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Bolandi M, Javanbakht M, Shaabani M, Bakhshi E. Effectiveness of bimodal stimulation of the auditory-somatosensory system in the treatment of tonal tinnitus. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104449. [PMID: 39116719 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is the interaction site of auditory and somatosensory system inputs. According to the stochastic resonance theory, hearing loss increases the neural activity of the somatosensory system in the DCN and causes tinnitus. it is possible to modulate this neural hyperactivity by applying random noise through the auditory and somatosensory systems (bimodal stimulation). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the bimodal intervention based on the theory of stochastic resonance. METHODS The study divided 34 participants into unimodal and bimodal groups with 17 subjects in each. The bimodal group received customized acoustic stimulation along with transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tAVNS) and the unimodal group received customized acoustic stimulation along with tAVNS as a sham. The treatment sessions in both groups were 6 sessions and each session lasted for 20 min. The participants were evaluated before, immediately after, and one month after the completion of the intervention sessions, using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire and the mismatch negativity (MMN) test. RESULTS After the intervention sessions, the results indicated a statistically significant decrease in THI scores and a significant increase in the MMN amplitude in the bimodal group compared to the unimodal group. No significant changes in MMN latency were observed between the two groups. These changes were stable in the one-month follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that bimodal stimulation is a better intervention option compared to unimodal stimulation. Bimodal stimulation may be an effective intervention method for some subjects with tinnitus, especially people with hearing loss who have tonal tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Bolandi
- Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohanna Javanbakht
- Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moslem Shaabani
- Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran; Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Enayatollah Bakhshi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Montoya SA, Mulder CB, Allison KD, Lee MS, Engel SA, Schallmo MP. What does visual snow look like? Quantification by matching a simulation. J Vis 2024; 24:3. [PMID: 38837169 PMCID: PMC11160957 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary symptom of visual snow syndrome (VSS) is the unremitting perception of small, flickering dots covering the visual field. VSS is a serious but poorly understood condition that can interfere with daily tasks. Several studies have provided qualitative data about the appearance of visual snow, but methods to quantify the symptom are lacking. Here, we developed a task in which participants with VSS adjusted parameters of simulated visual snow on a computer monitor until the simulation matched their internal visual snow. On each trial, participants (n = 31 with VSS) modified the size, density, update speed, and contrast of the simulation. Participants' settings were highly reliable across trials (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.89), and they reported that the task was effective at stimulating their visual snow. On average, visual snow was very small (less than 2 arcmin in diameter), updated quickly (mean temporal frequency = 18.2 Hz), had low density (mean snow elements vs. background = 2.87%), and had low contrast (average root mean square contrast = 2.56%). Our task provided a quantitative assessment of visual snow percepts, which may help individuals with VSS communicate their experience to others, facilitate assessment of treatment efficacy, and further our understanding of the trajectory of symptoms, as well as the neural origins of VSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Montoya
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carter B Mulder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karly D Allison
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael S Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Liu Y, Hu J, Yang S, Xie H, Wang Y, Ni T, Han Z. Tinnitus pitch does not always fall within the frequency range of hearing loss - a cross-sectional study on the mechanism of tinnitus production. Acta Otolaryngol 2024; 144:226-232. [PMID: 38847804 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2024.2355227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, we find that tinnitus patients often have hearing loss. According to the most accepted mechanism of tinnitus, that is, the spontaneous discharge and abnormal synchronization of neurons after afferent reduction, tinnitus frequency is closely related to the frequency of hearing loss. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of tinnitus pitch with the frequency of hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 500 patients with unilateral or bilateral chronic tinnitus were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent pure tone audiometry (PTA) and tinnitus acoustic examination. Hearing loss levels and frequencies were recorded. The relationship between tinnitus pitch and hearing loss level and frequency was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Our results showed that 96.6% of the 500 tinnitus patients had hearing loss. Statistical analysis showed that low frequency (LF) tinnitus was correlated with LF hearing loss, but moderate frequency & high frequency (MF&HF) tinnitus was not significantly associated with MF&HF hearing loss. The coincidence of tinnitus pitch with the highest hearing threshold correlated with the degree of hearing loss. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The vast majority of patients with chronic subjective tinnitus had hearing loss, and the frequency of tinnitus correlated with the degree and frequency of hearing loss but not exactly fall within the frequency range of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital affiliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Hoyland A, Barnett NV, Roop BW, Alexandrou D, Caplan M, Mills J, Parrell B, Chari DA, Lammert AC. Reverse Correlation Uncovers More Complete Tinnitus Spectra. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 4:116-118. [PMID: 37332482 PMCID: PMC10275623 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3275051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal: This study validates an approach to characterizing the sounds experienced by tinnitus patients via reverse correlation, with potential for characterizing a wider range of sounds than currently possible. Methods: Ten normal-hearing subjects assessed the subjective similarity of random auditory stimuli and target tinnitus-like sounds ("buzzing" and "roaring"). Reconstructions of the targets were obtained by regressing subject responses on the stimuli, and were compared for accuracy to the frequency spectra of the targets using Pearson's [Formula: see text]. Results: Reconstruction accuracy was significantly higher than chance across subjects: buzzing: [Formula: see text] (mean [Formula: see text] s.d.), [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]; roaring: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]; combined: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. Conclusion: Reverse correlation can accurately reconstruct non-tonal tinnitus-like sounds in normal-hearing subjects, indicating its potential for characterizing the sounds experienced by patients with non-tonal tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Hoyland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME)Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)WorcesterMA01609USA
