1
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Casey M, Lee C, Hoyte SM, Johnston RL, Kwok WY, Law SC, Gandhi MK, Harrison SJ, Nakamura K. Harnessing the cytotoxic granule exocytosis to augment the efficacy of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody therapy. Haematologica 2024; 109:2131-2143. [PMID: 38268493 PMCID: PMC11215359 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.284435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody (T-BsAb, also known as BiTE) therapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic modality against multiple myeloma. Given that T-BsAb therapy redirects endogenous T cells to eliminate tumor cells, reinvigorating dysfunctional T cells may be a potential approach to improve the efficacy of T-BsAb. While various immunostimulatory cytokines can potentiate effector T-cell functions, the optimal cytokine treatment for T-BsAb therapy is yet to be established, partly due to a concern of cytokine release syndrome driven by aberrant interferon (IFN)-γ production. Here, we functionally screen immunostimulatory cytokines to determine an ideal combination partner for T-BsAb therapy. This approach reveals interleukin (IL)-21 as a potential immunostimulatory cytokine with the ability to augment T-BsAb-mediated release of granzyme B and perforin, without increasing IFN-γ release. Transcriptome profiling and functional characterization strongly support that IL-21 selectively targets the cytotoxic granule exocytosis pathway, but not pro-inflammatory responses. Notably, IL-21 modulates multiple steps of cytotoxic effector functions including upregulation of co-activating CD226 receptor, increasing cytotoxic granules, and promoting cytotoxic granule delivery at the immunological synapse. Indeed, T-BsAb-mediated myeloma killing is cytotoxic granule-dependent, and IL-21 priming significantly augments cytotoxic activities. Furthermore, in vivo IL-21 treatment induces cytotoxic effector reprogramming in bone marrow T cells, showing synergistic anti-myeloma effects in combination with T-BsAb therapy. Together, harnessing the cytotoxic granule exocytosis pathway by IL-21 may be a potential approach to achieve better responses by T-BsAb therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Casey
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Carol Lee
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Sharon M Hoyte
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Wing Yu Kwok
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Soi Cheng Law
- Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | | | - Simon J Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD.
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2
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Arenas VR, Rugeles MT, Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda N. Recent advances in CD8 + T cell-based immune therapies for HIV cure. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17481. [PMID: 37441388 PMCID: PMC10333625 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving a cure for HIV infection is a global priority. There is substantial evidence supporting a central role for CD8+ T cells in the natural control of HIV, suggesting the rationale that these cells may be exploited to achieve remission or cure of this infection. In this work, we review the major challenges for achieving an HIV cure, the models of HIV remission, and the mechanisms of HIV control mediated by CD8+ T cells. In addition, we discuss strategies based on this cell population that could be used in the search for an HIV cure. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and perspectives to translate this basic knowledge toward scalable HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
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3
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Wei F, Cheng XX, Xue JZ, Xue SA. Emerging Strategies in TCR-Engineered T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850358. [PMID: 35432319 PMCID: PMC9006933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer has made tremendous progress in recent years, as demonstrated by the remarkable clinical responses obtained from adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of patient-derived tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells (CAR-T) and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells (TCR-T). TCR-T uses specific TCRS optimized for tumor engagement and can recognize epitopes derived from both cell-surface and intracellular targets, including tumor-associated antigens, cancer germline antigens, viral oncoproteins, and tumor-specific neoantigens (neoAgs) that are largely sequestered in the cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells. Moreover, as TCRS are naturally developed for sensitive antigen detection, they are able to recognize epitopes at far lower concentrations than required for CAR-T activation. Therefore, TCR-T holds great promise for the treatment of human cancers. In this focused review, we summarize basic, translational, and clinical insights into the challenges and opportunities of TCR-T. We review emerging strategies used in current ACT, point out limitations, and propose possible solutions. We highlight the importance of targeting tumor-specific neoAgs and outline a strategy of combining neoAg vaccines, checkpoint blockade therapy, and adoptive transfer of neoAg-specific TCR-T to produce a truly tumor-specific therapy, which is able to penetrate into solid tumors and resist the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We believe such a combination approach should lead to a significant improvement in cancer immunotherapies, especially for solid tumors, and may provide a general strategy for the eradication of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Cheng
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - John Zhao Xue
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, China
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4
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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5
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Wu S, Sun R, Tan B, Chen B, Zhou W, Gao DS, Zhong J, Huang H, Jiang J, Lu B. The Half-Life-Extended IL21 can Be Combined With Multiple Checkpoint Inhibitors for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:779865. [PMID: 34869384 PMCID: PMC8634682 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.779865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of immune checkpoint blockade cancer therapy, cytokines have become an attractive immune therapeutics to increase response rates. Interleukin 21 (IL21) as a single agent has been evaluated for cancer treatment with good clinical efficacy. However, the clinical application of IL21 is limited by a short half-life and concern about potential immune suppressive effect on dendritic cells. Here, we examined the antitumor function of a half-life extended IL21 alone and in combination with PD-1 blockade using preclinical mouse tumor models. We also determined the immune mechanisms of combination therapy. We found that combination therapy additively inhibited the growth of mouse tumors by increasing the effector function of type 1 lymphocytes. Combination therapy also increased the fraction of type 1 dendritic cells (DC1s) and M1 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, combination therapy also induced immune regulatory mechanisms, including the checkpoint molecules Tim-3, Lag-3, and CD39, as well as myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). This study reveals the mechanisms of IL21/PD-1 cooperation and shed light on rational design of novel combination cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxian Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Runzi Sun
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bendong Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David Shihong Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Zhong
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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6
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Ma R, Lu T, Li Z, Teng KY, Mansour AG, Yu M, Tian L, Xu B, Ma S, Zhang J, Barr T, Peng Y, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. An Oncolytic Virus Expressing IL15/IL15Rα Combined with Off-the-Shelf EGFR-CAR NK Cells Targets Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3635-3648. [PMID: 34006525 PMCID: PMC8562586 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IL15 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles that improve immune responses to tumor cells. Oncolytic viruses (OV) specifically lyse tumors and activate immune responses. Systemic administration of IL15 or its complex with the IL15Rα and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) natural killer (NK) cells are currently being tested in the clinic. Here, we generated a herpes simplex 1-based OV-expressing human IL15/IL15Rα sushi domain fusion protein (named OV-IL15C), as well as off-the-shelf EGFR-CAR NK cells, and studied their monotherapy and combination efficacy in vitro and in multiple glioblastoma (GBM) mouse models. In vitro, soluble IL15/IL15Rα complex was secreted from OV-IL15C-infected GBM cells, which promoted GBM cytotoxicity and improved survival of NK and CD8+ T cells. Frozen, readily available off-the-shelf EGFR-CAR NK cells showed enhanced killing of tumor cells compared with empty vector-transduced NK cells. In vivo, OV-IL15C significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival of GBM-bearing mice in the presence of CD8+ T cells compared with parental OV. OV-IL15C plus EGFR-CAR NK cells synergistically suppressed tumor growth and significantly improved survival compared with either monotherapy, correlating with increased intracranial infiltration and activation of NK and CD8+ T cells and elevated persistence of CAR NK cells in an immunocompetent model. Collectively, OV-IL15C and off-the-shelf EGFR-CAR NK cells represent promising therapeutic strategies for GBM treatment to improve the clinical management of this devastating disease. SIGNIFICANCE: The combination of an oncolytic virus expressing the IL15/IL15Rα complex and frozen, ready-to-use EGFR-CAR NK cells elicits strong antitumor responses in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kun-Yu Teng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shoubao Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yong Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Los Angeles, California
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Los Angeles, California
