1
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Kazerani M, Marcinek A, Philipp N, Brauchle B, Taylor JJ, Moreno HD, Terrasi A, Tast B, Rohrbacher L, Wang Y, Warm M, Emhardt AJ, Magno G, Spiekermann K, Herold T, Straub T, Theurich S, Schotta G, Kischel R, Bücklein VL, Subklewe M. Evolution of T-cell fitness through AML progression: enhanced bispecific T-cell engager-mediated function of bone marrow T cells at remission compared to initial diagnosis and relapse. Leukemia 2024:10.1038/s41375-024-02387-4. [PMID: 39174782 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kazerani
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anetta Marcinek
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nora Philipp
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Brauchle
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jonas Taylor
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Domínguez Moreno
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrea Terrasi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benjamin Tast
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Rohrbacher
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yingshuai Wang
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Warm
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alica-Joana Emhardt
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Magno
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Spiekermann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Herold
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roman Kischel
- Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
- AMGEN Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veit L Bücklein
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Al Agrafi F, Gaballa A, Hahn P, Arruda LCM, Jaramillo AC, Witsen M, Lehmann S, Önfelt B, Uhlin M, Stikvoort A. Selective lysis of acute myeloid leukemia cells by CD34/CD3 bispecific antibody through the activation of γδ T-cells. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2379063. [PMID: 39076247 PMCID: PMC11285226 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2379063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment, relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is still frequent and associated with a poor prognosis. Relapse has been shown to be correlated with an incomplete eradication of CD34+ leukemic stem cells prior to HSCT. Previously, we have shown that a novel CD34-directed, bispecific T-cell engager (BTE) can efficiently redirect the T-cell effector function toward cancer cells, thus eliminating leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo. However, its impact on γδ T-cells is still unclear. In this study, we tested the efficacy of the CD34-specific BTE using in vitro expanded γδ T-cells as effectors. We showed that the BTEs bind to γδ T-cells and CD34+ leukemic cell lines and induce target cell killing in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, γδ T-cell mediated killing was found to be superior to αβ T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we observed that only in the presence of BTE the γδ T-cells induced primary AML blast killing in vitro. Importantly, our results show that γδ T-cells did not target the healthy CD34intermediate endothelial blood-brain barrier cell line (hCMEC/D3) nor lysed CD34+ HSCs from healthy bone marrow samples.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Al Agrafi
- Healthy Aging Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Paula Hahn
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas C. M. Arruda
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian C. Jaramillo
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maartje Witsen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Uhlin
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arwen Stikvoort
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Goebeler ME, Stuhler G, Bargou R. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies in oncology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:539-560. [PMID: 38822215 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Research into bispecific antibodies, which are designed to simultaneously bind two antigens or epitopes, has advanced enormously over the past two decades. Owing to advances in protein engineering technologies and considerable preclinical research efforts, bispecific antibodies are constantly being developed and optimized to improve their efficacy and to mitigate toxicity. To date, >200 of these agents, the majority of which are bispecific immune cell engagers, are in either preclinical or clinical evaluation. In this Review, we discuss the role of bispecific antibodies in patients with cancer, including history and development, as well as innovative targeting strategies, clinical applications, and adverse events. We also discuss novel alternative bispecific antibody constructs, such as those targeting two antigens expressed by tumour cells or cells located in the tumour microenvironment. Finally, we consider future research directions in this rapidly evolving field, including innovative antibody engineering strategies, which might enable more effective delivery, overcome resistance, and thus optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gernot Stuhler
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Wang M, Ying T, Wu Y. Single-domain antibodies as therapeutics for solid tumor treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2854-2868. [PMID: 39027249 PMCID: PMC11252471 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), initially identified in camelids or sharks and commonly referred to as nanobodies or VNARs, have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutic antibodies. These sdAbs have many superior physicochemical and pharmacological properties, including small size, good solubility and thermostability, easier accessible epitopes, and strong tissue penetration. However, the inherent challenges associated with the animal origin of sdAbs limit their clinical use. In recent years, various innovative humanization technologies, including complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting or complete engineering of fully human sdAbs, have been developed to mitigate potential immunogenicity issues and enhance their compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of sdAbs, emphasizing their distinctive features and the progress in humanization methodologies. In addition, we provide an overview of the recent progress in developing drugs and therapeutic strategies based on sdAbs and their potential in solid tumor treatment, such as sdAb-drug conjugates, multispecific sdAbs, sdAb-based delivery systems, and sdAb-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Dao T, Xiong G, Mun SS, Meyerberg J, Korontsvit T, Xiang J, Cui Z, Chang AY, Jarvis C, Cai W, Luo H, Pierson A, Daniyan A, Yoo S, Takao S, Kharas M, Kentsis A, Liu C, Scheinberg DA. A dual-receptor T-cell platform with Ab-TCR and costimulatory receptor achieves specificity and potency against AML. Blood 2024; 143:507-521. [PMID: 38048594 PMCID: PMC10950474 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy has produced remarkable clinical responses in B-cell neoplasms. However, many challenges limit this class of agents for the treatment of other cancer types, in particular the lack of tumor-selective antigens for solid tumors and other hematological malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which may be addressed without significant risk of severe toxicities while providing sufficient abundance for efficient tumor suppression. One approach to overcome this hurdle is dual targeting by an antibody-T-cell receptor (AbTCR) and a chimeric costimulatory signaling receptor (CSR) to 2 different antigens, in which both antigens are found together on the cancer cells but not together on normal cells. To explore this proof of concept in AML, we engineered a new T-cell format targeting Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) and CD33; both are highly expressed on most AML cells. Using an AbTCR comprising a newly developed TCR-mimic monoclonal antibody against the WT1 RMFPNAPYL (RMF) epitope/HLA-A2 complex, ESK2, and a secondary CSR comprising a single-chain variable fragment directed to CD33 linked to a truncated CD28 costimulatory fragment, this unique platform confers specific T-cell cytotoxicity to the AML cells while sparing healthy hematopoietic cells, including CD33+ myelomonocytic normal cells. These data suggest that this new platform, named AbTCR-CSR, through the combination of a AbTCR CAR and CSR could be an effective strategy to reduce toxicity and improve specificity and clinical outcomes in adoptive T-cell therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy Meyerberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tatyana Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Ziyou Cui
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc, Emeryville, CA
| | - Aaron Y. Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Casey Jarvis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Winson Cai
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aspen Pierson
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anthony Daniyan
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Yoo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sumiko Takao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Cheng Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc, Emeryville, CA
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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7
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Al-Antary ET, Gupte A, Ravindranath Y. Targeted Therapies in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia - Evolving Therapeutic Landscape. Indian J Pediatr 2024; 91:176-183. [PMID: 37450248 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 25% of all leukemia diagnosis and is characterized by distinct cytogenetic and molecular profile. Advances in the understanding of the causative driver mutations, risk-based therapy and better supportive care have led to an overall improvement in survival with frontline therapy. Despite these improvements, a significant number fail either because of primary refractory disease to the conventional 7+3 combination of anthracyclines and cytosine arabinoside (Cytarabine; Ara-C) or experience relapse post remission. Salvage therapy is complicated by the cardiotoxicity driven limitations on the reuse of anthracyclines and development of resistance to cytarabine. In this chapter authors will review the recent studies with targeted agents for refractory AML including targets for immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman T Al-Antary
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Clemons, MI, USA.
