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Kaur R, Kant S, Ahmad M, Kumar A, Meena S, Bairwa M, Kumar R, Rahman A. The Factors Associated With COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Institution in North India: A Case-Control Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e52475. [PMID: 38371055 PMCID: PMC10873760 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a higher risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since they regularly come into direct contact with infected patients and their surroundings. In light of this, it is critical to study the potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs to help determine its transmission patterns and prevent infections among HCWs, as well as healthcare-associated COVID-19. Methods We conducted a case-control study at a tertiary healthcare center from December 2020 to August 2021. HCWs who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, by RT-PCR were included as cases and those who tested negative for RT-PCR and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were recruited as controls. We interviewed 316 HCWs (187 cases and 129 controls) by using the WHO questionnaire titled "Protocol for assessment of potential risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 among health workers in a health care setting" to assess infection prevention and control (IPC) knowledge and practices, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The odds ratio (OR) for factors associated with infection was determined by multivariable logistic regression. Results The majority (87.2%) of the cases were symptomatic. Adherence to IPC measures was higher among controls as compared to cases. A significantly higher number of controls used PPE compared to cases. The proportions of HCWs involved in cleaning, patient transport, reception, and catering were higher among cases (37.9%) compared to controls (19.1%). In multivariable analysis, undergoing training on care for COVID-19 patients was associated with a lower risk of infection (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69). Conclusions Adherence to IPC and use of PPE were significantly higher among controls as compared to cases. Receiving training in COVID-19 patient care and compliance with IPC measures were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection among HCWs in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | | | - Arvind Kumar
- Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Suneeta Meena
- Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Health and Research Emergency Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, IND
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Salvetat ML, Musa M, Pellegrini F, Salati C, Spadea L, Zeppieri M. Considerations of COVID-19 in Ophthalmology. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2220. [PMID: 37764064 PMCID: PMC10538084 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on the entire eye care system. Ophthalmologists have been categorized as a high-risk group for contracting the virus due to the belief that the eye may be a site of inoculation and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, clinical ophthalmologists, optometrists, and eyecare professionals have had to familiarize themselves with the ocular manifestations of COVID-19, as well as its treatments and vaccines. The implementation of measures to prevent the transmission of the virus, such as restrictions, lockdowns, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence (AI), have led to substantial and potentially irreversible changes in routine clinical practice, education, and research. This has resulted in the emergence of a new mode of managing patients in a routine clinical setting. This brief review aims to provide an overview of various aspects of COVID-19 in ophthalmology, including the ocular manifestations related to the disease, the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, precautions taken in ophthalmic practice to prevent the spread of the virus, drugs, and vaccines used in the treatment of COVID-19, the impact of the pandemic on patients, clinicians, and the eye care system as a whole, and the future of ophthalmology conditioned by this global pandemic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Salvetat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Shah AK, Sawant DA, Sadawarte DM, Dakshit K. A cross-sectional study of epidemiological determinants for Covid-19 infection among nurses of a tertiary care hospital. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:305. [PMID: 36438993 PMCID: PMC9683436 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1051_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All health care workers including nurses are working in the frontline against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which keeps them at high risk of getting infected. This study was conducted to identify risk factors for Covid-19 infection and compliance to Covid appropriate behavior among nurses. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 nurses in a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college in Mumbai, from April 2020 to December 2020. Data were collected telephonically using an interviewer-administered pre-validated, semi-structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS The mean age of the nurses was 38.19 ± 12.14 years. The majority (80.7%) were exposed to Covid-19 while taking active care of Covid patients; a total of 108 (72%) were symptomatic at the time of testing; dietary modifications because of fear of Covid were performed by 121 (80.2%); 92.77% used the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) category according to the workplace; 121 (80.77%) followed all steps of donning and doffing at all times, and 19 (12.77%) reported a breach in PPE. A greater proportion of nurses working in Covid duties opted for hospital isolation than home isolation (p = 0.003). Risk factors such as sleep, shift duty, shift pattern, food timing, mode of travel, and type of PPE during travel were also found to be significantly associated with work type - Covid versus non-Covid (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Use of workplace appropriate PPE, proper donning and doffing facilities, duty shifts with a fixed duration, adequate hand hygiene practices, and regular food intake with adequate sleep can prevent Covid-19 infection at the workplace among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha K. Shah
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dattaprasad A. Sawant
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika M. Sadawarte
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kosturi Dakshit
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Dusefante A, Negro C, D’Agaro P, Segat L, Purpuri A, Cegolon L, Larese Filon F. Occupational Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospital Health Care Workers: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020263. [PMID: 35207550 PMCID: PMC8874671 DOI: 10.3390/life12020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at a particular high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to direct and indirect exposure to COVID-19 patients and Aerosol-Generating Procedures (AGPs). The aim of the study was to assess the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs exposed to COVID-19 patients, to evaluate the adherence and effectiveness of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures, to describe the clinical presentation for SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs and to determine serological responses in HCWs. Methods: HCWs exposed to COVID-19 patients during the previous 14 days with a confirmed case status were recruited as cases; HCWs exposed to COVID-19 patients during the previous 14 days in the same ward without a suspected/probable/confirmed case status were recruited as controls. Serum samples were collected as soon as possible and after 21–28 days from all participants. Data were collected with a WHO standardized questionnaire as soon as possible and after 21–28 days. Results: All social, occupational and personal variables considered were not associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: Our study showed a high knowledge of IPC measures and very high PPE use among HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dusefante
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (C.N.); (A.P.); (F.L.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Corrado Negro
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (C.N.); (A.P.); (F.L.F.)
| | - Pierlanfranco D’Agaro
- Hygiene & Public Health Clinical Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy;
- Hygiene & Public Health Clinical Unit, Department of Laboratory, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Hygiene & Public Health Clinical Unit, Department of Laboratory, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Antonio Purpuri
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (C.N.); (A.P.); (F.L.F.)
| | - Luca Cegolon
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (C.N.); (A.P.); (F.L.F.)