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Loucif H, Dagenais-Lussier X, Beji C, Cassin L, Jrade H, Tellitchenko R, Routy JP, Olagnier D, van Grevenynghe J. Lipophagy confers a key metabolic advantage that ensures protective CD8A T-cell responses against HIV-1. Autophagy 2021; 17:3408-3423. [PMID: 33459125 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macroautophagy/autophagy has been proposed as a critical defense mechanism against HIV-1 by targeting viral components for degradation, its contribution as a catabolic process in providing optimal anti-HIV-1 immunity has never been addressed. The failure to restore proper antiviral CD8A/CD8 T-cell immunity, especially against HIV-1, is still the major limitation of current antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, it is of clinical imperative to provide new strategies to enhance the function of HIV-1-specific CD8A T-cells in patients under antiretroviral treatments (ART). Here, we investigated whether targeting autophagy activity could be an optional solution to make this possible. Our data show that, after both polyclonal and HIV-1-specific activation, CD8A T-cells from ART displayed reduced autophagy-dependent degradation of lysosomal contents when compared to naturally HIV-1 protected elite controllers (EC). We further confirmed in EC, by using specific BECN1 gene silencing and lysosomal inhibitors, the critical role of active autophagy in superior CD8A T-cell protection against HIV-1. More importantly, we found that an IL21 treatment was effective in rescuing the antiviral CD8A T-cell immunity from ART in an autophagy-dependent manner. Finally, we established that IL21-dependent rescue occurred due to the enhanced degradation of endogenous lipids via autophagy, referred to as lipophagy, which fueled the cellular rates of mitochondrial beta-oxidation. In summary, our data show that autophagy/lipophagy can be considered as a therapeutic tool to elicit functional antiviral CD8 T-cell responses. Our results also provide additional insights toward the development of improved T-cell-based prevention and cure strategies against HIV-1.Abbreviations: ART: patients under antiretroviral therapy; BaF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CEF: cytomegalo-, Epstein-Barr- and flu-virus peptide pool; Chloro.: chloroquine; EC: elite controllers; FAO: fatty acid beta-oxidation; HIVneg: HIV-1-uninfected control donors; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL21: interleukin 21; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Cherifa Beji
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Léna Cassin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Hani Jrade
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roman Tellitchenko
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie
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9
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Pino M, Uppada SB, Pandey K, King C, Nguyen K, Shim I, Rogers K, Villinger F, Paiardini M, Byrareddy SN. Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1275. [PMID: 32765488 PMCID: PMC7379916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections compromise gut immunological barriers, inducing high levels of inflammation and a severe depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Expression of α4β7 integrin promotes homing of activated T cells to intestinal sites where they become preferentially infected; blockade of α4β7 with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prior to infection has been reported to reduce gut SIV viremia in rhesus macaques (RMs). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) administration in antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected RMs reduces gut inflammation and improves gut integrity. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb therapies could synergize to reduce inflammation and HIV persistence. We co-administered two intravenous doses of rhesus anti-α4β7 mAb (50 mg/kg) combined with seven weekly subcutaneous infusions of IL-21-IgFc (100 μg/kg) in four healthy, SIV-uninfected RMs to evaluate the safety and immunological profiles of this intervention in blood and gut. Co-administration of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb showed no toxicity at the given dosages as assessed by multiple hematological and chemical parameters and did not alter the bioavailability of the therapeutics or result in the generation of antibodies against the anti-α4β7 mAb or IL-21-IgFc. Upon treatment, the frequency of CD4 memory T cells expressing β7 increased in blood and decreased in gut, consistent with an inhibition of activated CD4 T-cell homing to the gut. Furthermore, the frequency of T cells expressing proliferation and immune activation markers decreased in blood and, more profoundly, in gut. The combined IL-21 plus anti-α4β7 mAb therapy is well-tolerated in SIV-uninfected RMs and reduces the gut homing of α4β7+ CD4 T cells as well as the levels of gut immune activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Biomarkers
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Humans
- Immunity/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/adverse effects
- Interleukins/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash Babu Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inbo Shim
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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10
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Serna-Ortega PA, Aguilar-Jimenez W, Florez-Álvarez L, Trabattoni D, Rugeles MT, Biasin M. IL-21 is associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in a Colombian HIV exposed seronegative cohort. Microbes Infect 2019; 22:371-374. [PMID: 31816393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher IL-21 levels were associated with natural resistance to HIV infection in an Italian cohort. Thus we wanted to confirm such association in HIV exposed seronegative individuals (HESN) from Colombia. Cells from HESN were less susceptible to infection and expressed higher IL-21 mRNA levels than healthy controls at both baseline and 7-days post-infection; similar results were observed for IL-6, perforin, and granzyme. These results suggest that IL-21/IL-6 increase may be a distinctive quality in the profile of HIV-1 resistance, at least during sexual exposure. However, further studies are necessary to confirm the specific protective mechanisms of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Serna-Ortega
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wbeimar Aguilar-Jimenez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lizdany Florez-Álvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Sanchez-Martinez A, Perdomo-Celis F, Acevedo-Saenz L, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Cytotoxic CD4 + T-cells during HIV infection: Targets or weapons? J Clin Virol 2019; 119:17-23. [PMID: 31445411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, CD4+ T-cells have been referred as cytokine-producing cells and important players in immune responses by providing soluble factors that potentiate several effector immune functions. However, it is now evident that CD4+ T-cells can also elaborate cytotoxic responses, inducing apoptosis of target cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), exhibit cytolytic functions that resemble those of CD8+ T-cells; in fact, there is evidence suggesting that they may have a role in the control of viral infections. In this article, we discuss the role of CD4+ CTLs during HIV infection, where CD4+ CTLs have been associated with viral control and slow disease progression. In addition, we address the implication of CD4+ CTLs in the context of antiretroviral therapy and the partial reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Saenz
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Enfermería-CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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12
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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13
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Perdomo-Celis F, Feria MG, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Induction of Follicular-Like CXCR5 + CD8 + T Cells by TGF- β1/IL-23 Is Limited During HIV Infection. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:278-288. [PMID: 31274389 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular CD4+ T cells are the main HIV reservoirs due to, among other factors, the low frequency of CD8+ T cells in lymphoid follicles. Follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells are associated with HIV control, but their differentiation conditions are yet undefined. In this study, we explored the in vitro effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-23 on the induction of CXCR5, the follicle homing receptor, in human circulating CD8+ T cells from seronegative, and treated HIV-infected individuals. The combination of TGF-β1 plus IL-23 induced the highest expression of CXCR5 in purified CD8+ T cells. These CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells also expressed a transcriptional and phenotypic profile similar to that of follicular CD4+ T cells, such as the upregulation of BCL6, inducible costimulator and CD40L, and downregulation of PRDM1. These cells responded in vitro to CXCL13 and had low expression of CCR7. In addition, after polyclonal stimulation, they produced IL-21, interferon-γ, and de novo perforin. However, in comparison with seronegative individuals, CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected patients had a lower response to TGF-β1/IL-23, a defect that was restored with the blockade of the programmed cell death 1 inhibitory receptor. Thus, TGF-β1 plus IL-23 induce follicular-like CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells in seronegative individuals, but in HIV-infected patients there is a limited response which could impair the generation of this cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel G Feria
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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14
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IL-21 Expands HIV-1-Specific CD8 + T Memory Stem Cells to Suppress HIV-1 Replication In Vitro. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1801560. [PMID: 31183385 PMCID: PMC6515191 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1801560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the existence of viral reservoirs, the rebound of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia can occur within weeks after discontinuing combined antiretroviral therapy. Immunotherapy could potentially be applied to eradicate reactivated HIV-1 in latently infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. Although the existence of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T memory stem cells (TSCMs) is well established, there are currently no reports regarding methods using CD8+ TSCMs to treat HIV-1 infection. In this study, we quantified peripheral blood antigen-specific CD8+ TSCMs and then expanded HIV-1-specific TSCMs that targeted optimal antigen epitopes (SL9, IL9, and TL9) in the presence of interleukin- (IL-) 21 or IL-15. The suppressive capacity of the expanded CD8+ TSCMs on HIV-1 production was measured by assessing cell-associated viral RNA and performing viral outgrowth assays. We found that the number of unmutated TL9-specific CD8+ TSCMs positively correlated with the abundance of CD4+ T cells and that the expression of IFN-γ was higher in TL9-specific CD8+ TSCMs than that in non-TL9-specific CD8+ TSCMs. Moreover, the antiviral capacities of IL-21-stimulated CD8+ TSCMs exceeded those of conventional CD8+ memory T cells and IL-15-stimulated CD8+ TSCMs. Thus, we demonstrated that IL-21 could efficiently expand HIV-1-specific CD8+ TSCMs to suppress HIV-1 replication. Our study provides new insight into the function of IL-21 in the in vitro suppression of HIV-1 replication.
