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Fu R, Fang M, Xu K, Ren J, Zou J, Su L, Chen X, An P, Yu D, Ka M, Hai T, Li Z, Li W, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Hu Z. Generation of GGTA1-/-β2M-/-CIITA-/- Pigs Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Alleviate Xenogeneic Immune Reactions. Transplantation 2020; 104:1566-1573. [PMID: 32732833 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic organ transplantation has been proposed as a potential approach to fundamentally solve organ shortage problem. Xenogeneic immune responses across species is one of the major obstacles for clinic application of xeno-organ transplantation. The generation of glycoprotein galactosyltransferase α 1, 3 (GGTA1) knockout pigs has greatly contributed to the reduction of hyperacute xenograft rejection. However, severe xenograft rejection can still be induced by xenoimmune responses to the porcine major histocompatibility complex antigens swine leukocyte antigen class I and class II. METHODS We simultaneously depleted GGTA1, β2-microglobulin (β2M), and major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator (CIITA) genes using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins technology in Bamma pig fibroblast cells, which were further used to generate GGTA1β2MCIITA triple knockout (GBC-3KO) pigs by nuclear transfer. RESULTS The genotype of GBC-3KO pigs was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing, and the loss of expression of α-1,3-galactose, SLA-I, and SLA-II was demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis using fluorescent-conjugated lectin from bandeiraea simplicifolia, anti-β2-microglobulin, and swine leukocyte antigen class II DR antibodies. Furthermore, mixed lymphocyte reaction assay revealed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from GBC-3KO pigs were significantly less effective than (WT) pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells in inducing human CD3CD4 and CD3CD8 T-cell activation and proliferation. In addition, GBC-3KO pig skin grafts showed a significantly prolonged survival in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, when compared with wild-type pig skin grafts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that elimination of GGTA1, β2M, and CIITA genes in pigs can effectively alleviate xenogeneic immune responses and prolong pig organ survival in xenogenesis. We believe that this work will facilitate future research in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Minghui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Long Su
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - PeiPei An
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meina Ka
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 10061, China
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Watanabe H, Ariyoshi Y, Pomposelli T, Takeuchi K, Ekanayake-Alper DK, Boyd L, Arn S, Sahara H, Shimizu A, Ayares D, Lorber MI, Sykes M, Sachs DH, Yamada K. Intra-bone bone marrow transplantation from hCD47 transgenic pigs to baboons prolongs chimerism to >60 days and promotes increased porcine lung transplant survival. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12552. [PMID: 31544995 PMCID: PMC7007336 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated that human-CD47 (hCD47) expressed on endothelial cells of porcine lung xenografts extended median graft survival from 3.5 days to 8.7 days in baboons. Intra-bone bone marrow transplantation (IBBMTx) in a pig-to-baboon model was previously shown to markedly prolong the duration of macrochimerism up to 21 days from 1 to 4 days by intravenous BMTx. We now examined whether the use of hCD47 transgenic (Tg) BM further prolonged the duration of chimerism following IBBMTx. We then tested if lung xenograft survival was prolonged following IBBMTx. METHODS Baboons received GalTKO-hCD47/hCD55Tg (n = 5) or -hCD55Tg (n = 1) or -hCD46/HLA-E Tg (n = 1) pig IBBMTx. Macrochimerism, anti-pig T cells and antibody responses were assessed. Animals received lung xenografts from either hCD47+ or hCD47- porcine lungs 1-3 months later. RESULTS All baboons that received hCD47Tg porcine IBBM maintained durable macrochimerism >30 days, and two maintained chimerism for >8 weeks. Notably, anti-pig antibody levels decreased over time and anti-pig cellular unresponsiveness developed following IBBMTx. Lungs from hCD47Tg IBBMTx matched pigs were transplanted at day 33 or day 49 after IBBMTx. These animals showed extended survival up to 13 and 14 days, while animals that received lungs from hCD47 negative pigs displayed no prolonged survival (1-4 days). CONCLUSION This is the first report demonstrating durable macrochimerism beyond 8 weeks, as well as evidence for B cell tolerance in large animal xenotransplantation. Using hCD47Tg pigs as both IBBMTx and lung donors prolongs lung xenograft survival. However, additional strategies are required to control the acute loss of lung xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironosuke Watanabe
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yuichi Ariyoshi
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Pomposelli
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Lennan Boyd
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Scott Arn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hisashi Sahara
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation
Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima
University, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Xenotransplantation tolerance: applications for recent advances in modified swine. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:642-648. [PMID: 30379724 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to review the recent progress in xenotransplantation achieved through genetic engineering and discuss the potential of tolerance induction to overcome remaining barriers to extended xenograft survival. RECENT FINDINGS The success of life-saving allotransplantation has created a demand for organ transplantation that cannot be met by the supply of human organs. Xenotransplantation is one possible solution that would allow for a nearly unlimited supply of organs. Recent genetic engineering of swine has decreased the reactivity of preformed antibodies to some, but not all, potential human recipients. Experiments using genetically modified swine organs have now resulted in survival of life-supporting kidneys for over a year. However, the grafts show evidence of antibody-mediated rejection on histology, suggesting additional measures will be required for further extension of graft survival. Tolerance induction through mixed chimerism or thymic transplantation across xenogeneic barriers would be well suited for patients with a positive crossmatch to genetically modified swine or relatively negative crossmatches to genetically modified swine, respectively. SUMMARY This review highlights the current understanding of the immunologic processes in xenotransplantation and describes the development and application of strategies designed to overcome them from the genetic modification of the source animal to the induction of tolerance to xenografts.
