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Santos M, Melo T, Maurício T, Ferreira H, Domingues P, Domingues R. The non-enzymatic oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and their intriguing roles in inflammation dynamics and diseases. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39097985 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), along with phosphatidylcholine (PC), are key phospholipids (PL) in cell membranes and lipoproteins, prone to oxidative modifications. Their oxidized forms, OxPE and OxPS, play significant roles in inflammation and immune response. This review explores their structural oxidative changes under non-enzymatic conditions and their roles in physiological and pathological contexts, influencing inflammation, and immunity. Specific oxidations of PE and PS significantly alter their physicochemical properties, leading to enhanced biological functions, reduced activity, or inactivation. OxPE may show pro-inflammatory actions, similar to well-documented OxPC, while the OxPS pro-inflammatory effects are less noted. However, OxPS and OxPE have also shown an antagonistic effect against lipopolysaccharides (LPS), suggesting a protective role against exacerbated immune responses, similar to OxPC. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of these less-studied OxPL classes. The role of OxPE and OxPS in disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored, with limited studies linking them to Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic brain injury, and skin inflammation. These findings highlight the potential of OxPE and OxPS as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Maurício
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
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Siddiqui U, Khan AB, Ahmad T, Rehman AA, Jairajpuri MA. A common protein C inhibitor exosite partially controls the heparin induced activation and inhibition of serine proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131065. [PMID: 38521329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Protein C inhibitor (PCI) maintains hemostasis by inhibiting both procoagulant and anticoagulant serine proteases, and plays important roles in coagulation, fibrinolysis, reproduction, and anti-angiogenesis. The reactive site loop of PCI traps and irreversibly inhibits the proteases like APC (activating protein C), thrombin (FIIa) and factor Xa (FXa). Previous studies on antithrombin (ATIII) had identified Tyr253 and Glu255 as functional exosites that interact and aid in the inhibition of factor IXa and FXa. Presence of exosite in PCI is not known, however a sequence comparison with the PCI from different vertebrate species and ATIII identified Glu239 to be absolutely conserved. PCI residues analogous to ATIII exosite residues were mutated to R238A and E239A. Purified variant PCI in the presence of heparin (10 μg/ml) showed a 2-4 fold decrease in the rate of inhibition of the proteases. However, the stoichiometry of inhibition of FIIa, APC, and FXa by native PCI, R238A and E239A variants were found to be close to 1.0, which also indicated the formation of stable complexes based on SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis with thrombin and APC. Our findings revealed the possible presence of an exosite in PCI that influences the protease inhibition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urfi Siddiqui
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abdul Burhan Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tahif Ahmad
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ahmed Abdur Rehman
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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Crist AM, Hinkle KM, Wang X, Moloney CM, Matchett BJ, Labuzan SA, Frankenhauser I, Azu NO, Liesinger AM, Lesser ER, Serie DJ, Quicksall ZS, Patel TA, Carnwath TP, DeTure M, Tang X, Petersen RC, Duara R, Graff-Radford NR, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Li H, Ross OA, Ertekin-Taner N, Dickson DW, Asmann YW, Carter RE, Murray ME. Transcriptomic analysis to identify genes associated with selective hippocampal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2311. [PMID: 33875655 PMCID: PMC8055900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective vulnerability of different brain regions is seen in many neurodegenerative disorders. The hippocampus and cortex are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD), however the degree of involvement of the different brain regions differs among patients. We classified corticolimbic patterns of neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem tissue to capture extreme and representative phenotypes. We combined bulk RNA sequencing with digital pathology to examine hippocampal vulnerability in AD. We identified hippocampal gene expression changes associated with hippocampal vulnerability and used machine learning to identify genes that were associated with AD neuropathology, including SERPINA5, RYBP, SLC38A2, FEM1B, and PYDC1. Further histologic and biochemical analyses suggested SERPINA5 expression is associated with tau expression in the brain. Our study highlights the importance of embracing heterogeneity of the human brain in disease to identify disease-relevant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Crist
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly M Hinkle
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Frankenhauser
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nkem O Azu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Lesser
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Tulsi A Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Troy P Carnwath
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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4