| | - Avanti Gupte
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Clemons, MI, USA
| | - Yaddanapudi Ravindranath
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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8
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Subklewe M. Novel immunotherapies in the treatment of AML: is there hope? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2023; 2023:691-701. [PMID: 38066884 PMCID: PMC10727092 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2023000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The success of allogeneic stem cell transplantation has demonstrated the potential for immunotherapy to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although alternative T-cell-based immunotherapies have shown efficacy, they also pose the risk of on-target off-leukemia hematotoxicity. So far, adoptive autologous or allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T/natural killer cell therapy is almost exclusively employed as a bridge-to-transplant strategy in the context of clinical trials. For now, clinical trials predominantly target lineage-restricted antigens, but emerging approaches focus on leukemia-associated/specific intracellular target antigens, including dual and split targeting strategies. Adapter CAR T cells and T-cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies offer transient exposure with enhanced safety and multitargeting potential against antigen-escape variants. However, these have yet to demonstrate sustained responses and should be used earlier to treat low leukemia burden, preferably if measurable residual disease is present. To address immune dysregulation and enhance T-cell fitness, novel CAR T and bispecific designs, along with combinatorial strategies, might prove essential. Furthermore, genetic associations with inflammatory bone marrow signatures suggest the need for tailored platforms in defined AML subtypes. The eagerly anticipated results of trials investigating magrolimab, an anti-CD47 antibody targeting the "do not eat me" signal in p53-mutated AML, should shed further light on the potential of these evolving immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Wu J, Yan H, Xiang C. Wilms' tumor gene 1 in hematological malignancies: friend or foe? Hematology 2023; 28:2254557. [PMID: 37668240 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2254557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) is a transcription and post-translational factor that has a crucial role in the biological and pathological processes of several human malignancies. For hematological malignancies, WT1 overexpression or mutation has been found in leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. About 70-90% of acute myeloid leukemia patients showed WT1 overexpression, and 6-15% of patients carried WT1 mutations. WT1 has been widely regarded as a marker for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Many researchers were interested in developing WT1 targeting therapy. In this review, we summarized biological and pathological functions, correlation with other genes and clinical features, prognosis value and targeting therapy of WT1 in hematological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huai'an and Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Xiang
- Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
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10
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Leclercq-Cohen G, Steinhoff N, Albertí Servera L, Nassiri S, Danilin S, Piccione E, Yángüez E, Hüsser T, Herter S, Schmeing S, Gerber P, Schwalie P, Sam J, Briner S, Jenni S, Bianchi R, Biehl M, Cremasco F, Apostolopoulou K, Haegel H, Klein C, Umaña P, Bacac M. Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying the Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) Mediated by T-Cell Bispecific Antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4449-4463. [PMID: 37379429 PMCID: PMC10618647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Target-dependent TCB activity can result in the strong and systemic release of cytokines that may develop into cytokine release syndrome (CRS), highlighting the need to understand and prevent this complex clinical syndrome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We explored the cellular and molecular players involved in TCB-mediated cytokine release by single-cell RNA-sequencing of whole blood treated with CD20-TCB together with bulk RNA-sequencing of endothelial cells exposed to TCB-induced cytokine release. We used the in vitro whole blood assay and an in vivo DLBCL model in immunocompetent humanized mice to assess the effects of dexamethasone, anti-TNFα, anti-IL6R, anti-IL1R, and inflammasome inhibition, on TCB-mediated cytokine release and antitumor activity. RESULTS Activated T cells release TNFα, IFNγ, IL2, IL8, and MIP-1β, which rapidly activate monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, and NKs along with surrounding T cells to amplify the cascade further, leading to TNFα, IL8, IL6, IL1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IP-10 release. Endothelial cells contribute to IL6 and IL1β release and at the same time release several chemokines (MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β). Dexamethasone and TNFα blockade efficiently reduced CD20-TCB-mediated cytokine release whereas IL6R blockade, inflammasome inhibition, and IL1R blockade induced a less pronounced effect. Dexamethasone, IL6R blockade, IL1R blockade, and the inflammasome inhibitor did not interfere with CD20-TCB activity, in contrast to TNFα blockade, which partially inhibited antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our work sheds new light on the cellular and molecular players involved in cytokine release driven by TCBs and provides a rationale for the prevention of CRS in patients treated with TCBs. See related commentary by Luri-Rey et al., p. 4320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Leclercq-Cohen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Steinhoff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Llucia Albertí Servera
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Danilin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily Piccione
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, San Francisco, California
| | - Emilio Yángüez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Hüsser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schmeing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Petra Gerber
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwalie
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Briner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Jenni
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Biehl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Floriana Cremasco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Katerina Apostolopoulou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Haegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
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11
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Malviya M, Aretz Z, Molvi Z, Lee J, Pierre S, Wallisch P, Dao T, Scheinberg DA. Challenges and solutions for therapeutic TCR-based agents. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:58-82. [PMID: 37455333 PMCID: PMC11141734 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of methods to discover and engineer therapeutic T-cell receptors (TCRs) or antibody mimics of TCRs, and to understand their immunology and pharmacology, lag two decades behind therapeutic antibodies. Yet we have every expectation that TCR-based agents will be similarly important contributors to the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, especially cancers. TCR engineered cells, soluble TCRs and their derivatives, TCR-mimic antibodies, and TCR-based CAR T cells promise the possibility of highly specific drugs that can expand the scope of immunologic agents to recognize intracellular targets, including mutated proteins and undruggable transcription factors, not accessible by traditional antibodies. Hurdles exist regarding discovery, specificity, pharmacokinetics, and best modality of use that will need to be overcome before the full potential of TCR-based agents is achieved. HLA restriction may limit each agent to patient subpopulations and off-target reactivities remain important barriers to widespread development and use of these new agents. In this review we discuss the unique opportunities for these new classes of drugs, describe their unique antigenic targets, compare them to traditional antibody therapeutics and CAR T cells, and review the various obstacles that must be overcome before full application of these drugs can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Malviya