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15
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Balin SJ, Pellegrini M, Klechevsky E, Won ST, Weiss DI, Choi AW, Hakimian J, Lu J, Ochoa MT, Bloom BR, Lanier LL, Stenger S, Modlin RL. Human antimicrobial cytotoxic T lymphocytes, defined by NK receptors and antimicrobial proteins, kill intracellular bacteria. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/26/eaat7668. [PMID: 30171080 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to antimicrobial defense against intracellular pathogens through secretion of cytotoxic granule proteins granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin. However, CTLs are heterogeneous in the expression of these proteins, and the subset(s) responsible for antimicrobial activity is unclear. Studying human leprosy, we found that the subset of CTLs coexpressing all three cytotoxic molecules is increased in the resistant form of the disease, can be expanded by interleukin-15 (IL-15), and is differentiated from naïve CD8+ T cells by Langerhans cells. RNA sequencing analysis identified that these CTLs express a gene signature that includes an array of surface receptors typically expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. We determined that CD8+ CTLs expressing granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin, as well as the activating NK receptor NKG2C, represent a population of "antimicrobial CTLs" (amCTLs) capable of T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent and TCR-independent release of cytotoxic granule proteins that mediate antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Balin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Sohui T Won
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David I Weiss
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aaron W Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Hakimian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Interleukin 21 (IL-21)/microRNA-29 (miR-29) axis is associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2018; 32:2453-2461. [PMID: 30005016 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-21 (IL-21) modulates HIV-1 infection through the elicitation of different antiviral mechanisms, including Th17 lineage commitment and induction of microRNA (miR)-29, a miRNA endowed with anti-HIV activity. As miR-29 expression is significantly increased in HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN), we investigated the role of miR-29/IL21 axis in the natural control of HIV-1 infection. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 15 Italian sexually exposed HESN and 15 HIV-unexposed healthy controls were in-vitro infected with an R5-tropic HIV-1Ba-L strain. Seven days post HIV-1 infection we evaluated: 1) p24 production (ELISA); 2) CD4/IL-21 and CD4/IL-17 T lymphocytes (FACS); 3) IL-17 concentration in supernatants (ELISA); and 4) IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, and miR-29a,b,c expression by CD4 T lymphocytes as well as perforin and granzyme by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (qPCR). The same analyses were performed on the 15 HIV-positive partners. RESULTS At baseline IL-6 expression alone was increased in HESN compared to healthy controls. Seven days after in-vitro HIV-1 infection, nevertheless, differences emerged. Thus, CD4/IL21 and CD4/IL17 T lymphocytes, as well as IL-21 and IL-17 expression and production were significantly augmented in HESN compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, IL-21 upregulation correlated with a significantly increased expression of miR-29a,b,c and a reduced susceptibility to in-vitro HIV-1 infection in HESN alone. No differences were observed in perforin and granzyme expression. CONCLUSION The IL-21/miR-29 axis is upregulated by HIV-1 infection in HESN suggesting its involvement in the natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in HESN. Approaches that exogenously increase IL-21 production or prompt preexisting cellular IL-21 reservoir could confine the magnitude of the initial HIV-1 infection.
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17
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Circulating CXCR5-Expressing CD8+ T-Cells Are Major Producers of IL-21 and Associate With Limited HIV Replication. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 78:473-482. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Xiao M, Chen X, He R, Ye L. Differentiation and Function of Follicular CD8 T Cells During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 29872434 PMCID: PMC5972284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination antiretroviral therapeutic (cART) regime effectively suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and prevents progression to acquired immunodeficiency diseases. However, cART is not a cure, and viral rebound will occur immediately after treatment is interrupted largely due to the long-term presence of an HIV reservoir that is composed of latently infected target cells that maintain a quiescent state or persistently produce infectious viruses. CD4 T cells that reside in B-cell follicles within lymphoid tissues, called follicular helper T cells (TFH), have been identified as a major HIV reservoir. Due to their specialized anatomical structure, HIV-specific CD8 T cells are largely insulated from this TFH reservoir. It is increasingly clear that the elimination of TFH reservoirs is a key step toward a functional cure for HIV infection. Recently, several studies have suggested that a fraction of HIV-specific CD8 T cells can differentiate into a CXCR5-expressing subset, which are able to migrate into B-cell follicles and inhibit viral replication. In this review, we discuss the differentiation and functions of this newly identified CD8 T-cell subset and propose potential strategies for purging TFH HIV reservoirs by utilizing this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Thomas AS, Jones KL, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Cyktor JC, Chan D, Huang SH, Truong R, Bosque A, Macedo AB, Kovacs C, Benko E, Eron JJ, Bosch RJ, Lalama CM, Simmens S, Walker BD, Mellors JW, Jones RB. T-cell responses targeting HIV Nef uniquely correlate with infected cell frequencies after long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006629. [PMID: 28931091 PMCID: PMC5624641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses limit viral replication in untreated infection. After the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), these responses decay and the infected cell population that remains is commonly considered to be invisible to T-cells. We hypothesized that HIV antigen recognition may persist in ART-treated individuals due to low-level or episodic protein expression. We posited that if persistent recognition were occurring it would be preferentially directed against the early HIV gene products Nef, Tat, and Rev as compared to late gene products, such as Gag, Pol, and Env, which have higher barriers to expression. Using a primary cell model of latency, we observed that a Nef-specific CD8+ T-cell clone exhibited low-level recognition of infected cells prior to reactivation and robust recognition shortly thereafter. A Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell clone failed to recognized infected cells under these conditions, corresponding with a lack of detectable Gag expression. We measured HIV-specific T-cell responses in 96 individuals who had been suppressed on ART for a median of 7 years, and observed a significant, direct correlation between cell-associated HIV DNA levels and magnitudes of IFN-γ-producing Nef/Tat/Rev-specific T-cell responses. This correlation was confirmed in an independent cohort (n = 18). Correlations were not detected between measures of HIV persistence and T-cell responses to other HIV antigens. The correlation with Nef/Tat/Rev-specific T-cells was attributable to Nef-specific responses, the breadth of which also correlated with HIV DNA levels. These results suggest that ongoing Nef expression in ART-treated individuals drives preferential maintenance and/or expansion of T-cells reactive to this protein, implying sensing of infected cells by the immune system. The direct correlation, however, suggests that recognition does not result in efficient elimination of infected cells. These results raise the possibility that enhancing the cytolytic activity of Nef-specific T-cells may lead to reductions in infected cell frequencies, even in the absence of therapeutic latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kimberley L. Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | | | - Erika Benko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Lalama
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel Simmens
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John W. Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wagner J, Pfannenstiel V, Waldmann A, Bergs JWJ, Brill B, Huenecke S, Klingebiel T, Rödel F, Buchholz CJ, Wels WS, Bader P, Ullrich E. A Two-Phase Expansion Protocol Combining Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 Improves Natural Killer Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity against Rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:676. [PMID: 28659917 PMCID: PMC5466991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in children. Despite intensive research in recent decades the prognosis for patients with metastatic or relapsed diseases has hardly improved. New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient’s immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. A main challenge of NK cell therapy is that it requires a high amount of functional NK cells. Therefore, ex vivo NK cell expansion protocols are currently being developed. Many culturing strategies are based on the addition of feeder or accessory cells, which need to be removed prior to the clinical application of the final NK cell product. In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. Our results demonstrated high potential of IL-15 for NK cell expansion, while IL-21 triggered NK cell maturation and functionality. Hence, we established a two-phase expansion protocol with IL-15 to induce an early NK cell expansion, followed by short exposure to IL-21 that boosted the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against RMS cells. Further functional analyses revealed enhanced degranulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. In a proof of concept in vivo study, we also observed a therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred IL-15 expanded and IL-21 boosted NK cells in combination with image guided high precision radiation therapy using a luciferase-transduced RMS xenograft model. In summary, this two-phased feeder cell-free ex vivo culturing protocol combined efficient expansion and high cytolytic functionality of NK cells for treatment of radiation-resistant RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wagner
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viktoria Pfannenstiel
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Waldmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Judith W J Bergs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Brill