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Nie J, Yang J, Wei Y, Wei X. The role of oxidized phospholipids in the development of disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100909. [PMID: 33023753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), complex mixtures of phospholipid oxidation products generated during normal or pathological processes, are increasingly recognized to show bioactive effects on many cellular signalling pathways. There is a growing body of evidence showing that OxPLs play an important role in many diseases, so it is essential to define the specific role of OxPLs in different diseases for the design of disease therapies. In vastly diverse pathological processes, OxPLs act as pro-inflammatory agents and contribute to the progression of many diseases; in addition, they play a role in anti-inflammatory processes, promoting the dissipation of inflammation and inhibiting the progression of some diseases. In addition to participating in the regulation of inflammatory responses, OxPLs affect the occurrence and development of diseases through other pathways, such as apoptosis promotion. In this review, the different and even opposite effects of different OxPL molecular species are discussed. Furthermore, the specific effects of OxPLs in various diseases, as well as the receptor and cellular mechanisms involved, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Nie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiration, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, 650032, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Membrane Phospholipids and Polyphosphates as Cofactors and Binding Molecules of SERPINA12 (vaspin). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081992. [PMID: 32344508 PMCID: PMC7221550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) is a member of the serpin family and has been shown to have beneficial effects on glucose tolerance, insulin stability as well as adipose tissue inflammation, parameters seriously affected by obesity. Some of these effects require inhibition of target proteases such as kallikrein 7(KLK7) and many studies have demonstrated vaspin-mediated activation of intracellular signaling cascades in various cells and tissues. So far, little is known about the exact mechanism how vaspin may trigger these intracellular signaling events. In this study, we investigated and characterized the interaction of vaspin with membrane lipids and polyphosphates as well as their potential regulatory effects on serpin activity using recombinant vaspin and KLK7 proteins and functional protein variants thereof. Here, we show for the first time that vaspin binds to phospholipids and polyphosphates with varying effects on KLK7 inhibition. Vaspin binds strongly to monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsP) with no effect on vaspin activation. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) measurements revealed high-affinity binding to polyphosphate 45 (KD: 466 ± 75 nM) and activation of vaspin in a heparin-like manner. Furthermore, we identified additional residues in the heparin binding site in β-sheet A by mutating five basic residues resulting in complete loss of high-affinity heparin binding. Finally, using lipid overlay assays, we show that these residues are additionally involved in PtdInsP binding. Phospholipids play a major role in membrane trafficking and signaling whereas polyphosphates are procoagulant and proinflammatory agents. The identification of phospholipids and polyphosphates as binding partners of vaspin will contribute to the understanding of vaspins involvement in membrane trafficking, signaling and beneficial effects associated with obesity.
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6
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Colombo S, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Mass spectrometry strategies to unveil modified aminophospholipids of biological interest. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:323-355. [PMID: 30597614 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions of modified aminophospholipids (APL) have become a topic of interest during the last two decades, and distinct roles have been found for these biomolecules in both physiological and pathological contexts. Modifications of APL include oxidation, glycation, and adduction to electrophilic aldehydes, altogether contributing to a high structural variability of modified APL. An outstanding technique used in this challenging field is mass spectrometry (MS). MS has been widely used to unveil modified APL of biological interest, mainly when associated with soft ionization methods (electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) and coupled with separation techniques as liquid chromatography. This review summarizes the biological roles and the chemical mechanisms underlying APL modifications, and comprehensively reviews the current MS-based knowledge that has been gathered until now for their analysis. The interpretation of the MS data obtained by in vitro-identification studies is explained in detail. The perspective of an analytical detection of modified APL in clinical samples is explored, highlighting the fundamental role of MS in unveiling APL modifications and their relevance in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Upchurch C, Leitinger N. Biologically Active Lipids in Vascular Biology. FUNDAMENTALS OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12270-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Binding of Serpins to Immobilized Phospholipids and Phospholipids in Suspension. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30194597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8645-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Binding of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) to nonprotein ligands such as glycosaminoglycans or phospholipids has been shown to modify their inhibitory activity and-at least in the case of SERPINA5-to mediate serpin internalization into cells. Also phospholipid functions may be altered when bound to serpins or other proteins.By interacting with phospholipids, serpins might influence a variety of cellular functions. Binding of proteins to phospholipids can be studied by several methods. Here we describe solid-phase assays, in which pure phospholipids are immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes, PVDF membranes, or microtiter plates. Bound proteins are detected with specific antibodies and labeled secondary antibodies. We also describe a method visualizing binding of phospholipids in suspension by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by Western blotting.