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zita Aretz
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Zaki Molvi
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jayop Lee
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stephanie Pierre
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Tri-Institutional Medical Scientist Program, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Patrick Wallisch
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
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12
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Lin Y, Chen CY, Ku YC, Wang LC, Hung CC, Lin ZQ, Chen BH, Hung JT, Sun YC, Hung KF. A modified SELEX approach to identify DNA aptamers with binding specificity to the major histocompatibility complex presenting ovalbumin model antigen. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32681-32693. [PMID: 37936644 PMCID: PMC10626974 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers have sparked significant interest in cell recognition because of their superior binding specificity and biocompatibility. Cell recognition can be mediated by targeting the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that presents short peptides derived from intracellular antigens. Although numerous antibodies have demonstrated a specific affinity for the peptide-MHC complex, the number of aptamers that exhibit comparable characteristics is limited. Aptamers are usually selected from large libraries via the Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), an iterative process of selection and PCR amplification to enrich a pool of aptamers with high affinity. However, the success rate of aptamer identification is low, possibly due to the presence of complementary sequences or sequences rich in guanine and cytosine that are less accessible for primers. Here, we modified SELEX by employing systemic consecutive selections with minimal PCR amplification. We also modified the analysis by selecting aptamers that were identified in multiple selection rounds rather than those that are highly enriched. Using this approach, we were able to identify two aptamers with binding specificity to cells expressing the ovalbumin alloantigen as a proof of concept. These two aptamers were also discovered among the top 150 abundant candidates, despite not being highly enriched, by performing conventional SELEX. Additionally, we found that highly enriched aptamers tend to contain fractions of the primer sequence and have minimal target affinity. Candidate aptamers are easily missed in the conventional SELEX process. Therefore, our modification for SELEX may facilitate the identification of aptamers for more application in diverse biomedical fields. Significance: we modify the conventional method to improve the efficiency in the identification of the aptamer, a single strand of nucleic acid with binding specificity to the target molecule, showing as a proof of concept that this approach is particularly useful to select aptamers that can selectively bind to cells presenting a particular peptide by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface. Given that cancer cells may express mutant peptide-MHC complexes that are distinct from those expressed by normal cells, this study sheds light on the potential application of aptamers to cancer cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road Taipei 112 Taiwan +886-2-28712121-7382
| | - Cho-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Ku
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chien Hung
- School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
| | - Zhi-Qian Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road Taipei 112 Taiwan +886-2-28712121-7382
| | - Bing-Hong Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road Taipei 112 Taiwan +886-2-28712121-7382
| | | | - Yi-Chen Sun
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University Hualien Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Kai-Feng Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital 201, Section 2, Shi-Pai Road Taipei 112 Taiwan +886-2-28712121-7382
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
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13
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Flumens D, Gielis S, Bartholomeus E, Campillo-Davo D, van der Heijden S, Versteven M, De Reu H, Smits E, Ogunjimi B, Laukens K, Meysman P, Lion E. Training of epitope-TCR prediction models with healthy donor-derived cancer-specific T cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:143-160. [PMID: 38548410 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Discovery of epitope-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) for cancer therapies is a time consuming and expensive procedure that usually requires a large amount of patient cells. To maximize information from and minimize the need of precious samples in cancer research, prediction models have been developed to identify in silico epitope-specific TCRs. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step protocol to train a prediction model using the user-friendly TCRex webtool for the nearly universal tumor-associated antigen Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1)-specific TCR repertoire. WT1 is a self-antigen overexpressed in numerous solid and hematological malignancies with a high clinical relevance. Training of computational models starts from a list of known epitope-specific TCRs which is often not available for new cancer epitopes. Therefore, we describe a workflow to assemble a training data set consisting of TCR sequences obtained from WT137-45-reactive CD8 T cell clones expanded and sorted from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Flumens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Gielis
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diana Campillo-Davo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanne van der Heijden
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans De Reu
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine (CCRG), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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14
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Kroll KT, Mata MM, Homan KA, Micallef V, Carpy A, Hiratsuka K, Morizane R, Moisan A, Gubler M, Walz AC, Marrer-Berger E, Lewis JA. Immune-infiltrated kidney organoid-on-chip model for assessing T cell bispecific antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305322120. [PMID: 37603766 PMCID: PMC10467620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are the focus of intense development for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, peptide-MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-targeted TCBs have emerged as a new class of biotherapeutics with improved specificity. These TCBs simultaneously bind to target peptides presented by the polymorphic, species-specific MHC encoded by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele present on target cells and to the CD3 coreceptor expressed by human T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, traditional models for assessing their effects on human tissues often lack predictive capability, particularly for "on-target, off-tumor" interactions. Here, we report an immune-infiltrated, kidney organoid-on-chip model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) along with nontargeting (control) or targeting TCB-based tool compounds are circulated under flow. The target consists of the RMF peptide derived from the intracellular tumor antigen Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) presented on HLA-A2 via a bivalent T cell receptor-like binding domain. Using our model, we measured TCB-mediated CD8+ T cell activation and killing of RMF-HLA-A2-presenting cells in the presence of PBMCs and multiple tool compounds. DP47, a non-pMHC-targeting TCB that only binds to CD3 (negative control), does not promote T cell activation and killing. Conversely, the nonspecific ESK1-like TCB (positive control) promotes CD8+ T cell expansion accompanied by dose-dependent T cell-mediated killing of multiple cell types, while WT1-TCB* recognizing the RMF-HLA-A2 complex with high specificity, leads solely to selective killing of WT1-expressing cells within kidney organoids under flow. Our 3D kidney organoid model offers a platform for preclinical testing of cancer immunotherapies and investigating tissue-immune system interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T. Kroll