- Public Health Department, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34129 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (C.N.); (A.P.); (F.L.F.)
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Ekawati LL, Arif A, Hidayana I, Nurhasim A, Munziri MZ, Lestari KD, Tan A, Ferdiansyah F, Nashiruddin F, Adnani QES, Malik H, Maharani T, Riza A, Pasaribu M, Abidin K, Andrianto AA, Nursalam N, Suhardiningsih AVS, Jubaedah A, Widodo NS, Surendra H, Sudoyo H, Smith AD, Kreager P, Baird JK, Elyazar IRF. Mortality among healthcare workers in Indonesia during 18 months of COVID-19. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000893. [PMID: 36962789 PMCID: PMC10021819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections upon Indonesian health care workers (HCWs) is unknown due to the lack of systematic collection and analysis of mortality data specific to HCWs in this setting. This report details the results of a systematic compilation, abstraction and analysis of HCW fatalities in Indonesia during the first 18 months of COVID-19. HCW who passed away between March 2020 and July 2021 were identified using Pusara Digital, a community-based digital cemetery database dedicated to HCW. We calculated the mortality rates and death risk ratio of HCWs versus the general population. The analysis indicates that at least 1,545 HCWs died during the study period. Death rates among males and females HCWs were nearly equivalent (51% vs. 49%). The majority were physicians and specialists (535, 35%), nurses (428, 28%), and midwives (359, 23%). Most deaths occurred between the ages of 40 to 59 years old, with the median age being 50 years (IQR: 39-59). At least 322 deaths (21%) occurred with pre-existing conditions, including 45 pregnant women. During the first 18 months of COVID-19 in Indonesia, we estimated a minimum HCW mortality rate of 1.707 deaths per 1,000 HCWs. The provincial rates of HCW mortality ranged from 0.136 (West Sulawesi) to 5.32 HCW deaths per 1,000 HCWs (East Java). The HCW mortality rate was significantly higher than that of the general population (RR = 4.92, 95% CI 4.67-5.17). The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in the loss of many hundreds of HCWs, the majority of whom were senior healthcare workers. The HCW mortality rate is five times that of the general population. A national systematic surveillance of occupational mortality is urgently needed in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny L Ekawati
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- LaporCOVID-19, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Irma Hidayana
- LaporCOVID-19, Jakarta, Indonesia
- St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Karina D Lestari
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Halik Malik
- Indonesian Doctor Association, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Maharani
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Adhi A Andrianto
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nursalam Nursalam
- Indonesia National Nurses Association of East Java Province, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Nursing, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ade Jubaedah
- Indonesian Midwives Association, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - N S Widodo
- Association of Indonesian Medical Laboratory Technologist, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Surendra
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herawati Sudoyo
- Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Adrian D Smith
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Kreager
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iqbal R F Elyazar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Jakarta, Indonesia
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Shamshirgaran SM, Aminisani N, Abasi H, Mollanoroozy E, Mohammad Malekzadeh M, Fazel H, Ghasemi A, khorashadizade F, Moshar-Movahed G, Alimardani AS, Gholami A. Risk assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 among healthcare workers in Neyshabur, 2020. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058211028854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the world, healthcare workers have been exposed to this virus due to their important roles and responsibilities in the care and treatment of patients with COVID-19. In this regard, doing risk assessments in healthcare centres helps significantly to control and reduce COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to assess COVID-19 risk and its association with clinical symptoms among healthcare workers in Neyshabur. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 483 healthcare workers of Neyshabur medical centres in 2020. In order to collect the data, a checklist consisting of three sections of demographic variables, risk assessment and clinical symptoms was used. Statistical analyses were performed by using the STATA software version 14. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the study population was 34.2 ± 8.4 years. Out of 483 participants, 55 (11.4%) were identified as high-risk exposure category, 52 (10.8%) as medium-risk category and 77 (15.9%) as low-risk category. According to multiple logistic regression models, it was observed that cough (odds ratio (OR)=2.2; P=0.001), running nose (OR=3.3; P<0.001), suffocation (OR=3.2; P<0.001), shivering (OR=3.4; P=0.001), nausea (OR=3.3; P=0.001), vomiting (OR=7.2; P=0.025), diarrhoea (OR=3.0; P=0.001), muscular pain (OR=2.1; P=0.005), joint pain (OR=2.2; P=0.005) and fatigue (OR=2.1; P=0.003) were significantly associated with risk assessment. Conclusions: The findings showed that more than one-fifth of studied healthcare workers were at high or medium-risk exposure of COVID-19. Cough and fatigue had the most frequencies in healthcare workers with high or medium-risk exposure, and also, vomiting and shivering had a stronger association with risk assessment status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayyereh Aminisani
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hamid Abasi
- Public Health Department, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Mollanoroozy
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Fazel
- Basic Sciences Department, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Fatemeh khorashadizade
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ghasem Moshar-Movahed
- 22 Bahman Teaching Hospital, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Amir Sadegh Alimardani
- 22 Bahman Teaching Hospital, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Gholami
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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