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9
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Lamade AM, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Oxidized phospholipid signaling in traumatic brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:493-503. [PMID: 29964171 PMCID: PMC6098726 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to secondary injury signaling cascades following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The role of lipid peroxidation in the pathophysiology of a traumatic insult to neural tissue is increasingly recognized. As the methods to quantify lipid peroxidation have gradually improved, so has the understanding of mechanistic details of lipid peroxidation and related signaling events in the injury pathogenesis. While free-radical mediated, non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation has long been studied, recent advances in redox lipidomics have demonstrated the significant contribution of enzymatic lipid peroxidation to TBI pathogenesis. Complex interactions between inflammation, phospholipid peroxidation, and hydrolysis define the engagement of different cell death programs and the severity of injury and outcome. This review focuses on enzymatic phospholipid peroxidation after TBI, including the mechanism of production, signaling roles in secondary injury pathology, and temporal course of production with respect to inflammatory response. In light of the newly identified phospholipid oxidation mechanisms, we also discuss possible therapeutic targets to improve neurocognitive outcome after TBI. Finally, we discuss current limitations in identifying oxidized phospholipids and possible methodologic improvements that can offer a deeper insight into the region-specific distribution and subcellular localization of phospholipid oxidation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Kenny
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Andrew M Lamade
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics in Biomedicine, Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States.
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10
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Colombo S, Coliva G, Kraj A, Chervet JP, Fedorova M, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Electrochemical oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamines studied by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:223-233. [PMID: 29282829 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Giulia Coliva
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Wahlmüller FC, Sokolikova B, Rieger D, Geiger M. New lipid interaction partners stimulate the inhibition of activated protein C by cell-penetrating protein C inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:41-52. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SummaryProtein C inhibitor (PCI, SerpinA5) is a heparin-binding serpin which can penetrate through cellular membranes. Selected negatively charged phospholipids like unsaturated phosphatidylserine and oxidised phosphatidylethanolamine bind to PCI and stimulate its inhibitory activity towards different proteases. The interaction of phospholipids with PCI might also alter the lipid distribution pattern of blood cells and influence the remodelling of cellular membranes. Here we showed that PCI is an additional binding partner of phosphatidic acid (PA), cardiolipin (CL), and phosphoinositides (PIPs). Protein lipid overlay assays exhibited a unique binding pattern of PCI towards different lipid species. In addition PA, CL, and unsaturated, monophosphorylated PIPs stimulated the inhibitory property of PCI towards activated protein C in a heparin like manner. As shown for kallistatin (SerpinA4) and vaspin (SerpinA12), the incubation of cells with PCI led to the activation of protein kinase B (AKT), which could be achieved through direct interaction of PCI with PIPs. This model is supported by the fact that PCI stimulated the PIP-dependent 5-phosphatase SHIP2 in vitro, which would result in AKT activation. Hence the interaction of PCI with different lipids might not only stimulate the inhibition of potential target protease by PCI, but could also alter intracellular lipid signalling.
