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Kaur G, Bae E, Zhang Y, Ciacciofera N, Jung KM, Barreda H, Paleti C, Oh JY, Lee RH. Biopotency and surrogate assays to validate the immunomodulatory potency of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12497. [PMID: 39140452 PMCID: PMC11322862 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been recognized as promising cytotherapeutics due to their demonstrated immunomodulatory effects in various preclinical models. The immunomodulatory capabilities of EVs stem from the proteins and genetic materials they carry from parent cells, but the cargo contents of EVs are significantly influenced by MSC tissues and donors, cellular age and culture conditions, resulting in functional variations. However, there are no surrogate assays available to validate the immunomodulatory potency of MSC-EVs before in vivo administration. In previous work, we discovered that microcarrier culture conditions enhance the immunomodulatory function of MSC-EVs, as well as the levels of immunosuppressive molecules such as TGF-β1 and let-7b in MSC-EVs. Building on these findings, we investigated whether TGF-β1 levels in MSC-EVs could serve as a surrogate biomarker for predicting their potency in vivo. Our studies revealed a strong correlation between TGF-β1 and let-7b levels in MSC-EVs, as well as their capacity to suppress IFN-γ secretion in stimulated splenocytes, establishing biopotency and surrogate assays for MSC-EVs. Subsequently, we validated MSC-EVs generated from monolayer cultures (ML-EVs) or microcarrier cultures (MC-EVs) using murine models of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) and additional in vitro assays reflecting the Mode of Action of MSC-EVs in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that MC-EVs carrying high levels of TGF-β1 exhibited greater efficacy than ML-EVs in halting disease progression in mice with EAU as well as inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the chemotaxis of retina-reactive T cells. Additionally, MSC-EVs suppressed the MAPK/ERK pathway in activated T cells, with treatment using TGF-β1 or let-7b showing similar effects on the MAPK/ERK pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that MSC-EVs directly inhibit the infiltration of retina-reactive T cells toward the eyes, thereby halting the disease progression in EAU mice, and their immunomodulatory potency in vivo can be predicted by their TGF-β1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Eun‐Hye Bae
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Nicole Ciacciofera
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Kyung Min Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Heather Barreda
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Carol Paleti
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of OphthalmologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute for Regenerative MedicineTexas A&M University School of MedicineCollege StationTexasUSA
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2
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Alles M, Gunasena M, Zia T, D'Mello A, Bhattarai S, Mulhern W, Terry L, Scherger T, Wijeratne S, Singh S, Wijeratne AJ, Kasturiratna D, Tettelin H, Weyand NJ, Liyanage NPM. Unveiling the immune dynamics of Neisseria persistent oral colonization. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0004824. [PMID: 38814083 PMCID: PMC11238562 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00048-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteria are crucial in maintaining host physiological homeostasis, immune system development, and protection against pathogens. Despite their significance, the factors influencing persistent bacterial colonization and their impact on the host still need to be fully understood. Animal models have served as valuable tools to investigate these interactions, but most have limitations. The bacterial genus Neisseria, which includes both commensal and pathogenic species, has been studied from a pathogenicity to humans perspective but lacks models that study immune responses in the context of long-term persistence. Neisseria musculi, a recently described natural commensal of mice, offers a unique opportunity to study long-term host-commensal interactions. In this study, for the first time, we have used this model to study the transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional dynamics of immune cell signatures in the mucosal and systemic tissue of mice in response to N. musculi colonization. We found key genes and pathways vital for immune homeostasis in palate tissue, validated by flow cytometry of immune cells from the lung, blood, and spleen. This study offers a novel avenue for advancing our understanding of host-bacteria dynamics and may provide a platform for developing efficacious interventions against mucosal persistence by pathogenic Neisseria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manuja Gunasena
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tauqir Zia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Adonis D'Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saroj Bhattarai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Will Mulhern
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Luke Terry
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Trenton Scherger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sachleen Singh
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Asela J Wijeratne
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dhanuja Kasturiratna
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan J Weyand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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3
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Zhang M, Zhang X. T cells in ocular autoimmune uveitis: Pathways and therapeutic approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109565. [PMID: 36535124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious intraocular condition that affects the uveal tract of the eye and threatens vision if not treated properly. Increasing evidence suggests that activated CD4+ T cells are associated with progressive and permanent destruction of photoreceptors in ocular autoimmune diseases. As such, the purpose of this review is to offer an overview of the role of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune uveitis as well as a justification for the current development and assessment of innovative autoimmune uveitis medications targeting CD4+ T cells. With an emphasis on T helper (Th)17, Th1, and Th2 cells, follicular helper CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells, this review presents a summary of recent research related to the pathways and signaling that encourage CD4+ T cells to develop into specialized effector cells. We also describe immunotherapeutic approaches based on CD4+ T cell subsets and their potential as therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Marzaioli V, Canavan M, Floudas A, Flynn K, Mullan R, Veale DJ, Fearon U. CD209/CD14 + Dendritic Cells Characterization in Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients: Activation, Synovial Infiltration, and Therapeutic Targeting. Front