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Kyaw T, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Killer cells in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:67-75. [PMID: 28483458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (killer cells) play a critical role in host defence mechanisms, protecting against infections and in tumour surveillance. They can also exert detrimental effects in chronic inflammatory disorders and in autoimmune diseases. Tissue cell death and necrosis are prominent features of advanced atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable/unstable lesions which are largely responsible for most heart attacks and strokes. Evidence for accumulation of killer cells in both human and mouse lesions together with their cytotoxic potential strongly suggest that these cells contribute to cell death and necrosis in lesions leading to vulnerable plaque development and potentially plaque rupture. Killer cells can be divided into two groups, adaptive and innate immune cells depending on whether they require antigen presentation for activation. Activated killer cells detect damaged or stressed cells and kill by cytotoxic mechanisms that include perforin, granzymes, TRAIL or FasL and in some cases TNF-α. In this review, we examine current knowledge on killer cells in atherosclerosis, including CD8 T cells, CD28- CD4 T cells, natural killer cells and γδ-T cells, mechanisms responsible for their activation, their migration to developing lesions and effector functions. We also discuss pharmacological strategies to prevent their deleterious vascular effects by preventing/limiting their cytotoxic effects within atherosclerotic lesions as well as potential immunomodulatory therapies that might better target lesion-resident killer cells, to minimise any compromise of the immune system, which could result in increased susceptibility to infections and reductions in tumour surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Cachem FCOF, Dias AS, Monteiro C, Castro JR, Fernandes G, Delphim L, Almeida AJ, Tavares F, Maciel AMA, Amendola-Pires MM, Brandão-Mello CE, Bento CAM. The proportion of different interleukin-17-producing T-cell subsets is associated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Immunology 2017; 151:167-176. [PMID: 28140446 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested the pivotal role of T helper type 1 (Th1) -related cytokines on the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Nevertheless, the role of different interleukin-17 (IL-17) -secreting T cells on chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is less clear. Here, the in vivo IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 levels were positively correlated with both alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and hepatic lesions. When compared with the control group, CHC patients showed a lower proportion of IL-17-secreting (CD4+ and CD8+ ) T cells capable of simultaneously producing IL-21. Moreover, the percentage of IL-10-secreting Th17 cells was also lower in CHC patients. Notably, advanced liver lesions were observed among those patients with lower percentage levels of IL-17-producing T cells positive for IL-21, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-10. In contrast, the severity of hepatic damage was associated with peripheral single IL-17+ T cells. The percentage of IL-17+ IL-21- IFN-γ+ (CD4+ and CD8+ ) T-cell phenotypes was positively associated with plasma CD14 levels. Finally, elevated levels of circulating CD14 were detected among CHC patients with extensive liver damage. In summary, although preliminary, our results suggest that a balance between different IL-17-producing T cells, associated with peripheral levels of CD14, may be a progress marker for liver disease in chronically HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C O F Cachem
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleida S Dias
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarice Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Delphim
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adilson J Almeida
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Internal Medicine Department, HUGG, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Tavares
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M A Maciel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Internal Medicine Department, HUGG, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia M Amendola-Pires
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Internal Medicine Department, HUGG, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Brandão-Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Internal Medicine Department, HUGG, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleonice A M Bento
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Dedeoglu B, de Weerd AE, Huang L, Langerak AW, Dor FJ, Klepper M, Verschoor W, Reijerkerk D, Baan CC, Litjens NHR, Betjes MGH. Lymph node and circulating T cell characteristics are strongly correlated in end-stage renal disease patients, but highly differentiated T cells reside within the circulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:299-310. [PMID: 28142201 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in the peripheral T cell immune system, which can be influenced significantly by latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. To what extent changes in circulating T cell populations correlate with T cell composition of the lymph node (LN) is unclear, but is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the T cell system. T cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of end-stage renal disease patients were analysed for frequency of recent thymic emigrants using CD31 expression and T cell receptor excision circle content, relative telomere length and expression of differentiation markers. Compared with PB, LN contained relatively more CD4+ than CD8+ T cells (P < 0·001). The percentage of naive and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and thymic output parameters showed a strong linear correlation between PB and LN. Highly differentiated CD28null T cells, being CD27- , CD57+ or programmed death 1 (PD-1+ ), were found almost exclusively in the circulation but not in LN. An age-related decline in naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency was observed (P = 0·035 and P = 0·002, respectively) within LN, concomitant with an increase in central memory CD8+ T cells (P = 0·033). Latent CMV infection increased dramatically the frequency of circulating terminally differentiated T cells, but did not alter T cell composition and ageing parameters of LN significantly. Overall T cell composition and measures of thymic function in PB and LN are correlated strongly. However, highly differentiated CD28null T cells, which may comprise a large part of circulating T cells in CMV-seropositive individuals, are found almost exclusively within the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dedeoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A E de Weerd
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J Dor
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Klepper
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Verschoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Reijerkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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de Armas LR, Cotugno N, Pallikkuth S, Pan L, Rinaldi S, Sanchez MC, Gonzalez L, Cagigi A, Rossi P, Palma P, Pahwa S. Induction of IL21 in Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells Is an Indicator of Influenza Vaccine Response in a Previously Vaccinated HIV-Infected Pediatric Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1995-2005. [PMID: 28130496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients of all ages frequently underperform in response to seasonal influenza vaccination, despite virologic control of HIV. The molecular mechanisms governing this impairment, as well as predictive biomarkers for responsiveness, remain unknown. This study was performed in samples obtained prevaccination (T0) from HIV-infected children who received the 2012-2013 seasonal influenza vaccine. Response status was determined based on established criterion for hemagglutination inhibition titer; participants with a hemagglutination titer ≥1:40 plus a ≥4-fold increase over T0 at 3 wk postvaccination were designated as responders. All children had a history of prior influenza vaccinations. At T0, the frequencies of CD4 T cell subsets, including peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) cells, which provide help to B cells for developing into Ab-secreting cells, were similar between responders and nonresponders. However, in response to in vitro stimulation with influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) Ag, differential gene expression related to pTfh cell function was observed by Fluidigm high-density RT-PCR between responders and nonresponders. In responders, H1N1 stimulation at T0 also resulted in CXCR5 induction (mRNA and protein) in CD4 T cells and IL21 gene induction in pTfh cells that were strongly associated with H1N1-specific B cell responses postvaccination. In contrast, CD4 T cells of nonresponders exhibited increased expression of IL2 and STAT5 genes, which are known to antagonize peripheral Tfh cell function. These results suggest that the quality of pTfh cells at the time of immunization is important for influenza vaccine responses and provide a rationale for targeted, ex vivo Ag-driven molecular profiling of purified immune cells to detect predictive biomarkers of the vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley R de Armas
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Li Pan
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - M Celeste Sanchez
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Louis Gonzalez
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
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25
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Zhang ZN, Bai LX, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H. CD4 +IL-21 +T cells are correlated with regulatory T cells and IL-21 promotes regulatory T cells survival during HIV infection. Cytokine 2016; 91:110-117. [PMID: 28043029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-21 enhances T and natural killer cells survival and antiviral functions without promoting T cell activation during HIV infection, which makes it a better adjuvant in anti-HIV immunotherapy. Due to the pleiotropy and redundancy of cytokines, it is vital to have a comprehensive knowledge of the role of IL-21 in the regulation of immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in immune regulation and are a determinant of immune therapeutic efficacy in certain circumstances. In this study, we explored the direct effect of IL-21 on Tregs during HIV infection, which has not been addressed before. METHODS Thirty-four HIV treatment-naïve patients were enrolled and the relationship between CD4+IL-21+T cells and Tregs were studied. The effects of IL-21 on CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs' apoptosis, proliferation, and CTLA-4 and TGF-β expression in HIV-infected patients was investigated and compared with the effect of other common γ-chain cytokines. RESULTS We found the percentage and absolute numbers of CD4+IL-21+T cells were positively related to the frequency or absolute numbers of CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs. Compared with the media-alone control, IL-21, IL-7, and IL-15 could significantly reduce apoptosis of Tregs (p<0.05). IL-21 did not promote the proliferation of Tregs as compared with media alone, while IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 could significantly increase the proliferation of Tregs (p<0.05). IL-21 enhanced CTLA-4 expression by Tregs (p<0.05), but could not induce TGF-β secretion of Tregs from HIV infected patients. There were no significant differences of the fold induction of apoptosis, proliferation, or CTLA-4 and TGF-β expression by Tregs from HIV-infected patients and normal controls after IL-21 treatment. In vitro experiment showed that pretreatment with IL-21 significantly enhanced the suppressive effect of Tregs on CD8+ T cells' IFN-γ expression. CONCLUSION We conclude that IL-21 promotes the survival and CTLA-4 expression of Tregs and enhanced the suppressive capacity of Tregs during HIV infection. These results broaden the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and provide critical information for HIV interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xin Bai
