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Nashed JY, Shearer KT, Wang JZ, Chen Y, Cook EE, Champagne AA, Coverdale NS, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Striver SI, Flanagan JR, Gallivan JP, Cook DJ. Spontaneous Behavioural Recovery Following Stroke Relates to the Integrity of Parietal and Temporal Regions. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:127-139. [PMID: 36542292 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease that results in neurological deficits and represents a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Following a stroke, there is a degree of spontaneous recovery of function, the neural basis of which is of great interest among clinicians in their efforts to reduce disability following stroke and enhance rehabilitation. Conventionally, work on spontaneous recovery has tended to focus on the neural reorganization of motor cortical regions, with comparably little attention being paid to changes in non-motor regions and how these relate to recovery. Here we show, using structural neuroimaging in a macaque stroke model (N = 31) and by exploiting individual differences in spontaneous behavioural recovery, that the preservation of regions in the parietal and temporal cortices predict animal recovery. To characterize recovery, we performed a clustering analysis using Non-Human Primate Stroke Scale (NHPSS) scores and identified a good versus poor recovery group. By comparing the preservation of brain volumes in the two groups, we found that brain areas in integrity of brain areas in parietal, temporal and somatosensory cortex were associated with better recovery. In addition, a decoding approach performed across all subjects revealed that the preservation of specific brain regions in the parietal, somatosensory and medial frontal cortex predicted recovery. Together, these findings highlight the importance of parietal and temporal regions in spontaneous behavioural recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Nashed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Room 230, Botterell Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kaden T Shearer
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Justin Z Wang
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Elise E Cook
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Allen A Champagne
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicole S Coverdale
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Shirley I Striver
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - J Randal Flanagan
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Department of Translational Medicine, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Room 230, Botterell Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2V7, Canada.
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2
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Li CX, Tong F, Kempf D, Howell L, Zhang X. Longitudinal evaluation of the functional connectivity changes in the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) of the monkey brain during acute stroke. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100097. [PMID: 37404949 PMCID: PMC10315998 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Somatosensory deficits are frequently seen in acute stroke patients and may recover over time and affect functional outcome. However, the underlying mechanism of function recovery remains poorly understood. In the present study, progressive function alteration of the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and its relationship with regional perfusion and neurological outcome were examined using a monkey model of stroke. Methods and materials Rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were induced with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). Resting-state functional MRI, dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI, diffusion-weighted, T1 and T2 weighted images were collected before surgery and at 4-6, 48, and 96 h post stroke on a 3T scanner. Progressive changes of relative functional connectivity (FC), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and CBF/Tmax (Time to Maximum) of affected S2 regions were evaluated. Neurological deficits were assessed using the Spetzler approach. Results Ischemic lesion was evidently seen in the MCA territory including S2 in each monkey. Relative FC of injured S2 regions decreased substantially following stroke. Spetzler scores dropped substantially at 24 h post stroke but slightly recovered from Day 2 to Day 4. Relative FC progressively increased from 6 to 48 and 96 h post stroke and correlated significantly with relative CBFand CBF/Tmax changes. Conclusion The present study revealed the progressive alteration of function connectivity in S2 during acute stroke. The preliminary results suggested the function recovery might start couple days post occlusion and collateral circulation might play a key role in the recovery of somatosensory function after stroke insult. The relative function connectivity in S2 may provide additional information for prediction of functional outcome in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Li
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30329, Georgia
| | - Frank Tong
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Doty Kempf
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30329, Georgia
| | - Leonard Howell
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30329, Georgia
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30329, Georgia
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Lin X, Wang H, Huang S, Chen L, Yang S, Zhao P, Lin Z, Yang J, Ruan L, Ni H, Wang K, Wen M, Jin K, Zhuge Q. A Reliable Nonhuman Primate Model of Ischemic Stroke with Reproducible Infarct Size and Long-term Sensorimotor Deficits. Aging Dis 2023; 14:245-255. [PMID: 36818571 PMCID: PMC9937702 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A nonhuman primate model of ischemic stroke is considered as an ideal preclinical model to replicate various aspects of human stroke because of their similarity to humans in genetics, neuroanatomy, physiology, and immunology. However, it remains challenging to produce a reliable and reproducible stroke model in nonhuman primates due to high mortality and variable outcomes. Here, we developed a focal cerebral ischemic model induced by topical application of 50% ferric chloride (FeCl3) onto the MCA-M1 segment through a cranial window in the cynomolgus monkeys. We found that FeCl3 rapidly produced a stable intraarterial thrombus that caused complete occlusion of the MCA, leading to the quick decrease of the regional cerebral blood flow in 10 min. A typical cortical infarct was detected 24 hours by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and was stable at least for 1 month after surgery. The sensorimotor deficit assessed by nonhuman primate stroke scale was observed at 1 day and up to 3 months after ischemic stroke. No spontaneous revascularization or autolysis of thrombus was observed, and vital signs were not affected. All operated cynomolgus monkeys survived. Our data suggested that FeCl3-induced stroke in nonhuman primates was a replicable and reliable model that is necessary for the correct prediction of the relevance of experimental therapeutic approaches in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lefu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Su Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Peiqi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Zhongxiao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Linhui Ruan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Kankai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Min Wen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Qichuan Zhuge, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .
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4
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Marian OC, Bilecki IM, Elms LE, Camargo J, Hall K, Crowther RG, Leonard AV, Wadsworth GI, Spear JH, Turner RJ, Jones CF. Neurological scoring and gait kinematics to assess functional outcome in an ovine model of ischaemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1071794. [PMID: 36891474 PMCID: PMC9986303 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of functional impairment following ischaemic stroke is essential to determine outcome and efficacy of intervention in both clinical patients and pre-clinical models. Although paradigms are well described for rodents, comparable methods for large animals, such as sheep, remain limited. This study aimed to develop methods to assess function in an ovine model of ischaemic stroke using composite neurological scoring and gait kinematics from motion capture. Methods Merino sheep (n = 26) were anaesthetised and subjected to 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals underwent functional assessment at baseline (8-, 5-, and 1-day pre-stroke), and 3 days post-stroke. Neurological scoring was carried out to determine changes in neurological status. Ten infrared cameras measured the trajectories of 42 retro-reflective markers for calculation of gait kinematics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 3 days post-stroke to determine infarct volume. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC's) were used to assess the repeatability of neurological scoring and gait kinematics across baseline trials. The average of all baselines was used to compare changes in neurological scoring and kinematics at 3 days post-stroke. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the relationship between neurological score, gait kinematics, and infarct volume post-stroke. Results Neurological scoring was moderately repeatable across baseline trials (ICC > 0.50) and detected marked impairment post-stroke (p < 0.05). Baseline gait measures showed moderate to good repeatability for the majority of assessed variables (ICC > 0.50). Following stroke, kinematic measures indicative of stroke deficit were detected including an increase in stance and stride duration (p < 0.05). MRI demonstrated infarction involving the cortex and/or thalamus (median 2.7 cm3, IQR 1.4 to 11.9). PCA produced two components, although association between variables was inconclusive. Conclusion This study developed repeatable methods to assess function in sheep using composite scoring and gait kinematics, allowing for the evaluation of deficit 3 days post-stroke. Despite utility of each method independently, there was poor association observed between gait kinematics, composite scoring, and infarct volume on PCA. This suggests that each of these measures has discreet utility for the assessment of stroke deficit, and that multimodal approaches are necessary to comprehensively characterise functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Isabella M Bilecki
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Levi E Elms
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Camargo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelly Hall
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Crowther
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna V Leonard
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - George I Wadsworth
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joshua H Spear
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire F Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Spinal Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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5
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Cheng G, Deng Y, Zhou Z, Yu J, Zhang H, Wang X, Li X. Neuroprotective effect of leptin on a primate model of cerebral ischemia. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1591-1601. [PMID: 34392775 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1920424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of leptin on a non-human primate model of cerebral ischemia. A total of 39 Guangxi macaques were used to establish the primate cerebral-ischemia model. HE staining was used to evaluated the pathological changes. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging was used for the detection of embolic area. The measurements of behavior observation and cerebral infarction area were also performed. They all received autologous thrombus operation. Furthermore, western blot and RT-PCR were also used to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related factors. Our results showed that leptin could reduce the volume of cerebral infarction by about 35%. Behavioral defects can be significantly improved. In addition, mid-term and long-term behavioral deficiencies had been significantly improved by leptin. Moreover, leptin significantly decreased the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased the expression levels of Bcl-2. In conclusion, leptin has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia by effectively reducing the volume of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yanxian Deng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - JunXiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huiyang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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6
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A clinically relevant model of focal embolic cerebral ischemia by thrombus and thrombolysis in rhesus monkeys. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2054-2084. [PMID: 35760857 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over decades of research into the treatment of stroke, nearly all attempts to translate experimental treatments from discovery in cells and rodents to use in humans have failed. The prevailing belief is that it might be necessary to pretest pharmacological neuroprotection in higher-order brains, especially those of nonhuman primates (NHPs). Over the past few years, chemical thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy have been established as the standard of care for ischemic stroke in patients. The spotlight is now shifting towards emphasizing both focal ischemia and subsequent reperfusion in developing a clinically relevant stroke model in NHPs. This protocol describes an embolic model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rhesus monkeys. An autologous clot is combined with a microcatheter or microwire through endovascular procedures, and reperfusion is achieved through local intra-artery thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. These NHP models formed relatively stable infarct sizes, delivered predictable reperfusion and survival outcomes, and recapitulated key characteristics of patients with ischemic stroke as observed on MRI images and behavioral assays. Importantly, treated animals could survive 30 d after the surgery for post-stroke neurologic deficit analyses. Thus far, this model has been used in several translational studies. Here we describe in detail the teamwork necessary for developing stroke models of NHPs, including the preoperation preparations, endovascular surgery, postoperation management and histopathological analysis. The model can be established by the following procedures over a 45-d period, including preparation steps (14 d), endovascular operation (1 d) and evaluation steps (30 d).