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Liu L, He C, Liu J, Lv Z, Wang G, Gao H, Dai Y, Cooper DKC, Cai Z, Mou L. Transplant Tolerance: Current Insights and Strategies for Long-Term Survival of Xenografts. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:355-364. [PMID: 29992337 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is an attractive solution to the problem of allograft shortage. However, transplants across discordant species barriers are subject to vigorous immunologic and pathobiologic hurdles, some of which might be overcome with the induction of immunologic tolerance. Several strategies have been designed to induce tolerance to a xenograft at both the central (including induction of mixed chimerism and thymic transplantation) and peripheral (including adoptive transfer of regulatory cells and blocking T cell costimulation) levels. Currently, xenograft tolerance has been well-established in rodent models, but these protocols have not yet achieved similar success in nonhuman primates. This review will discuss the major barriers that impede the establishment of immunological tolerance across xenogeneic barriers and the potential solution to these challenges, and provide a perspective on the future of the development of novel tolerance-inducing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center' Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology' Center For Digestive Diseases, People's Hospital of Baoan District, The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology' Center For Digestive Diseases, People's Hospital of Baoan District, The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwu Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology' Center For Digestive Diseases, People's Hospital of Baoan District, The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Ganlu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology' Center For Digestive Diseases, People's Hospital of Baoan District, The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanchao Gao
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center' Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program/Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center' Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center' Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Dooldeniya
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - A N Warrens
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
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Yamada K, Shah JA, Tanabe T, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. Xenotransplantation: Where Are We with Potential Kidney Recipients? Recent Progress and Potential Future Clinical Trials. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:101-109. [PMID: 28989853 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inter-species transplantation, xenotransplantation, is becoming a realistic strategy to solve the organ shortage crisis. Here we focus on seminal publications that have driven research in xenotransplantation, as well as recently published literature and future endeavors. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in gene editing technology have allowed for the efficient production of multi-transgenic porcine donors leading improved xenograft survival in baboons, up to 2-years following heterotopic heart xenotransplantation and from weeks to several months following life-supporting kidney xenotransplanation. As technology evolves, additional challenges have arisen, including the development of proteinuria, early graft loss associated with porcine CMV, disparities in organ growth between donors and recipients as well as high-dose continuous immunosuppression requirements. To address these issues, our laboratory developed a tolerance-inducing protocol which has allowed for >6 months survival of a life-supporting kidney with further approaches currently underway to address the challenges mentioned above. SUMMARY Our recent findings, reviewed in this article, led us to develop methods to overcome obstacles, which, in conjunction with the work of others, are promising for future clinical applications of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jigesh A Shah
- Transplantation Biology Research Laboratories, Massachusetts general Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tatsu Tanabe
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
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Li HW, Vishwasrao P, Hölzl MA, Chen S, Choi G, Zhao G, Sykes M. Impact of Mixed Xenogeneic Porcine Hematopoietic Chimerism on Human NK Cell Recognition in a Humanized Mouse Model. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:353-364. [PMID: 27401926 PMCID: PMC5414033 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chimerism is a promising approach to inducing allograft and xenograft tolerance. Mixed allogeneic and xenogeneic chimerism in mouse models induced specific tolerance and global hyporesponsiveness, respectively, of host mouse natural killer (NK) cells. In this study, we investigated whether pig/human mixed chimerism could tolerize human NK cells in a humanized mouse model. Our results showed no impact of induced human NK cell reconstitution on porcine chimerism. NK cells from most pig/human mixed chimeric mice showed either specifically decreased cytotoxicity to pig cells or global hyporesponsiveness in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Mixed xenogeneic chimerism did not hamper the maturation of human NK cells but was associated with an alteration in NK cell subset distribution and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in the bone marrow. In summary, we demonstrate that mixed xenogeneic chimerism induces human NK cell hyporesponsiveness to pig cells. Our results support the use of this approach to inducing xenogeneic tolerance in the clinical setting. However, additional approaches are required to improve the efficacy of tolerance induction while ensuring adequate NK cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Paresh Vishwasrao
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY,Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus A. Hölzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Goda Choi
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Francipane MG, Lagasse E. Towards Organs on Demand: Breakthroughs and Challenges in Models of Organogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:77-85. [PMID: 28979828 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, functional three-dimensional (3D) tissue generation in vitro has been significantly advanced by tissue-engineering methods, achieving better reproduction of complex native organs compared to conventional culture systems. This review will discuss traditional 3D cell culture techniques as well as newly developed technology platforms. These recent techniques provide new possibilities in the creation of human body parts and provide more accurate predictions of tissue response to drug and chemical challenges. Given the rapid advancement in the human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) field, these platforms also hold great promise in the development of patient-specific, transplantable tissues and organs on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Tasaki M, Wamala I, Tena A, Villani V, Sekijima M, Pathiraja V, Wilkinson RA, Pratts S, Cormack T, Clayman E, Arn JS, Shimizu A, Fishman JA, Sachs DH, Yamada K. High incidence of xenogenic bone marrow engraftment in pig-to-baboon intra-bone bone marrow transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:974-83. [PMID: 25676635 PMCID: PMC4407988 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous attempts of α-1,3-galactocyltransferase knockout (GalTKO) pig bone marrow (BM) transplantation (Tx) into baboons have demonstrated a loss of macro-chimerism within 24 h in most cases. In order to achieve improved engraftment with persistence of peripheral chimerism, we have developed a new strategy of intra-bone BM (IBBM) Tx. Six baboons received GalTKO BM cells, with one-half of the cells transplanted into the bilateral tibiae directly and the remaining cells injected intravenously (IBBM/BM-Tx) with a conditioning immunosuppressive regimen. In order to assess immune responses induced by the combined IBBM/BM-Tx, three recipients received donor SLA-matched GalTKO kidneys in the peri-operative period of IBBM/BM-Tx (Group 1), and the others received kidneys 2 months after IBBM/BM-Tx (Group 2). Peripheral macro-chimerism was continuously detectable for up to 13 days (mean 7.7 days; range 3-13) post-IBBM/BM-Tx and in three animals, macro-chimerism reappeared at days 10, 14 and 21. Pig CFUs, indicating porcine progenitor cell engraftment, were detected in the host BM in four of six recipients on days 14, 15, 19 and 28. In addition, anti-pig unresponsiveness was observed by in vitro assays. GalTKO/pCMV-kidneys survived for extended periods (47 and 60 days). This strategy may provide a potent adjunct for inducing xenogeneic tolerance through BM-Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K. Yamada
- Corresponding author: Kazuhiko Yamada,
