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Hordijk S, Carter T, Bierings R. A new look at an old body: molecular determinants of Weibel-Palade body composition and von Willebrand factor exocytosis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1290-1303. [PMID: 38307391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells, forming a monolayer along blood vessels, intricately regulate vascular hemostasis, inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis. A key determinant of these functions is the controlled secretion of Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), which are specialized endothelial storage organelles housing a presynthesized pool of the hemostatic protein von Willebrand factor and various other hemostatic, inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasoactive mediators. This review delves into recent mechanistic insights into WPB biology, including the biogenesis that results in their unique morphology, the acquisition of intraluminal vesicles and other cargo, and the contribution of proton pumps to organelle acidification. Additionally, in light of a number of proteomic approaches to unravel the regulatory networks that control WPB formation and secretion, we provide a comprehensive overview of the WPB exocytotic machinery, including their molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hordijk
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. https://twitter.com/SophieHordijk
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Jenike AE, Jenike KM, Peterson KJ, Fromm B, Halushka MK. Direct observation of the evolution of cell-type-specific microRNA expression signatures supports the hematopoietic origin model of endothelial cells. Evol Dev 2023; 25:226-239. [PMID: 37157156 PMCID: PMC10302300 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of specialized cell-types is a long-standing interest of biologists, but given the deep time-scales very difficult to reconstruct or observe. microRNAs have been linked to the evolution of cellular complexity and may inform on specialization. The endothelium is a vertebrate-specific specialization of the circulatory system that enabled a critical new level of vasoregulation. The evolutionary origin of these endothelial cells is unclear. We hypothesized that Mir-126, an endothelial cell-specific microRNA may be informative. We here reconstruct the evolutionary history of Mir-126. Mir-126 likely appeared in the last common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates, which was a species without an endothelium, within an intron of the evolutionary much older EGF Like Domain Multiple (Egfl) locus. Mir-126 has a complex evolutionary history due to duplications and losses of both the host gene and the microRNA. Taking advantage of the strong evolutionary conservation of the microRNA among Olfactores, and using RNA in situ hybridization, we localized Mir-126 in the tunicate Ciona robusta. We found exclusive expression of the mature Mir-126 in granular amebocytes, supporting a long-proposed scenario that endothelial cells arose from hemoblasts, a type of proto-endothelial amoebocyte found throughout invertebrates. This observed change of expression of Mir-126 from proto-endothelial amoebocytes in the tunicate to endothelial cells in vertebrates is the first direct observation of the evolution of a cell-type in relation to microRNA expression indicating that microRNAs can be a prerequisite of cell-type evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E. Jenike
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Katharine M. Jenike
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Kevin J. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, USA
| | - Bastian Fromm
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9006 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marc K. Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
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3
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Holland ND, Holland LZ. Cephalochordate Hemocytes: First Demonstration for Asymmetron lucayanum (Bahamas Lancelet) Plus Augmented Description for Branchiostoma floridae (Florida Amphioxus). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:71-81. [PMID: 37725696 DOI: 10.1086/726774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWithin phylum Chordata, the subphylum Cephalochordata (amphioxus and lancelets) has figured large in considerations of the evolutionary origin of the vertebrates. To date, these discussions have been predominantly based on knowledge of a single cephalochordate genus (Branchiostoma), almost to the exclusion of the other two genera (Asymmetron and Epigonichthys). This uneven pattern is illustrated by cephalochordate hematology, until now known entirely from work done on Branchiostoma. The main part of the present study is to describe hemocytes in the dorsal aorta of a species of Asymmetron by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. This technique, which demonstrates three-dimensional fine structure, showed that the hemocytes have a relatively uniform morphology characterized by an oval shape and scanty cytoplasm. Ancillary information is also included for Branchiostoma hemocytes, known from previous studies to have relatively abundant cytoplasm; our serial block-face scanning electron microscopy provides more comprehensive views of the highly variable shapes of these cells, which typically extend one or several pseudopodium-like protrusions. The marked difference in hemocyte morphology found between Asymmetron and Branchiostoma was unexpected and directs attention to investigating comparable cells in the genus Epigonichthys. A broader knowledge of the hemocytes in all three cephalochordate genera would provide more balanced insights into the evolution of vertebrate hematopoiesis.