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7
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Higo N. Non-human Primate Models to Explore the Adaptive Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:760311. [PMID: 34819842 PMCID: PMC8606408 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.760311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has the ability to reconstruct neural structures and functions to compensate for the brain lesions caused by stroke, although it is highly limited in primates including humans. Animal studies in which experimental lesions were induced in the brain have contributed to the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying functional recovery. Here, I have highlighted recent advances in non-human primate models using primate species such as macaques and marmosets, most of which have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying the recovery of motor functions after stroke. Cortical lesion models have been used to investigate motor recovery after lesions to the cortical areas involved in movements of specific body parts. Models of a focal stroke at the posterior internal capsule have also been developed to bridge the gap between the knowledge obtained by cortical lesion models and the development of intervention strategies because the severity and outcome of motor deficits depend on the degree of lesions to the region. This review will also introduce other stroke models designed to study the plastic changes associated with development and recovery from cognitive and sensory impairments. Although further validation and careful interpretation are required, considering the differences between non-human primate brains and human brains, studies using brain-lesioned non-human primates offer promise for improving translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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8
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Kim HS, Hwang JH, Han SC, Kang GH, Park JY, Kim HI. Precision Capsular Infarct Modeling to Produce Hand Motor Deficits in Cynomolgus Macaques. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:356-364. [PMID: 34737240 PMCID: PMC8572658 DOI: 10.5607/en21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke research in non-human primates (NHPs) with gyrencephalic brains is a critical step in overcoming the translational barrier that limits the development of new pharmaceutical and rehabilitative strategies for stroke. White-matter stroke (WMS) has a unique pathophysiology from gray-matter stroke and is not well understood because of a lack of pertinent animal models. To create a precise capsular infarct model in the cynomolgus macaque, we first used electrical stimulation to map hand movements, followed by viral tracing of the hand motor fibers (hMFs). This enabled us to identify stereotactic targets in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC). Neural tracing showed that hMFs occupy the full width of the PLIC, owing to overlap with the motor fibers for the leg. Furthermore, the hMFs were distributed in an oblique shape, requiring coronal tilting of the target probe. We used the photothrombotic infarct lesioning technique to precisely destroy the hMFs within the internal capsule. Double-point infarct lesioning that fully compromised the hMFs resulted in persistent hand motor and walking deficits whereas single-point lesioning did not. Minor deviations in targeting failed to produce persistent motor deficits. Accurate stereotactic targeting with thorough involvement of motor fibers is critical for the production of a capsular infarct model with persistent motor deficits. In conclusion, the precision capsular infarct model can be translated to the NHP system to show persistent motor deficits and may be useful to investigate the mechanism of post-stroke recovery as well as to develop new therapeutic strategies for the WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sun Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup 53212, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup 53212, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup 53212, Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup 53212, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju 54987, Korea
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9
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Du L, Xu L, Lin Y, Liu K, Zou Y, Bin Li, Ye Q, Mao Y, Chen W, Zhou G, Sun H, Huang H, Li R, Li G, Li L, Wang Q, Long Q, Huang H, Geng X, Liu Y, Liu C, Li B, Zhou Z, Li J, Wang J. A pilot behavioural and neuroimaging investigation on photothrombotic stroke models in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109291. [PMID: 34293407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke leads to a long-term disability in humans and no efficient clinical therapy exists to date. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in non-human primates has shown to be of value for translational stroke research. New method In the current study, a photothrombotic (PT) stroke model was established in rhesus monkeys with either a proximal or distal segment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) thrombosis. This study is the first that compares the two approaches of PT stroke in monkeys using behavioral and physiological measurements and MRI scans. RESULTS The experiment found that infarct occurred in the MCA target regions, with all monkeys having impaired behavior reflected by deficits in neurologic function, and motor and cognition in object retrieval detour (ORD) task. The monkeys with distal MCA thrombosis developed with sequential photo-irritations of the Sylvian fissure zone, adjacent central anterior gyrus and central posterior gyrus, had similar impairments with respect to behavior and showed a tendency of a small edema volume with proximal MCA thrombosis at days 4 and 7 post PT stroke. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The distal MCA thrombosis developed with sequential photo-irritations might provide a consistent and well-tolerated focal ischemia in rhesus monkeys, compared with other PT stroke models which usually were singly conducted on the animal's motor cortex and had a temporal effect. CONCLUSIONS The sequentially photo-irritated PT stroke model is a promising ischemic stroke model in rhesus monkey for studying human stroke pathology and physiology and for new therapies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Zhang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology,Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuguo Wang
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lingli Du
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Xu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Lin
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kezhong Liu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology,Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanghong Zou
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Mao
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine. Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenxiong Chen
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangping Zhou
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huaying Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine. Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Li
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gui Li
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lihong Li
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingwei Long
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongdi Huang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Geng
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cirong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zhu Zhou
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Jinghui Li
- First Affiliation Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Jianhong Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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10
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Narayan SK, Grace Cherian S, Babu Phaniti P, Babu Chidambaram S, Rachel Vasanthi AH, Arumugam M. Preclinical animal studies in ischemic stroke: Challenges and some solutions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:104-115. [PMID: 34179718 PMCID: PMC8212819 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive efficacies demonstrated in preclinical research, hundreds of potentially neuroprotective drugs have failed to provide effective neuroprotection for ischemic stroke in human clinical trials. Lack of a powerful animal model for human ischemic stroke could be a major reason for the failure to develop successful neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke. This review recapitulates the available cerebral ischemia animal models, provides an anatomical comparison of the circle of Willis of each species, and describes the functional assessment tests used in these ischemic stroke models. The distinct differences between human ischemic stroke and experimental stroke in available animal models is explored. Innovative animal models more closely resembling human strokes, better techniques in functional outcome assessment and better experimental designs generating clearer and stronger evidence may help realise the development of truly neuroprotective drugs that will benefit human ischemic stroke patients. This may involve use of newer molecules or revisiting earlier studies with new experimental designs. Translation of any resultant successes may then be tested in human clinical trials with greater confidence and optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Narayan
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Simy Grace Cherian
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Prakash Babu Phaniti
- Department of Biotechnology & School of Medical SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Murugesan Arumugam
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
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11
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Meloni BP, Chen Y, Harrison KA, Nashed JY, Blacker DJ, South SM, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Winterborn A, Knuckey NW, Cook DJ. Poly-Arginine Peptide-18 (R18) Reduces Brain Injury and Improves Functional Outcomes in a Nonhuman Primate Stroke Model. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:627-634. [PMID: 31833045 PMCID: PMC7283416 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) is neuroprotective in different rodent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke models. In this study, we examined whether R18 treatment could reduce ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcome in a nonhuman primate (NHP) stroke model. A stroke was induced in male cynomolgus macaques by MCAO distal to the orbitofrontal branch of the MCA through a right pterional craniotomy, using a 5-mm titanium aneurysm clip for 90 min. R18 (1000 nmol/kg) or saline vehicle was administered intravenously 60 min after the onset of MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; perfusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, or T2-weighted imaging) of the brain was performed 15 min, 24 h, and 28 days post-MCAO, and neurological outcome was assessed using the NHP stroke scale (NHPSS). Experimental endpoint was 28 days post-MCAO, treatments were randomized, and all procedures were performed blinded to treatment status. R18 treatment reduced infarct lesion volume by up to 65.2% and 69.7% at 24 h and 28 days poststroke, respectively. Based on NHPSS scores, R18-treated animals displayed reduced functional deficits. This study confirms the effectiveness of R18 in reducing the severity of ischemic brain injury and improving functional outcomes after stroke in a NHP model, and provides further support for its clinical development as a stroke neuroprotective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yining Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Harrison
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Blacker
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha M South
- Office of Research Enterprise, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Winterborn
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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12