Immunol 2022; 12:722349. [PMID: 35095831 PMCID: PMC8789658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have a key role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory arthritis (IA). In this study, we identified a DC population that derive from monocytes, characterized as CD209/CD14+ DC, expressing classical DC markers (HLADR, CD11c) and the Mo-DC marker (CD209), while also retaining the monocytic marker CD14. This CD209/CD14+ DC population is present in the circulation of Healthy Control (HC), with increased frequency in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Psoriatic arthritic (PsA) patients. We demonstrate, for the first time, that circulatory IA CD209/CD14+ DC express more cytokines (IL1β/IL6/IL12/TNFα) and display a unique chemokine receptor expression and co-expression profiles compared to HC. We demonstrated that CD209/CD14+ DC are enriched in the inflamed joint where they display a unique inflammatory and maturation phenotype, with increased CD40 and CD80 and co-expression of specific chemokine receptors, displaying unique patterns between PsA and RA. We developed a new protocol of magnetic isolation and expansion for CD209+ DC from blood and identified transcriptional differences involved in endocytosis/antigen presentation between RA and PsA CD209+ DC. In addition, we observed that culture of healthy CD209+ DC with IA synovial fluid (SF), but not Osteoarthritis (OA) SF, was sufficient to induce the development of CD209/CD14+ DC, leading to a poly-mature DC phenotype. In addition, differential effects were observed in terms of chemokine receptor and chemokine expression, with healthy CD209+ DC displaying increased expression/co-expression of CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR5 when cultured with RA SF, while an increase in the chemokines CCR3, CXCL10 and CXCL11 was observed when cultured with PsA SF. This effect may be mediated in part by the observed differential increase in chemokines expressed in RA vs PsA SF. Finally, we observed that the JAK/STAT pathway, but not the NF-κB pathway (driven by TNFα), regulated CD209/CD14+ DC function in terms of activation, inflammatory state, and migratory capacity. In conclusion, we identified a novel CD209/CD14+ DC population, which is active in the circulation of RA and PsA, an effect potentiated once they enter the joint. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JAK/STAT inhibition can be used as a therapeutic strategy to decrease the inflammatory state of the pathogenic CD209/CD14+ DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Marzaioli
- Rheumatology EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Achilleas Floudas
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keelin Flynn
- Rheumatology EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan Mullan
- Department of Rheumatology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Rheumatology EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Rheumatology EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Adamus G. Importance of Autoimmune Responses in Progression of Retinal Degeneration Initiated by Gene Mutations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:672444. [PMID: 34926479 PMCID: PMC8674421 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous rare disorders associated with retinal dysfunction and death of retinal photoreceptor cells, leading to blindness. Among the most frequent and severe forms of those retinopathies is retinitis pigmentosa (RP) that affects 1:4,000 individuals worldwide. The genes that have been implicated in RP are associated with the proteins present in photoreceptor cells or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Asymmetric presentation or sudden progression in retinal disease suggests that a gene mutation alone might not be responsible for retinal degeneration. Immune responses could directly target the retina or be site effect of immunity as a bystander deterioration. Autoantibodies against retinal autoantigens have been found in RP, which led to a hypothesis that autoimmunity could be responsible for the progression of photoreceptor cell death initiated by a genetic mutation. The other contributory factor to retinal degeneration is inflammation that activates the innate immune mechanisms, such as complement. If autoimmune responses contribute to the progression of retinopathy, this could have an implication on treatment, such as gene replacement therapy. In this review, we provide a perspective on the current role of autoimmunity/immunity in RP pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Xu L, Gao J, Pan Y, Tian N, He M, Jin L, Chen F. Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:797-805. [PMID: 32618114 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of CD40 on ocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in B10.RIII mice. ANIMALS STUDIED EAU-susceptible B10.RIII mice were subcutaneously immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) 161-180 in complete Freund's adjuvant and evaluated clinically and pathologically on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 postimmunization. Anti-CD40 antibody was intraperitoneally injected into mice every other day from days 7 to 14 postimmunization. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected EAU mice were used as the controls. PROCEDURES The frequencies of CD11c+ CD40+ dendritic cells (DCs), CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs, and CD11c+ CD40+ MHC-II+ DCs in splenocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 after immunization. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in CD11c+ DCs was assessed by ELISA. IRBP-specific lymphocyte proliferation was assessed using a modified MTT cell proliferation assay. RESULTS The number of CD11c+ CD40+ DCs, CD11c+ MHC-II+ DCs, and CD11c+ CD40+ MHC-II+ DCs increased at the onset of EAU, peaked at the height of disease severity, and was sustained at a high level until day 21. Treatment with anti-CD40 antibody significantly alleviated clinical and pathological activities related to EAU. Compared with the control mice, antibody-treated EAU mice showed few CD11c+ CD40+ DC and CD11c+ CD40+ MHC-II+ DC frequencies in splenocytes. The anti-CD40 antibody significantly suppressed IRBP-specific lymphocyte proliferation and TNF-α and IL-6 production by DCs in EAU mice. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of CD40 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the splenocytes of EAU mice were correlated with inflammatory activity. Anti-CD40 treatment can significantly attenuate EAU activity by inhibiting systemic IRBP-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Pan
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhong He
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Feilan Chen
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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7