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Griesemer A, Yamada K, Sykes M. Xenotransplantation: immunological hurdles and progress toward tolerance. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:241-58. [PMID: 24517437 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The discrepancy between organ need and organ availability represents one of the major limitations in the field of transplantation. One possible solution to this problem is xenotransplantation. Research in this field has identified several obstacles that have so far prevented the successful development of clinical xenotransplantation protocols. The main immunologic barriers include strong T-cell and B-cell responses to solid organ and cellular xenografts. In addition, components of the innate immune system can mediate xenograft rejection. Here, we review these immunologic and physiologic barriers and describe some of the strategies that we and others have developed to overcome them. We also describe the development of two strategies to induce tolerance across the xenogeneic barrier, namely thymus transplantation and mixed chimerism, from their inception in rodent models through their current progress in preclinical large animal models. We believe that the addition of further beneficial transgenes to Gal knockout swine, combined with new therapies such as Treg administration, will allow for successful clinical application of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Liang F, Wamala I, Scalea J, Tena A, Cormack T, Pratts S, Duran-Struuck R, Elias N, Hertl M, Huang CA, Sachs DH. Increased levels of anti-non-Gal IgG following pig-to-baboon bone marrow transplantation correlate with failure of engraftment. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:458-68. [PMID: 24289469 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of genetically modified pigs, which lack the expression of alpha 1-3 galactosyl transferase, (GalT-KO pigs) has facilitated the xenogeneic transplantation of porcine organs and tissues into primates by avoiding hyperacute rejection due to pre-existing antibodies against the Gal epitope. However, antibodies against other antigens (anti-non-Gal antibodies), are found at varying levels in the pre-transplant sera of most primates. We have previously found that baboons with high levels of pre-transplant anti-non-Gal IgG, conditioned with a non-myeloablative conditioning regimen, failed to engraft following pig-to-baboon bone marrow transplantation (Xenotransplantation, 17, 2010 and 300). Two baboons with low levels of pre-transplant anti-non-Gal IgG, conditioned with the same regimen, showed porcine bone marrow progenitors at 28 days following transplantation, suggesting engraftment. These baboons also showed evidence of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness. This observation led us to investigate the hypothesis that selecting for baboon recipients with low pre-transplant anti-non-Gal IgG levels might improve engraftment levels following GalT-KO pig-to-baboon bone marrow transplantation. METHODS Five baboons, with low pre-transplant anti-non-Gal IgG levels, received transplantation of bone marrow cells (1-5 × 10(9) /kg of recipient weight) from GalT-KO pigs. They received a non-myeloablative conditioning regimen consisting of low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) (150 cGy), thymic irradiation (700 cGy), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), and tacrolimus. In addition, two baboons received Rituximab and Bortezomib (Velcade) treatment as well as extra-corporeal immunoadsorption using GalT-KO pig livers. Bone marrow engraftment was assessed by porcine-specific PCR on colony forming units (CFU) of day 28 bone marrow aspirates. Anti-non-Gal antibody levels were assessed by serum binding toward GalT-KO PBMC using flow cytometry (FACS). Peripheral macro-chimerism was measured by FACS using pig and baboon-specific antibodies and baboon anti-pig cellular responses were assessed by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). RESULTS As previously reported, two of five baboons demonstrated detectable bone marrow engraftment at 4 weeks after transplantation. Engraftment was associated with lack of an increase in anti-non-Gal IgG levels as well as cellular hyporesponsiveness toward pig. Three subsequent baboons with similarly low levels of pre-existing anti-non-Gal IgG showed no engraftment and an increase in anti-non-Gal IgG antibody levels following transplantation. Peripheral macrochimerism was only seen for a few days following transplantation regardless of antibody development. CONCLUSIONS Selecting for baboon recipients with low levels of pre-transplant anti-non-Gal IgG did not ensure bone marrow engraftment. Failure to engraft was associated with an increase in anti-non-Gal IgG levels following transplantation. These results suggest that anti-non-Gal-IgG is likely involved in early bone marrow rejection and that successful strategies for combating anti-non-Gal IgG development may allow better engraftment. Since engraftment was only low and transient regardless of antibody development, innate immune, or species compatibility mechanisms will likely also need to be addressed to achieve long term engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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JIE YING, LIU LIMIN, PAN ZHIQIANG, WANG LI. Survival of pig-to-rhesus corneal xenografts prolonged by prior donor bone marrow transplantation. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:869-74. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abellaneda JM, Ramis G, Martínez-Alarcón L, Majado MJ, Quereda JJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Mendonça L, García-Nicolás O, Reus M, Insausti C, Ríos A, López-Navas A, González MR, Pallarés FJ, Munoz A, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Generation of human-to-pig chimerism to induce tolerance through transcutaneous in utero injection of cord blood-derived mononuclear cells or human bone marrow mesenchymals cells in a preclinical program of liver xenotransplantation: preliminary results. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:1574-8. [PMID: 22841218 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a percutaneous ecoguided injection system to obtain chimeric piglets through a less invasive and traumatic technique than previously reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two types of human cells included umbilical cord blood mononuclear elements and mesenchymal stem cells cultured from bone marrow. Four sows at gestational day 50 were anesthetized. A needle was inserted through the skin and uterine wall to reach the peritoneal cavity of the fetuses under continuous ultrasound guidance. Fourteen piglets were injected with various cell concentrations. RESULTS All sows carried pregnancies to term yielding 69 piglets, among which 67 were alive and two mummified. Two piglets died during the first 48 hours of life. Chimerism was detected using flow cytometry and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to detect Alu gene in blood or tissues samples. The analysis detected blood chimerism in 13 piglets (21%) by flow cytometry and the presence of the human Alu gene in 33 (51%) by q-PCR. The results suggest cell trafficking between littermates after in utero injection. CONCLUSIONS Transcutaneous echo-guided injection succeeded to produce chimeric piglets without disadvantages to the sow or the fetuses and avoiding abortions or fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Abellaneda
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Lim KH, Han JH, Roh YS, Kim B, Kwon JK, You MJ, Han HJ, Ejaz S, Kang CW, Kim JH. Generation of CD2(+)CD8(+) NK Cells from c-kit(+) Bone Marrow Cells in Porcine. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:167-74. [PMID: 22802697 PMCID: PMC3394918 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide one of the initial barriers of cellular host defense against pathogens, in particular intracellular pathogens. Because bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), lymphoid protenitors, can give rise to NK cells, NK ontogeny has been considered to be exclusively lymphoid. Here, we show that porcine c-kit+ bone marrow cells (c-kit+ BM cells) develop into NK cells in vitro in the presence of various cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, stem cell factor (SCF), and fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (FLT3L)]. Adding hydrocortisone (HDC) and stromal cells greatly increases the frequency of c-kit+ BM cells that give rise to CD2+CD8+ NK cells. Also, intracellular levels of perforin, granzyme B, and NKG2D were determined by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis. It was found that of perforin, granzyme B, and NKG2D levels significantly were increased in cytokine-stimulated c-kit+ BM cells than those of controls. And, we compared the ability of the cytotoxicity of CD2+CD8+ NK cells differentiated by cytokines from c-kit+ BM cells against K562 target cells for 28 days. Cytokines-induced NK cells as effector cells were incubated with K562 cells as target in a ratio of 100:1 for 4 h once a week. In results, CD2+CD8+ NK cells induced by cytokines and stromal cells showed a significantly increased cytotoxicity 21 days later. Whereas, our results indicated that c-kit+ BM cells not pretreated with cytokines have lower levels of cytotoxicity. Taken together, this study suggests that cytokines-induced NK cells from porcine c-kit+ BM cells may be used as adoptive transfer therapy if the known obstacles to xenografting (e.g. immune and non-immune problems) were overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hee Lim
- Department of Physiology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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15
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Abstract
Xenotransplantation, the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between different species, has the potential to overcome the current shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation. In the last decade, the progress made in the field is remarkable, suggesting that clinical xenotransplantation procedures, particularly those involving cells, may become a reality in the not-too-distant future. However, several hurdles remain, mainly immunological barriers, physiological discrepancies, and safety issues, making xenotransplantion a complex and multidisciplinary discipline.
