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Shi Y, Xu Y, Shen H, Jin J, Tong H, Xie W. Advances in biology, diagnosis and treatment of DLBCL. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:3315-3334. [PMID: 39017945 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with approximately 150,000 new cases worldwide each year, represent nearly 30% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. A gene-expression profile (GEP) has identified at least three major subtypes of DLBCL, each of which has distinct clinical, biological, and genetic features: activated B-cell (ABC)-like DLBCL, germinal-center B-cell (GCB)-like DLBCL, and unclassified. Different origins are associated with different responses to chemotherapy and targeted agents. Despite DLBCL being a highly heterogeneous disease, more than 60% of patients with DLBCL can be cured after using rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) to inhibit the growth of cancer cells while targeting the CD20 receptor. In recent decades, the improvement of diagnostic levels has led to a refinement classification of DLBCL and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The objective of this review was to summarize the latest studies examining genetic lesions and therapies for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huafei Shen
- International Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanzhuo Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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Sanz-Ortega L, Leijonhufvud C, Schoutens L, Lambert M, Levy E, Andersson A, Wahlin BE, Carlsten M. Redirecting NK cells to the lymph nodes to augment their lymphoma-targeting capacity. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:108. [PMID: 38769377 PMCID: PMC11106342 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
CAR-NK cells can induce remission in lymphoma patients. We speculate that the full potential of adoptive NK cell immunotherapy against lymphoma is restricted by their poor lymph node (LN) homing capacity. Here, we have utilized a clinically approved transfection method with the aim of redirecting NK cells to LNs. Electroporation of ex vivo expanded NK cells with mRNAs coding for CCR7, CXCR5, and CD62L resulted in increased in vitro migration towards chemokines and mouse LN-derived supernatant. Following infusion into SCID/Beige mice, modified NK cells showed enhanced LN homing. Importantly, lymphoma patient-derived NK cells were equally well expanded and engineered as healthy donor NK cells, highlighting their translational potential. Additionally, the introduction of high-affinity CD16, together with the homing molecules, also augmented their ADCC capacity against autologous lymphoma cells. Hence, genetic engineering can be utilized to enhance NK cell LN homing. The homing concept may synergize with CAR- or monoclonal/bi-/tri-specific antibody-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Leijonhufvud
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisanne Schoutens
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Emily Levy
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Wahlin
- Unit of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center for Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Rodriguez S, Alizadeh M, Lamaison C, Saintamand A, Monvoisin C, Jean R, Deleurme L, Martin-Subero JI, Pangault C, Cogné M, Amé-Thomas P, Tarte K. Follicular lymphoma regulatory T-cell origin and function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391404. [PMID: 38799444 PMCID: PMC11116630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Follicular Lymphoma (FL) results from the malignant transformation of germinal center (GC) B cells. FL B cells display recurrent and diverse genetic alterations, some of them favoring their direct interaction with their cell microenvironment, including follicular helper T cells (Tfh). Although FL-Tfh key role is well-documented, the impact of their regulatory counterpart, the follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) compartment, is still sparse. Methods The aim of this study was to characterize FL-Tfr phenotype by cytometry, gene expression profile, FL-Tfr origin by transcriptomic analysis, and functionality by in vitro assays. Results CD4+CXCR5+CD25hiICOS+ FL-Tfr displayed a regulatory program that is close to classical regulatory T cell (Treg) program, at the transcriptomic and methylome levels. Accordingly, Tfr imprinting stigmata were found on FL-Tfh and FL-B cells, compared to their physiological counterparts. In addition, FL-Tfr co-culture with autologous FL-Tfh or cytotoxic FL-CD8+ T cells inhibited their proliferation in vitro. Finally, although FL-Tfr shared many characteristics with Treg, TCR sequencing analyses demonstrated that part of them derived from precursors shared with FL-Tfh. Discussion Altogether, these findings uncover the role and origin of a Tfr subset in FL niche and may be useful for lymphomagenesis knowledge and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Rodriguez
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Mehdi Alizadeh
- Service Recherche, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Lamaison
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Alexis Saintamand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Rachel Jean
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Deleurme
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, BIOSIT (BIOlogie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) – Unité Mixte de Service 34 80, Rennes, France
| | - Jose Ignacio Martin-Subero
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Farmacología y Microbiología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Céline Pangault
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1236, Université Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Rennes, France
- Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI) Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France
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Dobaño-López C, Valero JG, Araujo-Ayala F, Nadeu F, Gava F, Faria C, Norlund M, Morin R, Bernes-Lasserre P, Arenas F, Grau M, López C, López-Oreja I, Serrat N, Martínez-Farran A, Hernández L, Playa-Albinyana H, Giménez R, Beà S, Campo E, Lagarde JM, López-Guillermo A, Magnano L, Colomer D, Bezombes C, Pérez-Galán P. Patient-derived follicular lymphoma spheroids recapitulate lymph node signaling and immune profile uncovering galectin-9 as a novel immunotherapeutic target. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:75. [PMID: 38697976 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-01041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, constitutes a paradigm of immune tumor microenvironment (TME) contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogenous clinical outcome. Here we present the first FL-Patient Derived Lymphoma Spheroid (FL-PDLS), including fundamental immune actors and features of TME in FL lymph nodes (LNs). FL-PDLS is organized in disc-shaped 3D structures composed of proliferating B and T cells, together with macrophages with an intermediate M1/M2 phenotype. FL-PDLS recapitulates the most relevant B-cell transcriptional pathways present in FL-LN (proliferation, epigenetic regulation, mTOR, adaptive immune system, among others). The T cell compartment in the FL-PDLS preserves CD4 subsets (follicular helper, regulatory, and follicular regulatory), also encompassing the spectrum of activation/exhaustion phenotypes in CD4 and CD8 populations. Moreover, this system is suitable for chemo and immunotherapy testing, recapitulating results obtained in the clinic. FL-PDLS allowed uncovering that soluble galectin-9 limits rituximab, rituximab, plus nivolumab/TIM-3 antitumoral activities. Blocking galectin-9 improves rituximab efficacy, highlighting galectin-9 as a novel immunotherapeutic target in FL. In conclusion, FL-PDLS maintains the crosstalk between malignant B cells and the immune LN-TME and constitutes a robust and multiplexed pre-clinical tool to perform drug screening in a patient-derived system, advancing toward personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cèlia Dobaño-López
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García Valero
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Araujo-Ayala
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabien Gava
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Faria
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Fabian Arenas
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Grau
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene López-Oreja
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Serrat
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ares Martínez-Farran
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Hernández
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Heribert Playa-Albinyana
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Giménez
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Beà
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei Hematologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Magnano
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- IMACTIV-3D, Toulouse, France
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei Hematologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció Hematopatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Bezombes
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Patricia Pérez-Galán
- Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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Laurent C, Dietrich S, Tarte K. Cell cross talk within the lymphoma tumor microenvironment: follicular lymphoma as a paradigm. Blood 2024; 143:1080-1090. [PMID: 38096368 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet incurable germinal center B-cell lymphoma retaining a characteristic follicular architecture. FL tumor B cells are highly dependent on direct and indirect interactions with a specific and complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, great progress has been made in describing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the FL TME and in depicting how tumor clonal and functional heterogeneity rely on the integration of TME-related signals. Specifically, the FL TME is enriched for exhausted cytotoxic T cells, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells of various origins, and follicular helper T cells overexpressing B-cell and TME reprogramming factors. FL stromal cells have also emerged as crucial determinants of tumor growth and remodeling, with a key role in the deregulation of chemokines and extracellular matrix composition. Finally, tumor-associated macrophages play a dual function, contributing to FL cell phagocytosis and FL cell survival through long-lasting B-cell receptor activation. The resulting tumor-permissive niches show additional layers of site-to-site and kinetic heterogeneity, which raise questions about the niche of FL-committed precursor cells supporting early lymphomagenesis, clonal evolution, relapse, and transformation. In turn, FL B-cell genetic and nongenetic determinants drive the reprogramming of FL immune and stromal TME. Therefore, offering a functional picture of the dynamic cross talk between FL cells and TME holds the promise of identifying the mechanisms of therapy resistance, stratifying patients, and developing new therapeutic approaches capable of eradicating FL disease in its different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Toulouse, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Tarte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S1236, INSERM, Université de Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
- Department of Biology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
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De Martin A, Stanossek Y, Pikor NB, Ludewig B. Protective fibroblastic niches in secondary lymphoid organs. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221220. [PMID: 38038708 PMCID: PMC10691961 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are specialized fibroblasts of secondary lymphoid organs that provide the structural foundation of the tissue. Moreover, FRCs guide immune cells to dedicated microenvironmental niches where they provide lymphocytes and myeloid cells with homeostatic growth and differentiation factors. Inflammatory processes, including infection with pathogens, induce rapid morphological and functional adaptations that are critical for the priming and regulation of protective immune responses. However, adverse FRC reprogramming can promote immunopathological tissue damage during infection and autoimmune conditions and subvert antitumor immune responses. Here, we review recent findings on molecular pathways that regulate FRC-immune cell crosstalk in specialized niches during the generation of protective immune responses in the course of pathogen encounters. In addition, we discuss how FRCs integrate immune cell-derived signals to ensure protective immunity during infection and how therapies for inflammatory diseases and cancer can be developed through improved understanding of FRC-immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina De Martin