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Kapurniotu A, Gokce O, Bernhagen J. The Multitasking Potential of Alarmins and Atypical Chemokines. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:3. [PMID: 30729111 PMCID: PMC6351468 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the human genome was sequenced, it came as a surprise that it contains “only” 21,306 protein-coding genes. However, complexity and diversity are multiplied by alternative splicing, non-protein-coding transcripts, or post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteome level. Here, we discuss how the multi-tasking potential of proteins can substantially enhance the complexity of the proteome further, while at the same time offering mechanisms for the fine-regulation of cell responses. Discoveries over the past two decades have led to the identification of “surprising” and previously unrecognized functionalities of long known cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and intracellular proteins that have established novel molecular networks in physiology, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. In this mini-review, we focus on alarmins and atypical chemokines such as high-mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF)-type proteins that are prototypical examples of these classes, featuring a remarkable multitasking potential that allows for an elaborate fine-tuning of molecular networks in the extra- and intracellular space that may eventually give rise to novel “task”-based precision medicine intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- System Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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8
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Wang LX, Li Y, Chen GZ. Network-based co-expression analysis for exploring the potential diagnostic biomarkers of metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190447. [PMID: 29377892 PMCID: PMC5788335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer and is one of the global malignancies with high mortality and morbidity. It is essential to identify and verify diagnostic biomarkers of early metastatic melanoma. Previous studies have systematically assessed protein biomarkers and mRNA-based expression characteristics. However, molecular markers for the early diagnosis of metastatic melanoma have not been identified. To explore potential regulatory targets, we have analyzed the gene microarray expression profiles of malignant melanoma samples by co-expression analysis based on the network approach. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by the EdgeR package of R software. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used for the identification of DEGs in the special gene modules and hub genes. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to extract hub genes associated with gene modules. Finally, twenty-four important hub genes (RASGRP2, IKZF1, CXCR5, LTB, BLK, LINGO3, CCR6, P2RY10, RHOH, JUP, KRT14, PLA2G3, SPRR1A, KRT78, SFN, CLDN4, IL1RN, PKP3, CBLC, KRT16, TMEM79, KLK8, LYPD3 and LYPD5) were treated as valuable factors involved in the immune response and tumor cell development in tumorigenesis. In addition, a transcriptional regulatory network was constructed for these specific modules or hub genes, and a few core transcriptional regulators were found to be mostly associated with our hub genes, including GATA1, STAT1, SP1, and PSG1. In summary, our findings enhance our understanding of the biological process of malignant melanoma metastasis, enabling us to identify specific genes to use for diagnostic and prognostic markers and possibly for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Skin Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan-zhi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
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9
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Huang H, Liu Y, Wang L, Li W. Age-related macular degeneration phenotypes are associated with increased tumor necrosis-alpha and subretinal immune cells in aged Cxcr5 knockout mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173716. [PMID: 28282423 PMCID: PMC5345864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chemokine receptor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains elusive. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of chemokine receptor Cxcr5 in the pathogenesis of AMD. Cxcr5 gene expression levels (mRNA and protein) are higher in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of aged C57BL/6 wild type mice than younger ones. Vascular and glial cells express Cxcr5 and its ligand Cxcl13 in mouse retina. Aged Cxcr5 knockout (-/-) mice develop both early and late AMD-like pathological features. White and yellow spots, which look like drusen in humans, were identified with fundscopic examination. Drusen-like sub-RPE deposits with dome-shaped morphology were characterized on the sections. RPE vacuolization, swelling, and sub-RPE basal deposits were illustrated with light and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM further illustrated degenerated and disorganized RPE basal infoldings, phagosomes and melanosomes inside RPE, as well as abnormal photoreceptor outer segments. Lipofuscin granules and lipid droplets in the subretinal space, RPE, and choroid were revealed with fluorescence microscope and oil-red-O staining. Increased IgG in RPE/choroid were determined with Western blots (WB). WB and immunofluorescence staining determined RPE zona occuldens (ZO)-1 protein reduction and abnormal subcellular localization. TUNEL staining, outer nuclear layer (ONL) measurement and electroretinogram (ERG) recording indicated that photoreceptors underwent apoptosis, degeneration, and functional impairment. Additionally, spontaneous neovascularization (NV)-like lesions develop in the subretinal space of aged Cxcr5-/- mice. The underlying mechanisms are associated with increased subretinal F4/80+ immune cells, some of which contain RPE marker RPE65, and up-regulation of the multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in RPE/choroid and retina. These findings suggest that Cxcr5 itself may be involved in the protection of RPE and retinal cells during aging and its loss may lead to AMD-like pathological changes in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ying Liu
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Wen Li
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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LPA Promotes T Cell Recruitment through Synthesis of CXCL13. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:248492. [PMID: 26339130 PMCID: PMC4539179 DOI: 10.1155/2015/248492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid playing an important role in various inflammatory diseases by inducing expression and secretion of many inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Here we report in a murine air pouch model of inflammation that LPA induced CXCL13 secretion in a time-dependent manner and with exacerbation of the response when LPA was administered after a pretreatment with TNF-α, a key inflammatory cytokine. LPA mediates recruitment of leukocytes, including that of CD3+ cells into unprimed and TNF-α-primed air pouches. CXCL13 neutralization using a blocking antibody injected into air pouches prior to administration of LPA into TNF-α-primed air pouches decreased CD3+ cell influx. Our data highlight that LPA-mediated CXCL13 secretion plays a role in T cell recruitment and participates in regulation of the inflammatory response.
