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Rausch J, Ullrich E, Kühn MW. Epigenetic targeting to enhance acute myeloid leukemia-directed immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269012. [PMID: 37809078 PMCID: PMC10556528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AML is a malignant disease of hematopoietic progenitor cells with unsatisfactory treatment outcome, especially in patients that are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, comprising checkpoint inhibition, T-cell engaging antibody constructs, and cellular therapies, has dramatically improved the outcome of patients with solid tumors and lymphatic neoplasms. In AML, these approaches have been far less successful. Discussed reasons are the relatively low mutational burden of AML blasts and the difficulty in defining AML-specific antigens not expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells. On the other hand, epigenetic dysregulation is an essential driver of leukemogenesis, and non-selective hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are the current backbone of non-intensive treatment. The first clinical trials that evaluated whether HMAs may improve immune checkpoint inhibitors' efficacy showed modest efficacy except for the anti-CD47 antibody that was substantially more efficient against AML when combined with azacitidine. Combining bispecific antibodies or cellular treatments with HMAs is subject to ongoing clinical investigation, and efficacy data are awaited shortly. More selective second-generation inhibitors targeting specific chromatin regulators have demonstrated promising preclinical activity against AML and are currently evaluated in clinical trials. These drugs that commonly cause leukemia cell differentiation potentially sensitize AML to immune-based treatments by co-regulating immune checkpoints, providing a pro-inflammatory environment, and inducing (neo)-antigen expression. Combining selective targeted epigenetic drugs with (cellular) immunotherapy is, therefore, a promising approach to avoid unintended effects and augment efficacy. Future studies will provide detailed information on how these compounds influence specific immune functions that may enable translation into clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rausch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Children’s Hospital, Experimental Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCT), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael W.M. Kühn
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Tien FM, Lu HH, Lin SY, Tsai HC. Epigenetic remodeling of the immune landscape in cancer: therapeutic hurdles and opportunities. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:3. [PMID: 36627707 PMCID: PMC9832644 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment represents a sophisticated ecosystem where various immune cell subtypes communicate with cancer cells and stromal cells. The dynamic cellular composition and functional characteristics of the immune landscape along the trajectory of cancer development greatly impact the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcome in patients receiving systemic antitumor therapy. Mounting evidence has suggested that epigenetic mechanisms are the underpinning of many aspects of antitumor immunity and facilitate immune state transitions during differentiation, activation, inhibition, or dysfunction. Thus, targeting epigenetic modifiers to remodel the immune microenvironment holds great potential as an integral part of anticancer regimens. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic profiles and key epigenetic modifiers in individual immune cell types that define the functional coordinates of tumor permissive and non-permissive immune landscapes. We discuss the immunomodulatory roles of current and prospective epigenetic therapeutic agents, which may open new opportunities in enhancing cancer immunotherapy or overcoming existing therapeutic challenges in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ming Tien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
- Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chen Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.
- Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Rm542, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.
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3
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Pulsipher MA, Ahn KW, Bunin NJ, Lalefar N, Anderson E, Flower A, Cairo MS, Talano JA, Chaudhury S, Kitko CL, Duke JL, Monos D, Leung W, Dvorak CC, Abdel-Azim H. KIR-favorable TCR-αβ/CD19-depleted haploidentical HCT in children with ALL/AML/MDS: primary analysis of the PTCTC ONC1401 trial. Blood 2022; 140:2556-2572. [PMID: 35776909 PMCID: PMC9918850 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a prospective multicenter study of T-cell receptor αβ (TCR-αβ)/CD19-depleted haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in children with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), to determine 1-year disease-free survival (DFS) and compare 2-year outcomes with recipients of other donor cell sources. Fifty-one patients aged 0.7 to 21 years were enrolled; donors were killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) favorable based on ligand mismatch and/or high B content. The 1-year DFS was 78%. Superior 2-year DFS and overall survival (OS) were noted in patients <10 years of age, those treated with reduced toxicity conditioning (RTC) rather than myeloablative conditioning, and children with minimal residual disease <0.01% before HCT. Multivariate analysis comparing the KIR-favorable haploidentical cohort with controls showed similar DFS and OS compared with other donor cell sources. Multivariate analysis also showed a marked decrease in the risk of grades 2 to 4 and 3 to 4 acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), chronic GVHD, and transplant-related mortality vs other donor cell sources. Ethnic and racial minorities accounted for 53% of enrolled patients, and data from a large cohort of recipients/donors screened for KIR showed that >80% of recipients had a KIR-favorable donor by our definition, demonstrating that this approach is broadly applicable to groups often unable to find donors. This prospective, multicenter study showed improved outcomes using TCR-αβ/CD19-depleted haploidentical donors using RTC for children with acute leukemia and MDS. Randomized trials comparing this approach with matched unrelated donors are warranted. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02646839.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Pulsipher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Intermountain Primary Children’s Hospital, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kwang W. Ahn