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yves Stanossek
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Barbara Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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7
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Sylvestre M, Barbier N, Sibut V, Nayar S, Monvoisin C, Leonard S, Saint-Vanne J, Martin A, Guirriec M, Latour M, Jouan F, Baulande S, Bohec M, Verdière L, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Mourcin F, Bertheuil N, Barone F, Tarte K, Roulois D. KDM6B drives epigenetic reprogramming associated with lymphoid stromal cell early commitment and immune properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2708. [PMID: 38019914 PMCID: PMC10686565 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Mature lymphoid stromal cells (LSCs) are key organizers of immune responses within secondary lymphoid organs. Similarly, inflammation-driven tertiary lymphoid structures depend on immunofibroblasts producing lymphoid cytokines and chemokines. Recent studies have explored the origin and heterogeneity of LSC/immunofibroblasts, yet the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms involved in their commitment are still unknown. This study explored the transcriptomic and epigenetic reprogramming underlying LSC/immunofibroblast commitment. We identified the induction of lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B) as the primary epigenetic driver of early immunofibroblast differentiation. In addition, we observed an enrichment for KDM6B gene signature in murine inflammatory fibroblasts and pathogenic stroma of patients with autoimmune diseases. Last, KDM6B was required for the acquisition of LSC/immunofibroblast functional properties, including the up-regulation of CCL2 and the resulting recruitment of monocytes. Overall, our results reveal epigenetic mechanisms that participate in the early commitment and immune properties of immunofibroblasts and support the use of epigenetic modifiers as fibroblast-targeting strategies in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Sylvestre
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Saba Nayar
- Centre for Translational inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Simon Leonard
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-35043 Nantes, France
| | - Julien Saint-Vanne
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
- SITI, Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Ansie Martin
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Guirriec
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Maëlle Latour
- SITI, Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Jouan
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mylène Bohec
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Verdière
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, INSERM, U830, PSL Research University, 26, rue d’Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Mourcin
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
- Department of Plastic Surgery, CHU Rennes, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | | | - Karin Tarte
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
- SITI, Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - David Roulois
- Honeycomb team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Univ Rennes, INSERM, EFS, UMR S1236, Rennes, France
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8
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Brauge B, Dessauge E, Creusat F, Tarte K. Modeling the crosstalk between malignant B cells and their microenvironment in B-cell lymphomas: challenges and opportunities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1288110. [PMID: 38022603 PMCID: PMC10652758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms resulting from the clonal expansion of mature B cells arrested at various stages of differentiation. Specifically, two lymphoma subtypes arise from germinal centers (GCs), namely follicular lymphoma (FL) and GC B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL). In addition to recent advances in describing the genetic landscape of FL and GCB-DLBCL, tumor microenvironment (TME) has progressively emerged as a central determinant of early lymphomagenesis, subclonal evolution, and late progression/transformation. The lymphoma-supportive niche integrates a dynamic and coordinated network of immune and stromal cells defining microarchitecture and mechanical constraints and regulating tumor cell migration, survival, proliferation, and immune escape. Several questions are still unsolved regarding the interplay between lymphoma B cells and their TME, including the mechanisms supporting these bidirectional interactions, the impact of the kinetic and spatial heterogeneity of the tumor niche on B-cell heterogeneity, and how individual genetic alterations can trigger both B-cell intrinsic and B-cell extrinsic signals driving the reprogramming of non-malignant cells. Finally, it is not clear whether these interactions might promote resistance to treatment or, conversely, offer valuable therapeutic opportunities. A major challenge in addressing these questions is the lack of relevant models integrating tumor cells with specific genetic hits, non-malignant cells with adequate functional properties and organization, extracellular matrix, and biomechanical forces. We propose here an overview of the 3D in vitro models, xenograft approaches, and genetically-engineered mouse models recently developed to study GC B-cell lymphomas with a specific focus on the pros and cons of each strategy in understanding B-cell lymphomagenesis and evaluating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Brauge
- UMR 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Dessauge
- UMR 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
| | - Florent Creusat
- UMR 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Rennes, France
- SITI Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, Etablissement Français du sang, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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9
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Abe Y. Follicular lymphoma microenvironment: insights provided by single-cell analysis. J Clin Exp Hematop 2023; 63:143-151. [PMID: 37635086 PMCID: PMC10628831 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most frequent indolent lymphoma and is characterized by the abundant infiltration of tumor microenvironment (TME) cells. The activity of TME cells reportedly plays an important role in the biology of FL. TME cells that reside within neoplastic follicles, such as T-follicular helper cells and follicular dendritic cells, have been shown to aid in FL development and progression through interactions with malignant B cells, whereas regulatory T cells have unexpectedly shown an apparently favorable prognostic impact in FL. Unfortunately, the understanding of the FL TME, particularly regarding minor cell subsets, has been hampered by unknown cell heterogeneity. As with other solid and hematologic cancers, novel single-cell analysis technologies have recently been applied to FL research and have uncovered previously unrecognized heterogeneities, not only in malignant B cells but also in TME cells. These reports have greatly increased the resolution of our understanding of the FL TME and, at the same time, raised questions about newly identified TME cells. This review provides an overview of the unique aspects of FL TME cells with a clinical viewpoint and highlights recent discoveries from single-cell analysis, while also suggesting potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Abe
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Chen L, Wang Y, Hu Q, Liu Y, Qi X, Tang Z, Hu H, Lin N, Zeng S, Yu L. Unveiling tumor immune evasion mechanisms: abnormal expression of transporters on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1225948. [PMID: 37545500 PMCID: PMC10401443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1225948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial driving factor for tumor progression and it can hinder the body's immune response by altering the metabolic activity of immune cells. Both tumor and immune cells maintain their proliferative characteristics and physiological functions through transporter-mediated regulation of nutrient acquisition and metabolite efflux. Transporters also play an important role in modulating immune responses in the TME. In this review, we outline the metabolic characteristics of the TME and systematically elaborate on the effects of abundant metabolites on immune cell function and transporter expression. We also discuss the mechanism of tumor immune escape due to transporter dysfunction. Finally, we introduce some transporter-targeted antitumor therapeutic strategies, with the aim of providing new insights into the development of antitumor drugs and rational drug usage for clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuchen Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihua Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Lütge M, De Martin A, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Stanossek Y, Onder L, Cheng HW, Kurz L, Cadosch N, Soneson C, Robinson MD, Stoeckli SJ, Ludewig B, Pikor NB. Conserved stromal-immune cell circuits secure B cell homeostasis and function. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1149-1160. [PMID: 37202489 PMCID: PMC10307622 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
B cell zone reticular cells (BRCs) form stable microenvironments that direct efficient humoral immunity with B cell priming and memory maintenance being orchestrated across lymphoid organs. However, a comprehensive understanding of systemic humoral immunity is hampered by the lack of knowledge of global BRC sustenance, function and major pathways controlling BRC-immune cell interactions. Here we dissected the BRC landscape and immune cell interactome in human and murine lymphoid organs. In addition to the major BRC subsets underpinning the follicle, including follicular dendritic cells, PI16+ RCs were present across organs and species. As well as BRC-produced niche factors, immune cell-driven BRC differentiation and activation programs governed the convergence of shared BRC subsets, overwriting tissue-specific gene signatures. Our data reveal that a canonical set of immune cell-provided cues enforce bidirectional signaling programs that sustain functional BRC niches across lymphoid organs and species, thereby securing efficient humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Lütge
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Angelina De Martin
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Stanossek
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Kurz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Cadosch
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro J Stoeckli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Natalia B Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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12
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Yoshihara T, Okabe Y. Aldh1a2 + fibroblastic reticular cells regulate lymphocyte recruitment in omental milky spots. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213908. [PMID: 36880532 PMCID: PMC9997506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid clusters in visceral adipose tissue omentum, known as milky spots, play a central role in the immunological defense in the abdomen. Milky spots exhibit hybrid nature between secondary lymph organs and ectopic lymphoid tissues, yet their development and maturation mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified a subset of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) that are uniquely present in omental milky spots. These FRCs were characterized by the expression of retinoic acid-converting enzyme, Aldh1a2, and endothelial cell marker, Tie2, in addition to canonical FRC-associated genes. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of Aldh1a2+ FRCs resulted in the alteration in milky spot structure with a significant reduction in size and cellularity. Mechanistically, Aldh1a2+ FRCs regulated the display of chemokine CXCL12 on high endothelial venules (HEVs), which recruit blood-borne lymphocytes from circulation. We further found that Aldh1a2+ FRCs are required for the maintenance of peritoneal lymphocyte composition. These results illustrate the homeostatic roles of FRCs in the formation of non-classical lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Okabe