- Clarifai, Inc.WilmingtonDE19808USA
| | | | - Benjamin W. Roop
- Neuroscience ProgramWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterMA01609USA
| | - Danae Alexandrou
- Stritch School of MedicineLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIL60660USA
| | - Myah Caplan
- BMEWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterMA01609USA
| | - Jacob Mills
- BMEWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterMA01609USA
| | - Benjamin Parrell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and the Waisman CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI53707USA
| | - Divya A. Chari
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01609USA
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryBostonMA02114USA
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Santacruz JL, de Kleine E, van Dijk P. Comparison between two self-guided tinnitus pitch matching methods. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1095178. [PMID: 36761182 PMCID: PMC9906993 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1095178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tinnitus pitch matching is a procedure by which the frequency of an external sound is manipulated in such a way that its pitch matches the one of the tinnitus. The correct measure of the tinnitus pitch plays an important role in the effectiveness of any sound-based therapies. To date, this assessment is difficult due to the subjective nature of tinnitus. Some of the existing pitch matching methods present a challenge for both patients and clinicians, and require multiple adjustments of frequency and loudness, which becomes increasingly difficult in case of coexisting hearing loss. In this paper, we present the comparison in terms of reliability between two self-guided pitch matching methods: the method of adjustment (MOA) and the multiple-choice method (MCM). Methods 20 participants with chronic tinnitus and hearing loss underwent the two assessments in two different sessions, 1 week apart. Measures of intraclass correlation (ICC) and difference in octaves (OD) within-method and within-session were obtained. Results Both methods presented good reliability, and the obtained values of ICC and OD suggested that both methods might measure a different aspect of tinnitus. Discussion Our results suggest that a multiple-choice method (MCM) for tinnitus pitch matching is as reliable in a clinical population as more conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Santacruz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Jose L. Santacruz, ✉
| | - Emile de Kleine
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pim van Dijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Jin IK, Tyler RS. Measuring tinnitus in pharmaceutical clinical trials. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:3843. [PMID: 36586833 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews methods and considerations for measuring tinnitus in clinical trials designed to evaluate treatment options using investigational medicinal products. Tests applied in tinnitus-related research and clinical practice have their own measurement purposes, advantages, and limitations. If the characteristics of each test method are well understood, the test can be effectively used in clinical trials. For the accuracy of clinical trial results, it is necessary to use a test tool with verified validity, reliability, and sensitivity. If a test tool that is likely to have high variability in the same individual is required in the clinical trial, strategies to increase the reliability of the test, such as repeat measurements, may also be needed. In addition, a test tool that meets the purpose of the clinical trial should be selected. For example, the tinnitus questionnaire is appropriate to assess reactions to tinnitus, and measurements of tinnitus loudness or pitch are appropriate to evaluate the psychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus. In conclusion, the use of validated test tools that meet the purpose of the trial will help with the accuracy of the clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ki Jin
- Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, South Korea
| | - Richard S Tyler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Transcranial electric and acoustic stimulation for tinnitus: study protocol for a randomized double-blind controlled trial assessing the influence of combined transcranial random noise and acoustic stimulation on tinnitus loudness and distress. Trials 2022; 23:418. [PMID: 35590399 PMCID: PMC9118607 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tinnitus is the result of aberrant neuronal activity. As a novel treatment form, neuromodulation is used to modify neuronal activity of brain areas involved in tinnitus generation. Among the different forms of electric stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) has been shown to be a promising treatment option for tinnitus. In addition, recent studies indicate that the reduction in tinnitus can be more pronounced when different modalities of stimulation techniques are combined (“bimodal stimulation”). TRNS can be used in combination with acoustic stimulation (AS), a further treatment option recognized in the literature. The aim of the proposed study is to investigate whether simultaneous tRNS and AS improve levels of tinnitus loudness and distress. Methods The intervention consists of bilateral high-definition tRNS (HD-tRNS) over the auditory cortex combined with the application of AS which is studied in a crossover design. The visits will be performed in 26 sessions. There will be 20 treatment sessions, divided into two blocks: active and sham HD-tRNS. Within the blocks, the interventions are divided into group A: HD-tRNS and AS, and group B: HD-tRNS alone. Furthermore, in addition to the assessments directly following the intervention sessions, there will be six extra sessions performed subsequently at the end of each block, after a period of some days (follow-ups 1 and 2) and a month after the last intervention (C). Primary outcome measures are analog scales for evaluation of subjective tinnitus loudness and distress, and the audiological measurement of minimum masking level (MML). Secondary outcome measures are brain activity as measured by electroencephalography and standardized questionnaires for evaluating tinnitus distress and severity. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which uses HD-tRNS combined with AS for tinnitus treatment. The crossover design permits the comparison between HD-tRNS active vs. sham and with vs. without AS. Thus, it will be possible to evaluate the efficacy of the combined approach to HD-tRNS alone. In addition, the use of different objective and subjective evaluations for tinnitus enable more reliable and valid results. Trial registration Swiss Ethics Committee (BASEC-Nr. 2020-02027); Swiss Federal Complementary Database (kofam.ch: SNCTP000004051); and ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04551404).