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Chen Y, Quddusi A, Harrison KA, Ryan PE, Cook DJ. Selection of preclinical models to evaluate intranasal brain cooling for acute ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2019; 5:160-168. [PMID: 31950091 PMCID: PMC6950506 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke accounts for a large proportion of global mortality and morbidity. Selective hypothermia, via intranasal cooling devices, is a promising intervention in acute ischemic stroke. However, prior to large clinical trials, preclinical studies in large animal models of ischemic stroke are needed to assess the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of intranasal cooling for selective hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy. Here, we review the available scientific literature for evidence supporting selective hypothermia and make recommendations of a preclinical, large, animal-based, ischemic stroke model that has the greatest potential for evaluating intranasal cooling for selective hypothermia and neuroprotection. We conclude that among large animal models of focal ischemic stroke including pigs, sheep, dogs, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), cynomolgus macaques have nasal anatomy, nasal vasculature, neuroanatomy, and cerebrovasculature that are most similar to those of humans. Moreover, middle cerebral artery stroke in cynomolgus macaques produces functional and behavioral deficits that are quantifiable to a greater degree of precision and detail than those that can be revealed through available assessments for other large animals. These NHPs are also amenable to extensive neuroimaging studies as a means of monitoring stroke evolution and evaluating infarct size. Hence, we suggest that cynomolgus macaques are best suited to assess the safety and efficacy of intranasal selective hypothermia through an evaluation of hyperacute diffusion-weighted imaging and subsequent investigation of chronic functional recovery, prior to randomized clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ayesha Quddusi
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paige E Ryan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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13
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Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Rotella DL, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Morecraft RJ. Changes in ipsilesional hand motor function differ after unilateral injury to frontal versus frontoparietal cortices in Macaca mulatta. Exp Brain Res 2019; 238:205-220. [PMID: 31834452 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that injury to frontoparietal sensorimotor areas causes greater initial impairments in performance and poorer recovery of ipsilesional dexterous hand/finger movements than lesions limited to frontal motor areas in rhesus monkeys. Reaching and grasping/manipulation of small targets with the ipsilesional hand were assessed for 6-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. Initial post-lesion motor skill and long-term recovery of motor skill were compared in two groups of monkeys: (1) F2 group-five cases with lesions of arm areas of primary motor cortex (M1) and lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) and (2) F2P2 group-five cases with F2 lesions + lesions of arm areas of primary somatosensory cortex and the anterior portion of area 5. Initial post-lesion reach and manipulation skills were similar to or better than pre-lesion skills in most F2 lesion cases in a difficult fine motor task but worse than pre-lesion skill in most F2P2 lesion cases in all tasks. Subsequently, reaching and manipulation skills improved over the post-lesion period to higher than pre-lesion skills in both groups, but improvements were greater in the F2 lesion group, perhaps due to additional task practice and greater ipsilesional limb use for daily activities. Poorer and slower post-lesion improvement of ipsilesional upper limb motor skill in the F2P2 cases may be due to impaired somatosensory processing. The persistent ipsilesional upper limb motor deficits frequently observed in humans after stroke are probably caused by greater subcortical white and gray matter damage than in the localized surgical injuries studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Kimberly S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
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14
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Yeo HG, Hong JJ, Lee Y, Yi KS, Jeon CY, Park J, Won J, Seo J, Ahn YJ, Kim K, Baek SH, Hwang EH, Kim G, Jin YB, Jeong KJ, Koo BS, Kang P, Lim KS, Kim SU, Huh JW, Kim YH, Son Y, Kim JS, Choi CH, Cha SH, Lee SR. Increased CD68/TGFβ Co-expressing Microglia/ Macrophages after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rhesus Monkeys. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:458-473. [PMID: 31495075 PMCID: PMC6751863 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.4.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of microglia/macrophages after ischemic stroke is poorly understood. This study examines the role of microglia/macrophages in the focal infarct area after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rhesus monkeys. We measured infarct volume and neurological function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-human primate stroke scale (NHPSS), respectively, to assess temporal changes following MCAO. Activated phagocytic microglia/macrophages were examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem brains (n=6 MCAO, n=2 controls) at 3 and 24 hours (acute stage), 2 and 4 weeks (subacute stage), and 4, and 20 months (chronic stage) following MCAO. We found that the infarct volume progressively decreased between 1 and 4 weeks following MCAO, in parallel with the neurological recovery. Greater presence of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-expressing microglia/macrophages was detected in the infarct lesion in the subacute and chronic stage, compared to the acute stage. Surprisingly, 98~99% of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) was found colocalized with CD68-expressing cells. CD68-expressing microglia/macrophages, rather than CD206+ cells, may exert anti-inflammatory effects by secreting TGFβ after the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. CD68+ microglia/macrophages can therefore be used as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Yi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ahn
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Hwang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Primate Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup 56216, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup 56216, Korea
| | - Chi-Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Cha
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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15
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Alonso-Guallart P, Zitsman JS, Stern J, Kofman SB, Woodland D, Ho SH, Sondermeijer HP, Bühler L, Griesemer A, Sykes M, Duran-Struuck R. Characterization, biology, and expansion of regulatory T cells in the Cynomolgus macaque for preclinical studies. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2186-2198. [PMID: 30768842 PMCID: PMC6658340 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reliable in vitro expansion protocols of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are needed for clinical use. We studied the biology of Mauritian Cynomolgus macaque (MCM) Tregs and developed four in vitro Treg expansion protocols for translational studies. Tregs expanded 3000-fold when artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) expressing human CD80, CD58 and CD32 were used throughout the culture. When donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used as the single source of APCs followed by aAPCs, Tregs expanded 2000-fold. Tregs from all protocols suppressed the proliferation of anti-CD2CD3CD28 bead-stimulated autologous PBMCs albeit with different potencies, varying from 1:2-1:4 Treg:PBMC ratios, up to >1:32. Reculture of cryopreserved Tregs permitted reexpansion with improved suppressive activity. Occasionally, CD8 contamination was observed and resolved by resorting. Specificity studies showed greater suppression of stimulation by anti-CD2CD3CD28 beads of PBMCs from the same donor used for stimulation during the Treg cultures and of autologous cells than of third-party PBMC responders. Similar to humans, the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) within the Foxp3 locus correlated with suppressive activity and expression of Foxp3. Contrary to humans, FoxP3 expression did not correlate with CD45RA or CD127 expression. In summary, we have characterized MCM Tregs and developed four Treg expansion protocols that can be used for preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alonso-Guallart
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonah S. Zitsman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey Stern
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sigal B. Kofman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Woodland
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Siu-Hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hugo P. Sondermeijer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Current address; Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Bühler
- Current address; Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Current address; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Ramirez-Garcia G, Harrison KA, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Nashed JY, Cook DJ. Stroke Longitudinal Volumetric Measures Correlate with the Behavioral Score in Non-Human Primates. Neuroscience 2018; 397:41-55. [PMID: 30481566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Brain imaging data from experimental rodent stroke models suggest that size and location of the ischemic lesion relate to behavioral outcome. However, such a relationship between these two variables has not been established in Non-Human Primate (NHP) models. Thus, we aimed to evaluate whether size, location, and severity of stroke following controlled Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) in NHP model correlated to neurological outcome. Forty cynomolgus macaques underwent MCAO, after four mortalities, thirty-six subjects were followed up during the longitudinal study. Structural T2 scans were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to, 48 h, and 30 days post-MCAO. Neurological function was assessed with the Non-human Primate Stroke Scale (NHPSS). T2 whole lesion volume was calculated per subject. At chronic stages, remaining brain volume was computed, and the affected hemisphere parceled into 50 regions of interest (ROIs). Whole and parceled volumetric measures were analyzed in relation to the NHPSS score. The longitudinal lesion volume evaluation showed a positive correlation with the NHPSS score, whereas the remaining brain volume negatively correlated with the NHPSS. Following ROI parcellation, NHPSS outcome correlated with frontal, temporal, occipital, and middle white matter, as well as the internal capsule, and the superior temporal and middle temporal gyri, and the caudate nucleus. These results represent an important step in stroke translational research by demonstrating close similarities between the NHP stroke model and the clinical characteristics following a human stroke and illustrating significant areas that could represent targets for novel neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ramirez-Garcia
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Translational Stroke Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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17
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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18
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Hernandez-Castillo CR, Nashed JY, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Wang J, Gallivan J, Cook DJ. Increased functional connectivity after stroke correlates with behavioral scores in non-human primate model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6701. [PMID: 28751636 PMCID: PMC5532205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we characterized the functional connectivity (FC) changes occurring after a controlled MCA stroke in a primate model. We hypothesize that if FC can inform about the neural changes after a stroke in the non-human primate (NHP) stroke model, then significant FC changes after the stroke would have to correlate with the remaining behavioral capacities. Eleven cynomolgus monkeys underwent an experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion while five monkeys remained as the control group. One month later the neurological function was assessed with a set of fine motor tasks and the Nonhuman Primate Stroke Scale (NHPSS). Structural and functional connectivity analyses were done to compare both groups. Three FC changes showed significant behavioral correlations: right sensorimotor-right lateral intraparietal FC with the six-well task; left posterior intraparietal-left dorsal premotor FC with the hill task; and right visual-left primary motor FC with the NHPSS. In the three instances, stronger FC correlated with better behavioral outcome. The results show that the functional changes correlating with behavioral outcomes involved sensorimotor cortices that were not restricted to the affected hemisphere. These results show that the FC analysis in NHP stroke model is a relevant methodology suitable to inform the neural changes occurring after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Justin Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Jason Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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19
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Tymianski M. Combining Neuroprotection With Endovascular Treatment of Acute Stroke: Is There Hope? Stroke 2017; 48:1700-1705. [PMID: 28487331 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tymianski
- From the Division of Neurosurgery (M.T.) and Krembil Research Institute (M.T.), Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.T.).