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11
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Chen P, Denniston AK, Hirani S, Hannes S, Nussenblatt RB. Role of dendritic cell subsets in immunity and their contribution to noninfectious uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:242-9. [PMID: 25749202 PMCID: PMC4404222 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population. Murine DCs consist of conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In humans, the analogous populations are myeloid DCs (mDCs) and pDCs. Though distinct in phenotypes and functions, studies have shown that these DC subsets may interact or "crosstalk" during immune responses. For example, cDCs may facilitate pDC maturation, and pDCs may enhance antigen presentation of cDCs in certain pathogenic conditions or even take on a cDC phenotype themselves. The role of DCs in noninfectious uveitis has been studied primarily in the experimental autoimmune uveitis mouse model and to a more limited extent in patients. Recent evidence shows that the number, phenotype, and function of DC subsets are altered in this disease. We provide an overview of selected recent developments of pDCs and cDCs/mDCs, with special attention to their interaction and the dual roles of DC subsets in noninfectious uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sima Hirani
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Hannes
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert B Nussenblatt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Chen P, Denniston A, Hannes S, Tucker W, Wei L, Liu B, Xiao T, Hirani S, Li Z, Jawad S, Si H, Lee RWJ, Sen HN, Nussenblatt RB. Increased CD1c+ mDC1 with mature phenotype regulated by TNFα-p38 MAPK in autoimmune ocular inflammatory disease. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:35-46. [PMID: 25784146 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of blood CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cells 1 (mDC1), a key mDC subtype, in patients with autoimmune uveitis. We observed a significant increase of blood CD1c(+) mDC1 in uveitis patients. The increased CD1c(+) mDC1 exhibited high HLADR expression and less antigen uptake. CD1c(+) mDC1 were divided into two subpopulations. CD1c(hi) mDC1 subpopulation showed less antigen uptake and higher HLADR expression compared to CD1c(lo) mDC1 subpopulation. Importantly, the CD1c(hi) mDC1 subpopulation was increased in uveitis patients. In vitro, mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), characterized by lower levels of antigen uptake, induced more CD4(+)CD62L(-) T helper cell proliferation. The mature phenotype and function of CD1c(+) mDC1 were regulated by TNFα via a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway. These data show that alterations in the systemic immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis and invite the therapeutic possibility of attenuating uveitis by manipulating blood CD1c(+) mDC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alastair Denniston
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHSFT, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK; Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan Hannes
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William Tucker
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoying Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tiaojiang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sima Hirani
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shayma Jawad
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han Si
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H Nida Sen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert B Nussenblatt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li J, Liu B, Yan LN, Lau WY. The roles and potential therapeutic implications of CXCL4 and its variant CXCL4L1 in the pathogenesis of chronic liver allograft dysfunction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Role of G protein-coupled receptors in control of dendritic cell migration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:738253. [PMID: 24734242 PMCID: PMC3966334 DOI: 10.1155/2014/738253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells. The migratory properties of DCs give them the capacity to be a sentinel of the body and the vital role in the induction and regulation of adaptive immune responses. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms in control of migration of DCs to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. This may provide us novel insight into the clinical treatment of diseases such as autoimmune disease, infectious disease, and tumor. The chemotactic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) play a vital role in control of DCs migration. Here, we reviewed the recent advances regarding the role of GPCR in control of migration of subsets of DCs, with a focus on the chemokine receptors. Understanding subsets of DCs migration could provide a rational basis for the design of novel therapies in various clinical conditions.