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Miles B, Miller SM, Folkvord JM, Levy DN, Rakasz EG, Skinner PJ, Connick E. Follicular Regulatory CD8 T Cells Impair the Germinal Center Response in SIV and Ex Vivo HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005924. [PMID: 27716848 PMCID: PMC5055335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic HIV infection, viral replication is concentrated in secondary lymphoid follicles. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells control HIV replication in extrafollicular regions, but not in the follicle. Here, we show CXCR5hiCD44hiCD8 T cells are a regulatory subset differing from conventional CD8 T cells, and constitute the majority of CD8 T cells in the follicle. This subset, CD8 follicular regulatory T cells (CD8 TFR), expand in chronic SIV infection, exhibit enhanced expression of Tim-3 and IL-10, and express less perforin compared to conventional CD8 T cells. CD8 TFR modestly limit HIV replication in follicular helper T cells (TFH), impair TFH IL-21 production via Tim-3, and inhibit IgG production by B cells during ex vivo HIV infection. CD8 TFR induce TFH apoptosis through HLA-E, but induce less apoptosis than conventional CD8 T cells. These data demonstrate that a unique regulatory CD8 population exists in follicles that impairs GC function in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Miles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joy M. Folkvord
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David N. Levy
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Arizona, United States of America
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27
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Zhong H, Xibing G, Yaping D, Zheng W, Decai F, Xiaoye G, Hangyuan W, Dong W, Zhonghua L. Interleukin-7 in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B May Have Effect on T Follicular Helper Cells and Specific Cellular Immunity. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e36068. [PMID: 27822258 PMCID: PMC5091030 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.36068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the relation of interkeukin-7 (IL-7) to either the T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) or to a specific cellular immune response is not clear. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to explore the possible relationship of IL-7 to Tfh cells and to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific cellular immune response in patients with CHB. METHODS Ninety-one adult patients with CHB were divided into groups A, B, and C, according to the patients' IL-7 levels (low, medium, and high). Tfh cells and HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were detected with flow cytometry; IL-7 and IL-21 were determined with a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and HBV DNA was determined by using a real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The results showed that the levels of IL-7, Tfh cells, IL-21, and HBV-specific CTLs of patients in group C were significantly higher than those of patients in group B, (P < 0.01 for each comparison) and that the levels of these four parameters of patients in group B were significantly higher than those of the patients in group A (P < 0.01 for each comparison). Meanwhile, the level of HBV DNA of the patients in group C was significantly lower than that of the patients in group B (P < 0.01), and that of the patients in group B was significantly lower than that of the patients in group A (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that IL-7, Tfh cells, IL-21, and HBV-specific CTL might have effects on HBV DNA and that only the HBV-specific CTL had an independent effect on HBV DNA (P < 0.01). IL-7, Tfh cells, and IL-21 showed independent effects on HBV-specific CTL (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the IL-7 level of CHB patients may be related to Tfh cells. In CHB patients, IL-7 possibly increases the level of Tfh cells and HBV-specific cellular immune responses and thereby reduces the HBV DNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gu Xibing
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Corresponding Author: Gu Xibing, Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. Tel: +86-13812051392, Fax: +86-51068918000, E-mail:
| | - Dai Yaping
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fu Decai
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo Xiaoye
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wu Hangyuan
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lu Zhonghua
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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28
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Shasha D, Karel D, Angiuli O, Greenblatt A, Ghebremichael M, Yu X, Porichis F, Walker BD. Elite controller CD8+ T cells exhibit comparable viral inhibition capacity, but better sustained effector properties compared to chronic progressors. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1425-1433. [PMID: 27406996 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-422r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms modulating HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibition are not well defined. To delineate features of effective control, we compared the ability of CD8+ T cells from HIV ECs and CPs to inhibit HIV ex vivo. ECs showed superior inhibition compared to HAART-treated or untreated CPs in a typical VIA in which CD8+ T cells are rested 3 d before use (P = 0.025). In contrast, comparable antiviral activity was observed in freshly thawed cells. Rested CD8+ T cells underwent apoptosis with preferential loss of HIV-specific cells. EC CD8+ T cells showed greater capacity to sustain polyfunctionality ex vivo compared with those of CPs, and incubation of CD8+ T cells with IL-15 augmented inhibition. These results indicate that superior ex vivo inhibition of viral replication by CD8+ T cells from ECs is associated with enhanced retention of functional qualities and that in vitro antiviral function is enhanced by IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shasha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan Karel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Angiuli
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Greenblatt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Tian Y, Zajac AJ. IL-21 and T Cell Differentiation: Consider the Context. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:557-568. [PMID: 27389961 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies demonstrate that IL-21 modulates the differentiation of various CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets and provide insights into the underlying cellular and molecular processes that are influenced by this cytokine. Intriguingly, the effects of IL-21 on T cells can be complex and vary depending on the experimental system used. We review our current understanding of the roles of IL-21 in the generation of phenotypically distinct CD4 and CD8 T cell populations and discuss the potential environmental cues, cellular factors, and molecular mediators that impact the actions of IL-21. We propose that IL-21 acts in a context-dependent manner to accentuate T cell subset development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
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30
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Jones RB, Mueller S, O’Connor R, Rimpel K, Sloan DD, Karel D, Wong HC, Jeng EK, Thomas AS, Whitney JB, Lim SY, Kovacs C, Benko E, Karandish S, Huang SH, Buzon MJ, Lichterfeld M, Irrinki A, Murry JP, Tsai A, Yu H, Geleziunas R, Trocha A, Ostrowski MA, Irvine DJ, Walker BD. A Subset of Latency-Reversing Agents Expose HIV-Infected Resting CD4+ T-Cells to Recognition by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005545. [PMID: 27082643 PMCID: PMC4833318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T-cells harboring inducible HIV proviruses are a critical reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated subjects. These cells express little to no viral protein, and thus neither die by viral cytopathic effects, nor are efficiently cleared by immune effectors. Elimination of this reservoir is theoretically possible by combining latency-reversing agents (LRAs) with immune effectors, such as CD8+ T-cells. However, the relative efficacy of different LRAs in sensitizing latently-infected cells for recognition by HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells has not been determined. To address this, we developed an assay that utilizes HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell clones as biosensors for HIV antigen expression. By testing multiple CD8+ T-cell clones against a primary cell model of HIV latency, we identified several single agents that primed latently-infected cells for CD8+ T-cell recognition, including IL-2, IL-15, two IL-15 superagonists (IL-15SA and ALT-803), prostratin, and the TLR-2 ligand Pam3CSK4. In contrast, we did not observe CD8+ T-cell recognition of target cells following treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). In further experiments we demonstrate that a clinically achievable concentration of the IL-15 superagonist ‘ALT-803’, an agent presently in clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors, primes the natural ex vivo reservoir for CD8+ T-cell recognition. Thus, our results establish a novel experimental approach for comparative evaluation of LRAs, and highlight ALT-803 as an LRA with the potential to synergize with CD8+ T-cells in HIV eradication strategies. Although modern therapies have greatly improved the lives of HIV-positive people with access to care, a cure remains elusive. This leaves these individuals burdened by a lifelong commitment to medication, and fails to fully restore health. Curing infection would likely require therapies that combine the ability to force the virus out the ‘latent state’ in which it hides, with immune responses able to kill unmasked infected cells, the so called “shock and kill” strategy. A critical aspect of this strategy is identifying drugs that are effective at shocking virus out of latency, known as latency reversing agents. In this study, we took the novel approach of using CD8+ T-cells, immune cells responsible for killing infected cells, as biosensors able to detect the unmasking of latently-infected cells. Using this method, we screened a panel of potential latency reversing agents. We found that while a subset of these agents exposed infected cells to the immune system, others did not. Our results establish a new method for screening potential latency reversing agents, and support the prioritization of the agents that were shown to be effective for combination with CD8+ T-cells in shock and kill strategies aimed at curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Brad Jones
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel O’Connor
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Rimpel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Sloan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Karel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Jeng