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20
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Law HCH, Szeto SSW, Quan Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Krakovska O, Lui LT, Zheng C, Lee SMY, Siu KWM, Wang Y, Chu IK. Characterization of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Chronic Phase of Stroke in a Cynomolgus Monkey Model of Induced Cerebral Ischemia. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1150-1166. [PMID: 28102082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease are not well understood, particularly in the chronic phase after the initial ischemic episode. In this study, a Macaca fascicularis stroke model consisting of two sample groups, as determined by MRI-quantified infarct volumes as a measure of the stroke severity 28 days after the ischemic episode, was evaluated using qualitative and quantitative proteomics analyses. By using multiple online multidimensional liquid chromatography platforms, 8790 nonredundant proteins were identified that condensed to 5223 protein groups at 1% global false discovery rate (FDR). After the application of a conservative criterion (5% local FDR), 4906 protein groups were identified from the analysis of cerebral cortex. Of the 2068 quantified proteins, differential proteomic analyses revealed that 31 and 23 were dysregulated in the elevated- and low-infarct-volume groups, respectively. Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation featured prominently as the cellular processes associated with these dysregulated proteins. Protein interaction network analysis revealed that the dysregulated proteins for inflammation and neurogenesis were highly connected, suggesting potential cross-talk between these processes in modulating the cytoskeletal structure and dynamics in the chronic phase poststroke. Elucidating the long-term consequences of brain tissue injuries from a cellular prospective, as well as the molecular mechanisms that are involved, would provide a basis for the development of new potentially neurorestorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C H Law
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel S W Szeto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Olga Krakovska
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Leong Ting Lui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Simon M-Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Avenue Padre Tomás Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - K W Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ivan K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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21
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Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone, a multifunctional neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37148. [PMID: 27841332 PMCID: PMC5107909 DOI: 10.1038/srep37148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
TBN, a novel tetramethylpyrazine derivative armed with a powerful free radical-scavenging nitrone moiety, has been reported to reduce cerebral infarction in rats through multi-functional mechanisms of action. Here we study the therapeutic effects of TBN on non-human primate model of stroke. Thirty male Cynomolgus macaques were subjected to stroke with 4 hours ischemia and then reperfusion. TBN were injected intravenously at 3 or 6 hours after the onset of ischemia. Cerebral infarction was examined by magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 4 weeks post ischemia. Neurological severity scores were evaluated during 4 weeks observation. At the end of experiment, protein markers associated with the stroke injury and TBN treatment were screened by quantitative proteomics. We found that TBN readily penetrated the blood brain barrier and reached effective therapeutic concentration after intravenous administration. It significantly reduced brain infarction and modestly preserved the neurological function of stroke-affected arm. TBN suppressed over-expression of neuroinflammatory marker vimentin and decreased the numbers of GFAP-positive cells, while reversed down-regulation of myelination-associated protein 2', 3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and increased the numbers of NeuN-positive cells in the ipsilateral peri-infarct area. TBN may serve as a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Moore TL, Pessina MA, Finklestein SP, Killiany RJ, Bowley B, Benowitz L, Rosene DL. Inosine enhances recovery of grasp following cortical injury to the primary motor cortex of the rhesus monkey. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:827-48. [PMID: 27497459 PMCID: PMC6503840 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside, has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture and promote corticospinal tract axons to sprout collateral branches after stroke, spinal cord injury and TBI in rodent models. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of inosine on the recovery of motor function following cortical injury in the rhesus monkey. METHODS After being trained on a test of fine motor function of the hand, monkeys received a lesion limited to the area of the hand representation in primary motor cortex. Beginning 24 hours after this injury and continuing daily thereafter, monkeys received orally administered inosine (500 mg) or placebo. Retesting of motor function began on the 14th day after injury and continued for 12 weeks. RESULTS During the first 14 days after surgery, there was evidence of significant recovery within the inosine-treated group on measures of fine motor function of the hand, measures of hand strength and digit flexion. While there was no effect of treatment on the time to retrieve a reward, the treated monkeys returned to asymptotic levels of grasp performance significantly faster than the untreated monkeys. Additionally, the treated monkeys evidenced a greater degree of recovery in terms of maturity of grasp pattern. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that inosine can enhance recovery of function following cortical injury in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica A. Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ronald J. Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bethany Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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McEntire CR, Choudhury GR, Torres A, Steinberg GK, Redmond DE, Daadi MM. Impaired Arm Function and Finger Dexterity in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47:1109-16. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of upper extremity motor impairments. Although several well-characterized experimental stroke models exist, modeling of upper extremity motor impairments, which are unique to primates, is not well established. Cortical representation of dexterous movements in nonhuman primates is functionally and topographically similar to that in humans. In this study, we characterize the African green monkey model of focal ischemia reperfusion with a defined syndrome, impaired dexterous movements.
Methods—
Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the M3 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Motor and cognitive functions after stroke were evaluated using the object retrieval task with barrier-detour. Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology were performed to map and characterize the infarct.
Results—
The middle cerebral artery occlusion consistently produced a necrotic infarct localized in the sensorimotor cortex in the middle cerebral artery territory. The infarction was reproducible and resulted in significant loss of fine motor function characterized by impaired dexterity. No significant cognitive impairment was detected. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology demonstrated consistent and significant loss of tissue on the left parietal cortex by the central sulcus covering the sensorimotor area. The results suggest that this species has less collateralization, which closely resembles humans.
Conclusions—
The reported nonhuman primate model produces a defined and reproducible syndrome relevant to our understanding of ischemic stroke, cortical representation, and sensorimotor integration controlling dexterous movements. This model will be useful in basic and translational research addressing loss of arm function and dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R.S. McEntire
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Gourav R. Choudhury
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - April Torres
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Gary K. Steinberg
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - D. Eugene Redmond
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
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24
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Li M, Zhou ZP, Sun M, Cao L, Chen J, Qin YY, Gu JH, Han F, Sheng R, Wu JC, Ding Y, Qin ZH. Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, a Pentose Phosphate Pathway Product, Might Be a Novel Drug Candidate for Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2015; 47:187-95. [PMID: 26564104 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our previous study has defined a role of TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator in neuroprotection against ischemic injury through increasing the flow of pentose phosphate pathway. We hypothesized that the pentose phosphate pathway product nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) could be a novel drug for treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS The NADPH was given before, at the onset, or after stroke onset with single or repeated intravenous (mice and rats) or intraperitoneal injections (monkey). The short- and long-term therapeutic effects of NADPH were evaluated in male adult ICR mice (total=614) with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (total=114) with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and in male adult rhesus monkey (total=12) with thrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS Administration of NADPH led to a dramatic increase in the levels of ATP and reduced form of glutathione, whereas it decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species. NADPH significantly reduced infarct volume, improved poststroke survival, and recovery of neurological functions in mouse and rat models of stroke. Robust neuroprotection of a single dose of NADPH was seen when it was administered within 5 hours after reperfusion; however, repeat administration of NADPH twice a day for 7 days starting 24 hours after the onset of stroke also offered therapeutic effects. Pretreatment with NADPH also significantly improved the outcome of stroke insult. CONCLUSIONS Administration of exogenous NADPH significantly protected neurons against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in 2 rodent stroke models. Thus, NADPH might be a promising drug candidate for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhou
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Meiling Sun
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Lijuan Cao
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Jieyu Chen
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qin
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Feng Han
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Rui Sheng
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Jun-Chao Wu
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.)
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.).
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- From the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (M.L., M.S., L.C., J.C., Y.-Y.Q., R.S., J.-C.W., Z.-H.Q.); Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China (Z.-P.Z.); Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China (J.-H.G.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hangzhou, China (F.H.); and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.D.).