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Milwaukee, WI
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Nancy J. Bunin
- Division of Oncology, Center for Childhood Cancer Research and Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nahal Lalefar
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, Oakland, CA
| | - Eric Anderson
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego and UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Julie-An Talano
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Carrie L. Kitko
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jamie L. Duke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dimitrios Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wing Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke-National University Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher C. Dvorak
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Section of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Loma Linda University, School of Medicine Cancer Center, Children Hospital and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA
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4
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Stomper J, Rotondo JC, Greve G, Lübbert M. Hypomethylating agents (HMA) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: mechanisms of resistance and novel HMA-based therapies. Leukemia 2021; 35:1873-1889. [PMID: 33958699 PMCID: PMC8257497 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in tumor development and progression. DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) constitute a class of drugs which are able to reverse DNA methylation, thereby triggering the re-programming of tumor cells. The first-generation HMA azacitidine and decitabine have now been in standard clinical use for some time, offering a valuable alternative to previous treatments in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, so far particularly in older, medically non-fit patients. However, the longer we use these drugs, the more we are confronted with the (almost inevitable) development of resistance. This review provides insights into the mode of action of HMA, mechanisms of resistance to this treatment, and strategies to overcome HMA resistance including next-generation HMA and HMA-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stomper
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Greve
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Xia M, Wang B, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang X. Epigenetic Regulation of NK Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672328. [PMID: 34017344 PMCID: PMC8129532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate lymphocytes that can directly kill target cells without prior immunization. NK cell activation is controlled by the balance of multiple germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells are a heterogeneous and plastic population displaying a broad spectrum of functional states (resting, activating, memory, repressed, and exhausted). In this review, we present an overview of the epigenetic regulation of NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity, including DNA methylation, histone modification, transcription factor changes, and microRNA expression. NK cell-based immunotherapy has been recognized as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Since epigenetic alterations are reversible and druggable, these studies will help identify new ways to enhance NK cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity by targeting intrinsic epigenetic regulators alone or in combination with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoran Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Flahou C, Morishima T, Takizawa H, Sugimoto N. Fit-For-All iPSC-Derived Cell Therapies and Their Evaluation in Humanized Mice With NK Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662360. [PMID: 33897711 PMCID: PMC8059435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be limitlessly expanded and differentiated into almost all cell types. Moreover, they are amenable to gene manipulation and, because they are established from somatic cells, can be established from essentially any person. Based on these characteristics, iPSCs have been extensively studied as cell sources for tissue grafts, blood transfusions and cancer immunotherapies, and related clinical trials have started. From an immune-matching perspective, autologous iPSCs are perfectly compatible in principle, but also require a prolonged time for reaching the final products, have high cost, and person-to-person variation hindering their common use. Therefore, certified iPSCs with reduced immunogenicity are expected to become off-the-shelf sources, such as those made from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-homozygous individuals or genetically modified for HLA depletion. Preclinical tests using immunodeficient mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) serve as an important tool to assess the human alloresponse against iPSC-derived cells. Especially, HIS mice reconstituted with not only human T cells but also