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - James B. Whitney
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colin Kovacs
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alivelu Irrinki
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Murry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Tsai
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Alicja Trocha
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Medical Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canad
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Micci L, Ryan ES, Fromentin R, Bosinger SE, Harper JL, He T, Paganini S, Easley KA, Chahroudi A, Benne C, Gumber S, McGary CS, Rogers KA, Deleage C, Lucero C, Byrareddy SN, Apetrei C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Chomont N, Villinger F, Silvestri G, Brenchley JM, Paiardini M. Interleukin-21 combined with ART reduces inflammation and viral reservoir in SIV-infected macaques. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4497-513. [PMID: 26551680 PMCID: PMC4665780 DOI: 10.1172/jci81400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful control of viremia, many HIV-infected individuals given antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit residual inflammation, which is associated with non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality and may contribute to virus persistence during ART. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-21 administration on both inflammation and virus persistence in ART-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared with SIV-infected animals only given ART, SIV-infected RMs given both ART and IL-21 showed improved restoration of intestinal Th17 and Th22 cells and a more effective reduction of immune activation in blood and intestinal mucosa, with the latter maintained through 8 months after ART interruption. Additionally, IL-21, in combination with ART, was associated with reduced levels of SIV RNA in plasma and decreased CD4(+) T cell levels harboring replication-competent virus during ART. At the latest experimental time points, which were up to 8 months after ART interruption, plasma viremia and cell-associated SIV DNA levels remained substantially lower than those before ART initiation in IL-21-treated animals but not in controls. Together, these data suggest that IL-21 supplementation of ART reduces residual inflammation and virus persistence in a relevant model of lentiviral disease and warrants further investigation as a potential intervention for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily S. Ryan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Paganini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirk A. Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, and
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clarisse Benne
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen S. McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carissa Lucero
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francois Villinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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32
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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33
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Adoro S, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Chen X, Deruaz M, Vrbanac VD, Song M, Park S, Murooka TT, Dudek TE, Luster AD, Tager AM, Streeck H, Bowman B, Walker BD, Kwon DS, Lazarevic V, Glimcher LH. IL-21 induces antiviral microRNA-29 in CD4 T cells to limit HIV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7562. [PMID: 26108174 PMCID: PMC4481879 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial events after exposure determine HIV-1 disease progression, underscoring a critical need to understand host mechanisms that interfere with initial viral replication. Although associated with chronic HIV-1 control, it is not known whether interleukin-21 (IL-21) contributes to early HIV-1 immunity. Here we take advantage of tractable primary human lymphoid organ aggregate cultures to show that IL-21 directly suppresses HIV-1 replication, and identify microRNA-29 (miR-29) as an antiviral factor induced by IL-21 in CD4 T cells. IL-21 promotes transcription of all miR-29 species through STAT3, whose binding to putative regulatory regions within the MIR29 gene is enriched by IL-21 signalling. Notably, exogenous IL-21 limits early HIV-1 infection in humanized mice, and lower viremia in vivo is associated with higher miR-29 expression. Together, these findings reveal a novel antiviral IL-21-miR-29 axis that promotes CD4 T-cell-intrinsic resistance to HIV-1 infection, and suggest a role for IL-21 in initial HIV-1 control in vivo. HIV-infected patients who maintain undetectable virus levels possess elevated plasma concentrations of IL-21. Here, Adoro et al. show that IL-21 inhibits early viral infection in humanized mice and suppresses HIV-1 replication in vitro by upregulating a microRNA via the regulatory protein STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Adoro
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Maud Deruaz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Suna Park
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Timothy E Dudek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for Medical Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen D-45147, Germany
| | - Brittany Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Echeverría A, Moro-García MA, Asensi V, Cartón JA, López-Larrea C, Alonso-Arias R. CD4⁺CD28null T lymphocytes resemble CD8⁺CD28null T lymphocytes in their responses to IL-15 and IL-21 in HIV-infected patients. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:373-84. [PMID: 26034206 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0514-276rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals suffer from accelerated immunologic aging. One of the most prominent changes during T lymphocyte aging is the accumulation of CD28(null) T lymphocytes, mainly CD8(+) but also CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Enhancing the functional properties of these cells may be important because they provide antigen-specific defense against chronic infections. The objective of this study was to compare the responses of CD4(+)CD28(null) and CD8(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients to the immunomodulatory effects of cytokines IL-15 and IL-21. We quantified the frequencies of CD4(+)CD28(null) and CD8(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from 110 consecutive, HIV-infected patients and 25 healthy controls. Patients showed increased frequencies of CD4(+)CD28(null) and CD8(+)CD28(null). Both subsets were positively correlated to each other and showed an inverse correlation with the absolute counts of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Higher frequencies of HIV-specific and CMV-specific cells were found in CD28(null) than in CD28(+) T lymphocytes. Activation of STAT5 by IL-15 and STAT3 by IL-21 was higher in CD28(null) compared with CD28(+) T lymphocytes. Proliferation, expression of CD69, and IFN-γ production in CD28(null) T lymphocytes were increased after treatment with IL-15, and IL-21 potentiated most of those effects. Nevertheless, IL-21 alone reduced IFN-γ production in response to anti-CD3 stimulation but increased CD28 expression, even counteracting the inhibitory effect of IL-15. Intracytoplasmic stores of granzyme B and perforin were increased by IL-15, whereas IL-21 and simultaneous treatment with the 2 cytokines also significantly enhanced degranulation in CD4(+)CD28(null) and CD8(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes. IL-15 and IL-21 could have a role in enhancing the effector response of CD28(null) T lymphocytes against their specific chronic antigens in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Echeverría
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco A Moro-García
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Asensi
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Cartón
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- *Immunology Department and Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and Fundación Renal "Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo," Madrid, Spain
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35
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IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:696578. [PMID: 25961061 PMCID: PMC4413888 DOI: 10.1155/2015/696578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the activity of both innate and specific immunity. Indeed, it costimulates T and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and function and regulates B cell survival and differentiation and the function of dendritic cells. In addition, IL-21 exerts divergent effects on different lymphoid cell leukemia and lymphomas, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Several preclinical studies showed that IL-21 has antitumor activity in different tumor models, through mechanism involving the activation of NK and T or B cell responses. Moreover, IL-21's antitumor activity can be potentiated by its combination with other immune-enhancing molecules, monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor antigens, chemotherapy, or molecular targeted agents. Clinical phase I-II studies of IL-21 in cancer patients showed immune stimulatory properties, acceptable toxicity profile, and antitumor effects in a fraction of patients. In view of its tolerability, IL-21 is also suitable for combinational therapeutic regimens with other agents. This review will summarize the biological functions of IL-21, and address its role in lymphoid malignancies and preclinical and clinical studies of cancer immunotherapy.
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36
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Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on T cells appears early in HIV infection, and differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns can be induced by common γ -chain cytokines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:916936. [PMID: 25685816 PMCID: PMC4317591 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To explore the association between differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns and HIV disease progression, and to investigate the impact of common γ-chain cytokines on Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells. Methods. Tim-3/PD-1 expression on the T cells of patients with early and chronic HIV infections was detected. The expression levels and functional profiles of T cells with differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns induced by γ-chain cytokines were studied. Results. The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells appeared early in HIV infection. Co-expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 (Tim-3+PD-1+) correlates with more severe exhaustion of T cells during HIV infection. In vitro stimulation of common γ-chain cytokines can induce differential expression patterns of Tim-3 and PD-1 on T cells. The enhancement of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression by common γ-chain IL-2 can inhibit the function of T cells re-stimulated by HIV gag and TCR, not by the re-stimulation of IL-2. Conclusions. The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells represents a state of T cell exhaustion and can be induced by common γ-chain cytokines. These findings provide insights into HIV pathogenesis and help inform immune intervention strategies.