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25
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Zhang X, Tong F, Li CX, Yan Y, Kempf D, Nair G, Wang S, Muly EC, Zola S, Howell L. Temporal evolution of ischemic lesions in nonhuman primates: a diffusion and perfusion MRI study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117290. [PMID: 25659092 PMCID: PMC4319749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion MRI were used to examine the spatiotemporal evolution of stroke lesions in adult macaques with ischemic occlusion. Methods Permanent MCA occlusion was induced with silk sutures through an interventional approach via the femoral artery in adult rhesus monkeys (n = 8, 10–21 years old). The stroke lesions were examined with high-resolution DWI and perfusion MRI, and T2-weighted imaging (T2W) on a clinical 3T scanner at 1–6, 48, and 96 hours post occlusion and validated with H&E staining. Results The stroke infarct evolved via a natural logarithmic pattern with the mean infarct growth rate = 1.38 ± 1.32 ml per logarithmic time scale (hours) (n = 7) in the hyperacute phase (1–6 hours). The mean infarct volume after 6 hours post occlusion was 3.6±2.8 ml (n = 7, by DWI) and increased to 3.9±2.9 ml (n = 5, by T2W) after 48 hours, and to 4.7±2.2ml (n = 3, by T2W) after 96 hours post occlusion. The infarct volumes predicted by the natural logarithmic function were correlated significantly with the T2W-derived lesion volumes (n = 5, r = 0.92, p = 0.01) at 48 hours post occlusion. The final infarct volumes derived from T2W were correlated significantly with those from H&E staining (r = 0.999, p < 0.0001, n = 4). In addition, the diffusion-perfusion mismatch was visible generally at 6 hours but nearly diminished at 48 hours post occlusion. Conclusion The infarct evolution follows a natural logarithmic pattern in the hyperacute phase of stroke. The logarithmic pattern of evolution could last up to 48 hours after stroke onset and may be used to predict the infarct volume growth during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. The nonhuman primate model, MRI protocols, and post data processing strategy may provide an excellent platform for characterizing the evolution of acute stroke lesion in mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions of stroke disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Tong
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States of America
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
| | - Yumei Yan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
| | - Doty Kempf
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
| | - Govind Nair
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States of America
| | - Silun Wang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
| | - E. Chris Muly
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States of America
| | - Stuart Zola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States of America
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States of America
| | - Leonard Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States of America
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Abstract
On average, every four minutes an individual dies from a stroke, accounting for 1 out of every 18 deaths in the United States. Approximately 795,000 Americans have a new or recurrent stroke each year, with just over 600,000 of these being first attack [1]. There have been multiple animal models of stroke demonstrating that novel therapeutics can help improve the clinical outcome. However, these results have failed to show the same outcomes when tested in human clinical trials. This review will discuss the current in vivo animal models of stroke, advantages and limitations, and the rationale for employing these animal models to satisfy translational gating items for examination of neuroprotective, as well as neurorestorative strategies in stroke patients. An emphasis in the present discussion of therapeutics development is given to stem cell therapy for stroke.
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Zhang X, Tong F, Li CX, Yan Y, Nair G, Nagaoka T, Tanaka Y, Zola S, Howell L. A fast multiparameter MRI approach for acute stroke assessment on a 3T clinical scanner: preliminary results in a non-human primate model with transient ischemic occlusion. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2014; 4:112-22. [PMID: 24834423 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Many MRI parameters have been explored and demonstrated the capability or potential to evaluate acute stroke injury, providing anatomical, microstructural, functional, or neurochemical information for diagnostic purposes and therapeutic development. However, the application of multiparameter MRI approach is hindered in clinic due to the very limited time window after stroke insult. Parallel imaging technique can accelerate MRI data acquisition dramatically and has been incorporated in modern clinical scanners and increasingly applied for various diagnostic purposes. In the present study, a fast multiparameter MRI approach including structural T1-weighted imaging (T1W), T2-weighted imaging (T2W), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), T2-mapping, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, was implemented and optimized for assessing acute stroke injury on a 3T clinical scanner. A macaque model of transient ischemic stroke induced by a minimal interventional approach was utilized for evaluating the multiparameter MRI approach. The preliminary results indicate the surgical procedure successfully induced ischemic occlusion in the cortex and/or subcortex in adult macaque monkeys (n=4). Application of parallel imaging technique substantially reduced the scanning duration of most MRI data acquisitions, allowing for fast and repeated evaluation of acute stroke injury. Hence, the use of the multiparameter MRI approach with up to five quantitative measures can provide significant advantages in preclinical or clinical studies of stroke disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Frank Tong
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yumei Yan
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tsukasa Nagaoka
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoji Tanaka
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stuart Zola
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leonard Howell
- 1 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA ; 2 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 3 the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ; 5 Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan ; 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Qiao J, Shen Y, Shi M, Lu Y, Cheng J, Chen Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of rhesus monkey platelet glycoprotein Ibα, a major ligand-binding subunit of GPIb-IX-V complex. Thromb Res 2014; 133:817-25. [PMID: 24560895 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Through binding to von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, the major ligand-binding subunit of the GPIb-IX-V complex, initiates platelet adhesion and aggregation in response to exposed VWF or elevated fluid-shear stress. There is little data regarding non-human primate platelet GPIbα. This study cloned and characterized rhesus monkey (Macaca Mullatta) platelet GPIbα. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNAMAN software was used for sequence analysis and alignment. N/O-glycosylation sites and 3-D structure modelling were predicted by online OGPET v1.0, NetOGlyc 1.0 Server and SWISS-MODEL, respectively. Platelet function was evaluated by ADP- or ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. RESULTS Rhesus monkey GPIbα contains 2,268 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 755 amino acids. Rhesus monkey GPIbα nucleotide and protein sequences share 93.27% and 89.20% homology respectively, with human. Sequences encoding the leucine-rich repeats of rhesus monkey GPIbα share strong similarity with human, whereas PEST sequences and N/O-glycosylated residues vary. The GPIbα-binding residues for thrombin, filamin A and 14-3-3ζ are highly conserved between rhesus monkey and human. Platelet function analysis revealed monkey and human platelets respond similarly to ADP, but rhesus monkey platelets failed to respond to low doses of ristocetin where human platelets achieved 76% aggregation. However, monkey platelets aggregated in response to higher ristocetin doses. CONCLUSIONS Monkey GPIbα shares strong homology with human GPIbα, however there are some differences in rhesus monkey platelet activation through GPIbα engagement, which need to be considered when using rhesus monkey platelet to investigate platelet GPIbα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Haematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meimei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kızılgöz V, Aydın H, Tatar İG, Hekimoğlu B, Ardıç S, Fırat H, Dönmez C. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of periventricular white matter and hippocampus in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Pol J Radiol 2013; 78:7-14. [PMID: 24505219 PMCID: PMC3908511 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.889923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to diagnose the hypoxic impairment by Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), an advanced MR imaging technique, which could not be visualised by routine imaging methods in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MATERIAL/METHODS 20 OSA patients and 5 controls were included in this prospective research. MRS was performed on these 25 subjects to examine cerebral hypoxemia in specific regions (periventricular white matter and both hippocampi). Polysomnography was assumed as the gold standard. Statistical analysis was assessed by Mann-Whitney U test and Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios. RESULTS In the periventricular white matter, NAA/Cho ratio in OSA patients was significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). There were no statistical differences between the OSA and the control group for NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios for both hippocampal regions. Additionally, Cho/Cr ratio in the periventricular white matter region of OSA group was higher than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic impairment induced by repeated episodes of apnea leads to significant neuronal damage in OSA patients. MRS provides valuable information in the assessment of hypoxic ischemic impairment by revealing important metabolite ratios for the specific areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Kızılgöz
- Department of Radiology, Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hasan Aydın
- Department of Radiology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İdil Güneş Tatar
- Department of Radiology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Baki Hekimoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadık Ardıç
- Department of Chest Diseases, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Fırat
- Department of Chest Diseases, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Dönmez