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
| | - Mariana M. Mata
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
| | - Kimberly A. Homan
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
- Complex in vitro Systems, Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Virginie Micallef
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Carpy
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, MunichDE-82377, Germany
| | - Ken Hiratsuka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Annie Moisan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Gubler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, BaselCH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer A. Lewis
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA02115
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15
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Niktoreh N, Weber L, Walter C, Karimifard M, Hoffmeister LM, Breiter H, Thivakaran A, Soldierer M, Drexler HG, Schaal H, Sendker S, Reinhardt D, Schneider M, Hanenberg H. Understanding WT1 Alterations and Expression Profiles in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3491. [PMID: 37444601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
WT1 is a true chameleon, both acting as an oncogene and tumor suppressor. As its exact role in leukemogenesis is still ambiguous, research with model systems representing natural conditions surrounding the genetic alterations in WT1 is necessary. In a cohort of 59 leukemia/lymphoma cell lines, we showed aberrant expression for WT1 mRNA, which does not always translate into protein levels. We also analyzed the expression pattern of the four major WT1 protein isoforms in the cell lines and primary AML blasts with/without WT1 mutations and demonstrated that the presence of mutations does not influence these patterns. By introduction of key intronic and exonic sequences of WT1 into a lentiviral expression vector, we developed a unique tool that can stably overexpress the four WT1 isoforms at their naturally occurring tissue-dependent ratio. To develop better cellular model systems for WT1, we sequenced large parts of its gene locus and also other important myeloid risk factor genes and revealed previously unknown alterations. Functionally, inhibition of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay machinery revealed that under natural conditions, the mutated WT1 alleles go through a robust degradation. These results offer new insights and model systems regarding the characteristics of WT1 in leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Niktoreh
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Weber
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christiane Walter
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mahshad Karimifard
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lina Marie Hoffmeister
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hannah Breiter
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aniththa Thivakaran
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Soldierer
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Günther Drexler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sendker
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Maurer K, Soiffer RJ. The delicate balance of graft versus leukemia and graft versus host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:943-962. [PMID: 37906445 PMCID: PMC11195539 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2273847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The curative basis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) relies in part upon the graft versus leukemia (GvL) effect, whereby donor immune cells recognize and eliminate recipient malignant cells. However, alloreactivity of donor cells against recipient tissues may also be deleterious. Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) is an immunologic phenomenon wherein alloreactive donor T cells aberrantly react against host tissues, leading to damaging inflammatory symptoms. AREAS COVERED Here, we discuss biological insights into GvL and cGvHD and strategies to balance the prevention of GvHD with maintenance of GvL in modern HSCT. EXPERT OPINION/COMMENTARY Relapse remains the leading cause of mortality after HSCT with rates as high as 40% for some diseases. GvHD is a major cause of morbidity after HSCT, occurring in up to half of patients and responsible for 15-20% of deaths after HSCT. Intriguingly, the development of chronic GvHD may be linked to lower relapse rates after HSCT, suggesting that GvL and GvHD may be complementary sides of the immunologic foundation of HSCT. The ability to fine tune the balance of GvL and GvHD will lead to improvements in survival, relapse rates, and quality of life for patients undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Maurer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Zhang Q, Liu L, Yan H, Ren X, Zhou M, Xiong S, Wang H, Tao Q, Zhai Z. Prognostic value of the WT-1 gene combined with recurrent cytogenetic genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Immunogenetics 2023:10.1007/s00251-023-01314-8. [PMID: 37347248 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT-1 gene) is overexpressed in most patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is an indicator for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring, but because the WT-1 gene has relatively low specificity, further studies of the prognostic value of a combination of the WT-1 and other genes are needed. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of the WT-1 gene combined with recurrent cytogenetic genes in AML. In AML, the transcript expression of the WT-1 gene was closely related to leukemic tumor burden and acted as an accurate molecular indicator for MRD detection. Most patients with low expression levels of the WT-1 gene after induction and consolidation therapy were significantly associated with favorable relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), but 17.6% of patients relapsed and died of primary disease. However, when analyzing the WT-1 gene combined with recurrent cytogenetic genes, none of the patients with low expression levels of the WT-1 gene and recurrent cytogenetic genes negative relapsed and died in the median follow-up time of 19 months (range: 3-94 months). Thus, the combination of the WT-1 gene and recurrent cytogenetic genes is a more accurate indicator for MRD monitoring and prognosis evaluation in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Haotian Yan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiyang Ren
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Shudao Xiong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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18
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Mu X, Chen C, Dong L, Kang Z, Sun Z, Chen X, Zheng J, Zhang Y. Immunotherapy in leukaemia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:974-987. [PMID: 37272727 PMCID: PMC10326417 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia is the common name for a group of malignant diseases of the haematopoietic system with complex classifications and characteristics. Remarkable progress has been made in basic research and preclinical studies for acute leukaemia compared to that of the many other types/subtypes of leukaemia, especially the exploration of the biological basis and application of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). In this review, we summarize the basic approaches to immunotherapy for leukaemia and focus on the research progress made in immunotherapy development for AML and ALL. Importantly, despite the advances made to date, big challenges still exist in the effectiveness of leukaemia immunotherapy, especially in AML. Therefore, we use AML as an example and summarize the mechanisms of tumour cell immune evasion, describe recently reported data and known therapeutic targets, and discuss the obstacles in finding suitable treatment targets and the results obtained in recent clinical trials for several types of single and combination immunotherapies, such as bispecific antibodies, cell therapies (CAR-T-cell treatment), and checkpoint blockade. Finally, we summarize novel immunotherapy strategies for treating lymphocytic leukaemia and clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Mu