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency , PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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13
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Gutiérrez-Melo N, Baumjohann D. T follicular helper cells in cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:309-325. [PMID: 36642575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide essential help to B cells for effective antibody-mediated immune responses. Although the crucial function of these CD4+ T cells in infection and vaccination is well established, their involvement in cancer is only beginning to emerge. Increased numbers of Tfh cells in Tfh cell-derived or B cell-associated malignancies are often associated with an unfavorable outcome, whereas in various solid organ tumor types of non-lymphocytic origin, their presence frequently coincides with a better prognosis. We discuss recent advances in understanding how Tfh cell crosstalk with B cells and CD8+ T cells in secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) enhances antitumor immunity, but may also exacerbate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as autoimmunity during immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gutiérrez-Melo
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Ng WL, Ansell SM, Mondello P. Insights into the tumor microenvironment of B cell lymphoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:362. [PMID: 36578079 PMCID: PMC9798587 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The standard therapies in lymphoma have predominantly focused on targeting tumor cells with less of a focus on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a critical role in favoring tumor growth and survival. Such an approach may result in increasingly refractory disease with progressively reduced responses to subsequent treatments. To overcome this hurdle, targeting the TME has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy. The TME consists of T and B lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and other components. Understanding the TME can lead to a comprehensive approach to managing lymphoma, resulting in therapeutic strategies that target not only cancer cells, but also the supportive environment and thereby ultimately improve survival of lymphoma patients. Here, we review the normal function of different components of the TME, the impact of their aberrant behavior in B cell lymphoma and the current TME-direct therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Lynn Ng
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Patrizia Mondello
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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15
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Perrett M, Edmondson C, Okosun J. Biology of follicular lymphoma: insights and windows of clinical opportunity. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2022; 2022:688-694. [PMID: 36485095 PMCID: PMC9820323 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2022000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a heterogeneous disease, both clinically and biologically. The biological behavior and development of FL is a culmination of complex multistep processes underpinned by genetic and nongenetic determinants. Epigenetic deregulation through recurrent genetic alterations is now a recognized major biological hallmark of FL, alongside the t(14;18) translocation. In parallel, there is a strong interplay between the lymphoma B cells and the immune microenvironment, with the microenvironment serving as a critical enabler by creating a tumor-supportive niche and modulating the immune response to favor survival of the malignant B cells. A further layer of complexity arises from the biological heterogeneity that occurs between patients and within an individual, both over the course of the disease and at different sites of disease involvement. Altogether, taking the first steps to bridge the understanding of these various biological components and how to evaluate these clinically may aid and inform future strategies, including logical therapeutic interventions, risk stratification, therapy selection, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Perrett
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carina Edmondson
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Kumar J, Alspach AE, Zucker JP, Gratzinger D. Systemic Presentation of Somatic TET2 Mutated B-Cell Lymphoma in a Child With Kabuki Syndrome and a Germline KMT2D Variant. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:564-569. [PMID: 36048893 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital malformation syndrome associated with germline KMT2D mutations. Recurrent somatic mutations in KMT2D have frequently been observed in B-cell lymphoma, but limited studies are available that evaluate the genetic landscape of B-cell lymphomas in the setting of KS. METHODS We describe a unique case of B-cell lymphoma that illustrates histologic features of pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (FL) in a young patient with KS and autoimmune disease who showed a systemic presentation of widespread lymphadenopathy and clonal lymphocytosis. RESULTS We present the first reported case of a young patient with KS harboring a germline KMT2D variant and presenting with a systemic CD10-positive, BCL2-negative B-cell lymphoma of follicle center origin illustrating histologic features of pediatric-type FL. Targeted next-generation sequencing of the B-cell lymphoma showed somatic TET2 and subclonal CXCR4 variants. These findings suggest that abnormal epigenetic regulation caused by alterations in KMT2D and TET2 may have played critical roles in promoting lymphomagenesis in this patient. CONCLUSIONS This unique case presentation highlights the importance of close clinical monitoring and the value of clinical context in the diagnosis of pediatric FL-like lesions in patients with KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jacob P Zucker
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Renown Children's Hospital, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Mentz M, Keay W, Strobl CD, Antoniolli M, Adolph L, Heide M, Lechner A, Haebe S, Osterode E, Kridel R, Ziegenhain C, Wange LE, Hildebrand JA, Shree T, Silkenstedt E, Staiger AM, Ott G, Horn H, Szczepanowski M, Richter J, Levy R, Rosenwald A, Enard W, Zimber-Strobl U, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Hiddemann W, Klapper W, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rudelius M, Bararia D, Passerini V, Weigert O. PARP14 is a novel target in STAT6 mutant follicular lymphoma. Leukemia 2022; 36:2281-2292. [PMID: 35851155 PMCID: PMC9417990 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The variable clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL) is determined by the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-4 producing follicular helper T cells (TFH) are critical components of the FL TME. Binding of IL-4 to IL-4R on FL cells activates JAK/STAT signaling. We identified STAT6 mutations (STAT6MUT) in 13% of FL (N = 33/258), all clustered within the DNA binding domain. Gene expression data and immunohistochemistry showed upregulation of IL-4/STAT6 target genes in STAT6MUT FL, including CCL17, CCL22, and FCER2 (CD23). Functionally, STAT6MUT was gain-of-function by serial replating phenotype in pre-B CFU assays. Expression of STAT6MUT enhanced IL-4 induced FCER2/CD23, CCL17 and CCL22 expression and was associated with nuclear accumulation of pSTAT6. RNA sequencing identified PARP14 -a transcriptional switch and co-activator of STAT6- among the top differentially upregulated genes in IL-4 stimulated STAT6MUT lymphoma cells and in STAT6MUT primary FL cells. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) demonstrated binding of STAT6MUT but not STAT6WT to the PARP14 promotor. Reporter assays showed increased IL-4 induced transactivation activity of STAT6MUT at the PARP14 promotor, suggesting a self-reinforcing regulatory circuit. Knock-down of PARP14 or PARP-inhibition abrogated the STAT6MUT gain-of-function phenotype. Thus, our results identify PARP14 as a novel therapeutic target in STAT6MUT FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentz
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - William Keay
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Dorothea Strobl
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Antoniolli
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa Adolph
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Heide
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Lechner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Haebe
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Osterode
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kridel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Esteban Wange
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Adrian Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Silkenstedt
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heike Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz- Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Deepak Bararia
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Passerini
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, Laboratory for Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Li P, Han M, Zhao X, Ren G, Mei S, Zhong C. Abnormal Epigenetic Regulations in the Immunocytes of Sjögren's Syndrome Patients and Therapeutic Potentials. Cells 2022; 11:1767. [PMID: 35681462 PMCID: PMC9179300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), characterized by keratoconjunctivitis sicca and dry mouth, is a common autoimmune disease, especially in middle-aged women. The immunopathogenesis of SjS is caused by the sequential infiltration of T and B cells into exocrine glands, including salivary and lacrimal glands. Effector cytokines produced by these immunocytes, such as interferons (IFNs), IL-17, IL-22, IL-21, IL-4, TNF-α, BAFF and APRIL, play critical roles in promoting autoimmune responses and inducing tissue damages. Epigenetic regulations, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNAs, have recently been comprehensively studied during the activation of various immunocytes. The deficiency of key epigenetic enzymes usually leads to aberrant immune activation. Epigenetic modifications in T and B cells are usually found to be altered during the immunopathogenesis of SjS, and they are closely correlated with autoimmune responses. In particular, the important role of methylation in activating IFN pathways during SjS progression has been revealed. Thus, according to the involvement of epigenetic regulations in SjS, target therapies to reverse the altered epigenetic modifications in auto-responsive T and B cells are worthy of being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Mengwei Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Xingyu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Guanqun Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Si Mei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Chao Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; (P.L.); (M.H.); (X.Z.); (G.R.); (S.M.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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A single-cell atlas of non-haematopoietic cells in human lymph nodes and lymphoma reveals a landscape of stromal remodelling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:565-578. [PMID: 35332263 PMCID: PMC9033586 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The activities of non-haematopoietic cells (NHCs), including mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells, in lymphomas are reported to underlie lymphomagenesis. However, our understanding of lymphoma NHCs has been hampered by unexplained NHC heterogeneity, even in normal human lymph nodes (LNs). Here we constructed a single-cell transcriptome atlas of more than 100,000 NHCs collected from 27 human samples, including LNs and various nodal lymphomas, and it revealed 30 distinct subclusters, including some that were previously unrecognized. Notably, this atlas was useful for comparative analyses with lymphoma NHCs, which revealed an unanticipated landscape of subcluster-specific changes in gene expression and interaction with malignant cells in follicular lymphoma NHCs. This facilitates our understanding of stromal remodelling in lymphoma and highlights potential clinical biomarkers. Our study largely updates NHC taxonomy in human LNs and analysis of disease status, and provides a rich resource and deeper insights into LN and lymphoma biology to advance lymphoma management and therapy. Abe et al. profile, characterize and compare non-haematopoietic cells in normal human lymph nodes versus nodal lymphomas from patients, providing insights into stromal modelling in health and disease.