- Department of Neurology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of disability in the United States, and one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in the world. The hope that damage to the CNS can be reversed or at least ameliorated is the central idea behind the research into neural repair. The ultimate repair for the brain should restore the entire lost structure and it's function. However, partial benefit is possible from addressing some of the needs of the injured brain. These partial solutions are the basis of current research into brain repair after stroke. An opportunity arises for two kinds of intervention: (1) replacement of neurons; (2) support of existing neurons, to prevent excessive degeneration and promote rewiring and plasticity. Transplantation for stroke in the rat model was regularly reported starting in 1992, demonstrating graft survival and even evidence of connection with the host brain. These studies determined several parameters for future work in stroke models, but ultimately had limited efficacy and did not progress to clinical experiments. A variety of cell types have been tried for restoration of brain function after stroke, mostly in rodent models. Human fetal cells had shown some promise in clinical studies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The technical and ethical difficulties associated with these cells promoted a search for alternatives. These include porcine fetal cells, human cultured stem cells, immortalized cell lines, marrow stromal cells, Sertoli cells pineal cells, and other sources. Human clonal cell lines have few ethical limitations, but some questions remain regarding their safety and efficacy. Autologous somatic stem cells are a very attractive source--there are no ethical concerns and graft rejection is not an issue. However, it is not clear that somatic cells can are plastic enough and can be safely induced to a neural fate. Restorative treatment for stroke is a new field of study. Naturally, new ideas abound and many strategies have been suggested and tried. Methods and controversies abound, and include: local delivery of cells to the area of the stroke versus grafting to an area of the brain far removed form the stroke; cell therapy for reconstitution of structure and function versus use of cell grafts to support intrinsic repair and recovery mechanisms; intravascular administration of bone marrow or other stem cells; and combination grafts, or co-grafting of several cell types or cells and other substances. The various strategies address the issue of restorative treatments form different perspectives. Some interventions occur early after stroke, or are intended to preserve existing neural structures. For example, treatment strategies that aim to provide trophic support may demonstrate early beneficial results. Other strategies aim for growth and integration of new neurons to replace those lost after stroke. In this case, early beneficial results are not likely. Functional integration of grafted neurons, if it can ever happen, is likely to require training and exercise of the appropriate capacities. Further advances in preclinical studies of neural transplantation will require improved animal models with increased sensitivity to subtle behavioral and imaging changes. Non-human primate models have been established and may increase in importance as a phase before clinical trials. The future of brain repair for stroke is likely to require some form of combination therapy designed to replace the lost cells and supporting structure, attract new blood supply, support and enhance intrinsic repair and plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Roitberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Cook DJ, Teves L, Tymianski M. A translational paradigm for the preclinical evaluation of the stroke neuroprotectant Tat-NR2B9c in gyrencephalic nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:154ra133. [PMID: 23035045 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Over decades, all attempts to translate acute stroke neuroprotectants from discovery in lower-order species to human clinical use have failed. This raised concerns about the predictive validity of preclinical studies in animals for outcomes in human stroke trials. To bridge this translational gap, we used high-order gyrencephalic nonhuman primates subjected to an experimental protocol that mimicked that of a corresponding, separately reported, clinical trial in which the human subjects underwent endovascular cerebral aneurysm repair. Both placebo-controlled studies tested neuroprotection by Tat-NR2B9c, a prospective therapeutic compound, in anesthetized subjects. Embolic strokes were produced by small intra-arterial emboli caused by the endovascular procedure. We show that primates treated with Tat-NR2B9c after the onset of embolic strokes exhibited significantly reduced numbers and volumes of strokes, as visualized by diffusion- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. These results correctly anticipated the outcome of the corresponding human trial, thus validating this study design as a predictor of neuroprotective efficacy in humans. This strategy may facilitate the evaluation of promising neuroprotectants before undertaking similar studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Cook
- Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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Cook DJ, Tymianski M. Nonhuman primate models of stroke for translational neuroprotection research. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:371-9. [PMID: 22437447 PMCID: PMC3337022 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of several promising neuroprotective therapies in rodent models of stroke, no therapy other than the fibrinolytics has been found to be effective in human clinical trials. To address potential discrepancies between rodent and human studies, the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) committee suggested that nonhuman primates (NHPs) be used for preclinical, translational stroke studies. Due to the paucity of stroke studies in NHPs, few experimental models have been described. Critical factors in designing NHP stroke models include the choice of species, the method of inducing the stroke and the choice of outcome measures. In this review, we describe established NHP models of stroke and discuss factors that may influence model development with a focus on models that may be useful in preclinical studies for neuroprotective drug screening prior to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Cook
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, 4-435 West Wing, 399 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Michael Tymianski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, 4-435 West Wing, 399 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 2S8
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Treatment of stroke with a PSD-95 inhibitor in the gyrencephalic primate brain. Nature 2012; 483:213-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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D'Arceuil HE, de Crespigny AJ. Imaging Stroke Evolution after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Non-human Primates. Open Neuroimag J 2011; 5:216-24. [PMID: 22253663 PMCID: PMC3256846 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001105010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews imaging approaches applied to the study of stroke in nonhuman primates. We briefly survey the various surgical and minimally invasive experimental stroke models in nonhuman primates, followed by a summary of studies using computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to monitor stroke from the hyperacute phase (within minutes of the onset of cerebral ischemia) to the chronic phase (1 month and beyond).
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Affiliation(s)
- H E D'Arceuil
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Sasaki M, Honmou O, Radtke C, Kocsis JD. Development of a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in the nonhuman primate and a safety study of i.v. infusion of human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26577. [PMID: 22039510 PMCID: PMC3200343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most experimental stroke research is carried out in rodents, but given differences between rodents and human, nonhuman primate (NHP) models may provide a valuable tool to study therapeutic interventions. The authors developed a surgical method for transient occlusion of the M1 branch of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the African green monkey to evaluate safety aspects of intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from human bone marrow. METHODS The left Sylvian fissure was exposed by a small fronto-temporal craniotomy. The M1 branch of the MCA was exposed by microsurgical dissection and clipped for 2 to 4 hours. Neurological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were carried out at regular post-operative course. hMSCs were infused 1 hour after reperfusion (clip release) in the 3-hour occlusion model. RESULTS During M1 occlusion, two patterns of changes were observed in the lateral hemisphere surface. One pattern (Pattern 1) was darkening of venous blood, small vessel collapse, and blood pooling with no venous return in cortical veins. Animals with these three features had severe and lasting hemiplegia and MRI demonstrated extensive MCA territory infarction. Animals in the second pattern (Pattern 2) displayed darkening of venous blood, small vessel collapse, and reduced but incompletely occluded venous flow and the functional deficit was much less severe and MRI indicated smaller infarction areas in brain. The severe group (Pattern 1) likely had less extensive collateral circulation than the less severe group (Pattern 2) where venous pooling of blood was not observed. The hMSC infused animals showed a trend for greater functional improvement that was not statistically significant in the acute phase and no additive negative effects. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate inter-animal variability of collateral circulation after complete M1 occlusion and that hMSC infusion is safe in the developed NHP stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeffery D. Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cook DJ, Tymianski M. Translating promising preclinical neuroprotective therapies to human stroke trials. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:433-49. [PMID: 21517728 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of mortality and carries the greatest socioeconomic burden of disease in North America. Despite several promising therapies discovered in the preclinical setting, there have been no positive results in human stroke clinical trials to date. In this article, we review the potential causes for failure and discuss strategies that have been proposed to overcome the barrier to translation of stroke therapies. To improve the chance of success in future human stroke trials, we propose that therapies be tested in stroke models that closely resemble the human condition with molecular, imaging and functional outcomes that relate to outcomes utilized in clinical trials. These strategies include higher-order, old-world, nonhuman primate models of stroke with clinically relevant outcome measures. Although stroke neuroprotection has been looked upon pessimistically given the many failures in clinical trials to date, we propose that neuroprotection in humans is feasible and will be realized with rigorous translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas James Cook
- University of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Research Institute Neuroprotection Laboratory, 11-414 MCl 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Morecraft RJ. Functional recovery following motor cortex lesions in non-human primates: experimental implications for human stroke patients. J Integr Neurosci 2011; 10:353-84. [PMID: 21960307 PMCID: PMC3689229 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses selected classical works and contemporary research on recovery of contralesional fine hand motor function following lesions to motor areas of the cerebral cortex in non-human primates. Findings from both the classical literature and contemporary studies show that lesions of cortical motor areas induce paresis initially, but are followed by remarkable recovery of fine hand/digit motor function that depends on lesion size and post-lesion training. Indeed, in recent work where considerable quantification of fine digit function associated with grasping and manipulating small objects has been observed, very favorable recovery is possible with minimal forced use of the contralesional limb. Studies of the mechanisms underlying recovery have shown that following small lesions of the digit areas of primary motor cortex (M1), there is expansion of the digit motor representations into areas of M1 that did not produce digit movements prior to the lesion. However, after larger lesions involving the elbow, wrist and digit areas of M1, no such expansion of the motor representation was observed, suggesting that recovery was due to other cortical or subcortical areas taking over control of hand/digit movements. Recently, we showed that one possible mechanism of recovery after lesion to the arm areas of M1 and lateral premotor cortex is enhancement of corticospinal projections from the medially located supplementary motor area (M2) to spinal cord laminae containing neurons which have lost substantial input from the lateral motor areas and play a critical role in reaching and digit movements. Because human stroke and brain injury patients show variable, and usually poorer, recovery of hand motor function than that of nonhuman primates after motor cortex damage, we conclude with a discussion of implications of this work for further experimentation to improve recovery of hand function in human stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Hynes SM, Rotella DL, Headley G, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, McNeal DW, Solon-Cline KM, Morecraft RJ. Volumetric effects of motor cortex injury on recovery of ipsilesional dexterous movements. Exp Neurol 2011; 231:56-71. [PMID: 21703261 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the motor