- Hongqiao International Institute of MedicineShanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic MedicineKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Chumao Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of MedicineShanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic MedicineKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Loujie Dong
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Zhaowei Kang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Zhixian Sun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Xijie Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of MedicineShanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic MedicineKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of MedicineShanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic MedicineKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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19
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Marcinek A, Brauchle B, Rohrbacher L, Hänel G, Philipp N, Märkl F, Strzalkowski T, Lacher SM, Udiljak D, Spiekermann K, Theurich S, Kobold S, Kischel R, James JR, Bücklein VL, Subklewe M. CD33 BiTE ® molecule-mediated immune synapse formation and subsequent T-cell activation is determined by the expression profile of activating and inhibitory checkpoint molecules on AML cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03439-x. [PMID: 37041225 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) molecules recruit T cells to cancer cells through CD3ε binding, independently of T-cell receptor (TCR) specificity. Whereas physiological T-cell activation is dependent on signal 1 (TCR engagement) and signal 2 (co-stimulation), BiTE molecule-mediated T-cell activation occurs without additional co-stimulation. As co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules modulate the strength and nature of T-cell responses, we studied the impact of the expression profile of those molecules on target cells for BiTE molecule-mediated T-cell activation in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accordingly, we created a novel in vitro model system using murine Ba/F3 cells transduced with human CD33 ± CD86 ± PD-L1. T-cell fitness was assessed by T-cell function assays in co-cultures and immune synapse formation by applying a CD33 BiTE molecule (AMG 330). Using our cell-based model platform, we found that the expression of positive co-stimulatory molecules on target cells markedly enhanced BiTE molecule-mediated T-cell activation. The initiation and stability of the immune synapse between T cells and target cells were significantly increased through the expression of CD86 on target cells. By contrast, the co-inhibitory molecule PD-L1 impaired the stability of BiTE molecule-induced immune synapses and subsequent T-cell responses. We validated our findings in primary T-cell-AML co-cultures, demonstrating a PD-L1-mediated reduction in redirected T-cell activation. The addition of the immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) lenalidomide to co-cultures led to stabilization of immune synapses and improved subsequent T-cell responses. We conclude that target cells modulate CD33 BiTE molecule-dependent T-cell activation and hence, combinatorial strategies might contribute to enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Marcinek
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Brauchle
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Rohrbacher
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerulf Hänel
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Nora Philipp
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Märkl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Thaddäus Strzalkowski
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Lacher
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Dragica Udiljak
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Spiekermann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer-and Immunometabolism Research Group, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Kischel
- AMGEN Research Munich GmbH, Munich, Germany
- AMGEN Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - John R James
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Veit L Bücklein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Leclercq-Cohen G, Bacac M, Klein C. Rationale for combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors and T cell redirecting antibodies to mitigate cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:223-225. [PMID: 36629122 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2166786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Leclercq-Cohen
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
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21
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Raybould MIJ, Nissley DA, Kumar S, Deane CM. Computationally profiling peptide:MHC recognition by T-cell receptors and T-cell receptor-mimetic antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1080596. [PMID: 36700202 PMCID: PMC9868621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-mimetic antibodies (TCRms) targeting disease-associated peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complexes (pMHCs) are set to become a major new drug modality. However, we lack a general understanding of how TCRms engage pMHC targets, which is crucial for predicting their specificity and safety. Several new structures of TCRm:pMHC complexes have become available in the past year, providing sufficient initial data for a holistic analysis of TCRms as a class of pMHC binding agents. Here, we profile the complete set of TCRm:pMHC complexes against representative TCR:pMHC complexes to quantify the TCR-likeness of their pMHC engagement. We find that intrinsic molecular differences between antibodies and TCRs lead to fundamentally different roles for their heavy/light chains and Complementarity-Determining Region loops during antigen recognition. The idiotypic properties of antibodies may increase the likelihood of TCRms engaging pMHCs with less peptide selectivity than TCRs. However, the pMHC recognition features of some TCRms, including the two TCRms currently in clinical trials, can be remarkably TCR-like. The insights gained from this study will aid in the rational design and optimisation of next-generation TCRms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. J. Raybould
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Nissley
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Charlotte M. Deane
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Charlotte M. Deane,
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22
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Serroukh Y, Hébert J, Busque L, Mercier F, Rudd CE, Assouline S, Lachance S, Delisle JS. Blasts in context: the impact of the immune environment on acute myeloid leukemia prognosis and treatment. Blood Rev 2023; 57:100991. [PMID: 35941029 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer that originates from the bone marrow (BM). Under physiological conditions, the bone marrow supports the homeostasis of immune cells and hosts memory lymphoid cells. In this review, we summarize our present understanding of the role of the immune microenvironment on healthy bone marrow and on the development of AML, with a focus on T cells and other lymphoid cells. The types and function of different immune cells involved in the AML microenvironment as well as their putative role in the onset of disease and response to treatment are presented. We also describe how the immune context predicts the response to immunotherapy in AML and how these therapies modulate the immune status of the bone marrow. Finally, we focus on allogeneic stem cell transplantation and summarize the current understanding of the immune environment in the post-transplant bone marrow, the factors associated with immune escape and relevant strategies to prevent and treat relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Serroukh
