Once-daily dosing regimen for aminoglycoside plus betalactam combination therapy of serious lower respiratory tract infections

Aminoglycosides in cystic fibrosis: a descriptive study of current practice in Australia

AIM

To determine the diversity of clinical practice with respect to aminoglycosides in cystic fibrosis (CF) units within Australia.

METHOD

In April 1999, a questionnaire on the use of aminoglycosides was sent to 30 CF units across Australia. Information was collected about drug selection, dosing, monitoring and toxicity with intravenous administration.

RESULTS

Completed surveys were received from 26 of the 30 units (response rate = 86%) and all units with > 40 patients. Tobramycin was the drug of choice in all but two centres where there was equivalent use of gentamicin and tobramycin. The survey demonstrated a trend in recent years to reduce the number of doses per day with 54% of centres prescribing once daily, 23% twice daily and 23% thrice daily regimens. Initial dosing was generally based on mg/kg per day (mean 8.8, range 7.5-10 mg/kg per day). Dosing by infusion occurred in 11 of 14 units using once-daily dosing and there was equivalent use of bolus and infusion methods for multiple-daily regimens. Drug monitoring depended on dosing regimen. Units using multiple daily regimens monitored using trough +/- peak levels, whereas 50% of units using once-daily dosing used two postdose levels to alter dose. Actual toxicity, in particular nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and vestibular toxicity was reported by 19, 27 and 12% of units, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The prescribing, dosing and monitoring of aminoglycosides in CF across Australia varies greatly. This is likely to be due to a lack of definitive evidence as to the optimum use in this patient group.

Urosepsis in the critical care unit

Critical care unit patients show a higher risk of developing a bloodstream infection than ward patients. The urinary tract is the main source of hospital-acquired secondary bloodstream infection. Nosocomial urinary tract infection is promoted by bladder catheterization in the vast majority of cases. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are the prevalent agents of bloodstream infection secondary to a nosocomial urinary tract infection. Sepsis and septic shock are severe complications of these infections in the critical care patient. Management of patients with a septic process of urinary source calls for the combination of adequate life-supporting care, an appropriate antibiotic therapy, and innovative adjunctive measures. Accurate catheter care is the best measure to adopt for the prevention of urosepsis.