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20
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Yanagida E, Miyoshi H, Takeuchi M, Shimono J, Nakashima K, Yamada K, Kawamoto K, Moritsubo M, Shimasaki Y, Inoue K, Imamoto T, Furuta T, Kohno K, Ohshima K. Clinicopathological analysis of immunohistochemical expression of immune checkpoint molecules in follicular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:530-540. [PMID: 35122292 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by an indolent clinical course and a high relapse rate, and often exhibits a diffuse pattern beyond the follicular area. Our group previously reported that immune checkpoint (ICP) pathways, such as programmed cell death (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), are poor prognostic factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.In this study, the association between the expression of multiple ICP molecules according to immunohistochemistry and clinicopathological features in FL was determined via immunostaining of 173 biopsy samples. Membrane and/or cytoplasm expression of CD86 (nCD86) and PD-L1 (nPD-L1) was found in tumor cells, whereas PD-1 (miPD-1), Galectin-9 (miGalectin-9), OX40 (miOX40), CTLA-4 (miCTLA-4), Tim-3 (miTim-3), OX40L (miOX40L), and LAG-3 (miLAG-3) were expressed in non-neoplastic stromal cells. MiPD-1 expression was significantly higher in the follicular area than in the diffuse area (p=0.0450). Expression of miOX40 and miCTLA-4 was significantly higher in the diffuse area than in the follicular area (respectively, p=0.0053 and p=0.0092). MiTim-3 tended to be higher in the diffuse area than in the follicular area (p=0.0616). MiTim-3 was significantly higher in relapse cases than in new-onset cases (p=0.0440); miLAG-3 tended to be higher in relapse cases than in new-onset cases (p=0.0622, not significant). The miOX40L-high FL group had a significantly worse overall survival than the miOX40L-low group (p=0.0320).The expression of multiple ICP molecules on several cells reflects activated anti-tumor immunity and the unique FL microenvironment. Further studies on gene expression or genomic abnormalities will reveal the clinical and biological significance of ICP molecules in FL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Yanagida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mai Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Joji Shimono
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawamoto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mayuko Moritsubo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Shimasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Teppei Imamoto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Kohno
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Lue JK, Downs-Canner S, Chaudhuri J. The role of B cells in the development, progression, and treatment of lymphomas and solid tumors. Adv Immunol 2022; 154:71-117. [PMID: 36038195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B cells are integral components of the mammalian immune response as they have the ability to generate antibodies against an almost infinite array of antigens. Over the past several decades, significant scientific progress has been made in understanding that this enormous B cell diversity contributes to pathogen clearance. However, our understanding of the humoral response to solid tumors and to tumor-specific antigens is unclear. In this review, we first discuss how B cells interact with other cells in the tumor microenvironment and influence the development and progression of various solid tumors. The ability of B lymphocytes to generate antibodies against a diverse repertoire of antigens and subsequently tailor the humoral immune response to specific pathogens relies on their ability to undergo genomic alterations during their development and differentiation. We will discuss key transforming events that lead to the development of B cell lymphomas. Overall, this review provides a foundation for innovative therapeutic interventions for both lymphoma and solid tumor malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lue
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Stephanie Downs-Canner
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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22
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Dumontet E, Mancini SJC, Tarte K. Bone Marrow Lymphoid Niche Adaptation to Mature B Cell Neoplasms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784691. [PMID: 34956214 PMCID: PMC8694563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) evolution and treatment are complicated by a high prevalence of relapses primarily due to the ability of malignant B cells to interact with tumor-supportive lymph node (LN) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironments. In particular, progressive alterations of BM stromal cells sustain the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of tumor B cells during diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The current review describes how the crosstalk between BM stromal cells and lymphoma tumor cells triggers the establishment of the tumor supportive niche. DLBCL, FL, and CLL display distinct patterns of BM involvement, but in each case tumor-infiltrating stromal cells, corresponding to cancer-associated fibroblasts, exhibit specific phenotypic and functional features promoting the recruitment, adhesion, and survival of tumor cells. Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles have been recently proposed as playing a central role in triggering initial induction of tumor-supportive niches, notably within the BM. Finally, the disruption of the BM stroma reprogramming emerges as a promising therapeutic option in B-cell lymphomas. Targeting the crosstalk between BM stromal cells and malignant B cells, either through the inhibition of stroma-derived B-cell growth factors or through the mobilization of clonal B cells outside their supportive BM niche, should in particular be further evaluated as a way to avoid relapses by abrogating resistance niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Dumontet
- Univ Rennes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U1236, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Pôle de Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane J C Mancini
- Univ Rennes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U1236, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- Univ Rennes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U1236, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Pôle de Biologie, Rennes, France
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23
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease marked by xerostomia (dry mouth), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (eye dryness), and other systematic disorders. Its pathogenesis involves an inflammatory process that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands and other tissues. Although the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue and overproduction of autoantibodies by hyperactive B cells suggest that they may promote SjS development, treatment directed towards them fails to induce significant laboratory or clinical improvement. T cells are overwhelming infiltrators in most phases of the disease, and the involvement of multiple T cell subsets of suggests the extraordinary complexity of SjS pathogenesis. The factors, including various cellular subtypes and molecules, regulate the activation and suppression of T cells. T cell activation induces inflammatory cell infiltration, B cell activation, tissue damage, and metabolic changes in SjS. Knowledge of the pathways that link these T cell subtypes and regulation of their activities are not completely understood. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress and our understanding of T cells in SjS, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ TRM cells, and innate T cells, to provide insights into for clinical treatment.
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24
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A novel 3D culture model recapitulates primary FL B cell features and promotes their survival. Blood Adv 2021; 5:5372-5386. [PMID: 34555842 PMCID: PMC9153016 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3D alginate spheroid model supports self-organization of lymphoma B cells and stromal cells mimicking lymphoma cell niche. This high-throughput 3D model is suitable for testing new therapeutic agents in B-NHL.
Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (B-NHL) mainly develop within lymph nodes as aggregates of tumor cells densely packed with their surrounding microenvironment, creating a tumor niche specific to each lymphoma subtypes. In vitro preclinical models mimicking biomechanical forces, cellular microenvironment, and 3D organization of B-cell lymphomas remain scarce, while all these parameters are key determinants of lymphomagenesis and drug resistance. Using a microfluidic method based on cell encapsulation inside permeable, elastic, and hollow alginate microspheres, we developed a new tunable 3D model incorporating lymphoma B cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and/or tonsil stromal cells (TSC). Under 3D confinement, lymphoma B cells were able to form cohesive spheroids resulting from overexpression of ECM components. Moreover, lymphoma B cells and TSC dynamically formed self-organized 3D spheroids favoring tumor cell growth. 3D culture induced resistance to the classical chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, but not to the BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199, identifying this approach as a relevant in vitro model to assess the activity of therapeutic agents in B-NHL. RNA-sequence analysis highlighted the synergy of 3D, ECM, and TSC in upregulating similar pathways in malignant B cells in vitro than those overexpressed in primary lymphoma B cells in situ. Finally, our 3D model including ECM and TSC allowed long-term in vitro survival of primary follicular lymphoma B cells. In conclusion, we propose a new high-throughput 3D model mimicking lymphoma tumor niche and making it possible to study the dynamic relationship between lymphoma B cells and their microenvironment and to screen new anti-cancer drugs.