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, Canada; Erasmus Medical center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Hematology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Josée Hébert
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada; The Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Canada
| | - Lambert Busque
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
| | - François Mercier
- Division of Hematology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sarit Assouline
- Division of Hematology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Canada
| | - Silvy Lachance
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Transplantation, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
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23
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Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang F, Liu P. A perspective of immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: Current advances and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1151032. [PMID: 37153761 PMCID: PMC10154606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1151032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been the subject of extensive study which has considerably increased our understanding of the disease. However, both resistance to chemotherapy and disease relapse remain the principal obstacles to successful treatment. Because of acute and chronic undesirable effects frequently associated with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, consolidation chemotherapy is not feasible, especially for elderly patients, which has attracted a growing body of research to attempt to tackle this problem. Immunotherapies for acute myeloid leukemia, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, together with T-cell therapy based on engineered antigen receptor have been developed recently. Our review presents the recent progress in immunotherapy for the treatment of AML and discusses effective therapies that have the most potential and major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Guiyang, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jishi Wang,
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Province Institute of Hematology, Guizhou Province Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, Guiyang, China
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24
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Arman I, Haus-Cohen M, Reiter Y. The Intracellular Proteome as a Source for Novel Targets in CAR-T and T-Cell Engagers-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010027. [PMID: 36611821 PMCID: PMC9818436 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impressive clinical success of cancer immunotherapy has motivated the continued search for new targets that may serve to guide potent effector functions in an attempt to efficiently kill malignant cells. The intracellular proteome is an interesting source for such new targets, such as neo-antigens and others, with growing interest in their application for cell-based immunotherapies. These intracellular-derived targets are peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface of malignant cells. These disease-specific class I HLA-peptide complexes can be targeted by specific TCRs or by antibodies that mimic TCR-specificity, termed TCR-like (TCRL) antibodies. Adoptive cell transfer of TCR engineered T cells and T-cell-receptor-like based CAR-T cells, targeted against a peptide-MHC of interest, are currently tested as cancer therapeutic agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials, along with soluble TCR- and TCRL-based agents, such as immunotoxins and bi-specific T cell engagers. Targeting the intracellular proteome using TCRL- and TCR-based molecules shows promising results in cancer immunotherapy, as exemplified by the success of the anti-gp100/HLA-A2 TCR-based T cell engager, recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. This review is focused on the selection and isolation processes of TCR- and TCRL-based targeting moieties, with a spotlight on pre-clinical and clinical studies, examining peptide-MHC targeting agents in cancer immunotherapy.
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25
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Brentville VA, Symonds P, Chua J, Skinner A, Daniels I, Cook KW, Koncarevic S, Martinez-Pinna R, Shah S, Choudhury RH, Vaghela P, Weston D, Al-Omari A, Davis J, Durrant LG. Citrullinated glucose-regulated protein 78 is a candidate target for melanoma immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066185. [PMID: 36544781 PMCID: PMC9760948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post translational modification of proteins plays a significant role in immune recognition. In particular the modification of arginine to citrulline which is mediated by PAD enzymes is increased during cellular stress (autophagy) which permits the presentation of modified epitopes upon MHC class II molecules for recognition by CD4 T cells. Citrullination also occurs in tumour cells as a result of continuous environmental stresses and increased autophagy. We have shown in animal models the efficient stimulation of citrullinated epitope specific CD4 T cells resulting in dramatic elimination/regression of tumours. The ER chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is known to also be required for stress-induced autophagy and is directly linked to autophagosome formation. GRP78 is known to be highly expressed by many tumour types. In this study we investigate the potential of targeting citrullinated GRP78 for cancer therapy. Methods A citrullinated GRP78 specific antibody was used to assess citrullinated GRP78 expression in murine and human tumour cells by flow cytometry. Five peptides were selected and used to vaccinate HLA transgenic mice and immune responses were characterised by ex vivo cytokine ELISpot assay. T cell repertoire in humans was assessed through proliferation assays and cytokine ELISpot assay. Citrullinated peptide was identified in murine B16 melanoma by mass spectrometry and the peptide vaccine was assessed for tumour therapy in a mouse melanoma model. Results We show the identification CD4 T cell responses to one citrullinated GRP78 epitope that are restricted through HLA DP*0401 and HLA-DR*0101 alleles. This peptide is detected by mass spectrometry in B16 melanoma grown in vivo and citrulline specific CD4 responses to two peptides spanning this epitope mediate efficient therapy of established B16 melanoma tumours in HHDII/DP4 (p<0.0001) transgenic mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of a repertoire of responses to the citrullinated GRP78 peptide in healthy individuals (p=0.0023) with 13/17 (76%) individuals showing a response to this peptide. Conclusion We propose that citrullinated GRP78 is a candidate tumour antigen and vaccination against citrullinated GRP78 may provide a promising tumour therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anne Brentville
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Victoria Anne Brentville,
| | - Peter Symonds
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - JiaXin Chua
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Skinner
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Daniels
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Wendy Cook
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasa Koncarevic
- Proteome Sciences R & D GmbH & Co.KG, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | | | - Sabaria Shah
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruhul Hasan Choudhury
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Poonam Vaghela
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Weston
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Al-Omari
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Davis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Nanobody-based CAR T cells targeting intracellular tumor antigens. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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27