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16
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Abstract
Robust immune responses to xenografts remain a major obstacle to clinical translation of xenotransplantation, which could otherwise be a potential solution to the worldwide shortage of organ donors. The more vigorous xenograft rejection relative to allograft rejection is largely accounted for by the extensive genetic disparities between the donor and recipient. Xenografts activate host immunity not only by expressing immunogenic xenoantigens that provide the targets for immune recognition and rejection, but also by lacking ligands for the host immune inhibitory receptors. This review is focused on recent findings regarding the role of CD47, a ligand of an immune inhibitory receptor SIRPalpha, in xenograft rejection and induction of xenotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Yang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Li SC, Zhong JF. Twisting immune responses for allogeneic stem cell therapy. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:30-5. [PMID: 20975985 PMCID: PMC2958105 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived tissues and organs have the potential to change modern clinical science. However, rejection of allogeneic grafts by the host's immune system is an issue which needs to be addressed before embryonic stem cell-derived cells or tissues can be used as medicines. Mismatches in human leukocyte class I antigens and minor histocompatibility antigens are the central factors that are responsible for various graft-versus-host diseases. Traditional strategies usually involve suppressing the whole immune systems with drugs. There are many side effects associated with these methods. Here, we discuss an emerging strategy for manipulating the central immune tolerance by naturally "introducing" donor antigens to a host so a recipient can acquire tolerance specifically to the donor cells or tissues. This strategy has two distinct stages. The first stage restores the thymic function of adult patients with sex steroid inhibitory drugs (LHRH-A), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), interleukin 7 (IL-7) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). The second stage introduces hematopoietic stem cells and their downstream progenitors to the restored thymus by direct injection. Hematopoietic stem cells are used to introduce donor antigens because they have priority access to the thymus. We also review several clinical cases to explain this new strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Shengwen Calvin Li, CHOC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of California Irvine, 455 South Main Street, Orange, California, CA 92868, United States
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18
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Sachs DH, Sykes M, Yamada K. Achieving tolerance in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation: reality or fantasy. Transpl Immunol 2008; 21:101-5. [PMID: 19059481 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because the immunologic differences between species are far greater than those within species, it is likely that the amount of immunosuppression that would be required for successful xenografting would be so much greater than that now used for allografting, that the side-effects and complications would be unacceptable. Tolerance approaches to xenotransplantation would overcome this concern. Studies in humanized mouse models have demonstrated that human T cells can be tolerized to porcine xenografts, providing important proofs of principle of the potential feasibility of pig-to-primate xenograft tolerance. The results available from studies of pig-to-primate xenotransplantation to date have demonstrated that while chronic immunosuppressive drugs have not completely avoided either T cell responses or humoral rejection, approaches directed toward tolerance induction have been encouraging with regard to avoiding immunization at both of these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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Tanaka Y, Nakamura S, Shibata H, Kishi Y, Ikeda T, Masuda S, Sasaki K, Abe T, Hayashi S, Kitano Y, Nagao Y, Hanazono Y. Sustained Macroscopic Engraftment of Cynomolgus Embryonic Stem Cells In Xenogeneic Large Animals After In Utero Transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:367-81. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Tanaka
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibata
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kishi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tamako Ikeda
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Masuda
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sasaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Abe
- Department of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kitano
- Department of Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nagao
- Department of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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20
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Li S, Yan Y, Lin Y, Bullens DM, Rutgeerts O, Goebels J, Segers C, Boon L, Kasran A, De Vos R, Dewolf-Peeters C, Waer M, Billiau AD. Rapidly induced, T-cell–independent xenoantibody production is mediated by marginal zone B cells and requires help from NK cells. Blood 2007; 110:3926-35. [PMID: 17630353 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractXenoantibody production directed at a wide variety of T lymphocyte–dependent and T lymphocyte–independent xenoantigens remains the major immunologic obstacle for successful xenotransplantation. The B lymphocyte subpopulations and their helper factors, involved in T-cell–independent xenoantibody production are only partially understood, and their identification will contribute to the clinical applicability of xenotransplantation. Here we show, using models involving T-cell–deficient athymic recipient mice, that rapidly induced, T-cell–independent xenoantibody production is mediated by marginal zone B lymphocytes and requires help from natural killer (NK) cells. This collaboration neither required NK-cell–mediated IFN-γ production, nor NK-cell–mediated cytolytic killing of xenogeneic target cells. The T-cell–independent IgM xenoantibody response could be partially suppressed by CD40L blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiao Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Yang YG, Sykes M. Xenotransplantation: current status and a perspective on the future. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:519-31. [PMID: 17571072 DOI: 10.1038/nri2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pigs as the transplant source has the potential to resolve the severe shortage of human organ donors. Although the development of relatively non-toxic immunosuppressive or tolerance-inducing regimens will be required to justify clinical trials using pig organs, recent advances in our understanding of the biology of xenograft rejection and zoonotic infections, and the generation of alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs have moved this approach closer to clinical application. This Review highlights the major obstacles impeding the translation of xenotransplantation into clinical therapies and the potential solutions, providing a perspective on the future of clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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22
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Liu G, Ma H, Jiang L, Peng J, Zhao Y. The immunity of splenic and peritoneal F4/80(+) resident macrophages in mouse mixed allogeneic chimeras. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:1125-35. [PMID: 17541534 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed allogeneic chimeras are emerging as a prospective approach to induce immune tolerance in clinics. However, the immunological function of macrophages in mixed chimeras has not been evaluated. Using a B6-->BALB/c mixed chimera model, we investigated the phenotype and function of F4/80(+) resident peritoneal exudate macrophage (PEMs) and splenic macrophages (SPMs) in vitro and in vivo. Recipient F4/80(+)PEMs and SPMs in mixed chimeras expressed significantly lower levels of MHC-II, CD54, and CD23 than those in non-chimeric mice before lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Recipient F4/80(+)PEMs and SPMs in mixed chimeras induced normal cell proliferation and delayed-type hypersensitivity of allo-T cells, but they induced more IFN-gamma and IL-2 products and less IL-10 and TGF-beta products of allo-T cells compared with those of non-chimeras. Furthermore, recipient F4/80(+)PEMs and SPMs had significantly higher phagocytotic capacity against chicken red blood cells or allo-T cells than those of controls while they had normal phagocytosis to Escherichia coli. Although some slight but significant alterations of recipient macrophages have been detected, these results provide direct evidences for the efficient immunity of recipient macrophages in mixed allogeneic chimeras. The present study also, for the first time, offered basic information for macrophages maturing in heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beisihuan Xi Road 25, Beijing, 100080, China