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Arce NA, Liu Y, Chen W, Zhang XF, Li R. Autoinhibitory module underlies species difference in shear activation of von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2686-2696. [PMID: 36031939 PMCID: PMC9588639 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric plasma protein that bridges the gap between vessel injury and platelet capture at high shear rates. Under high shear or tension, VWF can become activated upon the unfolding of its autoinhibitory module (AIM). AIM unfolding exposes the A1 domain, allowing for binding to platelet glycoprotein (GP)Ibα to initiate primary hemostasis. The characteristics of the AIM and its inhibitory properties within mouse VWF are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine and characterize the autoinhibitory properties of mouse VWF. METHODS Recombinant mouse VWF A1 fragments containing or lacking the flanking regions around the A1 domain were generated. We tested the ability of these fragments to bind to human or mouse GPIbα and platelets. We compared the unfolding of mouse AIM-A1 to human AIM-A1 by single-molecule force spectroscopy. RESULTS Recombinant mouse AIM-A1 binds with higher affinity to GPIbα than its human counterpart. Recombinant mouse proteins lacking part of the AIM show increased binding to GPIbα. Activated A1 fragments lacking the AIM can effectively agglutinate platelets across the species barrier. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we determined that the mouse AIM unfolds under forces similar to the human AIM. Additionally, the human AIM paired with mouse A1 largely recapitulates the behavior of human AIM-A1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the regulation of VWF-GPIbα binding has been specifically tuned to work optimally in different rheological architectures. Differences in the AIM sequence may contribute to the difference in VWF shear response between human and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Arce
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenchun Chen
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - X. Frank Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renhao Li
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Sun LH, Bai KH, Wu GY, Tian XP, Zou ZQ, Wang DW, Dai YJ, Chen SL. Mechanism of Abnormal Coagulation Induced by Tigecycline in Cancer Patients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891952. [PMID: 35865948 PMCID: PMC9294380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum active intravenous antibiotic that is active against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. In Phase 3 and 4 clinical trials, increased all-cause mortality was observed in patients treated with tigecycline compared to patients in the control group. The reason for the increase is unclear. In this study, we found that tigecycline cause abnormal coagulation in tumor patients, especially in patients with hematological malignancies. The main manifestations were decreased fibrinogen and prolonged activated prothrombin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), and D-dimer. In addition, through functional studies, we found that tigecycline inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation, and the coagulation function of patients gradually recover after discontinuation. Gene sequencing results suggested that tigecycline significantly regulate the expression of genes related to platelet function pathways and increase the incidence of single nucleotide polymorphisms and the number of alternative splices in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with tigecycline. An abnormal function and low numbers of platelets are common in patients with hematological malignancies. Our study can explain the mechanism of abnormal coagulation caused by tigecycline. Additionally, doctors who apply tigecycline to cure infections in tumor patients should be warned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun-Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endoscopy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yan Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Tian
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Jun Dai , ; Si-Liang Chen ,
| | - Si-Liang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Jun Dai , ; Si-Liang Chen ,
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6
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Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Shen JP, Martch SL, Maitra A, Kopetz S, Honn KV, Sood AK. Of vascular defense, hemostasis, cancer, and platelet biology: an evolutionary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:147-172. [PMID: 35022962 PMCID: PMC8754476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established considerable expertise in studying the role of platelets in cancer biology. From this expertise, we were keen to recognize the numerous venous-, arterial-, microvascular-, and macrovascular thrombotic events and immunologic disorders are caused by severe, acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. With this offering, we explore the evolutionary connections that place platelets at the center of hemostasis, immunity, and adaptive phylogeny. Coevolutionary changes have also occurred in vertebrate viruses and their vertebrate hosts that reflect their respective evolutionary interactions. As mammals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial life and the heavy blood loss associated with placentalization-based live birth, platelets evolved phylogenetically from thrombocytes toward higher megakaryocyte-blebbing-based production rates and the lack of nuclei. With no nuclei and robust RNA synthesis, this adaptation may have influenced viral replication to become less efficient after virus particles are engulfed. Human platelets express numerous receptors that bind viral particles, which developed from archetypal origins to initiate aggregation and exocytic-release of thrombo-, immuno-, angiogenic-, growth-, and repair-stimulatory granule contents. Whether by direct, evolutionary, selective pressure, or not, these responses may help to contain virus spread, attract immune cells for eradication, and stimulate angiogenesis, growth, and wound repair after viral damage. Because mammalian and marsupial platelets became smaller and more plate-like their biophysical properties improved in function, which facilitated distribution near vessel walls in fluid-shear fields. This adaptation increased the probability that platelets could then interact with and engulf shedding virus particles. Platelets also generate circulating microvesicles that increase membrane surface-area encounters and mark viral targets. In order to match virus-production rates, billions of platelets are generated and turned over per day to continually provide active defenses and adaptation to suppress the spectrum of evolving threats like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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7