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Long M, Mims AS, Li Z. Factors Affecting the Cancer Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of T Cell Bispecific Antibodies and Strategies for Improvement. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2176-2214. [PMID: 36259611 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2131569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a new class of cancer immunotherapy drugs that can simultaneously bind to tumor-associated antigens on target cells and to the CD3 subunit of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on T cells. In the last decade, numerous T-BsAbs have been developed for the treatment of both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Among them, blinatumomab has been successfully used to treat CD19 positive malignancies and has been approved by the FDA as standard care for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, in many clinical scenarios, the efficacy of T-BsAbs remains unsatisfactory. To further improve T-BsAb therapy, it will be crucial to better understand the factors affecting treatment efficacy and the nature of the T-BsAb-induced immune response. Herein, we first review the studies on the potential mechanisms by which T-BsAbs activate T-cells and how they elicit efficient target killing despite suboptimal costimulatory support. We focus on analyzing reports from clinical trials and preclinical studies, and summarize the factors that have been identified to impact the efficacy of T-BsAbs. Lastly, we review current and propose new approaches to improve the clinical efficacy of T-BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiao Long
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice S Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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28
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Gerber HP, Presta LG. TCR mimic compounds for pHLA targeting with high potency modalities in oncology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1027548. [PMID: 36338746 PMCID: PMC9635445 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1027548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
pHLA complexes represent the largest class of cell surface markers on cancer cells, making them attractive for targeted cancer therapies. Adoptive cell therapies expressing TCRs that recognize tumor specific pHLAs take advantage of the unique selectivity and avidity of TCR: pHLA interactions. More recently, additional protein binding domains binding to pHLAs, known as TCR mimics (TCRm), were developed for tumor targeting of high potency therapeutic modalities, including bispecifics, ADCs, CAR T and -NK cells. TCRm compounds take advantage of the exquisite tumor specificity of certain pHLA targets, including cell lineage commitment markers and cancer testis antigens (CTAs). To achieve meaningful anti-tumor responses, it is critical that TCRm compounds integrate both, high target binding affinities and a high degree of target specificity. In this review, we describe the most advanced approaches to achieve both criteria, including affinity- and specificity engineering of TCRs, antibodies and alternative protein scaffolds. We also discuss the status of current TCRm based therapeutics developed in the clinic, key challenges, and emerging trends to improve treatment options for cancer patients treated with TCRm based therapeutics in Oncology.
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29
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Ma N, Liu H, Zhang Y, Liu W, Liang Z, Wang Q, Sun Y, Wang L, Li Y, Ren H, Dong Y. Identification of CD8+ T-cell epitope from multiple myeloma-specific antigen AKAP4. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927804. [PMID: 35967402 PMCID: PMC9366082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder affecting mainly the elderly population. Revolutionary progress in immunotherapy has been made recently, including monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies; however, the high relapse rate remains problematic. Therefore, combination therapies against different targets would be a reasonable strategy. In this study, we present a new X-chromosome encoded testis-cancer antigen (CTA) AKAP4 as a potential target for MM. AKAP4 is expressed in MM cell lines and MM primary malignant plasma cells. HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with an adenovirus vector encoding the full-length AKAP4 gene were demonstrated to lyse AKAP4+ myeloma cells. Seven of the 12 candidate epitopes predicated by the BIMAS and SYFPEITH algorithms were able to bind HLA-A*0201 in the T2 binding assay, of which only two peptides were able to induce CTL cytotoxicity in the co-culture of peptide-loaded human mature dendritic cells and the autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same HLA-A*0201 donor. The AKAP4 630–638 VLMLIQKLL was identified as the strongest CTL epitope by the human IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Finally, the VLMLIQKLL-specific CTLs can lyse the HLA-A*0201+AKAP4+ myeloma cell line U266 in vitro, and inhibit tumor growth in the mice bearing U266 tumors in vivo. These results suggest that the VLMLIQKLL epitope could be used to develop cancer vaccine or T-cell receptor transgenic T cells (TCR-T) to kill myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huihui Liu
- *Correspondence: Huihui Liu, ; Yujun Dong,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yujun Dong
- *Correspondence: Huihui Liu, ; Yujun Dong,
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30
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Obszański P, Kozłowska A, Wańcowiat J, Twardowska J, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. Molecular-Targeted Therapy of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123911. [PMID: 35745032 PMCID: PMC9230975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for approximately 15–20% of all childhood leukemia cases. The overall survival of children with acute myeloid leukemia does not exceed 82%, and the 5-year event-free survival rates range from 46% to 69%. Such suboptimal outcomes are the result of numerous mutations and epigenetic changes occurring in this disease that adversely affect the susceptibility to treatment and relapse rate. We describe various molecular-targeted therapies that have been developed in recent years to meet these challenges and were or are currently being studied in clinical trials. First introduced in adult AML, novel forms of treatment are slowly beginning to change the therapeutic approach to pediatric AML. Despite promising results of clinical trials investigating new drugs, further clinical studies involving greater numbers of pediatric patients are still needed to improve the outcomes in childhood AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Obszański
- Student Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Student Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Jakub Wańcowiat
- Student Scientific Society, Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Julia Twardowska
- Student Scientific Society, Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (J.T.)
| | - Monika Lejman
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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31
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Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia in children and adolescents: current treatment options and future strategies. Leukemia 2022; 36:1951-1960. [PMID: 35668109 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops from clonal expansion of hematopoietic precursor cells and is characterized by morphologic and cytomolecular heterogeneity. Although the past 40 years have seen significant improvements in overall survival, the prevailing treatment challenges in pediatric AML are the prevention of relapse and the management of relapsed disease. Approximately 25% of children and adolescents with AML suffer disease relapse and face a poor prognosis. Our greater understanding of the genomic, epigenomic, metabolomic, and immunologic pathophysiology of relapsed AML allows for better therapeutic strategies that are being developed for pediatric clinical trials. The development of biologically rational agents is critical as conventional chemotherapeutic salvage regimens are not effective for all patients and pose risk of organ toxicity in heavily pretreated patients. Another major barrier to improvement in outcomes for relapsed pediatric AML is the historic lack of availability and participation in clinical trials. There are ongoing efforts to launch multinational clinical trials of emerging therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize currently available and newly developed therapies for relapsed pediatric AML.