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23
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24
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Pérez C, Moreno S, Summerfield A, Domenech N, Alvarez B, Correa C, Alonso F, Ezquerra A, Domínguez J, Revilla C. Characterisation of porcine bone marrow progenitor cells identified by the anti-c-kit (CD117) monoclonal antibody 2B8/BM. J Immunol Methods 2007; 321:70-9. [PMID: 17313957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
c-kit (CD117) plays an important role in the early stages of haematopoiesis. Previous studies of porcine haematopoietic stem cells have relied for their identification on the use of the c-kit ligand stem cell factor. Here, we describe a new mAb, 2B8/BM, that recognizes a 155-kDa protein expressed on a small subset (2-8%) of bone marrow haematopoietic cells. 2B8/BM(+) cells have a blast appearance, and are mostly negative for lineage-specific markers or express low levels of CD172a or SLA-II. In in vitro colony-forming unit assays these cells were able to give rise to erythroid and myeloid colonies. Altogether these data suggested that the 2B8/BM antigen might be the porcine orthologue of the human c-kit. This specificity was confirmed by the binding of mAb 2B8/BM to CHO cells transfected with a plasmid encoding the porcine c-kit ectodomain. This antibody can facilitate the isolation and enrichment of porcine stem cells to be used in procedures aimed to induce xenograft tolerance or to test their potential to repair damaged tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pérez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Zhang B, Ge B, Xia X, Liu J, Sun L, Rao E, Zhao Y. Compatibility of porcine and human interleukin 2: implications for xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2007; 13:423-32. [PMID: 16925666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation provides a possible solution to the severe shortage of allogeneic organ donors. The pig, which shares many physiological similarities with humans, makes it an optimal species for preclinical experimentation and clinical applications. Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a potent growth factor secreted primarily by T helper lymphocytes and it is vital to the cellular expansion required for a productive immune response and the development and peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Therefore, it is essential to understand of the compatibility of IL2 between pigs and humans. METHODS We first compared the cDNA and protein sequences and the crystal structures of human and porcine IL2 and IL2 receptors, respectively. The effect of IL2 to induce T cell proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and cell cycle detection. RESULTS Porcine IL2 induced very limited proliferation of human lymphocytes while it functioned well on porcine lymphocytes. Human IL2 had remarkably reduced effects on porcine lymphocytes whereas it worked well on human lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Our present study showed that the interaction of IL2 and IL2R across species might have defects. Together with the wide physiological functions of IL2, our data indicated that physiological disorders could be caused by the poor function of xenogeneic donor IL2 on host cells in full hematopoietic chimera. Our data suggested an additional potential advantage for the mixed xenogeneic chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Transplantation Biology Research Division, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Gock H, Murray-Segal L, Salvaris E, Fisicaro N, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF. Cardiac and Skin Xenograft Survival in Different Recipient Mouse Strains. Transplantation 2006; 82:1362-9. [PMID: 17130786 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000242525.75138.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are conflicting reports on the importance of antibody and cell-mediated mechanisms and the influence of TH1 or TH2 cytokines on acute vascular xenograft rejection. We sought to resolve some of the recent discrepancies in the rat-to-mouse xenograft model where different recipient strains are used and investigated the TH1/TH2 influence on rejection. METHODS Lewis rat heart xenograft survival was compared between BALB/c and C57BL/6 recipients. Antigraft antibody deposition, serum anti-rat antibody levels and B-cell deficient recipients were used to examine the contribution of antibody to rejection. To further investigate a TH1 or TH2 bias effect in vivo, we used BALB/c STAT4 knockout (KO) and STAT6 KO recipient mice. Experiments were repeated with rat skin xenografts to examine TH1/TH2 influences on cell-mediated rejection. RESULTS The median survival (MS) of rat heart xenografts in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was five and eight days, respectively (P = 0.002). The MS in B-cell deficient mice was 16 days (P < 0.001). The MS in STAT4 KO and STAT6 KO mice was six and seven days respectively (P = 0.009). All non-B-cell deficient recipients showed strong IgM deposition and histological features of both cellular and antibody-mediated rejection. There was no correlation between serum anti-rat antibody levels and graft outcome or graft deposition. There was no survival difference of skin xenografts in BALB/c, C57BL/6, B-cell deficient, STAT6 KO, or STAT4 KO mice (8-9 days). CONCLUSIONS Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity have significant roles in vascularized heart xenograft rejection. TH1/TH2 biases minimally affect rejection through humoral but not cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilton Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Wang H, VerHalen J, Madariaga ML, Xiang S, Wang S, Lan P, Oldenborg PA, Sykes M, Yang YG. Attenuation of phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by manipulating CD47. Blood 2006; 109:836-42. [PMID: 17008545 PMCID: PMC1785095 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-019794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha) is a critical immune inhibitory receptor on macrophages, and its interaction with CD47, a ligand for SIRPalpha, prevents autologous phagocytosis. We hypothesized that interspecies incompatibility of CD47 may contribute to the rejection of xenogeneic cells by macrophages. Here, we show that pig CD47 does not interact with mouse SIPRalpha. Similar to CD47-/- mouse cells, porcine red blood cells (RBCs) failed to induce SIRPalpha tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse macrophages. Blocking SIRPalpha with antimouse SIRPalpha mAb (P84) significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of CD47+/+ mouse cells, but did not affect the engulfment of porcine or CD47-/- mouse cells by mouse macrophages. CD47-deficient mice, whose macrophages do not phagocytose CD47-/- mouse cells, showed markedly delayed clearance of porcine RBCs compared with wild-type mouse recipients. Furthermore, mouse CD47 expression on porcine cells markedly reduced their phagocytosis by mouse macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that interspecies incompatibility of CD47 contributes significantly to phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by macrophages and suggest that genetic manipulation of donor CD47 to improve its interaction with the recipient SIRPalpha may provide a novel approach to prevent phagocyte-mediated xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jon VerHalen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Lucia Madariaga
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shumei Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ping Lan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Megan Sykes