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12
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Huang X, Liu B, Wei Y, Beyea R, Yan H, Olson ST. Lipid oxidation inactivates the anticoagulant function of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14625-14635. [PMID: 28717005 PMCID: PMC5582853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid oxidation due to oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and thrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Several findings suggest that lipid peroxidation can alter the function of coagulation proteins and contribute to a hypercoagulable state, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that oxidized phospholipids suppress the anticoagulant function of the serpin, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a specific inhibitor of membrane-associated factor Xa (FXa) that requires protein Z (PZ), phospholipid, and calcium as cofactors. We found that this suppression arises from a diminished ability of the oxidized membrane to function as a cofactor to promote ZPI inhibition of membrane-bound FXa, due fully or in part to the susceptibility of the bound ZPI-PZ complex to oxidative inactivation. Surprisingly, free ZPI was also susceptible to inactivation by oxidized membrane vesicles in the absence of calcium. Oxidized vesicles containing both phosphatidylserine and polyunsaturated fatty acids were required to promote inactivation of the ZPI-PZ complex or free ZPI, indicating that binding of the PZ-complexed or free ZPI to peroxide-modified phospholipid vesicles mediates the inactivation. Heparin protected the ZPI-PZ complex and free ZPI from inactivation, suggesting that blocking the heparin-binding site on ZPI interferes with ZPI binding to lipid or to PZ. This was confirmed by direct lipid-binding experiments. Native PAGE indicated that oxidization induced dissociation of the ZPI-PZ complex and increased the negative charge of ZPI. We conclude that compromised ZPI anticoagulant function could contribute to thrombus initiation and growth in oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | | | | | - Ryan Beyea
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Han Yan
- Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Steven T Olson
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
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13
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Cell penetrating SERPINA5 (ProteinC inhibitor, PCI): More questions than answers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 62:187-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Wahlmüller FC, Yang H, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. Regulation of the Extracellular SERPINA5 (Protein C Inhibitor) Penetration Through Cellular Membranes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639251 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is impermeable for proteins and peptides and that these molecules require special mechanisms for their transport from the extra- to the intracellular space. Recently there is increasing evidence that certain proteins/peptides can also directly cross the phospholipid membrane. SERPINA5 (protein C inhibitor) is a secreted protease inhibitor with broad protease reactivity and wide tissue distribution. It binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospoholipids, which can modulate its inhibitory activity. SERPINA5 has been shown to be internalized by platelets, granulocytes, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, and by Jurkat lymphoma cells. Once inside the cell it can translocate to the nucleus. There are several indications that SERPINA5 can directly cross the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. In this review we will describe what is known so far about the conditions, as well as the cellular and molecular requirements for SERPINA5 translocation through the cell membrane and for its penetration of pure phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Wahlmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanjiang Yang
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Einfinger K, Badrnya S, Furtmüller M, Handschuh D, Lindner H, Geiger M. Phospholipid Binding Protein C Inhibitor (PCI) Is Present on Microparticles Generated In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143137. [PMID: 26580551 PMCID: PMC4651509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein C inhibitor is a secreted, non-specific serine protease inhibitor with broad protease reactivity. It binds glycosaminoglycans and anionic phospholipids, which can modulate its activity. Anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine are normally localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, but are exposed on activated and apoptotic cells and on plasma membrane-derived microparticles. In this report we show by flow cytometry that microparticles derived from cultured cells and activated platelets incorporated protein C inhibitor during membrane blebbing. Moreover, protein C inhibitor is present in/on microparticles circulating in normal human plasma as judged from Western blots, ELISAs, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry. These plasma microparticles are mainly derived from megakaryocytes. They seem to be saturated with protein C inhibitor, since they do not bind added fluorescence-labeled protein C inhibitor. Heparin partially removed microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor, supporting our assumption that protein C inhibitor is bound via phospholipids. To assess the biological role of microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor we performed protease inhibition assays and co-precipitated putative binding partners on microparticles with anti-protein C inhibitor IgG. As judged from amidolytic assays microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor did not inhibit activated protein C or thrombin, nor did microparticles modulate the activity of exogenous protein C inhibitor. Among the proteins co-precipitating with protein C inhibitor, complement factors, especially complement factor 3, were most striking. Taken together, our data do not support a major role of microparticle-associated protein C inhibitor in coagulation, but rather suggest an interaction with proteins of the complement system present on these phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Einfinger