cortex of one hemisphere has classically been associated with contralateral upper limb paresis, but recent patient studies have identified deficits in both upper limbs. In non-human primates, we tested the hypothesis that the severity of ipsilesional upper limb motor impairment in the early post-injury phase depends on the volume of gray and white matter damage of the motor areas of the frontal lobe. We also postulated that substantial recovery would accompany minimal task practice and that ipsilesional limb recovery would be correlated with recovery of the contralesional limb. Gross (reaching) and fine hand motor functions were assessed for 3-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. Volumes of white and gray matter lesions were assessed using quantitative histology. Early changes in post-lesion motor performance were inversely correlated with white matter lesion volume indicating that larger lesions produced greater decreases in ipsilesional hand movement control. All monkeys showed improvements in ipsilesional hand motor skill during the post-lesion period, with reaching skill improvements being positively correlated with total lesion volume indicating that larger lesions were associated with greater ipsilesional motor skill recovery. We suggest that reduced trans-callosal inhibition from the lesioned hemisphere may play a role in the observed skill improvements. Our findings show that significant ipsilesional hand motor recovery is likely to accompany injury limited to frontal motor areas. In humans, more pronounced ipsilesional motor deficits that invariably develop after stroke may, in part, be a consequence of more extensive subcortical white and gray matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Motor Control Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Zhu H, Li Q, Feng M, Chen YX, Li H, Sun JJ, Zhao CH, Wang RZ, Bezard E, Qin C. A new cerebral hemorrhage model in cynomolgus macaques created by injection of autologous anticoagulated blood into the brain. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:955-60. [PMID: 21601461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish and validate a clinically relevant model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) via injection of autologous blood into the brains of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Eight male cynomolgus macaques received 1.5 mL of fresh anticoagulated autologous femoral artery blood into the inner side of the claustrum near the right basal ganglia under stereotactic guidance. Animals were evaluated with MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning before and 24 hours after surgery and once per week thereafter. A neurological deficit scale was used to assess the animals on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after surgery. Animals showed focal neurological signs corresponding to the MRI-located hematoma. The behavioral impairment progressively ameliorated over time, but never fully resolved. The hematoma was absorbed over time but was still present 4 weeks after surgery, with persistent metabolic deficit detected using PET scanning. Histological examinations confirmed the in vivo findings. This ICH model in a non-human primate mimics human ICH in the basal ganglia and may be useful for assessing the safety and efficacy of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
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Bashir S, Kaeser M, Wyss A, Hamadjida A, Liu Y, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Belhaj-Saif A, Rouiller EM. Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:63-79. [PMID: 21597965 PMCID: PMC3249543 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the arrangement of the corticospinal projection in primates is consistent with a more prominent role of the ipsilateral motor cortex on proximal muscles, rather than on distal muscles involved in manual dexterity, the role played by the primary motor cortex on the control of manual dexterity for the ipsilateral hand remains a matter a debate, either in the normal function or after a lesion. We, therefore, tested the impact of permanent unilateral motor cortex lesion on the manual dexterity of the ipsilateral hand in 11 macaque monkeys, within a time window of 60 days post-lesion. For comparison, unilateral reversible pharmacological inactivation of the motor cortex was produced in an additional monkey. Manual dexterity was assessed quantitatively based on three motor parameters derived from two reach and grasp manual tasks. In contrast to the expected dramatic, complete deficit of manual dexterity of the contralesional hand that persists for several weeks, the impact on the manual dexterity of the ipsilesional hand was generally moderate (but statistically significant) and, when present, lasted less than 20 days. Out of the 11 monkeys, only 3 showed a deficit of the ipsilesional hand for 2 of the 3 motor parameters, and 4 animals had a deficit for only one motor parameter. Four monkeys did not show any deficit. The reversible inactivation experiment yielded results consistent with the permanent lesion data. In conclusion, the primary motor cortex exerts a modest role on ipsilateral manual dexterity, most likely in the form of indirect hand postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Medicine and Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Schatlo B, Dreier JP, Gläsker S, Fathi AR, Moncrief T, Oldfield EH, Vortmeyer AO, Pluta RM. Report of selective cortical infarcts in the primate clot model of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2011; 67:721-8; discussion 728-9. [PMID: 20651629 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000378024.70848.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human autopsy studies, 70% to 80% of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) showed infarcts in cerebral cortex covered by subarachnoid blood. Thus far, no animal model of SAH is known to produce this peculiar infarct pattern, and its pathogenesis remains enigmatic. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether such infarcts occur in the clot model of SAH in primates. METHODS We performed a retrospective pathological review of 16 primate brains. In 13 cynomolgus monkeys, a blood clot was placed around the middle cerebral artery after additional removal of the arachnoid membrane from the basal surface of the frontal and temporal cortexes. Three animals underwent sham surgery without placement of a blood clot (controls). The brains were harvested between days 1 and 28 after SAH and examined by a neuropathologist blinded to study group. RESULTS We identified 2 types of cortical infarcts. A band of selective cortical laminar necrosis parallel to the cortical surface ("horizontal") was found in 5 animals. The second category of cortical lesions had a "vertical" extension. It included wedge-shaped (n = 2) or pillarlike (n = 2) necrosis. Both horizontal and vertical infarcts were located exclusively in areas adjacent to subarachnoid blood. The presence of a cortical infarct did not correlate with the degree of middle cerebral artery vasospasm (r2 = .24, P = .13). CONCLUSION The presence of cortical infarcts suggests that a modified nonhuman primate model of SAH is suitable to examine the pathogenesis of proximal vasospasm and permits investigation of cortical lesions similar to those reported in patients after SAH. Furthermore, it indicates that direct effects of the blood clot on the brain and microcirculation contribute to the development of cortical infarcts after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bawarjan Schatlo
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414, USA
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Wu WE, Kirov II, Zhang K, Babb JS, Joo CG, Ratai EM, González RG, Gonen O. Cross-sectional and longitudinal reproducibility of rhesus macaque brain metabolites: a proton MR spectroscopy study at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2011; 65:1522-31. [PMID: 21337426 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates are often used as preclinical model systems for (mostly diffuse or multi-focal) neurological disorders and their experimental treatment. Due to cost considerations, such studies frequently utilize non-destructive imaging modalities, MRI and proton MR spectroscopy ((1) H MRS). Cost may explain why the inter- and intra-animal reproducibility of the (1) H MRS observed brain metabolites, are not reported. To this end, we performed test-retest three-dimensional brain (1) H MRS in five healthy rhesus macaques at 3 T. Spectra were acquired from 224 isotropic (0.5 cm)(3) = 125 μL voxels, over 28 cm(3) (∼ 35%) of the brain, then individually phased, frequency aligned and summed into a spectrum representative of the entire volume of interest. This dramatically increases the metabolites' signal-to-noise ratios, while maintaining the (narrow) voxel linewidth. The results show that the average N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, and myo-inositol concentrations in the macaque brain are: 7.7 ± 0.5, 7.0 ± 0.5, 1.2 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.6 mM/g wet weight (mean ± standard deviation). Their inter-animal coefficients of variation (CV) are 4%, 4%, 6%, and 15%; and the longitudinal (intra-animal) CVs are lower still: 4%, 5%, 5%, and 4%, much better than the 22%, 33%, 36%, and 45% intra-voxel CVs, demonstrating the advantage of the approach and its utility for preclinical studies of diffuse neurological diseases in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Wu
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Kang BT, Jang DP, Lee JH, Jung DI, Gu SH, Lim CY, Kim YB, Quan FS, Kim HJ, Woo EJ, Cho ZH, Park HM. Detection of cerebral metabolites in a canine model of ischemic stroke using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:300-6. [PMID: 19278700 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) provides in vivo biochemical information on tissue metabolites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the serial metabolic changes of (1)H MRS in the cerebrum of ischemic dogs. An ischemic stroke was induced in five health laboratory beagle dogs by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion using a silicone plug. (1)H MRS was serially performed three times with a 1.5-T MR system: before, three days after and 10days after the stroke. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex. Reduced levels of N-acetyl-asparate (p<0.05), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and myo-inositol (mI), and a marked increase in the lactate (Lac) level (p<0.01) were found at three days after the stroke. At 10days after the stroke, the levels of Lac significantly increased (p<0.01); however, the other metabolites were partially elevated. The changes of Cr, Cho and mI were not statistically significant (p>0.05) when the before and after stroke values were compared. There was a significant loss of NeuN and GFAP immunoreactivity at the ischemic core. (1)H MRS may be to a useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of ischemic stroke in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Teck Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, #1 Hwayang-dong, Gwang-jin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Abstract
Stem cells, as subjects of study for use in treating neurological diseases, are envisioned as a replacement for lost neurons and glia, a means of trophic support, a therapeutic vehicle, and, more recently, a tool for in vitro modeling to understand disease and to screen and personalize treatments. In this review we analyze the requirements of stem cell-based therapy for clinical translation, advances in stem cell research toward clinical application for neurological disorders, and different animal models used for analysis of these potential therapies. We focus on Parkinson's disease (typically defined by the progressive loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons), stroke (neurodegeneration associated with decreased blood perfusion in the brain), and multiple sclerosis (an autoimmune disorder that generates demyelination, axonal damage, astrocytic scarring, and neurodegeneration in the brain and spinal cord). We chose these disorders for their diversity and the number of people affected by them. An additional important consideration was the availability of multiple animal models in which to test stem cell applications for these diseases. We also discuss the relationship between the limited number of systematic stem cell studies performed in animals, in particular nonhuman primates and the delayed progress in advancing stem cell therapies to clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Joers