human natural killer (NK) cells are considered crucial. NK cells attack so-called “missing self” cells that do not express self HLA class I, which include HLA-homozygous cells that express only one allele type and HLA-depleted cells. However, conventional HIS mice lack enough reconstituted human NK cells for these tests. Several measures have been developed to overcome this issue including the administration of cytokines that enhance NK cell expansion, such as IL-2 and IL-15, the administration of vectors that express those cytokines, and genetic manipulation to express the cytokines or to enhance the reconstitution of human myeloid cells that express IL15R-alpha. Using such HIS mice with enhanced human NK cell reconstitution, alloresponses against HLA-homozygous and HLA-depleted cells have been studied. However, most studies used HLA-downregulated tumor cells as the target cells and tested in vitro after purifying human cells from HIS mice. In this review, we give an overview of the current state of iPSCs in cell therapies, strategies to lessen their immunogenic potential, and then expound on the development of HIS mice with reconstituted NK cells, followed by their utilization in evaluating future universal HLA-engineered iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Flahou
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morishima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of NK Cells in αβT-Cell and B-Cell Depleted Haplo-HSCT to Cure Pediatric Patients with Acute Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082187. [PMID: 32764469 PMCID: PMC7463940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells can exert remarkable graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect in HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Here, we dissected the NK-cell repertoire of 80 pediatric acute leukemia patients previously reported to have an excellent clinical outcome after αβT/B-depleted haplo-HSCT. This graft manipulation strategy allows the co-infusion of mature immune cells, mainly NK and γδT cells, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To promote NK-cell based antileukemia activity, 36/80 patients were transplanted with an NK alloreactive donor, defined according to the KIR/KIR-Ligand mismatch in the graft-versus-host direction. The analysis of the reconstituted NK-cell repertoire in these patients showed relatively high proportions of mature and functional KIR+NKG2A-CD57+ NK cells, including the alloreactive NK cell subset, one month after HSCT. Thus, the NK cells adoptively transfused with the graft persist as a mature source of effector cells while new NK cells differentiate from the donor HSCs. Notably, the alloreactive NK cell subset was endowed with the highest anti-leukemia activity and its size in the reconstituted repertoire could be influenced by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation. While the phenotypic pattern of donor NK cells did not impact on post-transplant HCMV reactivation, in the recipients, HCMV infection/reactivation fostered a more differentiated NK-cell phenotype. In this cohort, no significant correlation between differentiated NK cells and relapse-free survival was observed.
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8
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iPSC-Derived Platelets Depleted of HLA Class I Are Inert to Anti-HLA Class I and Natural Killer Cell Immunity. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 14:49-59. [PMID: 31883921 PMCID: PMC6962657 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ex vivo production of platelets depleted of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) could serve as a universal measure to overcome platelet transfusion refractoriness caused by HLA-I incompatibility. Here, we developed human induced pluripotent cell-derived HLA-I-deficient platelets (HLA-KO iPLATs) in a clinically applicable imMKCL system by genetic manipulation and assessed their immunogenic properties including natural killer (NK) cells, which reject HLA-I downregulated cells. HLA-KO iPLATs were deficient for all HLA-I but did not elicit a cytotoxic response by NK cells in vitro and showed circulation equal to wild-type iPLATs upon transfusion in our newly established Hu-NK-MSTRG mice reconstituted with human NK cells. Additionally, HLA-KO iPLATs successfully circulated in an alloimmune platelet transfusion refractoriness model of Hu-NK-MISTRG mice. Mechanistically, the lack of NK cell-activating ligands on platelets may be responsible for evading the NK cell response. This study revealed the unique non-immunogenic property of platelets and provides a proof of concept for the clinical application of HLA-KO iPLATs. Clinically applicable iPSC-derived HLA class I knockout platelets (HLA-KO iPLATs) HLA-KO iPLATs do not elicit NK cell activation in vitro HLA-KO iPLATs circulate comparably with wild type in human NK cell-reconstituted mice HLA-KO iPLATs circulate competently in alloimmune PTR model mice
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aim to review the most recent findings in the use of NK cells in childhood cancers. RECENT FINDINGS Natural killer cells are cytotoxic to tumor cells. In pediatric leukemias, adoptive transfer of NK cells can bridge children not in remission to transplant. Interleukins (IL2, IL15) can enhance NK cell function. NK cell-CAR therapy has advantages of shorter life span that lessens chronic toxicities, lower risk of graft versus host disease when using allogeneic cells, ability of NK cells to recognize tumor cells that have downregulated MHC to escape T cells, and possibly less likelihood of cytokine storm. Cytotoxicity to solid tumors (rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma) is seen with graft versus tumor effect in transplant and in combination with antibodies. Challenges lie in the microenvironment which is suppressive for NK cells. NK cell immunotherapy in childhood cancers is promising and recent works aim to overcome challenges.