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Durankaya S, Cetin A, Mutlu B, Gurkan S, Kirkim G, Serbetcioglu M. Tinnitus and Underlying Theoretical Mechanism: The Key and Lock? NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_55_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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9
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Jacquemin L, Gilles A, Shekhawat GS. Hearing more to hear less: a scoping review of hearing aids for tinnitus relief. Int J Audiol 2021; 61:887-895. [PMID: 34865589 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2021.2007423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As tinnitus is often associated with hearing loss, hearing aids have been proposed for tinnitus relief in literature for more than 70 years. There is a need for recent literature to be reviewed and guide decision making in tinnitus management. This scoping review aims to provide an update of the available evidence on hearing aids for tinnitus, focussing on the effect of sound amplification or combination devices (i.e. amplification and sound generation within one device). DESIGN Research studies were included if they investigated hearing aids or combination devices for tinnitus and were published after 2011. STUDY SAMPLE A total of 28 primary research studies were selected. RESULTS Positive results of hearing aids in tinnitus patients were shown in 68% of the studies, whereas 14% demonstrated no change in tinnitus distress. However, the quality of the evidence across studies was variable. CONCLUSIONS Scientific support for hearing aids and combination devices for tinnitus relief was found. The standalone effect of sound amplification and the added value of sound generators and adjustment of sound processing strategies needs further investigation. Stronger methodology in future studies is needed to reach consensus on how to optimise hearing solutions in a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Jacquemin
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Translational Neurosciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Annick Gilles
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Translational Neurosciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Education, Health & Social Work, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giriraj Singh Shekhawat
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.,Tinnitus Research Initiative, Regensburg, Germany.,Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Simoes JP, Daoud E, Shabbir M, Amanat S, Assouly K, Biswas R, Casolani C, Dode A, Enzler F, Jacquemin L, Joergensen M, Kok T, Liyanage N, Lourenco M, Makani P, Mehdi M, Ramadhani AL, Riha C, Santacruz JL, Schiller A, Schoisswohl S, Trpchevska N, Genitsaridi E. Multidisciplinary Tinnitus Research: Challenges and Future Directions From the Perspective of Early Stage Researchers. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:647285. [PMID: 34177549 PMCID: PMC8225955 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.647285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus can be a burdensome condition on both individual and societal levels. Many aspects of this condition remain elusive, including its underlying mechanisms, ultimately hindering the development of a cure. Interdisciplinary approaches are required to overcome long-established research challenges. This review summarizes current knowledge in various tinnitus-relevant research fields including tinnitus generating mechanisms, heterogeneity, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment development, in an effort to highlight the main challenges and provide suggestions for future research to overcome them. Four common themes across different areas were identified as future research direction: (1) Further establishment of multicenter and multidisciplinary collaborations; (2) Systematic reviews and syntheses of existing knowledge; (3) Standardization of research methods including tinnitus assessment, data acquisition, and data analysis protocols; (4) The design of studies with large sample sizes and the creation of large tinnitus-specific databases that would allow in-depth exploration of tinnitus heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Piano Simoes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elza Daoud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sana Amanat
- Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO - Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer/University of Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Kelly Assouly
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochlear Technology Centre, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Roshni Biswas
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Lifestyle Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Casolani
- Hearing Systems, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Oticon A/S, Smoerum, Denmark
- Interacoustics Research Unit, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Albi Dode
- Institute of Databases and Information Systems, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Falco Enzler
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Jacquemin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mie Joergensen
- Hearing Systems, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- WS Audiology, Lynge, Denmark
| | - Tori Kok
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuwan Liyanage
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matheus Lourenco
- Experimental Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Health Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Punitkumar Makani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Muntazir Mehdi
- Institute of Distributed Systems, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anissa L. Ramadhani
- Radiological Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Riha
- Chair of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose Lopez Santacruz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Axel Schiller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schoisswohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Trpchevska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Audiology Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Genitsaridi
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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