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrun Badrnya
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Handschuh
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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16
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Yang H, Wahlmüller FC, Uhrin P, Baumgartner R, Mitulovic G, Sarg B, Geiger M, Zellner M. Proteome analysis of testis from infertile protein C inhibitor-deficient mice reveals novel changes in serpin processing and prostaglandin metabolism. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2837-2840. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Yang
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Felix Christof Wahlmüller
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Goran Mitulovic
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Proteomics Core Facility; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Maria Zellner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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17
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Yang H, Wahlmüller FC, Sarg B, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. A+-helix of protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a cell-penetrating peptide that mediates cell membrane permeation of PCI. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3081-91. [PMID: 25488662 PMCID: PMC4317013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a serpin with broad protease reactivity. It binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospholipids that can modulate its inhibitory activity. PCI can penetrate through cellular membranes via binding to phosphatidylethanolamine. The exact mechanism of PCI internalization and the intracellular role of the serpin are not well understood. Here we showed that testisin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease, cleaved human PCI and mouse PCI (mPCI) at their reactive sites as well as at sites close to their N terminus. This cleavage was observed not only with testisin in solution but also with cell membrane-anchored testisin on U937 cells. The cleavage close to the N terminus released peptides rich in basic amino acids. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the released peptides of human PCI (His1–Arg11) and mPCI (Arg1–Ala18) functioned as cell-penetrating peptides. Because intact mPCI but not testisin-cleaved mPCI was internalized by Jurkat T cells, a truncated mPCI mimicking testisin-cleaved mPCI was created. The truncated mPCI lacking 18 amino acids at the N terminus was not taken up by Jurkat T cells. Therefore our model suggests that testisin or other proteases could regulate the internalization of PCI by removing its N terminus. This may represent one of the mechanisms regulating the intracellular functions of PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Yang
- From the Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Felix Christof Wahlmüller
- From the Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- From the Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- From the Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and
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18
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Rieger D, Assinger A, Einfinger K, Sokolikova B, Geiger M. Protein C inhibitor (PCI) binds to phosphatidylserine exposing cells with implications in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and activated platelets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101794. [PMID: 25000564 PMCID: PMC4084980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein C Inhibitor (PCI) is a secreted serine protease inhibitor, belonging to the family of serpins. In addition to activated protein C PCI inactivates several other proteases of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, suggesting a regulatory role in hemostasis. Glycosaminoglycans and certain negatively charged phospholipids, like phosphatidylserine, bind to PCI and modulate its activity. Phosphatidylerine (PS) is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells and known as a phagocytosis marker. We hypothesized that PCI might bind to PS exposed on apoptotic cells and thereby influence their removal by phagocytosis. Using Jurkat T-lymphocytes and U937 myeloid cells, we show here that PCI binds to apoptotic cells to a similar extent at the same sites as Annexin V, but in a different manner as compared to live cells (defined spots on ∼10-30% of cells). PCI dose dependently decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic Jurkat cells by U937 macrophages. Moreover, the phagocytosis of PS exposing, activated platelets by human blood derived monocytes declined in the presence of PCI. In U937 cells the expression of PCI as well as the surface binding of PCI increased with time of phorbol ester treatment/macrophage differentiation. The results of this study suggest a role of PCI not only for the function and/or maturation of macrophages, but also as a negative regulator of apoptotic cell and activated platelets removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rieger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Physiology, Center for Phsiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Einfinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbora Sokolikova