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Liu S, Gonen O, Fleysher L, Fleysher R, Soher BJ, Pilkenton S, Lentz MR, Ratai EM, González RG. Regional metabolite T2 in the healthy rhesus macaque brain at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:1165-9. [PMID: 18429024 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the rhesus macaque brain is an excellent model system for the study of neurological diseases and their responses to treatment, its small size requires much higher spatial resolution, motivating use of ultra-high-field (B(0)) imagers. Their weaker radio-frequency fields, however, dictate longer pulses; hence longer TE localization sequences. Due to the shorter transverse relaxation time (T(2)) at higher B(0)s, these longer TEs subject metabolites to T(2)-weighting, that decrease their quantification accuracy. To address this we measured the T(2)s of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) in several gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) regions of four healthy rhesus macaques at 7T using three-dimensional (3D) proton MR spectroscopic imaging at (0.4 cm)(3) = 64 mul spatial resolution. The results show that macaque T(2)s are in good agreement with those reported in humans at 7T: 169 +/- 2.3 ms for NAA (mean +/- SEM), 114 +/- 1.9 ms for Cr, and 128 +/- 2.4 ms for Cho, with no significant differences between GM and WM. The T(2) histograms from 320 voxels in each animal for NAA, Cr, and Cho were similar in position and shape, indicating that they are potentially characteristic of "healthy" in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Gonen O, Liu S, Goelman G, Ratai EM, Pilkenton S, Lentz MR, González RG. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging of rhesus macaque brain in vivo at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:692-9. [PMID: 18302225 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the overall similarity of their brains' structure and physiology to its human counterpart, nonhuman primates provide excellent model systems for the pathogenesis of neurological diseases and their response to treatments. Its much smaller size, 80 versus 1250 cm(3), however, requires proportionally higher spatial resolution to study, nondestructively, as many analogous regions as efficiently as possible in anesthetized animals. The confluence of these requirements underscores the need for the highest sensitivity, spatial coverage, resolution, and exam speed. Accordingly, we demonstrate the feasibility of 3D multi-voxel, proton ((1)H) MRSI at (0.375 cm)(3)=0.05 cm(3) isotropic spatial resolution over 21 cm(3) (approximately 25%) of the anesthetized rhesus macaques brain at 7T in 25 min. These voxels are x10(2)-10(1) times smaller than the 8-1 cm(3) common to (1)H-MRS in humans, retaining similar proportions between the macaque and human brain. The spectra showed a signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) approximately 9-10 for the major metabolites and the interanimal SNR spatial distribution reproducibility was in the +/-10% range for the standard error of their means (SEMs). Their metabolites' linewidths, 9+/-2 Hz, yield excellent spectral resolution as well. These results indicate that 3D (1)H-MRSI can be integrated into comprehensive MR studies in primates at such high fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Gonen
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Yu D, Silva GA. Stem cell sources and therapeutic approaches for central nervous system and neural retinal disorders. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E11. [PMID: 18341387 DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, stem cell biology has made a profound impact on our views of mammalian development as well as opened new avenues in regenerative medicine. The potential of stem cells to differentiate into various cell types of the body is the principal reason they are being explored in treatments for diseases in which there may be dysfunctional cells and/or loss of healthy cells due to disease. In addition, other properties are unique to stem cells; their endogenous trophic support, ability to home to sites of pathological entities, and stability in culture, which allows genetic manipulation, are also being utilized to formulate stem cell-based therapy for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, the authors will review key characteristics of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells, consider therapeutic strategies employed in stem cell therapy, and discuss the recent advances made in stem cell-based therapy for a number of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS as well as neuronal degeneration secondary to other abnormalities and injuries. Although a great deal of progress has been made in our knowledge of stem cells and their utility in treating CNS disorders, much still needs to be elucidated regarding the biology of the stem cells and the pathogenesis of targeted CNS diseases to maximize therapeutic benefits. Nonetheless, stem cells present tremendous promise in the treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Hara K, Yasuhara T, Matsukawa N, Maki M, Masuda T, Yu G, Xu L, Tambrallo L, Rodriguez NA, Stern DM, Kawase T, Yamashima T, Buccafusco JJ, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Hippocampal CA1 cell loss in a non-human primate model of transient global ischemia: a pilot study. Brain Res Bull 2007; 74:164-71. [PMID: 17683803 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We exposed adult Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) to a transient global ischemia, which was induced by clipping the innominate and subclavian arteries that originated from the aortic arch. NHP1 received 20-min, while NHP2 and NHP3, were exposed to a 15-min transient global ischemia and were euthanized at day 1 (NHP1), day 5 (NHP2) or day 30 (NHP3) after ischemia, respectively. NHP1 displayed severe paralysis and rigidity, and intermittent convulsions over the next 24 h. Although histological examination of the brain revealed no detectable gross brain damage (i.e., swelling) and only minimal cell loss in the hippocampus, the acute survival time after surgery likely prevented the cerebral ischemia to fully develop and to be morphologically manifested. Nonetheless, the 20-min ischemia might have been too severe and caused a systemic multiple organ collapse that produced the abnormal behavioral symptoms. On the other hand, NHP2 and NHP3 which received 15-min ischemia only exhibited minor hindlimb paralysis. Indeed, by 48 h after ischemia, both animals appeared fully recovered with only fine motor deficits. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that NHP2 and 3, but not NHP1, had a marked neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal region, specifically the cornu Ammonis (CA1) region. The cell loss in these two ischemic NHP hippocampi was further confirmed by direct comparison with a normal Rhesus brain. These findings replicate the brain pathology seen in Japanese macaques exposed to the same ischemia model [T. Tsukada, M. Watanabe, T. Yamashima, Implications of CAD and DNase II in ischemic neuronal necrosis specific for the primate hippocampus, J. Neurochem. 79 (2001) 1196-1206; T. Yamashima, Implication of cysteine proteases calpain, cathepsin and caspase in ischemic neuronal death of primates, Prog. Neurobiol. 62 (2000) 273-295; T. Yamashima, Y. Kohda, K. Tsuchiya, T. Ueno, J. Yamashita, T. Yoshioka, E. Kominami, Inhibition of ischemic hippocampal neuronal death in primates with cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074: a novel strategy for neuroprotection based on calpain-cathepsin hypothesis, Eur. J. Neurosci. 10 (1998) 1723-1733; T. Yamashima, T.C. Saido, M. Takita, A. Miyazawa, J. Yamano, A. Miyakawa, H. Nishijyo, J. Yamashita, S. Kawashima, T. Ono, T. Yoshioka, Transient brain ischemia provokes Ca2+, PIP2 and calpain responses prior to delayed neuronal death in monkeys, Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 (1996) 1932-1944; T. Yamashima, A.B. Tonchey, T. Tsukada, T.C. Saido, S. Imajoh-Ohmi, T. Momoi, E. Kominami, Sustained calpain activation associated with lysosomal rupture executes necrosis of the postischemic CA1 neurons in primates, Hippocampus 13 (2003) 791-800]. The present minimally invasive transient global ischemia model using Rhesus shows many histopathological symptoms seen in human patients who experienced global ischemia, and should allow translational validation of experimental therapeutics for ischemic injury. Additional studies are warranted to reveal behavioral deficits associated with this ischemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MWM, Prevo AJH. Predictive value of ischemic lesion volume assessed with magnetic resonance imaging for neurological deficits and functional outcome poststroke: A critical review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2007; 20:492-502. [PMID: 17082505 DOI: 10.1177/1545968306289298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic lesion volume is assumed to be an important predictor of poststroke neurological deficits and functional outcome. This critical review examines the methodological quality of MRI studies and the predictive value of hemispheric infarct volume for neurological deficits (at body function level) and functional outcome (at activities level). METHODS Using Medline, PiCarta, and Embase to identify studies, 13 of the 747 identified studies met the authors' inclusion criteria. Subsequently, studies were tested for adherence to the key methodological criteria for internal, statistical, and external validity. Each criterion was weighted binary, and studies with 6 points or more were judged to be valid for assessing the predictive value of MRI for outcome. RESULTS The 13 included studies had several methodological weaknesses with respect to internal validity, and none of them took lesion location into account. Only a few used outcome measures according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and followed patients beyond 6 months. Correlation coefficients between MRI lesion volume and outcomes were higher for outcomes defined at body function level (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; median 0.67; range: 0.57-0.91) than for those defined at the level of activities (Barthel Index; median -0.49; range: -0.33 to -0.74). CONCLUSIONS Methodological shortcomings of most studies confound the prognostic value of MRI in predicting stroke outcome, and few studies have focused on functional outcome. Future studies should investigate the added value of MRI volume over clinical neurological variables in predicting functional outcome beyond 6 months poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Schiemanck
- Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Liu Y, D'Arceuil HE, Westmoreland S, He J, Duggan M, Gonzalez RG, Pryor J, de Crespigny AJ. Serial Diffusion Tensor MRI After Transient and Permanent Cerebral Ischemia in Nonhuman Primates. Stroke 2007; 38:138-45. [PMID: 17122422 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000252127.07428.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
We measured the temporal evolution of the T2 and diffusion tensor imaging parameters after transient and permanent cerebral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in macaques, and compared it to standard histological analysis at the study end point.
Methods—
Stroke was created in adult male macaques by occluding a middle cerebral artery branch for 3 hours (transient MCAo, n=4 or permanent occlusion, n=3). Conventional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging scans were performed 0 (acute day), 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, and 30 days after MCAo. Animals were euthanized after the final scan and the brains removed for histological analysis.
Results—
Apparent diffusion coefficient in the lesion was decreased acutely, fractional anisotropy was elevated, and T2 remained normal. Thereafter, apparent diffusion coefficient increased above normal, fractional anisotropy decreased to below normal, T2 increased to a maximum and then declined. Reperfusion at 3 hours accelerated these MRI changes. Only the fractional anisotropy value was significantly different between transient and permanent groups at 30 days. Final MRI-defined fractional lesion volumes were well correlated with corresponding histological lesion volumes. Permanent MCAO animals showed more severe histological damage than their transient MCAO counterparts, especially myelin damage and axonal swelling.
Conclusions—
Overall, the MRI evolution of stroke in macaques was closer to what has been observed in humans than in rodent models. This work supports the use of serial MRI in stroke studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- Martinos Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129-2060, USA
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