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D’Aiuto L, Caldwell JK, Wallace CT, Grams TR, Wesesky MA, Wood JA, Watkins SC, Kinchington PR, Bloom DC, Nimgaonkar VL. The Impaired Neurodevelopment of Human Neural Rosettes in HSV-1-Infected Early Brain Organoids. Cells 2022; 11:3539. [PMID: 36428968 PMCID: PMC9688774 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infections during pregnancy by herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause significant neurodevelopmental deficits in the unborn/newborn, but clinical studies of pathogenesis are challenging, and while animal models can model some aspects of disease, in vitro studies of human neural cells provide a critical platform for more mechanistic studies. We utilized a reductionist approach to model neurodevelopmental outcomes of HSV-1 infection of neural rosettes, which represent the in vitro equivalent of differentiating neural tubes. Specifically, we employed early-stage brain organoids (ES-organoids) composed of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived neural rosettes to investigate aspects of the potential neuropathological effects induced by the HSV-1 infections on neurodevelopment. To allow for the long-term differentiation of ES-organoids, viral infections were performed in the presence of the antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV). Despite the antiviral treatment, HSV-1 infection caused organizational changes in neural rosettes, loss of structural integrity of infected ES-organoids, and neuronal alterations. The inability of ACV to prevent neurodegeneration was associated with the generation of ACV-resistant mutants during the interaction of HSV-1 with differentiating neural precursor cells (NPCs). This study models the effects of HSV-1 infection on the neuronal differentiation of NPCs and suggests that this environment may allow for accelerated development of ACV-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D’Aiuto
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jill K. Caldwell
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Callen T. Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S362 Biomedical Science Tower (South), Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tristan R. Grams
- Academic Research Building, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, R2-231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maribeth A. Wesesky
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joel A. Wood
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S362 Biomedical Science Tower (South), Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 820, Eye & Ear Building, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - David C. Bloom
- Academic Research Building, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, R2-231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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LaNoce E, Dumeng-Rodriguez J, Christian KM. Using 2D and 3D pluripotent stem cell models to study neurotropic viruses. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022; 2:869657. [PMID: 36325520 PMCID: PMC9624474 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.869657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of viral pathogens on the human central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging due to the lack of viable human CNS models for controlled experiments to determine the causal factors underlying pathogenesis. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and, more recently, cellular reprogramming of adult somatic cells to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide opportunities for directed differentiation to neural cells that can be used to evaluate the impact of known and emerging viruses on neural cell types. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be induced to neural lineages in either two- (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cultures, each bearing distinct advantages and limitations for modeling viral pathogenesis and evaluating effective therapeutics. Here we review the current state of technology in stem cell-based modeling of the CNS and how these models can be used to determine viral tropism and identify cellular phenotypes to investigate virus-host interactions and facilitate drug screening. We focus on several viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Zika virus (ZIKV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), SARS-CoV-2, West Nile virus (WNV)) to illustrate key advantages, as well as challenges, of PSC-based models. We also discuss how human PSC-based models can be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs by generating data that are complementary to existing preclinical models. Ultimately, these efforts could facilitate the movement towards personalized medicine and provide patients and physicians with an additional source of information to consider when evaluating available treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma LaNoce
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeriel Dumeng-Rodriguez
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Christian
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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