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25
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Grasso C, Pierie C, Mebius RE, van Baarsen LGM. Lymph node stromal cells: subsets and functions in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:920-936. [PMID: 34521601 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) aid the interaction between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in adequate and prolonged adaptive immune responses. LN stromal cells (LNSCs) are crucially involved in steering adaptive immune responses at different levels. Most knowledge on LNSCs has been obtained from mouse studies, and few studies indicate similarities with their human counterparts. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed significant LNSC heterogeneity among different subsets with potential selective functions in immunity. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of LNSCs based on human and murine studies describing the role of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grasso
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Pierie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Kumar E, Pickard L, Okosun J. Pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma: genetics to the microenvironment to clinical translation. Br J Haematol 2021; 194:810-821. [PMID: 33694181 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) represents a heterogeneous disease both clinically and biologically. The pathognomonic t(14;18) translocation can no longer be thought of as the primary genetic driver, with increasing recognition of the biological relevance of recurrent genetic alterations in epigenetic regulators that now feature as a pivotal hallmark of this lymphoma subtype. Furthermore, sequencing studies have provided a near complete catalogue of additional genetic aberrations. Longitudinal and spatial genetic studies add an additional layer to the biological heterogeneity, providing preliminary molecular insights into high-risk phenotypes such as early progressors and transformation, and also supporting evidence for the existence of persisting re-populating cells that act as lymphoma reservoirs and harbingers for FL recurrence. Simultaneously, understanding of the tumour microenvironmental cues promoting lymphomagenesis and disease progression continue to broaden. More recently, studies are beginning to unravel the convergence and co-operation between the genetics, epigenetics and microenvironment. There is a pressing need to marry biology with therapeutics, especially with the burgeoning treatment landscape in FL, to aid in optimising patient selection and guiding the 'right drug to the right patient'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Pickard
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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27
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Mourcin F, Verdière L, Roulois D, Amin R, Lamaison C, Sibut V, Thamphya B, Pangault C, Monvoisin C, Huet S, Seffals M, Baulande S, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Legoix P, Rossille D, Guirriec M, Léonard S, Cartron G, Salles G, Fest T, Tarte K. Follicular lymphoma triggers phenotypic and functional remodeling of the human lymphoid stromal cell landscape. Immunity 2021; 54:1788-1806.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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de Winde CM, Makris S, Millward LJ, Cantoral-Rebordinos JA, Benjamin AC, Martínez VG, Acton SE. Fibroblastic reticular cell response to dendritic cells requires coordinated activity of podoplanin, CD44 and CD9. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258610. [PMID: 34184727 PMCID: PMC8325952 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adaptive immunity, CLEC-2+ dendritic cells (DCs) contact fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) inhibiting podoplanin-dependent actomyosin contractility, permitting FRC spreading and lymph node expansion. The molecular mechanisms controlling lymph node remodelling are incompletely understood. We asked how podoplanin is regulated on FRCs in the early phase of lymph node expansion, and which other proteins are required for the FRC response to DCs. We find that podoplanin and its partner proteins CD44 and CD9 are differentially expressed by specific lymph node stromal populations in vivo, and their expression in FRCs is coregulated by CLEC-2 (encoded by CLEC1B). Both CD44 and CD9 suppress podoplanin-dependent contractility. We find that beyond contractility, podoplanin is required for FRC polarity and alignment. Independently of podoplanin, CD44 and CD9 affect FRC-FRC interactions. Furthermore, our data show that remodelling of the FRC cytoskeleton in response to DCs is a two-step process requiring podoplanin partner proteins CD44 and CD9. Firstly, CLEC-2 and podoplanin binding inhibits FRC contractility, and, secondly, FRCs form protrusions and spread, which requires both CD44 and CD9. Together, we show a multi-faceted FRC response to DCs, which requires CD44 and CD9 in addition to podoplanin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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29
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Milpied P, Gandhi AK, Cartron G, Pasqualucci L, Tarte K, Nadel B, Roulland S. Follicular lymphoma dynamics. Adv Immunol 2021; 150:43-103. [PMID: 34176559 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet challenging disease. Despite a generally favorable response to immunochemotherapy regimens, a fraction of patients does not respond or relapses early with unfavorable prognosis. For the vast majority of those who initially respond, relapses will repeatedly occur with increasing refractoriness to available treatments. Addressing the clinical challenges in FL warrants deep understanding of the nature of treatment-resistant FL cells seeding relapses, and of the biological basis of early disease progression. Great progress has been made in the last decade in the description and interrogation of the (epi)genomic landscape of FL cells, of their major dependency to the tumor microenvironment (TME), and of the stepwise lymphomagenesis process, from healthy to subclinical disease and to overt FL. A new picture is emerging, in which an ever-evolving tumor-TME duo sparks a complex and multilayered clonal and functional heterogeneity, blurring the discovery of prognostic biomarkers, patient stratification and reliable designs of risk-adapted treatments. Novel technological approaches allowing to decipher both tumor and TME heterogeneity at the single-cell level are beginning to unravel unsuspected cell dynamics and plasticity of FL cells. The upcoming drawing of a comprehensive functional picture of FL within its ecosystem holds great promise to address the unmet medical needs of this complex lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Anita K Gandhi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, United States
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, UMR-CNRS 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, EFS Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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30
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Valle-Argos B, Chiodin G, Bryant DJ, Taylor J, Lemm E, Duriez PJ, Rock PJ, Strefford JC, Forconi F, Burack RW, Packham G, Stevenson FK. DC-SIGN binding to mannosylated B-cell receptors in follicular lymphoma down-modulates receptor signaling capacity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11676. [PMID: 34083646 PMCID: PMC8175722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In follicular lymphoma (FL), surface immunoglobulin (sIg) carries mandatory N-glycosylation sites in the variable regions, inserted during somatic hypermutation. These glycosylation sites are tumor-specific, indicating a critical function in FL. Added glycan unexpectedly terminates at high mannose (Mann) and confers capability for sIg-mediated interaction with local macrophage-expressed DC-SIGN lectin resulting in low-level activation of upstream B-cell receptor signaling responses. Here we show that despite being of low-level, DC-SIGN induces a similar downstream transcriptional response to anti-IgM in primary FL cells, characterized by activation of pathways associated with B-cell survival, proliferation and cell-cell communication. Lectin binding was also able to engage post-transcriptional receptor cross-talk pathways since, like anti-IgM, DC-SIGN down-modulated cell surface expression of CXCR4. Importantly, pre-exposure of a FL-derived cell line expressing sIgM-Mann or primary FL cells to DC-SIGN, which does not block anti-IgM binding, reversibly paralyzed the subsequent Ca2+ response to anti-IgM. These novel findings indicate that modulation of sIg function occurs in FL via lectin binding to acquired mannoses. The B-cell receptor alternative engagement described here provides two advantages to lymphoma cells: (i) activation of signaling, which, albeit of low-level, is sufficient to trigger canonical lymphoma-promoting responses, and (ii) protection from exogenous antigen by paralyzing anti-IgM-induced signaling. Blockade of this alternative engagement could offer a new therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Giorgia Chiodin
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dean J Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joe Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth Lemm
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip J Rock
- Pathology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard W Burack
- Pathology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Freda K Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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31
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Lamaison C, Tarte K. B cell/stromal cell crosstalk in health, disease, and treatment: Follicular lymphoma as a paradigm. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:273-285. [PMID: 34060097 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells organize specific anatomic compartments within bone marrow (BM) and secondary lymphoid organs where they finely regulate the behavior of mature normal B cells. In particular, lymphoid stromal cells (LSCs) form a phenotypically heterogeneous compartment including various cell subsets variably supporting B-cell survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation. In turn, activated B cells trigger in-depth remodeling of LSC networks within lymph nodes (LN) and BM. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is one of the best paradigms of a B-cell neoplasia depending on a specific tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) emerging from the reprogramming of LN LSCs or poorly characterized local BM precursors. FL-CAFs support directly malignant B-cell growth and orchestrate FL permissive cell niche by contributing, through a bidirectional crosstalk, to the recruitment and polarization of immune TME subsets. Recent studies have highlighted a previously unexpected level of heterogeneity of both FL B cells and FL TME, underlined by FL-CAF plasticity. A better understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and kinetic of stromal cell remodeling in FL would be useful to delineate new predictive markers and new therapeutic approaches in this still fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lamaison
- UMR_S 1236, Université Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR_S 1236, Université Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France.,SITI, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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32
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The Tumor Microenvironment in Follicular Lymphoma: Its Pro-Malignancy Role with Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105352. [PMID: 34069564 PMCID: PMC8160856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the follicular lymphoma (FL) microenvironment, CXCR5+ICOS+PD1+BCL6+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which closely correlate with FL B cells in neoplastic follicles, play a major role in supporting FL. Interleukin-4 secreted by Tfh cells triggers the upregulation of the lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL12 in stromal cell precursors, in particular by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). In turn, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be committed to FRC differentiation in the bone marrow and lymph nodes involved by FL. Noteworthy, MSCs can promote the differentiation of Tfh cells into highly immunosuppressive T-follicular regulatory cells. The tumor suppressor HVEM is highly mutated in FL cells, and its deficiency increases Tfh cell frequency. In contrast, PI3Kδ inhibition impedes the recruitment of Tfh/regulatory T cells and impairs the proliferation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and FDC-induced angiogenesis. Since TIGIT ligands are expressed by FDCs, the immune checkpoint receptor TIGIT plays an important role in tumor-infiltrating T cells. Thus, TIGIT blockade might invigorate cytotoxic T cells in the FL microenvironment. Given their potential to simultaneously reduce the neoplastic B cells, Tfh, and TFR cells could also reinforce the effects of the cytotoxic T cells. This combinatory strategy should be explored as a treatment option to tackle FL.