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Leclercq G, Steinhoff N, Haegel H, De Marco D, Bacac M, Klein C. Novel strategies for the mitigation of cytokine release syndrome induced by T cell engaging therapies with a focus on the use of kinase inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2083479. [PMID: 35694193 PMCID: PMC9176235 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2083479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell engaging therapies, like CAR-T cells and T cell engagers, redirect T cells toward tumor cells, facilitating the formation of a cytotoxic synapse and resulting in subsequent tumor cell killing. T cell receptor or CAR-T downstream signaling triggers a release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can induce a Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS). The incidence of CRS is still hardly predictable among individuals and remains one of the major dose-limiting safety liabilities associated with on-target activity of T cell engaging therapies. This emphasizes the need to elaborate mitigation strategies, which reduce cytokine release while retaining efficacy. Here, we review pre-clinical and clinical approaches applied for the management of CRS symptoms in the context of T cell engaging therapies, highlighting the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as an emerging mitigation strategy. In particular, we focus on the effects of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), Src family including Lck, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitors on T cell functionality and cytokine release, to provide a rationale for their use as mitigation strategies against CRS in the context of T cell engaging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Leclercq
- Oncology Disease Therapeutic Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Steinhoff
- Oncology Disease Therapeutic Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Haegel
- Phamaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donata De Marco
- Phamaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Oncology Disease Therapeutic Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Oncology Disease Therapeutic Area, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Lewin TD, Avignon B, Tovaglieri A, Cabon L, Gjorevski N, Hutchinson LG. An in silico Model of T Cell Infiltration Dynamics Based on an Advanced in vitro System to Enhance Preclinical Decision Making in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837261. [PMID: 35586042 PMCID: PMC9108393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy often involves the use of engineered molecules to selectively bind and activate T cells located within tumour tissue. Fundamental to the success of such treatments is the presence or recruitment of T cells localised within the tumour microenvironment. Advanced organ-on-a-chip systems provide an in vitro setting in which to investigate how novel molecules influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of T cell infiltration into tissue, both in the context of anti-tumour efficacy and off-tumour toxicity. While highly promising, the complexity of these systems is such that mathematical modelling plays a crucial role in the quantitative evaluation of experimental results and maximising the mechanistic insight derived. We develop a mechanistic, mathematical model of a novel microphysiological in vitro platform that recapitulates T cell infiltration into epithelial tissue, which may be normal or transformed. The mathematical model describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of infiltrating T cells in response to chemotactic cytokine signalling. We integrate the model with dynamic imaging data to optimise key model parameters. The mathematical model demonstrates a good fit to the observed experimental data and accurately describes the distribution of infiltrating T cells. This model is designed to complement the in vitro system; with the potential to elucidate complex biological mechanisms, including the mode of action of novel therapies and the drivers of safety events, and, ultimately, improve the efficacy-safety profile of T cell-targeted cancer immunotherapies.
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Leukemic Stem Cells as a Target for Eliminating Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Gaps in Translational Research. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 175:103710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Bruss C, Kellner K, Ortmann O, Seitz S, Brockhoff G, Hutchinson JA, Wege AK. Advanced Immune Cell Profiling by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in Humanized Patient-Derived Tumor Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2214. [PMID: 35565343 PMCID: PMC9103756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
"Humanized" mice have been widely used for the characterization of human cancer progression and as a powerful preclinical model. Standardization of multicolor phenotyping could help to identify immune cell patterns involved in checkpoint-related complications. Therefore, we applied established protocols for immune cell profiling to our humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft (hPDX) model. hPDX are characterized by the co-existence of a human immune system and a patient-derived tumor transplant. These mice possess a human-like immune system after CD34+ stem cell transplantation while the reconstitution level of the immune system was not related to the quantity of transplanted CD34+ cells. Contamination ≤ 1.2% by CD3+ cells in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant did not trigger abnormal T cell maturation. Different B and T cell differentiation stages were identified, as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and exhausted T cells that expressed TIGIT, PD-1, or KLRG1. Overall, the application of standardized protocols for the characterization of immune cells using flow cytometry will contribute to a better understanding of immune-oncologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - James A. Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
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Tang J, Gong Y, Ma X. Bispecific Antibodies Progression in Malignant Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837889. [PMID: 35401191 PMCID: PMC8984188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of oncogenes and immune checkpoints has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma in the past 10 years. However, the current PD-L1 checkpoints lack specificity for tumors and target normal cells expressing PD-L1, thus reducing the efficacy on malignant melanoma and increasing the side effects. In addition, the treatment options for primary or secondary drug-resistant melanoma are limited. Bispecific antibodies bind tumor cells and immune cells by simultaneously targeting two antigens, enhancing the anti-tumor targeting effect and cytotoxicity and reducing drug-resistance in malignant melanoma, thus representing an emerging strategy to improve the clinical efficacy. This review focused on the treatment of malignant melanoma by bispecific antibodies and summarized the effective results of the experiments that have been conducted, also discussing the different aspects of these therapies. The role of the melanoma epitopes, immune cell activation, cell death and cytotoxicity induced by bispecific antibodies were evaluated in the clinical or preclinical stage, as these therapies appear to be the most suitable in the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Department of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youling Gong
- Department of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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