of referees reported at least one health problem each week, and 20% (95% CI 19-22%) reported substantial health problems. Female referees reported more health problems than male referees, and on-field referees reported more health problems than assistant referees. Gradual-onset injuries were most prevalent and caused the greatest absence from training and matches, whereas illnesses represented only a small portion to the overall burden of health problems. The injury incidence was three injuries per athlete-year (95% CI 2.5-3.5) and 11 injuries per 1000 match hours (95% CI 7-18). The illness incidence was 1.4 illnesses per athlete-year (95% CI 1.1-1.8). Injuries to the lower legs and feet represented the highest burden of health problems. CONCLUSION Top-level referees, especially females, reported a high prevalence of health problems. Gradual-onset injuries to the lower leg and foot represented the highest injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian FA Sports Medicine Clinic, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Szymski D, Opitz S, Pfeifer C, Rupp M, Angele P, Alt V, Krutsch W, Krutsch V. High injury rates and weak injury prevention strategies in football referees at all levels of play. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:391-401. [PMID: 34657335 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Football referees need other physiological requirements on field than football players and are affected by different types of injury. The absence of referees may result in canceled matches, so special focus should be placed on injury prevention through specific training programs for referees. This study retrospectively analyzed injury occurrence and prevention strategies for German football referees at the different levels of play over one season. Data were collected by means of seasonal injury reports based on the consensus statement of injury definition and data collection. Of the 923 participating referees, 91 (9.9%) played at the professional level, 151 (16.3%) at the semi-professional, and 681 (73.8%) at the amateur level. 86.2% (n = 796) were men and 13.8% (n = 127) women. Referees at the amateur level showed the highest injury incidence (3.14/1000 h football) compared to referees at the semi-professional (1.92/1000 h; p < 0.001) and professional level (1.01/1000 h; p < 0.001). Most referees at the amateur (n = 372; 56.4%) and semi-professional level (n = 46; 31.3%) conducted warm-up programs of <10 min, whereas the mean warm-up duration of professional referees was >11 min (n = 75; 82.4%). Although running and stretching exercises were common among referees during warm-up, preventive exercises focusing on coordination and trunk muscles were less frequent, especially among amateur referees (jumping: 15.9%; strengthening: 9.7%; balance exercises: 7.9%). Injury incidence was highest at lower amateur levels, which thus has specific need for injury prevention. Appropriate training exercises to prevent injuries of referees were weak at all levels of play, especially the lack of strength, plyometric, and balance exercises in training and warm-up programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Szymski
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Opitz
- Department of General Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Angele
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Krutsch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,SportDocs Franken, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Volker Krutsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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Moreno-Pérez V, Madruga-Parera M, Romero-Rodríguez D, Sanchéz-Sanchéz J, Felipe JL, Marcè-Hernández L, Recasens-Sarrà E, Del Coso J. Eccentric Hamstring Muscle Strength during Home Confinement Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Football Competition Resumption in Professional Football Referees: A Prospective Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9737. [PMID: 34574662 PMCID: PMC8471918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a major disruption for professional football leagues that has affected the physical preparation of both football players and referees. In Spain, health authorities decreed home confinement for eight weeks, supressing the normal training routines of professional referees. After home confinement, referees had four weeks to retrain as the national football league was set to resume matches to complete the 11 games remaining. The aim of the present investigation was to assess changes in eccentric hamstring muscle strength during football competition suspension/resumption due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 professional football referees (mean ± SD, age: 33.4 ± 5.1 years; height: 182.4 ± 5.0 cm; body mass: 75.1 ± 4.4 kg). Eccentric hamstring muscle strength was measured with the Nordic hamstring exercise at four time points. During home confinement, referees presented the lowest value of bilateral eccentric muscle strength (300 ± 14 N). Eccentric muscle strength increased by 13.2 ± 3.7% one week after the end of home confinement (339 ± 16 N; p = 0.001, effect size (ES) = 2.8) and remained stable before the first match (343 ± 17 N; p = 0.001, ES = 3.1) and after the end of the national league (328 ± 13 N; p = 0.001, ES = 2.0). In summary, home confinement produced detraining effects in professional football referees associated with hamstring muscle weakness. In this regard, strength-based activities with body loads may be insufficient to avoid muscle weakness and other means (e.g., weights) may be necessary to maintain muscle strength. However, the 4-weeks retraining period was sufficient to resolve hamstring muscle weakness induced by the restrictions of home confinement. This information may be helpful in the case of future sport competition suspension or home quarantine due to new waves of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Marc Madruga-Parera
- Physical Therapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (D.R.-R.)