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33
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Role of Microenvironment in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Understanding the Composition and Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:206-216. [PMID: 32496454 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma microenvironment is a dynamic and well-orchestrated network of various immune and stromal cells that is indispensable for tumor cell survival, growth, migration, immune escape, and drug resistance. Recent progress has enhanced our knowledge of the pivotal role of microenvironment in lymphomagenesis. Understanding the characteristics, functions, and contributions of various components of the tumor niche, along with its bidirectional interactions with tumor cells, is paramount. It offers the potential to identify new therapeutic targets with the ability to restore antitumor immune surveillance and eliminate the protumoral factors contributed by the tumor niche.
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34
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Choi YS. Immuno-oncology for B-cell lymphomas. Blood Res 2021; 56:S70-S74. [PMID: 33935038 PMCID: PMC8094003 DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to restore and optimize the immune response against malignant clones through several stages, from recognition of tumor antigens to establishment of long-lived memory cell populations. Boosting the intrinsic anti-tumor immune responses of the patients’ own, several types of “active immunotherapies” have been tried in many types of malignancies, inspired by successful experiences of immune checkpoint inhibition even in Hodgkin lymphoma. However, in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, clinical usefulness of such “active immunotherapies” is relatively unsatisfactory considering the remarkable advances in “passive immunotherapy,” including CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Understanding how tumor cells and immune cells interact and contribute to immune evasion processes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important prerequisite for the successful restoration of anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, a recent understanding of the biology of the immune tumor microenvironment surrounding B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas will be introduced. In addition, novel therapeutic approaches targeting the immune microenvironment other than immune checkpoint blockade are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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35
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Apollonio B, Ioannou N, Papazoglou D, Ramsay AG. Understanding the Immune-Stroma Microenvironment in B Cell Malignancies for Effective Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626818. [PMID: 33842331 PMCID: PMC8027510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers, including lymphomas, develop in complex tissue environments where malignant cells actively promote the creation of a pro-tumoral niche that suppresses effective anti-tumor effector T cell responses. Research is revealing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) differs between different types of lymphoma, covering inflamed environments, as exemplified by Hodgkin lymphoma, to non-inflamed TMEs as seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this review we consider how T cells and interferon-driven inflammatory signaling contribute to the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. We discuss tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms critical to anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to immunotherapies, before adding an additional layer of complexity within the TME: the immunoregulatory role of non-hematopoietic stromal cells that co-evolve with tumors. Studying the intricate interactions between the immune-stroma lymphoma TME should help to design next-generation immunotherapies and combination treatment strategies to overcome complex TME-driven immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Apollonio
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Csizmar CM, Ansell SM. Engaging the Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Immune Response in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3302. [PMID: 33804869 PMCID: PMC8038124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic strategy for many malignancies, including lymphoma. As in solid tumors, early clinical trials have revealed that immunotherapy is not equally efficacious across all lymphoma subtypes. For example, immune checkpoint inhibition has a higher overall response rate and leads to more durable outcomes in Hodgkin lymphomas compared to non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These observations, combined with a growing understanding of tumor biology, have implicated the tumor microenvironment as a major determinant of treatment response and prognosis. Interactions between lymphoma cells and their microenvironment facilitate several mechanisms that impair the antitumor immune response, including loss of major histocompatibility complexes, expression of immunosuppressive ligands, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, and the recruitment, expansion, and skewing of suppressive cell populations. Accordingly, treatments to overcome these barriers are being rapidly developed and translated into clinical trials. This review will discuss the mechanisms of immune evasion, current avenues for optimizing the antitumor immune response, clinical successes and failures of lymphoma immunotherapy, and outstanding hurdles that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Extracellular vesicles shed by follicular lymphoma B cells promote polarization of the bone marrow stromal cell niche. Blood 2021; 138:57-70. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) originates in the lymph nodes (LNs) and infiltrates bone marrow (BM) early in the course of the disease. BM FL B cells are characterized by a lower cytological grade, decreased proliferation, and a specific phenotypic and subclonal profile. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from FL BM display a specific gene expression profile (GEP), including enrichment for a lymphoid stromal cell signature, and an increased capacity to sustain FL B-cell growth. However, the mechanisms triggering the formation of the medullar FL permissive stromal niche have not been identified. In the current work, we demonstrate that FL B cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be internalized by BM-MSCs, making them more efficient to support FL B-cell survival and quiescence. Accordingly, EVs purified from FL BM plasma activate transforming growth factor β–dependent and independent pathways in BM-MSCs and modify their GEP, triggering an upregulation of factors classically associated with hematopoietic stem cell niche, including CXCL12 and angiopoietin-1. Moreover, we provide the first characterization of BM FL B-cell GEP, allowing the definition of the landscape of molecular interactions they could engage with EV-primed BM-MSCs. This work identifies FL-derived EVs as putative mediators of BM stroma polarization and supports further investigation of their clinical interest for targeting the crosstalk between BM-MSCs and malignant B cells.