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37
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Zhou J, Xu XZ, Hu YR, Hu AR, Zhu CL, Gao GS. Cryptotanshinone induces inhibition of breast tumor growth by cytotoxic CD4+ T cells through the JAK2/STAT4/ perforin pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2439-45. [PMID: 24761844 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (CPT), is a quinoid diterpene isolated from the root of the Asian medicinal plant, Salvia miotiorrhiza bunge. Numerous researchers have found that it could work as a potent antitumor agent to inhibit tumor growth in vitro, buith there has been much less emphasis on its in vivo role against breast tumors. Using a mouse tumor model of MCF7 cells, we showed that CPT strongly inhibited MCF7 cell growth in vivo with polarization of immune reactions toward Th1-type responses, stimulation of naive CD4+ T cell proliferation, and also increased IFN-γ and perforin production of CD4+ T cells in response to tumor-activated splenocytes. Furthermore, data revealed that the cytotoxic activity of CD4+ T cells induced by CPT was markedly abrogated by concanamycin A(CMA), a perforin inhibitor, but not IFN-γ Ab. On the other hand, after depletion of CD4+ T cells or blocked perforin with CMA in a tumor-bearing model, CPT could not effectively suppress tumor growth, but this phenomenon could be reversed by injecting naive CD4+ T cells. Thus, our results suggested that CPT mainly inhibited breast tumor growth through inducing cytotoxic CD4+ T cells to secrete perforin. We further found that CPT enhanced perforin production of CD4+ T cells by up-regulating JAK2 and STAT4 phosphorylation. These findings suggest a novel potential therapeutic role for CPT in tumor therapy, and demonstrate that CPT performs its antitumor functions through cytotoxic CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China E-mail :
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38
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Li J, Valentin A, Ng S, Beach RK, Alicea C, Bergamaschi C, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Differential effects of IL-15 on the generation, maintenance and cytotoxic potential of adaptive cellular responses induced by DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:1188-96. [PMID: 25559187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is an important cytokine for the regulation of lymphocyte homeostasis. However, the role of IL-15 in the generation, maintenance and cytotoxic potential of antigen specific T cells is not fully understood. Because the route of antigenic delivery and the vaccine modality could influence the IL-15 requirement for mounting and preserving cytotoxic T cell responses, we have investigated the immunogenicity of DNA-based vaccines in IL-15 KO mice. DNA vaccination with SIV Gag induced antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the absence of IL-15. However, the absolute number of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells was decreased in IL-15 KO mice compared to WT animals, suggesting that IL-15 is important for the generation of maximal number of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Interestingly, antigen-specific memory CD8 cells could be efficiently boosted 8 months after the final vaccination in both WT and KO strains of mice, suggesting that the maintenance of antigen-specific long-term memory T cells induced by DNA vaccination is comparable in the absence and presence of IL-15. Importantly, boosting by DNA 8-months after vaccination revealed severely reduced granzyme B content in CD8(+) T cells of IL-15 KO mice compared to WT mice. This suggests that the cytotoxic potential of the long-term memory CD8(+) T cells is impaired. These results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation and maintenance of adaptive cellular responses upon DNA vaccination, but it is critical for the preservation of maximal numbers and for the activity of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Li
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
| | - Sinnie Ng
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Rachel Kelly Beach
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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Li J, Ren W, Ma W, Zhang J, Shi J, Qin C. Interleukin-21 responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:134-42. [PMID: 25243706 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in controlling chronic viral infections. However, little is known about the regulatory role of IL-21 in T cell immunity during the process of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In the present study, the levels of serum IL-21 in 77 patients with various degrees of CHB in immune clearance phase (IC), 25 patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in immune tolerance phase (IT), and 25 healthy controls (HC) were measured and their potential association with major clinic indexes was examined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CHB patients were stimulated with hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in the presence or absence of anti-IL-21 antibody or recombinant IL-21, and the frequency of HBcAg-specific IL-21(+)CD4(+) and interferon (IFN)-γ(+)CD8(+) T cells was characterized by flow cytometry. Our data indicated that the levels of serum IL-21 were significantly higher in the IC CHB patients than that in the other groups and were positively correlated with the levels of serum HBV DNA and HBeAg in the IC patients. There was a low frequency of HBcAg-specific IL-21(+)CD4(+) T cells in IC CHB patients. Further, IL-21 enhanced HBcAg-specific IFN-γ(+)CD8(+) T cell proliferation, while treatment with anti-IL-21 inhibited antigen-specific IFN-γ(+)CD8(+) T cell expansion in vitro. Our findings imply that IL-21 positively regulates proinflammatory IFN-γ(+)CD8(+) T cell responses during the process of chronic HBV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Shandong, China
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McNamara MJ, Kasiewicz MJ, Linch SN, Dubay C, Redmond WL. Common gamma chain (γc) cytokines differentially potentiate TNFR family signaling in antigen-activated CD8(+) T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:28. [PMID: 25411639 PMCID: PMC4236884 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-014-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several members of the common gamma chain (gc) cytokine family are already approved (IL-2) or actively being developed as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapies. Studies have indicated that co-administration of gc cytokines may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies that function via direct activation of co-stimulatory T cell receptors. To define the specific influence of gc cytokines on the co-stimulatory capacity of CD8+ T cells and identify combinations with synergistic potential, we investigated the direct impact of gc cytokines on the differentiation and transcriptional profile of recently antigen-primed CD8+ T cells. Methods Naïve CD8+ T cells were activated with peptide-pulsed APCs. After 48 hours, CD8+ T cells were harvested and re-cultured in media supplemented with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 or IL-21. After 24 hours, cells were analyzed by cytokine bead array, flow cytometry, and mRNA micro-array. Gene networks responsible for specific CD8+ T cell functions were constructed through literature-meta review and publicly available annotation databases. Gene expression data from the experimental groups was imported into this network to visualize the impact of each gc cytokine on the functional polarization of recently-activated CD8+ T cells. Results Among the gc cytokines, IL-2 induced the greatest increase in the expression of co-stimulatory receptors in recently-activated CD8+ T cells. IL-2 increased significantly expression of 4-1BB, GITR, ICOS and OX40, at both the transcriptional and protein level. IL-2 also drove the greatest increase in cellular proliferation and the most robust shift towards a pro-survival phenotype, compared with the other gc cytokines. Both IL-4 and IL-21 enhanced expression of cytotoxic effector proteins, but drove distinct phenotypic polarizations, Th2/Tc2 and NK-like, respectively. Conclusions Overall, these observations suggest that among gc cytokines, IL-2 may be uniquely capable of synergizing with therapeutic strategies that combine immunization with agonists of co-stimulatory T cell receptors. Previous studies have shown that the timing of IL-2 treatment relative to immunization plays a key role in defining the CD8+ T cell response, and the findings from this study indicate that administration of exogenous IL-2 shortly after the initial antigen-priming event has concluded may augment the receptivity of these cells to subsequent TNFR co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McNamara
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA
| | - Melissa J Kasiewicz
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA
| | - Stefanie N Linch
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA
| | - Christopher Dubay
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA
| | - William L Redmond
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA
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Pallikkuth S, Pahwa S. Interleukin-21 and T follicular helper cells in HIV infection: research focus and future perspectives. Immunol Res 2014; 57:279-91. [PMID: 24242760 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the γ chain-receptor cytokine family along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. The effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. IL-21 is secreted by activated CD4 T cells and natural killer T cells. Within CD4 T cells, its secretion is restricted mainly to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and Th17 cells to a lesser extent. Our research focus has been on the role of IL-21 and more recently of Tfh in immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. This review focuses on first the influence of IL-21 in regulation of T cell, B cell, and NK cell responses and its immunotherapeutic potential in viral infections and as a vaccine adjuvant. Second, we discuss the pivotal role of Tfh in generation of antibody responses in HIV-infected persons in studies using influenza vaccines as a probe. Lastly, we review data supporting ability of HIV to infect Tfh and the role of these cells as reservoirs for HIV and their contribution to viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, BCRI 712, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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Hong JJ, Amancha PK, Rogers KA, Courtney CL, Havenar-Daughton C, Crotty S, Ansari AA, Villinger F. Early lymphoid responses and germinal center formation correlate with lower viral load set points and better prognosis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:797-806. [PMID: 24907346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the dynamics of germinal center (GC) formation in lymphoid tissues following acute SIV infection. SIV induces a marked follicular hyperplasia, associated with an aberrant accumulation of nonproliferating T follicular helper cells within GCs, but with an abundance of cells producing IL-21, demonstrating that the mechanisms involved for these two events appear independent. IL-21-stimulated T follicular helper cells are considered a critical element for GC formation, a physiological process that seems dysregulated and excessive during HIV/SIV infection, contributing to lymphoid pathogenesis. However, the data suggest that the kinetics by which such GCs are formed may be an important predictor of the host-pathogen equilibrium, as early GC hyperplasia was associated with better control of viral replication. In contrast, monkeys undergoing fast disease progression upon infection exhibited an involution of GCs without local IL-21 production in GCs. These results provide important clues regarding GC-related hyperimmune responses in the context of disease progression within various individuals during HIV/SIV infection and may open novel therapeutic avenues to limit lymphoid dysfunction, postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Joo Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Praveen K Amancha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Kenneth A Rogers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Cynthia L Courtney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