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Postprandial changes in the phospholipid composition of circulating microparticles are not associated with coagulation activation. Thromb Res 2012; 130:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Prohaska TA, Wahlmüller FC, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. Interaction of protein C inhibitor with the type II transmembrane serine protease enteropeptidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39262. [PMID: 22723979 PMCID: PMC3378520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor protein C inhibitor (PCI) is expressed in many human tissues and exhibits broad protease reactivity. PCI binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospholipids, which modulate its inhibitory activity. Enteropeptidase (EP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease mainly found on the brush border membrane of epithelial cells in the duodenum, where it activates trypsinogen to initiate the digestion of food proteins. Some active EP is also present in duodenal fluid and has been made responsible for causing pancreatitis in case of duodeno-pancreatic reflux. Together with its substrate trypsinogen, EP is furthermore present in the epidermis and in some cancer cells. In this report, we show that PCI inhibited EP with an apparent 2nd order rate constant of 4.48 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). Low molecular weight (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) slightly reduced the inhibitory effect of PCI. The SI (stoichiometry of inhibition) value for the inhibition of EP by PCI was 10.8 in the absence and 17.9 in the presence of UFH (10 U/ml). By inhibiting trypsin, chymotrypsin, and additionally EP, PCI might play a role in the protection of the pancreas from autodigestion. Furthermore the interaction of PCI with EP may influence the regulation of epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Prohaska
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix C. Wahlmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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21
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Calvo E, Mizurini DM, Sá-Nunes A, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF, Mans BJ, Monteiro RQ, Kotsyfakis M, Francischetti IMB. Alboserpin, a factor Xa inhibitor from the mosquito vector of yellow fever, binds heparin and membrane phospholipids and exhibits antithrombotic activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27998-8010. [PMID: 21673107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of factor Xa (FXa) inhibition by Alboserpin, the major salivary gland anticoagulant from the mosquito and yellow fever vector Aedes albopictus, has been characterized. cDNA of Alboserpin predicts a 45-kDa protein that belongs to the serpin family of protease inhibitors. Recombinant Alboserpin displays stoichiometric, competitive, reversible and tight binding to FXa (picomolar range). Binding is highly specific and is not detectable for FX, catalytic site-blocked FXa, thrombin, and 12 other enzymes. Alboserpin displays high affinity binding to heparin (K(D) ~ 20 nM), but no change in FXa inhibition was observed in the presence of the cofactor, implying that bridging mechanisms did not take place. Notably, Alboserpin was also found to interact with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but not with phosphatidylserine. Further, annexin V (in the absence of Ca(2+)) or heparin outcompetes Alboserpin for binding to phospholipid vesicles, suggesting a common binding site. Consistent with its activity, Alboserpin blocks prothrombinase activity and increases both prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in vitro or ex vivo. Furthermore, Alboserpin prevents thrombus formation provoked by ferric chloride injury of the carotid artery and increases bleeding in a dose-dependent manner. Alboserpin emerges as an atypical serpin that targets FXa and displays unique phospholipid specificity. It conceivably uses heparin and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine as anchors to increase protein localization and effective concentration at sites of injury, cell activation, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Calvo
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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22
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Bochkov VN, Oskolkova OV, Birukov KG, Levonen AL, Binder CJ, Stöckl J. Generation and biological activities of oxidized phospholipids. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1009-59. [PMID: 19686040 PMCID: PMC3121779 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids represent a common class of lipids critically important for integrity of cellular membranes. Oxidation of esterified unsaturated fatty acids dramatically changes biological activities of phospholipids. Apart from impairment of their structural function, oxidation makes oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) markers of "modified-self" type that are recognized by soluble and cell-associated receptors of innate immunity, including scavenger receptors, natural (germ line-encoded) antibodies, and C-reactive protein, thus directing removal of senescent and apoptotic cells or oxidized lipoproteins. In addition, OxPLs acquire novel biological activities not characteristic of their unoxidized precursors, including the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Effects of OxPLs described in vitro and in vivo suggest their potential relevance in different pathologies, including atherosclerosis, acute inflammation, lung injury, and many other conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, structures, and biological activities of OxPLs. Furthermore, potential applications of OxPLs as disease biomarkers, as well as experimental therapies targeting OxPLs, are described, providing a broad overview of an emerging class of lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery N Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Wagenaar GTM, Uhrin P, Weipoltshammer K, Almeder M, Hiemstra PS, Geiger M, Meijers JCM, Schöfer C. Expression patterns of protein C inhibitor in mouse development. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:27-37. [PMID: 20229239 PMCID: PMC2852590 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of extracellular matrix is an important requirement for embryonic development and is instrumental in processes such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and cell migration. Efficient remodeling requires controlled spatio-temporal expression of both the proteases and their inhibitors. Protein C inhibitor (PCI) effectively blocks a range of serine proteases, and recently has been suggested to play a role in cell differentiation and angiogenesis. In this study, we mapped the expression pattern of PCI throughout mouse development using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We detected a wide-spread, yet distinct expression pattern with prominent PCI levels in skin including vibrissae, and in fore- and hindgut. Further sites of PCI expression were choroid plexus of brain ventricles, heart, skeletal muscles, urogenital tract, and cartilages. A strong and stage-dependent PCI expression was observed in the developing lung. In the pseudoglandular stage, PCI expression was present in distal branching tubules whereas proximal tubules did not express PCI. Later in development, in the saccular stage, PCI expression was restricted to distal bronchioli whereas sacculi did not express PCI. PCI expression declined in postnatal stages and was not detected in adult lungs. In general, embryonic PCI expression indicates multifunctional roles of PCI during mouse development. The expression pattern of PCI during lung development suggests its possible involvement in lung morphogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry T. M. Wagenaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Weipoltshammer
- Department for Cell- and Developmental Biology, Developmental Biology and Functional Microscopy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Almeder
- Department for Cell- and Developmental Biology, Developmental Biology and Functional Microscopy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joost C. M. Meijers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Schöfer
- Department for Cell- and Developmental Biology, Developmental Biology and Functional Microscopy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Komponenten des fibrinolytischen Systems. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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25
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van Beers EJ, Schaap MCL, Berckmans RJ, Nieuwland R, Sturk A, van Doormaal FF, Meijers JCM, Biemond BJ. Circulating erythrocyte-derived microparticles are associated with coagulation activation in sickle cell disease. Haematologica 2009; 94:1513-9. [PMID: 19815831 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.008938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease is characterized by a hypercoagulable state as a result of multiple factors, including chronic hemolysis and circulating cell-derived microparticles. There is still no consensus on the cellular origin of such microparticles and the exact mechanism by which they may enhance coagulation activation in sickle cell disease. DESIGN AND METHODS In the present study, we analyzed the origin of circulating microparticles and their procoagulant phenotype during painful crises and steady state in 25 consecutive patients with sickle cell disease. RESULTS The majority of microparticles originated from platelets (GPIIIa,CD61) and erythrocytes (glycophorin A,CD235), and their numbers did not differ significantly between crisis and steady state. Erythrocyte-derived microparticles strongly correlated with plasma levels of markers of hemolysis, i.e. hemoglobin (r=-0.58, p<0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (r=0.59, p<0.001), von Willebrand factor as a marker of platelet/endothelial activation (r=0.44, p<0.001), and D-dimer and prothrombin fragment F1+2 (r=0.52, p<0.001 and r=0.59, p<0.001, respectively) as markers of fibrinolysis and coagulation activation. Thrombin generation depended on the total number of microparticles (r=0.63, p<0.001). Anti-human factor XI inhibited thrombin generation by about 50% (p<0.001), whereas anti-human factor VII was ineffective (p>0.05). The extent of factor XI inhibition was associated with erythrocyte-derived microparticles (r=0.50, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the procoagulant state in sickle cell disease is partially explained by the factor XI-dependent procoagulant properties of circulating erythrocyte-derived microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard J van Beers
- Department of Haematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. PCI was initially found to be an inhibitor of activated protein C, and later shown to be a potent inhibitor of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis such as that mediated by urokinase type-plasminogen activator. Therefore, the protein came to be known as plasminogen activator inhibitor-3. It also inhibits proteases involved in fertilization. PCI is broadly conserved, and is found in human, rhesus monkey, cow, rabbit, rat, mouse and chicken. The human PCI gene is located on chromosome 14q32.1 in a cluster of genes encoding related serpins. Sp1- and AP2-binding sites in the 5'-flanking region act as promoter and enhancer, respectively, for its expression in the liver. PCI mRNA is expressed in many organs in primates, but only in the reproductive organs in rodents. Recent studies using transgenic mice expressing the human gene have suggested that PCI is also involved in regulation of lung remodeling, tissue regeneration, vascular permeability, proteolysis in the kidney and tumor cell invasion. A protease inhibitor-independent activity of PCI, the prevention of anti-angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells, has also been observed. Thus, PCI is a unique multi-functional serpin playing diverse roles in the thrombosis and hemostasis in multiple organs and tissues of a variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Mie, Japan.