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38
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Foxall R, Narang P, Glaysher B, Hub E, Teal E, Coles MC, Ashton-Key M, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Developing a 3D B Cell Lymphoma Culture System to Model Antibody Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:605231. [PMID: 33628205 PMCID: PMC7897703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large cell B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for approximately 30%-40% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases. Current first line DLBCL treatment results in long-term remission in more than 60% of cases. However, those patients with primary refractory disease or early relapse exhibit poor prognosis, highlighting a requirement for alternative therapies. Our aim was to develop a novel model of DLBCL that facilitates in vitro testing of current and novel therapies by replicating key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system that would enable primary DLBCL cell survival and study ex vivo. The TME is a complex ecosystem, comprising malignant and non-malignant cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) whose reciprocal crosstalk drives tumor initiation and growth while fostering an immunosuppressive milieu enabling its persistence. The requirement to recapitulate, at least to some degree, this complex, interactive network is exemplified by the rapid cell death of primary DLBCL cells removed from their TME and cultured alone in vitro. Building on previously described methodologies to generate lymphoid-like fibroblasts from adipocyte derived stem cells (ADSC), we confirmed lymphocytes, specifically B cells, interacted with this ADSC-derived stroma, in the presence or absence of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), in both two-dimensional (2D) cultures and a 3D collagen-based spheroid system. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DLBCL cells cultured in this system interact with its constituent components, resulting in their improved viability as compared to ex-vivo 2D monocultures. We then assessed the utility of this system as a platform to study therapeutics in the context of antibody-directed phagocytosis, using rituximab as a model immunotherapeutic antibody. Overall, we describe a novel 3D spheroid co-culture system comprising key components of the DLBCL TME with the potential to serve as a testbed for novel therapeutics, targeting key cellular constituents of the TME, such as CAF and/or TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Narang
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Glaysher
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Hub
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Teal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton University Hospital Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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39
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Follicular Lymphoma Microenvironment: An Intricate Network Ready for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040641. [PMID: 33562694 PMCID: PMC7915642 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular Lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma, is a paradigm of the immune microenvironment's contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity. Over the last few years, state-of-the-art technologies, including whole-exome sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and mass cytometry, have precisely dissected the specific cellular phenotypes present in the FL microenvironment network and their role in the disease. In this already complex picture, the presence of recurring mutations, including KMT2D, CREBBP, EZH2, and TNFRSF14, have a prominent contributory role, with some of them finely tuning this exquisite dependence of FL on its microenvironment. This precise characterization of the enemy (FL) and its allies (microenvironment) has paved the way for the development of novel therapies aimed at dismantling this contact network, weakening tumor cell support, and reactivating the host's immune response against the tumor. In this review, we will describe the main microenvironment actors, together with the current and future therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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40
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Kotlov N, Bagaev A, Revuelta MV, Phillip JM, Cacciapuoti MT, Antysheva Z, Svekolkin V, Tikhonova E, Miheecheva N, Kuzkina N, Nos G, Tabbo F, Frenkel F, Ghione P, Tsiper M, Almog N, Fowler N, Melnick AM, Leonard JP, Inghirami G, Cerchietti L. Clinical and Biological Subtypes of B-cell Lymphoma Revealed by Microenvironmental Signatures. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1468-1489. [PMID: 33541860 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Transcriptomic and genetic characterization of DLBCL has increased the understanding of its intrinsic pathogenesis and provided potential therapeutic targets. However, the role of the microenvironment in DLBCL biology remains less understood. Here, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of the microenvironment of 4,655 DLBCLs from multiple independent cohorts and described four major lymphoma microenvironment categories that associate with distinct biological aberrations and clinical behavior. We also found evidence of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms deployed by cancer cells to evade microenvironmental constraints of lymphoma growth, supporting the rationale for implementing DNA hypomethylating agents in selected patients with DLBCL. In addition, our work uncovered new therapeutic vulnerabilities in the biochemical composition of the extracellular matrix that were exploited to decrease DLBCL proliferation in preclinical models. This novel classification provides a road map for the biological characterization and therapeutic exploitation of the DLBCL microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE: In a translational relevant transcriptomic-based classification, we characterized the microenvironment as a critical component of the B-cell lymphoma biology and associated it with the DLBCL clinical behavior establishing a novel opportunity for targeting therapies.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria V Revuelta
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maria Teresa Cacciapuoti
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Tabbo
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Paola Ghione
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Nava Almog
- BostonGene Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ari M Melnick
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - John P Leonard
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Medicine Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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41
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Pangault C, Amé-Thomas P, Rossille D, Dulong J, Caron G, Nonn C, Chatonnet F, Desmots F, Launay V, Lamy T, Fest T, Tarte K. Integrative Analysis of Cell Crosstalk within Follicular Lymphoma Cell Niche: Towards a Definition of the FL Supportive Synapse. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102865. [PMID: 33028033 PMCID: PMC7599549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Follicular lymphoma, the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, arises from a germinal center B cell proliferation supported by a multidirectional crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment, in particular with follicular helper T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we explored this complex network, starting from a comparative analysis of the molecular signatures of B cells, T cells, and stromal cells obtained from normal versus lymphoma tissues, and focusing on deregulated genes reflecting the crosstalk between these three cell subsets organizing the lymphoma cell niche. This helps us to point out new lymphoma-specific pathways, related to transcriptomic and functional specific features of T and stromal cells, and contributing to tumor B cell support directly or through the recruitment and/or activation of other pro-tumoral cell components. In the future, targeting these cell interactions with specific drugs in the FL niche could represent an attractive option for novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is considered as a prototypical centrocyte-derived lymphoma, dependent on a specific microenvironment mimicking the normal germinal center (GC). In agreement, several FL genetic alterations affect the crosstalk between malignant B cells and surrounding cells, including stromal cells and follicular helper T cells (Tfh). In our study, we sought to deconvolute this complex FL supportive synapse by comparing the transcriptomic profiles of GC B cells, Tfh, and stromal cells, isolated from normal versus FL tissues, in order to identify tumor-specific pathways. In particular, we highlighted a high expression of IL-6 and IL-7 in FL B cells that could favor the activation of FL Tfh overexpressing IFNG, able in turn to stimulate FL B cells without triggering MHC (major histocompatibility) class II expression. Moreover, the glycoprotein clusterin was found up-regulated in FL stromal cells and could promote FL B cell adhesion. Finally, besides its expression on Tfh, CD200 was found overexpressed on tumor B cells and could contribute to the induction of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase by CD200R-expressing dendritic cells. Altogether our findings led us to outline the contribution of major signals provided by the FL microenvironment and their interactions with malignant FL B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pangault
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Rossille
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joëlle Dulong
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gersende Caron
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Céline Nonn
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Chatonnet
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Desmots
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Launay
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Yves Le Fol, F-22000 Saint Brieuc, France;
| | - Thierry Lamy
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Fest
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
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Misiak J, Jean R, Rodriguez S, Deleurme L, Lamy T, Tarte K, Amé-Thomas P. Human Lymphoid Stromal Cells Contribute to Polarization of Follicular T Cells Into IL-4 Secreting Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559866. [PMID: 33133070 PMCID: PMC7562812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are the specialized lymphoid stromal cells initially identified as triggering T-cell recruitment and dynamic motion in secondary lymphoid organs. Interestingly, FRCs also display antigen presentation capacities and support lymphocyte survival. CXCR5+CD4+ follicular T cells are important players of B-cell maturation and antibody response. Our study reported that in vitro-differentiated FRC-like cells enhanced the growth of the whole CXCR5+CD4+ T-cell compartment, while enhancing IL-4 secretion specifically by the PD1dimCXCR5+CD4+ cell subset, in a Notch- and ICAM1/LFA1-dependent manner. In addition, we revealed that in follicular lymphoma (FL) tissues, previously identified as enriched for PD1hiCXCR5hiCD4+ mature follicular helper T cells, PD1dimCXCR5+CD4+ T cells displayed an enrichment for Notch and integrin gene signatures, and a Notch and ICAM-1-dependent overexpression of IL-4 compared to their non-malignant counterparts. These findings suggest that the crosstalk between FRCs and CXCR5+PD1dimCD4+ T cells may contribute to the FL IL-4 rich environment, thus providing new insights in FL lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Misiak
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France
| | - Rachel Jean
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Rodriguez
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Deleurme
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inserm, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes)-Unité Mixte de Service 3480, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Lamy
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- INSERM U1236, Univ Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, LabEx IGO, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
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43
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Yoshida N, Miyoshi H, Arakawa F, Nakashima K, Kawamoto K, Seto M, Ohshima K. Cytokine-related genes play critical roles in extrafollicular growth of follicular lymphoma cells. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:673-679. [PMID: 32835439 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a germinal center-derived B-cell lymphoma that is known to proliferate in the intrafollicular region. However, lymphoma cells can be identified in the extrafollicular regions, which are related to disease dissemination. We purified the intrafollicular and extrafollicular regions of FL cells by laser microdissection and conducted microarray analysis in order to characterize the gene expression profiles of FL cells from both regions. BCL2 and genes of germinal B-cell markers clearly separated intrafollicular and extrafollicular regions of reactive follicular hyperplasia, suggesting the adequacy of the current analysis. In FL cases, cytokine-related genes were significantly enriched in extrafollicular regions compared with those in the intrafollicular regions. In intrafollicular regions of FL, cell-cycle-related genes were enriched. We found that the FL cells in the extrafollicular region more strongly expressed IL3RA and CXCL12 than those of intrafollicular regions. The cytokines might be also derived from stroma cells in the extrafollicular regions, which may initiate activation and migration of the tumor cells to this region. Our results suggest that FL cell interaction with surrounding stroma cells plays an important role in the pathophysiology of FL and that such interactions should be a good target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawamoto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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44