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Padilla S, Nurden AT, Prado R, Nurden P, Anitua E. Healing through the lens of immunothrombosis: Biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapies. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121205. [PMID: 34710794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolution, from invertebrates to mammals, has yielded and shaped immunoclotting as a defense and repair response against trauma and infection. This mosaic of immediate and local wound-sealing and pathogen-killing mechanisms results in survival, restoration of homeostasis, and tissue repair. In mammals, immunoclotting has been complemented with the neuroendocrine system, platelets, and contact system among other embellishments, adding layers of complexity through interconnecting blood-born proteolytic cascades, blood cells, and the neuroendocrine system. In doing so, immunothrombosis endows humans with survival advantages, but entails vulnerabilities in the current unprecedented and increasingly challenging environment. Immunothrombosis and tissue repair appear to go hand in hand with common mechanisms mediating both processes, a fact that is underlined by recent advances that are deciphering the mechanisms of the repair process and of the biochemical pathways that underpins coagulation, hemostasis and thrombosis. This review is intended to frame both the universal aspects of tissue repair and the therapeutic use of autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-as-a-drug approach in the context of the evolutionary changes in coagulation and hemostasis. In addition, we will try to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of the autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Roberto Prado
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
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8
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Onuma TA, Nakanishi R, Sasakura Y, Ogasawara M. Nkx2-1 and FoxE regionalize glandular (mucus-producing) and thyroid-equivalent traits in the endostyle of the chordate Oikopleura dioica. Dev Biol 2021; 477:219-231. [PMID: 34107272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The endostyle is a ventral pharyngeal organ used for internal filter feeding of basal chordates and is considered homologous to the follicular thyroid of vertebrates. It contains mucus-producing (glandular) and thyroid-equivalent regions organized along the dorsoventral (DV) axis. Although thyroid-related genes (Nkx2-1, FoxE, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)) are known to be expressed in the endostyle, their roles in establishing regionalization within the organ have not been demonstrated. We report that Nkx2-1 and FoxE are essential for establishing DV axial identity in the endostyle of Oikopleura dioica. Genome and expression analyses showed von Willebrand factor-like (vWFL) and TPO/dual oxidase (Duox)/Nkx2-1/FoxE as orthologs of glandular and thyroid-related genes, respectively. Knockdown experiments showed that Nkx2-1 is necessary for the expression of glandular and thyroid-related genes, whereas FoxE is necessary only for thyroid-related genes. Moreover, Nkx2-1 expression is necessary for FoxE expression in larvae during organogenesis. The results demonstrate the essential roles of Nkx2-1 and FoxE in establishing regionalization in the endostyle, including (1) the Nkx2-1-dependent glandular region, and (2) the Nkx2-1/FoxE-dependent thyroid-equivalent region. DV axial regionalization may be responsible for organizing glandular and thyroid-equivalent traits of the pharynx along the DV axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi A Onuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Rina Nakanishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
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9
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Molecular coevolution of coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. Blood Adv 2021; 5:812-822. [PMID: 33560395 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral sequence reconstruction provides a unique platform for investigating the molecular evolution of single gene products and recently has shown success in engineering advanced biological therapeutics. To date, the coevolution of proteins within complexes and protein-protein interactions is mostly investigated in silico via proteomics and/or within single-celled systems. Herein, ancestral sequence reconstruction is used to investigate the molecular evolution of 2 proteins linked not only by stabilizing association in circulation but also by their independent roles within the primary and secondary hemostatic systems of mammals. Using sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of recombinant ancestral von Willebrand factor (VWF) and coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), we investigated the evolution of the essential macromolecular FVIII/VWF complex. Our data support the hypothesis that these coagulation proteins coevolved throughout mammalian diversification, maintaining strong binding affinities while modulating independent and distinct hemostatic activities in diverse lineages.
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10
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Anitua E, Nurden P, Nurden AT, Padilla S. More than 500 million years of evolution in a fibrin-based therapeutic scaffold. Regen Med 2020; 15:1493-1498. [PMID: 32441555 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain.,BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain.,BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
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11
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Levin J. The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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