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15
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Li D, Wang W, Shi HS, Fu YJ, Chen X, Chen XC, Liu YT, Kan B, Wang YS. Gene therapy with beta-defensin 2 induces antitumor immunity and enhances local antitumor effects. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 25:63-72. [PMID: 24134464 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-defensins, small antimicrobial peptides, are involved in host immune responses to tumors. In this study, we used beta-defensin 2 (BD2) to explore the possible role of beta-defensins in cancer gene therapy. A recombinant plasmid expressing a secretable form of BD2 was constructed. The biological activities of BD2 in immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were tested in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor effects were investigated in three established tumor models. The secreted BD2 was detected and exhibited chemotactic activity in iDCs both in vitro and in vivo. Recruitment and activation of iDCs in tumor niches resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes and depletion of immune cell subsets revealed that CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses mediated the increased tumor inhibition. Furthermore, we also found that chemotactic and maturation-inducing activities in iDCs in tumor milieu contributed to enhanced local antitumor effects. Our study indicates that gene therapy with BD2 can mediate specific antitumor immunity and augment local antitumor effects. Our study also suggested that beta-defensins may merit further exploration for cancer immunotherapy as promising immunogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610042, P.R. China
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Arcand J, Robitaille G, Koenig M, Senécal JL, Raymond Y. The autoantigen DNA topoisomerase I interacts with chemokine receptor 7 and exerts cytokine-like effects on dermal fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:826-34. [PMID: 21953548 DOI: 10.1002/art.33377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that, once released into the extracellular environment, the systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated autoantigen DNA topoisomerase I (topo I) binds specifically to the surface of fibroblasts via an unknown receptor. We extended these results by identifying topo I-mediated cellular effects and characterizing the specific target of topo I on fibroblast surfaces. METHODS Purified topo I was used to investigate intracellular signaling pathway activation and tested for cell migration. To demonstrate the expression of specific chemokine receptors on fibroblasts, we performed immunoblotting and flow cytometry. To evaluate the direct interaction between chemokine receptor and topo I, a protein-protein based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used. Finally, topo I coupled to the fluorochrome phycoerythrin (PE) was used to investigate competition of topo I specific binding on fibroblast surfaces with chemokine ligand. RESULTS Topo I stimulated the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1, c-Raf, ERK-1/2, and p38 MAPK, intracellular signaling pathways that stimulated fibroblast migration via a G(αi) protein-coupled receptor. CCR7 was found to interact directly with topo I. Furthermore, its ligand, CCL21, competed in vitro for this interaction and in vivo with the binding of PE-coupled topo I to fibroblast surfaces. CONCLUSION These new roles of topo I in fibroblast physiology and the identification of its target on the cell surface demonstrate that topo I is a bifunctional autoantigen and open up new perspectives of study in the field of SSc-associated anti-topo I autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arcand
- Laboratory for Research in Autoimmunity, Notre-Dame Hospital, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Coley W, Rayavarapu S, Nagaraju K. Role of non-immune mechanisms of muscle damage in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:209. [PMID: 22546362 PMCID: PMC3446443 DOI: 10.1186/ar3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) comprise a group of autoimmune diseases that are characterized by symmetrical skeletal muscle weakness and muscle inflammation with no known cause. Like other autoimmune diseases, IIMs are treated with either glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive drugs. However, many patients with an IIM are frequently resistant to immunosuppressive treatments, and there is compelling evidence to indicate that not only adaptive immune but also several non-immune mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Here, we focus on some of the evidence related to pathologic mechanisms, such as the innate immune response, endoplasmic reticulum stress, non-immune consequences of MHC class I overexpression, metabolic disturbances, and hypoxia. These mechanisms may explain how IIM-related pathologic processes can continue even in the face of immunosuppressive therapies. These data indicate that therapeutic strategies in IIMs should be directed at both immune and non-immune mechanisms of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Coley
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine Washington, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Buzas K, Oppenheim JJ, Zack Howard OM. Myeloid cells migrate in response to IL-24. Cytokine 2011; 55:429-34. [PMID: 21703864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IL-24 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 7 product) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that has been reported to possess anti-tumor activity. IL-24 is produced by immune tissues and its expression can be induced in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by pathogen-associated molecules. While immune cells are known to produce IL-24, the response of immune cells to IL-24 is unclear. Using recombinant human IL-24, we demonstrated that IL-24 induces human monocyte and neutrophil migration, in vitro. An in vivo chemotaxis model showed that IL-24 attracted CD11b positive myeloid cells. To further characterize the chemotactic IL-24 response and type(s) of receptor(s) utilized by IL-24, we treated monocytes with signaling pathway inhibitors. IL-24-induced migration was reduced by pertussis toxin treatment, thus implicating G-protein coupled receptors in this process. Additionally, MEK and JAK inhibitors markedly decreased monocyte migration toward IL-24. These results suggest that IL-24 activates several signaling cascades in immune cells eliciting migration of myeloid cells, which may contribute to the known anti-cancer effects of IL-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Buzas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Angiostatic and chemotactic activities of the CXC chemokine CXCL4L1 (platelet factor-4 variant) are mediated by CXCR3. Blood 2010; 117:480-8. [PMID: 20980681 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-253591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated possible cellular receptors for the human CXC chemokine platelet factor-4 variant/CXCL4L1, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. We found that CXCL4L1 has lower affinity for heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E than platelet factor-4 (CXCL4) and showed that CXCL10 and CXCL4L1 could displace each other on microvascular endothelial cells. Labeled CXCL4L1 also bound to CXCR3A- and CXCR3B-transfectants and was displaced by CXCL4L1, CXCL4, and CXCL10. The CXCL4L1 anti-angiogenic activity was blocked by anti-CXCR3 antibodies (Abs) in the Matrigel and cornea micropocket assays. CXCL4L1 application in CXCR3(-/-) or in wild-type mice treated with neutralizing anti-CXCR3 Abs, resulted in reduced inhibitory activity of CXCL4L1 on tumor growth and vascularization of Lewis lung carcinoma. Furthermore, CXCL4L1 and CXCL4 chemoattracted activated T cells, human natural killer cells, and human immature dendritic cells (DCs). Migration of DCs toward CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 was desensitized by preincubation with CXCL10 and CXCL11, inhibited by pertussis toxin, and neutralized by anti-CXCR3 Abs. Chemotaxis of T cells, natural killer cells, and DCs is likely to contribute to the antitumoral action. However, the in vivo data indicate that the angiostatic property of CXCL4L1 is equally important in retarding tumor growth. Thus, both CXCR3A and CXCR3B are implicated in the chemotactic and vascular effects of CXCL4L1.