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- Correspondence: Yong-Guang Yang,
Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH-East, Bldg 149-5102, 13th St, Boston, MA 02129; e-mail:
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28
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Siemionow M, Izycki D, Ozer K, Ozmen S, Klimczak A. Role of thymus in operational tolerance induction in limb allograft transplant model. Transplantation 2006; 81:1568-76. [PMID: 16770246 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000209508.37345.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the role of host thymus in tolerance induction in composite tissue allografts (CTA) across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier during a 7-day alphabeta- T-cell receptor (TCR)/ cyclosporine A (CsA) protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 62 limb allograft transplants were studied. Euthymic (group A) and thymectomized (group B) Lewis recipients (LEW, RT1(1)) received vascularized hind-limb allografts from hybrid Lewis x Brown-Norway (F1), (LBN, RT1(1+n)) donors. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and skin grafting assessed donor-specific tolerance in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Flow cytometry determined the efficacy of immunosuppressive protocols and the presence of donor-specific chimerism. Immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of donor-specific cells in the lymphoid organs of recipients. RESULTS Isograft transplants survived indefinitely. For thymectomized rats, the median survival time (MST) of limb allograft in non-treated recipients was 7 days; monotherapy with alphabeta-TCR extended MST to 16 days, and CsA therapy extended it to 30 days. Using the alphabeta-TCR/CsA protocol, the MST of allografts was 51 days. For euthymic rats, the MST of limb allograft in non-treated recipients was 7 days; monotherapy with alphabeta-TCR or CsA extended MST to 13 or 22 days, respectively. Treatment with alphabeta-TCR/CsA resulted in indefinite allografts survival (MST=370 days). MLR and skin grafting confirmed donor-specific tolerance in euthymic recipients. Flow cytometry showed stable chimerism in the euthymic rats and transient chimerism in thymectomized limb recipients. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed the persistence of donor-derived cells in the lymphoid tissues of euthymic recipients. CONCLUSION We found that the presence of thymus was imperative for the induction of donor-specific tolerance in rat hind-limb composite tissue allografts using a alphabeta-TCR/CsA protocol.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chimerism
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Flow Cytometry
- Hindlimb/pathology
- Hindlimb/physiopathology
- Hindlimb/transplantation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphoid Tissue/chemistry
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/physiopathology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/therapeutic use
- Survival Rate
- Thymectomy
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/surgery
- Time Factors
- Transplantation Tolerance/drug effects
- Transplantation Tolerance/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Siemionow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Narang AS, Mahato RI. Biological and Biomaterial Approaches for Improved Islet Transplantation. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:194-243. [PMID: 16714486 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation may be used to treat type I diabetes. Despite tremendous progress in islet isolation, culture, and preservation, the clinical use of this modality of treatment is limited due to post-transplantation challenges to the islets such as the failure to revascularize and immune destruction of the islet graft. In addition, the need for lifelong strong immunosuppressing agents restricts the use of this option to a limited subset of patients, which is further restricted by the unmet need for large numbers of islets. Inadequate islet supply issues are being addressed by regeneration therapy and xenotransplantation. Various strategies are being tried to prevent beta-cell death, including immunoisolation using semipermeable biocompatible polymeric capsules and induction of immune tolerance. Genetic modification of islets promises to complement all these strategies toward the success of islet transplantation. Furthermore, synergistic application of more than one strategy is required for improving the success of islet transplantation. This review will critically address various insights developed in each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 26 S. Dunlap St., Feurt Building, Room 413, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Kean LS, Hamby K, Koehn B, Lee E, Coley S, Stempora L, Adams AB, Heiss E, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. NK cells mediate costimulation blockade-resistant rejection of allogeneic stem cells during nonmyeloablative transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:292-304. [PMID: 16426313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although T-cell CD28/CD40 costimulation blockade represents a powerful mechanism to promote immune tolerance during murine allotransplantation, it has not yet been successfully translated to clinical transplantation. We determined the impact of natural killer (NK) cells on costimulation blockade-resistant rejection of donor bone marrow. We found that NK cells represent a potent barrier to engraftment: host NK depletion led to increased donor stem cell survival, increased mixed hematopoietic chimerism and to engraftment of low doses of donor marrow (1 x 10(8)/kg) that were otherwise rejected. To understand the mechanisms of NK alloreactivity, we employed an in vivo NK-specific cytotoxicity assay. We found that an increased proportion of target cells were killed between days 2 and 8 after cell transfer, and that NK killing of parental targets was inducible: NK cells preprimed with allotargets were more efficient at their elimination upon reexposure. Finally, both transplant and in vivo NK-killing models were used to determine the contribution of LFA-1 to NK alloreactivity. Blockade of LFA-1 led to decreased NK-mediated killing, and increased alloengraftment. These results identify NK alloreactivity as an integral component to costimulation blockade-resistant rejection, and suggest that its inhibition may represent an important target in the clinical translation of tolerance-induction transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kean
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Giovino MA, Wang H, Sykes M, Yang YG. Role of VLA-4 and VLA-5 in ex vivo maintenance of human and pig hematopoiesis in human stroma-supported long-term cultures. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:363-70. [PMID: 15730860 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The advantage of recipient hematopoiesis over that of xenogeneic donors poses a fundamental obstacle to the induction of xenograft tolerance through mixed hematopoietic chimerism. Here we explore the role of beta1 integrins in maintenance of human vs porcine hematopoiesis within a human hematopoietic environment. METHODS Porcine and human c-kit+ bone marrow cells were purified and cultured on human bone marrow stroma for 6 weeks. The role of VLA-4 and VLA-5 in the maintenance of porcine vs human hematopoiesis in this human stroma-supported long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) system was evaluated by using blocking mAbs that bind to both species. RESULTS Blocking VLA-4 with HP2/1 inhibited both human and porcine hematopoiesis, whereas anti-VLA-5 (SAM-1) suppressed the function of human, but not porcine, hematopoietic cells. In mixed LTBMC of porcine and human cells on a human stroma, porcine hematopoietic cells were at a competitive disadvantage, as seen by a rapid decline in cellularity, including clonogenic progenitors. This disadvantage was substantially overcome by the addition of SAM-1. Furthermore, human, but not porcine, cell adhesion to human fibronectin was inhibited by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that VLA-4 plays critical role for porcine hematopoiesis in a human hematopoietic environment, and raise the possibility that porcine VLA-5 might be unable to bind the respective human ligand and/or to initiate adequate post-ligand-binding signaling. Thus, VLA-5 may provide a potential target for developing approaches to improve porcine hematopoiesis in human recipients.