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10
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NK Cells as Possible Prognostic Factor in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:3596983. [PMID: 30719179 PMCID: PMC6334311 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3596983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency or impaired function natural killer (NK) cells might result in the development of serious infections and promote the development of malignancies. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic role of NK cell percentage in bone marrow on the day of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosis. 84 children (49 males = 58%; median age 5 yrs) with ALL were enrolled. The NK cell percentage was assessed using flow cytometry with antibodies against the cluster of differentiation (CD): CD3, CD56, and CD16. We evaluated two groups: group I (NK+), patients with NK cells in the bone marrow (n = 74), and group II (NK-), patients without NK cells in the bone marrow (n = 10) (cut-off value of negative <1%). In the patients from group I, the prednisone good response on day 8 and the remission on day 15 of treatment were observed significantly more often (p = .01, p = .03). The children from group I had significantly better survival as compared to those from group II (p = .02) (HR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.38-4.85). The presence of NK cells in the bone marrow at diagnosis can be a prognostic factor in children with ALL. The presented results should be the basis for further research.
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11
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Martyniszyn A, Krahl AC, André MC, Hombach AA, Abken H. CD20-CD19 Bispecific CAR T Cells for the Treatment of B-Cell Malignancies. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:1147-1157. [PMID: 29207878 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of leukemia/lymphoma by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirected T cells with specificity for CD19 induced complete remissions in the majority of patients, with a realistic hope for cure. However, recent follow-up data revealed a substantial risk of relapse through leukemic cells that lack the CAR targeted antigen. In this situation, a bispecific CAR with binding domains for CD19 and CD20 is aimed at recognizing leukemic cells with only one cognate antigen. The anti-CD20-CD19 bispecific CAR induced a full T-cell response upon engagement of CD19 or CD20 on target cells showing a true "OR" gate recognition in redirecting T-cell activation. T cells with the anti-CD20-CD19 CAR efficiently killed patients' chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. The bispecific CAR T cells cleared pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia with a mixed CD19+CD20+/CD20- phenotype from the blood and bone marrow of transplanted mice, while anti-CD20 CAR T cells left CD20- leukemic cells behind without curing the disease. Data indicate the superior anti-leukemic activity in the control of leukemia, implying that the anti-CD20-CD19 bispecific CAR T cells may reduce the risk of relapse through antigen-loss leukemic cells in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martyniszyn
- 1 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, and Deparment I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Krahl
- 2 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maya C André
- 2 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University , Tübingen, Germany.,3 Deparment of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas A Hombach
- 1 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, and Deparment I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- 1 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, and Deparment I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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12
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Baltner K, Kübler A, Pal M, Balvočiūte M, Mezger M, Handgretinger R, André MC. Expression of KIR2DS1 does not significantly contribute to NK cell cytotoxicity in HLA-C1/C2 heterozygous haplotype B donors. Int Immunol 2017; 29:423-429. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Baltner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayline Kübler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Pal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Balvočiūte
- Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maya C André
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children’s Hospital, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Pal M, Schwab L, Yermakova A, Mace EM, Claus R, Krahl AC, Woiterski J, Hartwig UF, Orange JS, Handgretinger R, André MC. Tumor-priming converts NK cells to memory-like NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1317411. [PMID: 28680749 PMCID: PMC5486172 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1317411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascinating earlier evidence suggests an intrinsic capacity of human natural killer (NK) cells to acquire adaptive immune features in the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Since the role of memory NK cells in cancer has so far remained elusive and adoptive NK cell transfer in relapsing pediatric acute B cell precursor leukemia (BCP-ALL) patients awaits improvement, we asked the question whether tumor-priming could promote the generation of memory NK cells with enhanced graft-vs.-leukemia (GvL) reactivity. Here, we provide substantial evidence that priming of naive human NK cells with pediatric acute B cell leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia specimens induces a functional conversion to tumor-induced memory-like (TIML)-NK cells displaying a heightened tumor-specific cytotoxicity and enhanced perforin synthesis. Cell cycles analyses reveal that tumor-priming sustainably alters the balance between NK cell activation and apoptosis in favor of survival. In addition, gene expression patterns differ between TIML- and cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML)-NK cells with the magnitude of regulated genes being distinctly higher in TIML-NK cells. As such, the tumor-induced conversion of NK cells triggers the emergence of a so far unacknowledged NK cell differentiation stage that might promote GvL effects in the context of adoptive cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pal