- FC Barcelona Second Team, Sport Performance Area, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-H.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Daniel Romero-Rodríguez
- Physical Therapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (D.R.-R.)
- FC Barcelona First Team, Sport Performance Area, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchéz-Sanchéz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.F.)
- Comité Técnico de Árbitros (CTA), Real Federación Española de Fútbol, 28230 Las Rozas, Spain
| | - José Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Lluis Marcè-Hernández
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-H.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Eudald Recasens-Sarrà
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-H.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
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Paula DAGD, Cunha RAD, Andreoli CV. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF BASKETBALL REFEREES:A PROSPECTIVE STUDY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022021_0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball referees are the authorities responsible for ensuring that rules and regulations are followed and for making decisions. The ability of referees to respond to the physical and physiological demands imposed during the game is essential for good performance on the court. Objective: To understand the context in which health problems faced by basketball referees occur and to outline the epidemiological profile of musculoskeletal injuries. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in which basketball referees were evaluated using a standardized form. The participants were monitored online weekly for 12 weeks using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire to assess health problems, such as diseases (affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive or neurological systems) or musculoskeletal injuries (acute or from overuse). Results: The study sample consisted of 78 referees with a mean age of 36.5 (±9.8) years. Most referees (97.4%) found it important to implement a preventive program. In relation to the health problems reported during follow-up, there was an incidence rate of 23.7 injuries per 1000 hours of play (95% CI 19.5 - 27.9) and the mean weekly prevalence of diseases was 3.2 (95% CI 0.4 – 6.0) and of injuries was 17.4 (95% CI 16.5 – 18.3). Conclusion: Through this study, it was possible to conclude that there was an incidence rate of 23.7 injuries per 1000 hours of play (95% CI 19.5 - 27.9) and a mean prevalence of diseases of 3.2 (95% CI 0.4 - 6.0) and musculoskeletal injuries of 17.4 (95% CI 16.5 - 18.3). The most common health problems that affected basketball referees were musculoskeletal overuse injuries of the lower limbs. Level of evidence I; Prospective cohort study .
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Al Attar WSA, Bizzini M, Alkabkabi F, Alshamrani N, Alarifi S, Alzahrani H, Ghulam H, Aljedaani E, Sanders RH. Effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ Referees Injury Prevention Program in reducing injury rates in male amateur soccer referees. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1774-1781. [PMID: 33914964 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ Referees Injury Prevention Program (FIFA 11+ Referees Program) is a structured warm-up program specially designed to prevent injuries in soccer referees. However, its effectiveness has yet to be fully documented in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ Referees Program in reducing injury rates among soccer referees. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Two hundred male amateur soccer referees (mean ± SD age, 31.6 ± 4.1 years) participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed the FIFA 11+ Referees Program as a warm-up during training sessions at least twice a week, and the control group performed their usual warm-ups. The participants were followed up for one season. The outcome measures were the incidence of overall injury, initial injury, recurrent injury, injury mechanism, and injury severity (primary), and the rate of adherence to the intervention program (secondary). RESULTS A total of 24 injuries were reported among 100 referees in the control group in 16 606 h of exposure (1.45 injuries/1000 exposure h), and a total of nine injuries were reported across 100 referees within the experimental group in 17 834 exposure h (0.50 injuries/1000 exposure h). The Injury Risk Ratio (IRR) was 0.35 (95% CI 0.26-0.45). CONCLUSION The results indicated that the FIFA 11+ Referees Program effectively reduced injuries in the experimental group by 65% compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Saleh A Al Attar
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fahad Alkabkabi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Alshamrani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Ghulam