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Tseng YL, Dor FJMF, Kuwaki K, Ryan D, Wood J, Denaro M, Giovino M, Yamada K, Hawley R, Patience C, Schuurman HJ, Awwad M, Sachs DH, Cooper DKC. Bone marrow transplantation from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs in baboons. Xenotransplantation 2005; 11:361-70. [PMID: 15196131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful hematopoietic cell allotransplantation results in donor-specific tolerance, but this approach has been unsuccessful in the wild-type pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation model, as pig cells were lost from the circulation within 5 days. However, after cessation of immunosuppressive therapy on day 28, all baboons demonstrated non-specific unresponsiveness on mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) for at least 30 days. We have now investigated the transplantation of bone marrow (BM) cells from miniature swine homozygous for alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GalT-KO). METHODS Baboons (n = 3) were pre-treated with whole body and thymic irradiation, anti-thymocyte globulin, and splenectomy, and received immunosuppressive and supportive therapy for 28 days. BM was harvested from GalT-KO swine (n = 3). The baboons were monitored for the presence of pig cells by flow cytometry and colony-forming units (CFUs), and for cellular reactivity by MLR. RESULTS A mean of 11 x 10(8) BM cells/kg was infused into each baboon. The mean absolute numbers and percentages of pig cells detected in the blood at 2 h and on days 1, 2 and 4, respectively, were 641/microl (9.5%), 132/microl (3.4%), 242/microl (3.9%), and 156/microl (2.9%). One baboon died (from accidental hemorrhage) on day 6, at which time chimerism was present in the blood (2.0%) and BM (6.4%); pig cell engraftment in the BM was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of CFUs. In the two other baboons, blood chimerism was lost after day 5 but returned at low levels (<1%) between days 9 to 16 and 7 to 17, respectively, indicating transient BM engraftment. Both surviving baboons showed non-specific unresponsiveness on MLR until they were euthanized on days 85 and 110, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By using BM cells from GalT-KO pigs, chimerism was detected at levels comparable with previous studies when 30-fold more growth factor-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells had been transplanted. In addition, cellular hyporesponsiveness was prolonged. However, long-term engraftment and chimerism were not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Tseng
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Tseng YL, Tseng YL, Sachs DH, Cooper DKC. Porcine Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Nonhuman Primates: A Review of Progress. Transplantation 2005; 79:1-9. [PMID: 15714161 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000146504.73727.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The critical shortage of human donor organs for transplantation would be overcome if a suitable animal, e.g., the pig, could be used as an organ source. There are, however, several immune barriers that have to date resulted in limited function of pig organs transplanted into nonhuman primates. It would be beneficial, and indeed may be essential, to induce a state of tolerance in the primate recipient to the pig organ. In allotransplantation, the successful transplantation of hematopoietic progenitor cells with the development of mixed chimerism is associated with the induction of tolerance toward a donor-specific organ. For some years, this approach has been explored in the pig-to-nonhuman primate model. This experience is briefly reviewed. The problems of natural and elicited anti-pig antibodies, recipient platelet adhesion to pig hematopietic progenitor cells, and the rapid removal of these cells by the host macrophage-phagocytic system are highlighted. Recent experience with the use of hematopoietic cells from pigs homozygous for alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Lin Tseng
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Eguchi H, Knosalla C, Lan P, Cheng J, Diouf B, Wang L, Abe M, Schuurman HJ, Sachs DH, Sykes M, Cooper DKC, Yang YG. T Cells from Presensitized Donors Fail to Cause Graft-versus-Host Disease in a Pig-to-Mouse Xenotransplantation Model. Transplantation 2004; 78:1609-17. [PMID: 15591949 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000142621.52211.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of T cells from pigs, the most suitable donors for clinical xenotransplantation, to induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and to facilitate hematopoietic cell engraftment in highly disparate xenogeneic recipients remains unclear. In this article, the authors address these questions in a presensitized pig-to-mouse transplantation model using porcine cytokine-transgenic mice. METHODS Swine donors were presensitized by mouse skin grafting and boosted by the injection of mouse cells after the skin graft was rejected. Porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and splenocytes were collected at various times after mouse skin grafting, and their potential to induce GVHD and to facilitate donor hematopoietic cell engraftment in conditioned murine recipients was evaluated. RESULTS Presensitization of donor pigs resulted in marked enhancement of anti-mouse responses, as reflected in augmented anti-mouse mixed lymphocyte responses, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibody production. However, injection of high numbers of PBMC and splenocytes (>1 x 10(8)) with bone marrow cells from the presensitized pigs failed to induce detectable GVHD or long-term chimerism in mice that were treated with depleting anti-T-cell and natural killer cell antibodies, cobra venom factor, medronate-liposomes, and 4 Gy of whole-body and 7 Gy of thymic irradiation. Histologic analysis revealed no mononuclear cell infiltration or GVHD-associated lesions in the liver, intestine, lungs, or skin of the mouse recipients. Furthermore, the recipient mice had no detectable T cells or anti-pig immunoglobulin G antibodies in the blood by 6 weeks after injection of porcine cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that porcine T-cell function is severely impaired in the xenogeneic murine microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Eguchi