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Schwab
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Yermakova
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Feigin Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Feigin Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Krahl
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Woiterski
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Udo F. Hartwig
- University Medical Center, 3rd Department of Medicine Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Feigin Center, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maya C. André
- University Children´s Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- University Children´s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Sohlberg E, Pfefferle A, Andersson S, Baumann BC, Hellström-Lindberg E, Malmberg KJ. Imprint of 5-azacytidine on the natural killer cell repertoire during systemic treatment for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34178-90. [PMID: 26497557 PMCID: PMC4741444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5-azacytidine (5-aza) is a hypomethylating agent approved for the treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). It is assumed to act by demethylating tumor suppressor genes and via direct cytotoxic effects on malignant cells. In vitro treatment with hypomethylating agents has profound effects on the expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like (KIR) receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, as these receptors are epigenetically regulated via methylation of the promoters. Here we investigated the influence of 5-aza on the NK-cell repertoire during cytokine-induced proliferation in vitro and homeostatic proliferation in vivo in patients with high-risk MDS. In vitro treatment of NK cells from both healthy donors and MDS patients with low doses of 5-aza led to a significant increase in expression of multiple KIRs, but only in cells that had undergone several rounds of cell division. Proliferating 5-aza exposed NK cells exhibited increased IFN-γ production and degranulation towards tumor target cells. MDS patients had lower proportions of educated KIR-expressing NK cells than healthy controls but after systemic treatment with 5-aza, an increased proportion of Ki-67+ NK cells expressed multiple KIRs suggesting uptake of 5-aza in cycling cells in vivo. Hence, these results suggest that systemic treatment with 5-aza may shape the NK cell repertoire, in particular during homeostatic proliferation, thereby boosting NK cell-mediated recognition of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sohlberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Pfefferle
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina C Baumann
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hellström-Lindberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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TRAIL-mediated killing of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by plasmacytoid dendritic cell-activated natural killer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29440-55. [PMID: 26320191 PMCID: PMC4745738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) still frequently recurs after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), underscoring the need to improve the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect. Natural killer (NK) cells reconstitute in the first months following HSCT when leukemia burden is at its lowest, but ALL cells have been shown to be resistant to NK cell-mediated killing. We show here that this resistance is overcome by NK cell stimulation with TLR-9-activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). NK cell priming with activated pDCs resulted in TRAIL and CD69 up-regulation on NK cells and IFN-γ production. NK cell activation was dependent on IFN-α produced by pDCs, but was not reproduced by IFN-α alone. ALL killing was further enhanced by inhibition of KIR engagement. We showed that ALL lysis was mainly mediated by TRAIL engagement, while the release of cytolytic granules was involved when ALL expressed NK cell activating receptor ligands. Finally, adoptive transfers of activated-pDCs in ALL-bearing humanized mice delayed the leukemia onset and cure 30% of mice. Our data therefore demonstrate that TLR-9 activated pDCs are a powerful tool to overcome ALL resistance to NK cell-mediated killing and to reinforce the GvL effect of HSCT. These results open new therapeutic avenues to prevent relapse in children with ALL.
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16
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An Fc-optimized CD133 antibody for induction of NK cell reactivity against myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:459-469. [PMID: 27435001 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of natural killer (NK) cells largely contributes to the success of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment in cancer. As no antibodies are clinically available for immunotherapy of myeloid leukemias (MLs), we aimed to develop an Fc-optimized CD133 mAb for induction of NK ADCC against MLs. When comparing different available CD133 mAbs, no difference was observed with regard to binding to primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. However, clone 293C3 recognized acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in a substantially higher percentage of patient cases and was thus chosen to generate chimeric mAbs with either wild-type Fc part (293C3-WT) or a variant containing amino-acid exchanges (S239D/I332E) to enhance affinity to CD16 on NK cells (293C3-SDIE). In vitro, treatment with 293C3-SDIE significantly enhanced activation, degranulation and lysis of primary CD133-positive AML cells by allogeneic and autologous NK cells as compared with its wild-type counterpart. In line with the observed lower expression levels of CD133 on healthy cells compared with malignant hematopoietic cells, 293C3-SDIE caused no relevant toxicity towards committed hematopoietic progenitor cells. In a NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIL2rgtmWjl/Sz xenotransplantation model, 293C3-SDIE facilitated elimination of patient AML cells by human NK cells. Thus, 293C3-SDIE constitutes an attractive immunotherapeutic compound, in particular for elimination of minimal residual disease in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in AML.