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Townsend W, Pasikowska M, Yallop D, Phillips EH, Patten PEM, Salisbury JR, Marcus R, Pepper A, Devereux S. The architecture of neoplastic follicles in follicular lymphoma; analysis of the relationship between the tumor and follicular helper T cells. Haematologica 2020; 105:1593-1603. [PMID: 31537685 PMCID: PMC7271595 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-follicular helper cells are essential for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of germinal center B cells and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL). To further define the role of these cells in FL, we used multiparameter confocal microscopy to compare the architecture of normal and neoplastic follicles and next generation sequencing to analyze the T-cell receptor repertoire in FL lymph nodes (LN). Multiparameter analysis of LN showed that the proportion of T-follic-ular helper cells (TFH) in normal and neoplastic follicles is the same and that the previously reported increase in TFH numbers in FL is thus due to an increase in the number and not content of follicles. As in normal germinal centers, TFH were shown to have a close spatial correlation with proliferating B cells in neoplastic follicles, where features of immunological synapse formation were observed. The number of TFH in FL correlate with the rate of B-cell proliferation and TFH co-localized to activation induced cytidine deaminase expressing proliferating B cells. T-cell receptor repertoire analysis of FL LN revealed that follicular areas are significantly more clonal when compared to the rest of the LN. These novel findings show that neoplastic follicles and germinal centers share important structural features and provide further evidence that TFH may play a role in driving B-cell proliferation and genomic evolution in TFH Our results also suggest that targeting this interaction would be an attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Townsend
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Marta Pasikowska
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
| | - Deborah Yallop
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London
| | - Elizabeth H Phillips
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
| | - Piers E M Patten
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London
| | | | - Robert Marcus
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London
- Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital, London
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45
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Sylvestre M, Tarte K, Roulois D. Epigenetic mechanisms driving tumor supportive microenvironment differentiation and function: a role in cancer therapy? Epigenomics 2019; 12:157-169. [PMID: 31849241 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in tumor development and drug resistance. Within TME, the stromal cell subset, called cancer-associated fibroblasts, is a heterogeneous population originating from poorly characterized precursors. Since cancer-associated fibroblasts do not acquire somatic mutations, other mechanisms like epigenetic regulation, could be involved in the development of these cells and in the acquisition of tumor supportive phenotypes. Moreover, such epigenetic modulations have been correlated to the emergence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment facilitating tumor evasion. These findings underline the need to deepen our knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms driving TME development and function, and to understand the impact of epigenetic drugs that could be used in future to target both tumor cells and their TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Sylvestre
- UMR _S 1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Établissement français du sang (EFS) Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR _S 1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Établissement français du sang (EFS) Bretagne, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Roulois
- UMR _S 1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Établissement français du sang (EFS) Bretagne, Rennes, France.,Niches & Epigenetics of Tumors from Cancéropole Grand Ouest, France
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46
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Carbone A, Roulland S, Gloghini A, Younes A, von Keudell G, López-Guillermo A, Fitzgibbon J. Follicular lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:83. [PMID: 31831752 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a systemic neoplasm of the lymphoid tissue displaying germinal centre (GC) B cell differentiation. FL represents ~5% of all haematological neoplasms and ~20-25% of all new non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnoses in western countries. Tumorigenesis starts in precursor B cells and becomes full-blown tumour when the cells reach the GC maturation step. FL is preceded by an asymptomatic preclinical phase in which premalignant B cells carrying a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation accumulate additional genetic alterations, although not all of these cells progress to the tumour phase. FL is an indolent lymphoma with largely favourable outcomes, although a fraction of patients is at risk of disease progression and adverse outcomes. Outcomes for FL in the rituximab era are encouraging, with ~80% of patients having an overall survival of >10 years. Patients with relapsed FL have a wide range of treatment options, including several chemoimmunotherapy regimens, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, and lenalidomide plus rituximab. Promising new treatment approaches include epigenetic therapeutics and immune approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. The identification of patients at high risk who require alternative therapies to the current standard of care is a growing need that will help direct clinical trial research. This Primer discusses the epidemiology of FL, its molecular and cellular pathogenesis and its diagnosis, classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Anas Younes
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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47
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Randall C, Fedoriw Y. Pathology and diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and related entities. Pathology 2019; 52:30-39. [PMID: 31791624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent, mature B-cell neoplasm classically characterised by the t(14;18)(q32;q21) with constitutive overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein, BCL2. Most cases present in older adults with slowly progressive lymphadenopathy and follow an indolent clinical course. Typical morphology shows an expansile follicular proliferation with tumour expression of germinal centre markers, and bone marrow involvement at diagnosis is frequent. However, in the recent past, efforts to understand the biological and clinical heterogeneity of FL has effected significant change to the diagnostic approach. While morphological grade, assessed by enumerating large 'centroblasts' in the neoplastic follicles, generally correlates with outcome in systemic nodal FL, variants with high-grade morphology but indolent clinical behaviour have been identified. Given the clinical implications of these FL variants, knowledge of their clinical and histopathological defining features is of paramount importance to the pathologist. Furthermore, as with many areas of diagnostic oncology, precursors to FL have been identified and described with measurable rates of progression to bona fide lymphoma. Accurate diagnosis of these early lesions can often prevent unnecessary therapy and guide appropriate monitoring for disease progression. This review aims to summarise these key pathological and diagnostic features of FL. We further highlight the biological underpinnings of FL that will likely affect the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Randall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology, University of North Carolina, NC Cancer Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematopathology, University of North Carolina, NC Cancer Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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48
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Lamaison C, Tarte K. Impact of B cell/lymphoid stromal cell crosstalk in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Immunol Lett 2019; 215:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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49
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Menter T, Tzankov A. Lymphomas and Their Microenvironment: A Multifaceted Relationship. Pathobiology 2019; 86:225-236. [PMID: 31574515 DOI: 10.1159/000502912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that the microenvironment - lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts as well as the extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, and a plethora of other cells, structures and substances residing in the vicinity of tumor cells - plays an important part in the maintenance of cancer growth and survival. This is also relevant in lymphomas. In this review, we give an outline on the importance of the microenvironment for tumors in general and lymphomas in particular, by highlighting certain basic principles of tumor-microenvironment interaction. The relationship of lymphomas and their microenvironment is multifaceted: lymphoma cells need growth factors and cytokines derived from microenvironmental cells for their sustenance and growth. On the contrary, many lymphomas silence or at least deregulate the immune system to escape recognition and subsequent elimination by immune cells, while giving advantage to suppressive microenvironmental compounds such as M2 polarized macrophages, regulatory T-cells, mast cells, and immunosuppressive fibroblasts. We also give a detailed insight across different lymphoma types to show the variety of tumor-microenvironment interactions. Due to its tremendous importance, the microenvironment has also become a new target for oncologic therapy. The most important finding concerning lymphomas with a focus on immunomodulatory substances is also, therefore, highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Menter
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland,
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50
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Ménard C, Dulong J, Roulois D, Hébraud B, Verdière L, Pangault C, Sibut V, Bezier I, Bescher N, Monvoisin C, Gadelorge M, Bertheuil N, Flécher E, Casteilla L, Collas P, Sensebé L, Bourin P, Espagnolle N, Tarte K. Integrated transcriptomic, phenotypic, and functional study reveals tissue-specific immune properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2019; 38:146-159. [PMID: 31502731 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be expanded from bone marrow and adipose tissue to treat inflammatory diseases and degenerative disorders. However, the influence of their tissue of origin on their functional properties, including their immunosuppressive activity, remains unsolved. In this study, we produced paired bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (BM-MSC) and adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) batches from 14 healthy donors. We then compared them using transcriptomic, phenotypic, and functional analyses and validated our results on purified native MSCs to infer which differences were really endowed by tissue of origin. Cultured MSCs segregated together owing to their tissue of origin based on their gene expression profile analyzed using differential expression and weighted gene coexpression network analysis. This translated into distinct immune-related gene signatures, phenotypes, and functional cell interactions. Importantly, sorted native BM-MSCs and ASCs essentially displayed the same distinctive patterns than their in vitro-expanded counterparts. As a whole, ASCs exhibited an immune profile consistent with a stronger inhibition of immune response and a lower immunogenicity, supporting the use of adipose tissue as a valuable source for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Ménard
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Joëlle Dulong
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Roulois
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Benjamin Hébraud
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Léa Verdière
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Pangault
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Bezier
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Nadège Bescher
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Gadelorge
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Plastic Surgery, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Erwan Flécher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luc Sensebé
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Espagnolle
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang-Occitanie (EFS), Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR 1236, University of Rennes, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Rennes, France.,SITI Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
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