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Robitaille G, Christin MS, Clément I, Senécal JL, Raymond Y. Nuclear autoantigen CENP-B transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via chemokine receptor 3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2805-16. [PMID: 19714638 DOI: 10.1002/art.24765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously found that the CENP-B nuclear autoantigen, which is specifically targeted by autoantibodies in the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis, behaved as a potent migratory factor for human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Other recent studies have shown that several disease-associated autoantigens induced cell migration by interacting with various chemokine receptors. Prompted by this hypothesis, we undertook this study to determine whether CENP-B interacts with chemokine receptors on the surface of human PASMCs, to explore the relevant signaling pathways, and to characterize the effects of anti-CENP-B binding on SMC stimulation. METHODS To demonstrate the expression of specific chemokine receptors by human PASMCs at both the messenger RNA and protein levels, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry analyses were performed. Desensitization studies and specific inhibitors were used to further identify the CENP-B target on the surface of human PASMCs. RESULTS Our data strongly suggested that CENP-B used chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) to mediate human PASMCs signaling. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicated that CENP-B binding subsequently stimulated the cross-talk between CCR3 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via a matrix metalloprotease-dependent mechanism that involved the processing of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Transactivation of the EGFR through CCR3 was found to be a critical pathway that elicits MAP kinase activation and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-8. Finally, anti-CENP-B autoantibodies were found to abolish this signaling pathway, thus preventing CENP-B from transactivating EGFR and exerting its cytokine-like activities toward vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION The identification of CENP-B as a CCR3 ligand opens up new perspectives for the study of the pathogenic role of anti-CENP-B autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Robitaille
- Notre-Dame Hospital, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Nhan-Chang CL, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Edwin SS, Erez O, Mittal P, Kim CJ, Kim MJ, Espinoza J, Friel LA, Vaisbuch E, Than NG, Mazaki-Tovi S, Hassan SS. A role for CXCL13 (BCA-1) in pregnancy and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21:763-75. [PMID: 19031272 PMCID: PMC3169890 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802244946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CXCL13 is a potent chemokine, produced by mature and recently recruited macrophages to sites of inflammation, which has antimicrobial and anti-angiogenic properties. The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine whether CXCL13 is present in maternal serum, umbilical cord blood, and amniotic fluid (AF); (2) to determine if AF concentration changes with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI); and (3) to localize the production of CXCL13 in chorioamniotic membranes and umbilical cord. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study on maternal serum was performed including patients in the following groups: (1) non-pregnant women (n = 20), (2) normal pregnant women (n = 49), (3) patients at term not in labor (n = 30), and (4) patients in spontaneous labor at term (n = 29). Umbilical cord blood was collected from term neonates with (n = 30) and without labor (n = 28). Amniotic fluid was obtained from patients in the following groups: (1) midtrimester (n = 65); (2) term not in labor (n = 22); (3) term in labor (n = 47); (4) preterm labor (PTL) with intact membranes leading to term delivery (n = 70); and (5) PTL leading to preterm delivery with IAI (n = 79) and without IAI (n = 60). CXCL13 concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chorioamniotic membranes and umbilical cords were examined with immunohistochemistry. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS (1) CXCL13 was present in 100% of serum and cord blood samples, and 99% of AF samples (339/343). (2) Serum CXCL13 concentration was significantly higher in pregnant women when compared to non-pregnant women (median 313.3 pg/mL (interquartile range (IQR) 197.2-646.9) vs. 40.5 pg/mL (IQR 29.5-93.5), respectively; p < 0.001). (3) Serum CXCL13 concentration decreased with advancing gestational age (Spearman's Rho = -0.424; p < 0.001). (4) There were no significant differences in the median serum CXCL13 concentration between women at term with and without labor (371.6 pg/mL (IQR 194.3-614.3) vs. 235.1 pg/mL (IQR 182.8-354.7), respectively; p = 0.6). (5) The concentration of CXCL13 in AF did not change with gestational age (p = 0.1). (6) Patients with PTL and delivery with IAI had a significantly higher median concentration of CXCL13 than those without IAI (median 513.2 pg/mL (IQR 199.7-2505.5) vs. 137.3 pg/mL (IQR 96.7-209.6), respectively; p < 0.001) and those who delivered at term (133.7 pg/mL (IQR 97.8-174.8); p < 0.001). (7) Spontaneous labor did not result in a change in the median AF concentration of CXCL13 (labor: 86.9 pg/mL (IQR 55.6-152.0) vs. no labor: 77.8 pg/mL (IQR 68.0-98.0); p = 0.8). (8) CXCL13 was immunolocalized to macrophages in fetal membranes and umbilical vein. CONCLUSIONS (1) We report for the first time the presence of CXCL13 in AF. (2) AF CXCL13 concentrations are dramatically increased in IAI. (3) Unlike other chemokines, AF and serum CXCL13 concentrations did not change with spontaneous parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Samuel S. Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Offer Erez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Lara A. Friel
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
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Abstract
The highly conserved and archetypical yet atypical cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) fulfills pleiotropic immune functions in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence has emerged from both expression and functional studies to implicate MIF in various aspects of cardiovascular disease. The present review is aimed at providing a synopsis of the involvement of MIF in the inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its consequences, namely unstable plaque formation, remodeling after arterial injury, aneurysm formation, myocardial infarction, or ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, other forms of myocardial dysfunction and inflammation and the role of MIF in angiogenesis are reviewed. The functional data are reconciled with recent progress in the identification of heptahelical (CXC chemokine) receptors for MIF, its prototypic role as their noncanonical ligand, and its signal transduction profile operative in atherogenic and inflammatory recruitment of mononuclear cells and in the oxidative damage and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Its unique features and functions clearly distinguish MIF from other cytokines implicated in atherogenesis and make it a prime target for achieving therapeutic regression of atherosclerosis. The potential of targeting or exploiting MIF for therapeutic strategies or as a diagnostic marker in the management of cardiovascular diseases or disorders is scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Molekulare Herz-Kreislaufforschung, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Structural determinants of MIF functions in CXCR2-mediated inflammatory and atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16278-83. [PMID: 18852457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804017105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified the archaic cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a non-canonical ligand of the CXC chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment. Because its affinity for CXCR2 was particularly high, we hypothesized that MIF may feature structural motives shared by canonical CXCR2 ligands, namely the conserved N-terminal Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif. Sequence alignment and structural modeling indeed revealed a pseudo-(E)LR motif (Asp-44-X-Arg-11) constituted by non-adjacent residues in neighboring loops but with identical parallel spacing as in the authentic ELR motif. Structure-function analysis demonstrated that mutation of residues R11, D44, or both preserve proper folding and the intrinsic catalytic property of MIF but severely compromises its binding to CXCR2 and abrogates MIF/CXCR2-mediated functions in chemotaxis and arrest of monocytes on endothelium under flow conditions. R11A-MIF and the R11A/D44A-MIF double-mutant exhibited a pronounced defect in triggering leukocyte recruitment to early atherosclerotic endothelium in carotid arteries perfused ex vivo and upon application in a peritonitis model. The function of D44A-MIF in peritoneal leukocyte recruitment was preserved as a result of compensatory use of CXCR4. In conjunction, our data identify a pseudo-(E)LR motif as the structural determinant for MIF's activity as a non-canonical CXCR2 ligand, epitomizing the structural resemblance of chemokine-like ligands with chemokines and enabling selective targeting of pro-inflammatory MIF/CXCR2 interactions.