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27
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The role of phospholipid oxidation products in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: evidence from animal models and in humans. Subcell Biochem 2008; 49:325-50. [PMID: 18751917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8830-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and their implication as modulators of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, roles for these lipid oxidation products have been suggested in many other disease settings. Lipid oxidation products accumulate in inflamed and oxidatively damaged tissue, where they are derived from oxidative modification of lipoproteins, but also from membranes of cells undergoing apoptosis. Thus, increased oxidative stress as well as decreased clearance of apoptotic cells has been implied to contribute to accumulation of OxPL in chronically inflamed tissues.A central role for OxPL in disease states associated with dyslipedemia, including atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications, metabolic syndrome, and renal insufficiency, as well as general prothrombotic states, has been proposed. In addition, in organs which are constantly exposed to oxidative stress, including lung, skin, and eyes, increased levels of OxPL are suggested to contribute to inflammatory conditions. Moreover, accumulation of OxPL causes general immunmodulation and may lead to autoimmune diseases. Evidence is accumulating that OxPL play a role in lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Last but not least, a role for OxPL in neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease has been suggested.This chapter will summarize recent findings obtained in animal models and from studies in humans that indicate that formation of OxPL represents a general mechanism that may play a major role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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28
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Sun W, Parry S, Panico M, Morris HR, Kjellberg M, Engström A, Dell A, Schedin-Weiss S. N-glycans and the N terminus of protein C inhibitor affect the cofactor-enhanced rates of thrombin inhibition. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18601-11. [PMID: 18467335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800608200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a serine protease inhibitor, displaying broad protease specificity, found in blood and other tissues. In blood, it is capable of inhibiting both procoagulant and anticoagulant proteases. Mechanisms that provide specificity to PCI remain largely unrevealed. In this study we have for the first time provided a full explanation for the marked size heterogeneity of blood-derived PCI and identified functional differences between naturally occurring PCI variants. The heterogeneity was caused by differences in N-glycan structures, N-glycosylation occupancy, and the presence of a Delta6-N-cleaved form. Bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex N-glycans were identified. Fucose residues were identified both on the core GlcNAc and as parts of sialyl-Le(a/x) epitopes. Moreover, a glycan with a composition that implied a di-sialyl antenna was observed. PCI was N-glycosylated at all three potential N-glycosylation sites, Asn-230, Asn-243, and Asn-319, but a small fraction of PCI lacked the N-glycan at Asn-243. The overall removal of N-glycans affected the maximal heparin- and thrombomodulin-enhanced rates of thrombin inhibition differently in different solution conditions. In contrast, the Delta6-N-region increased both the heparin- and the thrombomodulin-enhanced rates of thrombin inhibition at all conditions examined. These results thus demonstrate that the N-linked glycans and the N-terminal region of blood-derived PCI in different ways affect the cofactor-enhanced rates of thrombin inhibition and provide information on the mechanisms by which this may be achieved. The findings are medically important, in view of the documented association of PCI with atherosclerotic plaques and the promising effect of PCI on reducing hypercoagulability states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
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29
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Baumgärtner P, Geiger M, Zieseniss S, Malleier J, Huntington JA, Hochrainer K, Bielek E, Stoeckelhuber M, Lauber K, Scherfeld D, Schwille P, Wäldele K, Beyer K, Engelmann B. Phosphatidylethanolamine critically supports internalization of cell-penetrating protein C inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:793-804. [PMID: 18025309 PMCID: PMC2080921 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although their contribution remains unclear, lipids may facilitate noncanonical routes of protein internalization into cells such as those used by cell-penetrating proteins. We show that protein C inhibitor (PCI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), rapidly transverses the plasma membrane, which persists at low temperatures and enables its nuclear targeting in vitro and in vivo. Cell membrane translocation of PCI necessarily requires phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In parallel, PCI acts as a lipid transferase for PE. The internalized serpin promotes phagocytosis of bacteria, thus suggesting a function in host defense. Membrane insertion of PCI depends on the conical shape of PE and is associated with the formation of restricted aqueous compartments within the membrane. Gain- and loss-of-function mutations indicate that the transmembrane passage of PCI requires a branched cavity between its helices H and D, which, according to docking studies, precisely accommodates PE. Our findings show that its specific shape enables cell surface PE to drive plasma membrane translocation of cell-penetrating PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumgärtner
- Vaskuläre Biologie und Hämostase, Institut für Klinische Chemie, 81377 Munich, Germany
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