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Lee N, Shin MS, Kang KS, Yoo SA, Mohanty S, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Kang I. Human monocytes have increased IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production with age alongside altered IFN-γ receptor signaling. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:101-10. [PMID: 24657713 PMCID: PMC4018768 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is involved in regulating host defense and inflammation. Monocytes produce the biologically active cell surface IL-15 in response to IFN-γ. Although aging can alter the immune system, little is known about whether and how aging affects IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production in human monocytes. We showed that monocytes of healthy older adults (age ≥ 65) had increased cell surface IL-15 expression in response to IFN-γ compared to those of healthy young adults (age ≤ 40). This finding stems in part from increased IFN-γ receptor (R)1/2 expression on monocytes in older adults, leading to enhanced STAT1 activation and interferon regulatory factor 1 synthesis with increased IL15 gene expression. Our study suggests that with aging the IFN-γ-mediated IL-15 production pathway in human monocytes is uncompromised, but rather augmented, and could be considered as a therapeutic target point to modulate host defense and inflammation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ki Soo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:379-95. [PMID: 24751819 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount has been learned about its biological actions and the molecular mechanisms controlling IL-21-mediated cellular responses. IL-21 regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, and it not only has key roles in antitumour and antiviral responses but also exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. Numerous studies have shown that enhancing or inhibiting the action of IL-21 has therapeutic effects in animal models of a wide range of diseases, and various clinical trials are underway. The current challenge is to understand how to specifically modulate the actions of IL-21 in the context of each specific immune response or pathological situation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the basic biology of IL-21 and discuss how this information has been - and can be - exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Workman AM, Jacobs AK, Vogel AJ, Condon S, Brown DM. Inflammation enhances IL-2 driven differentiation of cytolytic CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89010. [PMID: 24586481 PMCID: PMC3930678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic CD4 T cells (CD4 CTL) have been identified in vivo in response to viral infections; however, the factors necessary for driving the cytolytic phenotype have not been fully elucidated. Our previously published work suggests IL-2 may be the master regulator of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity in CD4 effectors. To further dissect the role of IL-2 in CD4 CTL generation, T cell receptor transgenic mice deficient in the ability to produce IL-2 or the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2Rα, CD25) were used. Increasing concentrations of IL-2 were necessary to drive perforin (Prf) expression and maximal cytotoxicity. Granzyme B (GrB) expression and killing correlated with STAT5 activation and CD25 expression in vitro, suggesting that signaling through the high affinity IL-2R is critical for full cytotoxicity. IL-2 signaling was also necessary in vivo for inducing the Th1 phenotype and IFN-γ expression in CD4 T cells during influenza A (IAV) infection. In addition, GrB expression, as measured by mean fluorescent intensity, was decreased in CD25 deficient cells; however, the frequency of CD4 cells expressing GrB was unchanged. Similarly, analysis of cytolytic markers such as CD107a/b and Eomesodermin indicate high IL-2Rα expression is not necessary to drive the CD4 CTL phenotype during IAV infection. Thus, inflammatory signals induced by viral infection may overcome the need for strong IL-2 signals in driving cytotoxicity in CD4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen M Workman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America ; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ashley K Jacobs
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alexander J Vogel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shirley Condon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America ; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America ; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
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Krinner S, Heitzer AP, Diermeier SD, Obermeier I, Längst G, Wagner R. CpG domains downstream of TSSs promote high levels of gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3551-64. [PMID: 24413563 PMCID: PMC3973331 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG dinucleotides are known to play a crucial role in regulatory domains, affecting gene expression in their natural context. Here, we demonstrate that intragenic CpG frequency and distribution impacts transgene and genomic gene expression levels in mammalian cells. As shown for the Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α, de novo RNA synthesis correlates with the number of CpG dinucleotides, whereas RNA splicing, stability, nuclear export and translation are not affected by the sequence modification. Differences in chromatin accessibility in vivo and altered nucleosome positioning in vitro suggest that increased CpG levels destabilize the chromatin structure. Moreover, enriched CpG levels correlate with increased RNA polymerase II elongation rates in vivo. Interestingly, elevated CpG levels particularly at the 5′ end of the gene promote efficient transcription. We show that this is a genome-wide feature of highly expressed genes, by identifying a domain of ∼700 bp with high CpG content downstream of the transcription start site, correlating with high levels of transcription. We suggest that these 5′ CpG domains are required to distort the chromatin structure and to increase gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krinner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Gene Therapy, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Department of Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Rodrigues L, Bonorino C. Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:167-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhao CC, Gao XQ, Xue J, Cong Z, Zhang WL, Chen T, Wu FX, Xiong J, Ju B, Su A, Wei Q, Qin C. Interleukin-21 up-regulates interleukin-21R expression and interferon gamma production by CD8+ cells in SHIV-infected macaques. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:400-9. [PMID: 23760006 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213477978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced primarily by CD4+ T cells and regulates immunity against human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection. Activated CD8+ cells and their secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are crucial for the control of acute HIV/SIV infection. However, whether IL-21 can regulate IFN-γ production by CD8+ cells remains controversial. Rhesus macaques (RMs, n = 8) were infected with SHIV and the levels of plasma IL-21, IFN-γ and the frequency of peripheral blood activated T cells were measured longitudinally. Following infection with SHIV, the levels of plasma IL-21 and IFN-γ increased, peaked at 17 days postinfection and declined later. Furthermore, IL-21 induced IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) and IFN-γ, perforin, but not granmyze B, expression in CD8+ cells from four selected SHIV-infected RMs. The regulatory effect of IL-21 on CD8+ cell function appeared to be associated with increased levels of STAT3, but not STAT5, phosphorylation in CD8+ cells from SHIV-infected RMs. In parallel, treatment with soluble IL-21R/Fc, an inhibitor of IL-21-induced activation of JAK1/3 and STAT3, abrogated IL-21-induced STAT3 activation and IFN-γ production in CD8+ cells from SHIV-infected RMs in vitro. Our data indicated that IL-21 was a positive regulator of IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ cells and increased the STAT3 phosphorylation, regulating T-cell immunity against acute SHIV infection in RMs. Our findings may provide a new basis for the development of immunotherapies for the control of SHIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-cheng Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang Dist, Beijing 100021
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Ives ML, Ma CS, Palendira U, Chan A, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Arkwright PD, Engelhard D, Averbuch D, Magdorf K, Roesler J, Peake J, Wong M, Adelstein S, Choo S, Smart JM, French MA, Fulcher DA, Cook MC, Picard C, Durandy A, Tsumura M, Kobayashi M, Uzel G, Casanova JL, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mutations underlying autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome impair human CD8(+) T-cell memory formation and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:400-11.e9. [PMID: 23830147 PMCID: PMC3785237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity of CD8(+) T cells to control infections and mediate antitumor immunity requires the development and survival of effector and memory cells. IL-21 has emerged as a potent inducer of CD8(+) T-cell effector function and memory development in mouse models of infectious disease. However, the role of IL-21 and associated signaling pathways in protective CD8(+) T-cell immunity in human subjects is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine which signaling pathways mediate the effects of IL-21 on human CD8(+) T cells and whether defects in these pathways contribute to disease pathogenesis in patients with primary immunodeficiencies caused by mutations in components of the IL-21 signaling cascade. METHODS Human primary immunodeficiencies resulting from monogenic mutations provide a unique opportunity to assess the requirement for particular molecules in regulating human lymphocyte function. Lymphocytes from patients with loss-of-function mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, or IL-21 receptor (IL21R) were used to assess the respective roles of these genes in human CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Mutations in STAT3 and IL21R, but not STAT1, led to a decrease in multiple memory CD8(+) T-cell subsets in vivo, indicating that STAT3 signaling, possibly downstream of IL-21R, regulates the memory cell pool. Furthermore, STAT3 was important for inducing the lytic machinery in IL-21-stimulated naive CD8(+) T cells. However, this defect was overcome by T-cell receptor engagement. CONCLUSION The IL-21R/STAT3 pathway is required for many aspects of human CD8(+) T-cell behavior but in some cases can be compensated by other signals. This helps explain the relatively mild susceptibility to viral disease observed in STAT3- and IL-21R-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Ives
- Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
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Pallikkuth S, Micci L, Ende ZS, Iriele RI, Cervasi B, Lawson B, McGary CS, Rogers KA, Else JG, Silvestri G, Easley K, Estes JD, Villinger F, Pahwa S, Paiardini M. Maintenance of intestinal Th17 cells and reduced microbial translocation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with interleukin (IL)-21. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003471. [PMID: 23853592 PMCID: PMC3701718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathogenic HIV and SIV infections of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), preferential depletion of CD4⁺ Th17 cells correlates with mucosal immune dysfunction and disease progression. Interleukin (IL)-21 promotes differentiation of Th17 cells, long-term maintenance of functional CD8⁺ T cells, and differentiation of memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. We hypothesized that administration of IL-21 will improve mucosal function in the context of pathogenic HIV/SIV infections. To test this hypothesis, we infected 12 RMs with SIV(mac239) and at day 14 post-infection treated six of them with rhesus rIL-21-IgFc. IL-21-treatment was safe and did not increase plasma viral load or systemic immune activation. Compared to untreated animals, IL-21-treated RMs showed (i) higher expression of perforin and granzyme B in total and SIV-specific CD8⁺ T cells and (ii) higher levels of intestinal Th17 cells. Remarkably, increased levels of Th17 cells were associated with reduced levels of intestinal T cell proliferation, microbial translocation and systemic activation/inflammation in the chronic infection. In conclusion, IL-21-treatment in SIV-infected RMs improved mucosal immune function through enhanced preservation of Th17 cells. Further preclinical studies of IL-21 may be warranted to test its potential use during chronic infection in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary S. Ende
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robin I. Iriele
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benton Lawson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colleen S. McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Savita Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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