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Aljedaani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Orviz-Martínez N, Botey-Fullat M, Arce-García S. Analysis of Burnout and Psychosocial Factors in Grassroot Football Referees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031111. [PMID: 33513797 PMCID: PMC7908562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the interrelationships between the burnout and different psychosocial variables to which the grassroots football referee is exposed, in particular, associated with the influence of the environment and the level of verbal and physical aggression. To this end, a questionnaire was developed, consisting of items from the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey(MBI-GS) and various self-constructed items designed to find out these psychosocial variables. First, a study of the structure of the form was carried out. Second, a structural equation model was designed in order to test the causal relationship between the variables under consideration. The results obtained point to the validity of the proposed theoretical model. It is recommended to initiate training programs for this group aimed at strengthening personal coping and social support strategies, which can help minimize the evolution of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Orviz-Martínez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, UNIR-Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenue de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - María Botey-Fullat
- ESIC-Business & Marketing School ESIC, Avda. de Valdenigrales s/n, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sergio Arce-García
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, UNIR-Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenue de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
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Vincent HK, Bruner M, Obermayer C, Griffin B, Vincent KR. Musculoskeletal pain in lacrosse officials impacts function on the field. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:486-497. [PMID: 33350867 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1860046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence of joint pain among lacrosse officials and described the impact of pain thereof on current officiating duties on the field. Members of the US Lacrosse Officials Development Programme were provided with an electronic survey (a 15.7% response rate resulted in N = 1,441 of completed surveys). Pain sites and severity, previous injuries and current impact of musculoskeletal pain on officiating duties were captured. Pain was present in 18.1-40.1% of respondents at the foot, shoulder, back and knee. A total of 437 officials reported diagnoses of osteoarthritis ([OA]; knee 48.7%, hip 10.5%, spine 10.1%, shoulder 8.0%) and 247 reported OA in more than one joint (p < .05). Officials with OA or previous lacrosse-related injuries reported frequent difficulty with running the entire field distance (p < 0.0001), starting and stopping on the field (p < 0.0001), keeping pace (p < 0.0001), focusing on multiple actions of players at once (p < 0.0001), and enjoyment (all p < 0.0001). Musculoskeletal pain is a common, unrecognized issue in this population that interferes with sport officiating functions. Additional study is needed to objectively determine the impact of OA pain and musculoskeletal injuries on measurable performance outcomes on the field and subjective measures of focus, attention and enjoyment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Bruner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Bruce Griffin
- Management Advisory & Compliance Services, Towson University, Sparks Glencoe, MD, USA
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Matute-Llorente Á, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Castagna C, Casajus JA. Injuries of a Spanish top-level sample of football referees. A retrospective study. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vieira PR, Alonso AC, Ingham SJM, Oliveira ASB, Schmidt B, Fallopa F. INCIDENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES IN SOCCER REFEREES: A THREE-YEAR STUDY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192503182833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the incidence and intensity of pain and the areas most affected by injuries with musculoskeletal pain, and the incidence and severity of “injuries defined by time of leave” in games and training of soccer referees in a triennium. Methods An interview was conducted with 257 referees using a web application. With this tool, a monthly evaluation form was sent to the referees with questions that measured the incidence, location, and pain intensity of injuries with complaints of pain and time of leave, severity in games and training in the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. The numerical pain scale was used to classify the pain intensity of the lesions with pain complaint. Results There was no difference between the years studied in relation to injuries with pain complaints, both in games and in training. Mean values were 37.8/1,000 hours in games and 39.9/1,000 hours in training, with a mean incidence of “ injuries defined by time of leave” of 3.7/1,000 hours in games. The difference was significantly higher in 2013 compared to 2012 and 2014, and in training, the average incidence was 3.5/1,000 hours, with a significantly higher difference in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2014. Conclusion Lesions with pain complaints did not present a significant difference in games compared to training; in the lesions by time of leave, the incidence in games was higher than in training, and the most frequent type of injury was low-degree muscle pain, predominantly in the thigh and triceps surae. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic Study - Investigating the Effect of Patient Characteristics on Disease Outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beny Schmidt
- Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
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