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17
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Exploitation of natural killer cells for the treatment of acute leukemia. Blood 2016; 127:3341-9. [PMID: 27207791 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-629055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in surveillance and elimination of malignant cells. Their spontaneous cytotoxicity was first demonstrated in vitro against leukemia cell lines, and NK cells might play a crucial role in the therapy of leukemia. NK cell activity is controlled by an array of germ line-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors, as well as modulating coreceptors. This biologic feature can be exploited in allogeneic cell therapy, and the recognition of "missing-self" on target cells is crucial for promoting NK cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effects. In this regard, NK cells that express an inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (iKIR) for which the respective major histocompatibility complex class I ligand is absent on leukemic target cells can exert alloreactivity in vitro and in vivo. Several models regarding potential donor-patient constellations have been described that have demonstrated the clinical benefit of such alloreactivity of the donor-derived NK cell system in patients with adult acute myeloid leukemia and pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Moreover, adoptive transfer of mature allogeneic NK cells in the nontransplant or transplant setting has been shown to be safe and feasible, whereas its effectivity needs further evaluation. NK cell therapy can be further improved by optimal donor selection based on phenotypic and genotypic properties, by adoptive transfer of NK cells with ex vivo or in vivo cytokine stimulation, by the use of antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or to block iKIRs, or by transduction of chimeric antigen receptors.
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18
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Björklund AT, Clancy T, Goodridge JP, Béziat V, Schaffer M, Hovig E, Ljunggren HG, Ljungman PT, Malmberg KJ. Naive Donor NK Cell Repertoires Associated with Less Leukemia Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1400-11. [PMID: 26746188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute and latent human CMV cause profound changes in the NK cell repertoire, with expansion and differentiation of educated NK cells expressing self-specific inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors. In this study, we addressed whether such CMV-induced imprints on the donor NK cell repertoire influenced the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Hierarchical clustering of high-resolution immunophenotyping data covering key NK cell parameters, including frequencies of CD56(bright), NKG2A(+), NKG2C(+), and CD57(+) NK cell subsets, as well as the size of the educated NK cell subset, was linked to clinical outcomes. Clusters defining naive (NKG2A(+)CD57(-)NKG2C(-)) NK cell repertoires in the donor were associated with decreased risk for relapse in recipients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR], 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03-0.27; p < 0.001). Furthermore, recipients with naive repertoires at 9-12 mo after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had increased disease-free survival (HR, 7.2; 95% CI: 1.6-33; p = 0.01) and increased overall survival (HR, 9.3; 95% CI: 1.1-77, p = 0.04). Conversely, patients with a relative increase in differentiated NK cells at 9-12 mo displayed a higher rate of late relapses (HR, 8.41; 95% CI: 6.7-11; p = 0.02), reduced disease-free survival (HR, 0.12; 95% CI: 0.12-0.74; p = 0.02), and reduced overall survival (HR, 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01-0.69; p = 0.02). Thus, our data suggest that naive donor NK cell repertoires are associated with protection against leukemia relapse after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Björklund
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trevor Clancy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jodie P Goodridge
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, 3010 Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway; and
| | | | - Per T Ljungman
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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19
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Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of natural killer cells. Blood 2015; 125:3420-31. [PMID: 25896649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CNS-ALL) is a major clinical problem. Prophylactic therapy is neurotoxic, and a third of the relapses involve the CNS. Increased expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) in leukemic blasts is associated with increased risk for CNS-ALL. Using in vivo models for CNS leukemia caused by mouse T-ALL and human xenografts of ALL cells, we demonstrate that expression of IL-15 in leukemic cells is associated with the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. This activation limits the outgrowth of leukemic cells in the periphery, but less in the CNS because NK cells are excluded from the CNS. Depletion of NK cells in NOD/SCID mice enabled combined systemic and CNS leukemia of human pre-B-ALL. The killing of human leukemia lymphoblasts by NK cells depended on the expression of the NKG2D receptor. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) diagnostic samples derived from children with subsequent CNS-ALL revealed a significantly high expression of the NKG2D and NKp44 receptors. We suggest that the CNS may be an immunologic sanctuary protected from NK-cell activity. CNS prophylactic therapy may thus be needed with emerging NK cell-based therapies against hematopoietic malignancies.
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