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Crane IJ, Liversidge J. Mechanisms of leukocyte migration across the blood-retina barrier. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:165-77. [PMID: 18305941 PMCID: PMC2315689 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammation in the retina is regulated by a combination of anatomical, physiological and immuno-regulatory mechanisms, referred to as the blood-retina barrier (BRB). The BRB is thought to be part of the specialised ocular microenvironment that confers protection or "immune privilege" by deviating or suppressing destructive inflammation. The barrier between the blood circulation and the retina is maintained at two separate anatomical sites. These are the endothelial cells of the inner retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelial cells on Bruch's membrane between the fenestrated choroidal vessels and the outer retina. The structure and regulation of the tight junctions forming the physical barrier are described. For leukocyte migration across the BRB to occur, changes are needed in both the leukocytes themselves and the cells forming the barrier. We review how the blood-retina barrier is compromised in various inflammatory diseases and discuss the mechanisms controlling leukocyte subset migration into the retina in uveoretinitis in more detail. In particular, we examine the relative roles of selectins and integrins in leukocyte interactions with the vascular endothelium and the pivotal role of chemokines in selective recruitment of leukocyte subsets, triggering adhesion, diapedesis and migration of inflammatory cells into the retinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J. Crane
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland UK
| | - Janet Liversidge
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland UK
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Kim TW, Chung H, Yu HG. Analysis of Intraocular Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor in Patients with HLA-B27-associated Anterior Uveitis. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.9.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hum Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang YS, Wang GQ, Wen YJ, Wang L, Chen XC, Chen P, Kan B, Li J, Huang C, Lu Y, Zhou Q, Xu N, Li D, Fan LY, Yi T, Wu HB, Wei YQ. Immunity against Tumor Angiogenesis Induced by a Fusion Vaccine with Murine β-Defensin 2 and mFlk-1. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:6779-87. [PMID: 18006780 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Curnow SJ, Murray PI. Inflammatory mediators of uveitis: cytokines and chemokines. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007; 17:532-7. [PMID: 17065921 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32801094b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study of uveitis has been restricted by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient intraocular material from both human disease and experimental models. Recent developments in cytokine and chemokine detection have overcome many of these problems. This review presents a summary of the technologic advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in cytokine analysis, in particular multiplexed bead immunoassays, have allowed the measurement of an extensive array of cytokines and chemokines from very small sample volumes. This has revolutionized uveitis research, enabling measurement of a large profile of cytokines and chemokines in intraocular fluid, such as aqueous humour. This allows us to recognize complex patterns of cytokines and chemokines from different forms of uveitis and to examine relationships between different molecules. SUMMARY The spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be implicated in uveitis has increased over recent years. Many of these molecules have also been found in experimental models of disease and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the future. With recent advances in cytokine detection, an extension of these techniques with a more detailed analysis of different uveitis conditions may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information for this potentially blinding group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have shown that disease-associated self-antigens activate chemokine receptors. This review focuses on the mechanics of autoantigen interaction with select chemokine receptors, how these migratory signals are amplified and discusses the possibility that chemokine receptors can be valuable therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disease. RECENT FINDINGS We have recently shown that most autoantigens are chemotactic for immature dendritic cells, suggesting that autoantigens have the potential to bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. Autoantigens also induce other leukocytes expressing their responsive chemokine receptor to migrate. These newly recruited leukocytes, in response to proinflammatory mediators, simulate the surrounding tissues to release chemokines. Several groups have reported increases in both select chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflamed tissues. Taken together, these studies suggest that autoantigens initiate leukocyte migration into damaged and inflamed tissue that leads to the subsequent amplification of the inflammatory response. SUMMARY Most autoantigens induce chemokine receptor mediated cell migration, therefore targeting chemokine receptors for either prevention or therapy has great potential to limit autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Zack Howard
- Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neuro-ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17:574-5. [PMID: 17065928 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32801121a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Raynaud phenomenon, scleroderma, overlap syndromes and other fibrosing syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18:654-6. [PMID: 17053515 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328010f1cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Csernok E, Ai M, Gross WL, Wicklein D, Petersen A, Lindner B, Lamprecht P, Holle JU, Hellmich B. Wegener autoantigen induces maturation of dendritic cells and licenses them for Th1 priming via the protease-activated receptor-2 pathway. Blood 2006; 107:4440-8. [PMID: 16478888 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Autoantibodies to proteinase 3 (PR3) are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-mediated vasculitis in Wegener granulomatosis (WG). To address the question how the autoantigen PR3 becomes a target of adaptive immunity, we investigated the effect of PR3 on immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in patients with WG, healthy blood donors, and patients with Crohn disease (CD), another granulomatous disease. PR3 induces phenotypic and functional maturation of a fraction of blood monocyte-derived iDCs. PR3-treated DCs express high levels of CD83, a DC-restricted marker of maturation, CD80 and CD86, and HLA-DR. Furthermore, the DCs become fully competent antigen-presenting cells and can induce stimulation of PR3-specific CD4+ T cells, which produce IFN-γ. PR3-maturated DCs derived from WG patients induce a higher IFN-γ response of PR3-specific CD4+ T cells compared with patients with CD and healthy controls. The maturation of DCs mediated through PR3 was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, by antibodies directed against the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), and by inhibition of phospholipase C, suggesting that the interactions of PR3 with PAR-2 are involved in the induction of DC maturation. Wegener autoantigen interacts with a “gateway” receptor (PAR-2) on iDCs in vitro triggering their maturation and licenses them for a T helper 1 (Th1)–type response potentially favoring granuloma formation in WG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Csernok
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany.
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Sozzani S. Dendritic cell trafficking: More than just chemokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:581-92. [PMID: 15963754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells. To accomplish their biological function they need to undergo a complex pattern of migration which includes their localization to both peripheral non-lymphoid tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. In the absence of correct tissue localization, DC fail to promote proper immune responses. The first description of chemotactic factors active on DC was published by this group 10 years ago. Since then, it was described that multiple signals are able to regulate the migration of DC in vitro and in vivo. These signals include nonchemokine chemotactic agonists, lipid mediators and membrane proteins. This review summarizes this large body of information and focuses on the complexity of the process of DC trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Sozzani
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Vle Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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