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Yang YG, Wood JC, Lan P, Wilkinson RA, Sykes M, Fishman JA, Patience C. Mouse retrovirus mediates porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission into human cells in long-term human-porcine chimeric mice. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:695-700. [PMID: 15343388 PMCID: PMC514590 DOI: 10.1172/jci21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is a potential pathogen in clinical xenotransplantation; transmission of PERV in vivo has been suggested in murine xenotransplantation models. We analyzed the transmission of PERV to human cells in vivo using a model in which immunodeficient NOD/SCID transgenic mice were transplanted with porcine and human lymphohematopoietic tissues. Our results demonstrate, we believe for the first time, that human and pig cells can coexist long-term (up to 25 weeks) without direct PERV infection of human cells. Despite the transplantation of porcine cells that did not produce human-tropic PERV, human cells from the chimeric mice were frequently found to contain PERV sequences. However, this transmission was due to the pseudotyping of PERV-C (a virus without human tropism) by xenotropic murine leukemia virus, rather than to de novo generation of human-tropic PERV. Thus, pseudotyping might account for the PERV transmission previously observed in mice. The absence of direct human cell infection following long-term in vivo coexistence with large numbers of porcine cells provides encouragement regarding the potential safety of using pigs that do not produce human-tropic PERV as source animals for transplantation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Yang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Yang YG. Application of xenogeneic stem cells for induction of transplantation tolerance: present state and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 26:187-200. [PMID: 15378269 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pig organs provides a possible solution to the severe shortage of allogeneic organ donors, one of the major limiting factors in clinical transplantation. However, because of the greater antigenic differences that exist between different species than within a species, the immune response to xenografts is much more vigorous than to allografts. Thus, tolerance induction is essential to the success of clinical xenotransplantation. Tolerance induced by mixed hematopoietic chimerism across the MHC barrier is remarkably robust, but its ability to induce tolerance across highly disparate xenogeneic barriers remains poorly studied. None of the current available regimens of host conditioning, which permit hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and chimerism induction in allogeneic or closely related (concordant) xenogeneic combinations, has been demonstrated to be effective in establishing porcine hematopoietic chimerism in a discordant xenogeneic species. Unlike bone marrow transplantation within the same species, the innate immune system and the species specificity of cytokines and adhesion molecules essential to hematopoiesis pose formidable obstacles to the establishment of donor hematopoiesis across discordant xenogeneic barriers. The genetic incompatibility between species may also impede xenograft tolerance induction by mixed chimerism. While we remain far from achieving tolerance in clinical xenotransplantation, recent studies using a transgenic mouse model have proven the principle that mixed hematopoietic chimerism may induce mouse and human T cell tolerance to porcine xenografts. This review article focuses on the barriers to porcine hematopoietic engraftment in highly disparate xenogeneic species and the possible application of mixed hematopoietic chimerism to xenograft tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MGH-East, Building 149, 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Lan P, Wang L, Diouf B, Eguchi H, Su H, Bronson R, Sachs DH, Sykes M, Yang YG. Induction of human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenoantigens through mixed hematopoietic chimerism. Blood 2004; 103:3964-9. [PMID: 14739221 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation from pigs could provide a potential solution to the severe shortage of allogeneic donor organs. Because xenogeneic tissues are subject to vigorous immune rejection, tolerance induction is likely to be essential to the success of clinical xenotransplantation. Here we explore the possibility of inducing human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenografts through mixed chimerism. We previously showed that NOD/SCID-Tg mice expressing porcine cytokine transgenes permit the induction of durable porcine hematopoietic chimerism. In this study we achieved human T-cell development in these mice by engrafting human fetal thymus/liver tissues. In porcine hematopoietic chimeras, human thymus grafts were populated with porcine class II(high) cells in addition to human cells, and human T cells were tolerant of the porcine hematopoietic donor as measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay and skin grafting. This study proves the principle that porcine chimerism induces tolerance of xenoreactive human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lan
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Alisky JM. Xenografts are an achievable breakthrough. Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:92-7. [PMID: 15193356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this communication is to show that pig-to-human organ transplantation could be feasible through genetic engineering. By introducing into donor pigs several different tolerance promoting genetic modifications there can be a synergistic effect to produce extended tolerance for xenografted organs in human recipients. Nuclear-transfer cloning allows production of pigs with knockout mutations in the galactose-alpha-1,3-galactosyl transferase gene, in principle eliminating hyperacute rejection. Once hyperacute rejection is circumvented, long-term tolerance of xenografted organs should be possible through a combination of transgenic immunomodulating molecule, bone marrow chimerism and short to intermediate term use of immunosuppressive drugs. If immunomodulating transgenes are deleterious during pig development, inducible cre-recombinase excision of stop codons provides a means to delay expression of such transgenes until after transplantation. Zoonotic diseases can be circumvented via pathogen-free colonies and additional knockout mutations to disable porcine endogenous retrovirus and prion disease. Thus, there is now a technical and theoretical framework for serious efforts at cross-species transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Martin Alisky
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Le Guern AC, Giovino MA, Abe M, Theodore PR, Qi J, Down JD, Sachs DH, Sykes M, Yang YG. Stem cell activity of porcine c-kit+ hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:833-40. [PMID: 12962730 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(03)00197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A marker for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of pigs, which are considered to be the most suitable donors for clinical xenotransplantation, has not yet been identified. In this study, we examined the HSC activity of porcine c-kit+ bone marrow cells (BMCs). METHODS The HSC activity of porcine c-kit+ BMCs was evaluated both in vitro using colony-forming unit (CFU) and cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) assays and in vivo in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency transgenic (NOD/SCID-Tg) mice carrying porcine cytokine transgenes. RESULTS Purified c-kit+ BMCs were substantially enriched for both CFUs and CAFCs in vitro and their transplantation led to long-term porcine hematopoiesis in vivo in mice. Although porcine chimerism was detectable in the peripheral blood of NOD/SCID-Tg mice receiving porcine c-kit- BMCs at early time points after transplantation, the levels were markedly lower than those in mice receiving purified c-kit+ BMCs (0.2%+/-0.14% vs 7.7%+/-1.6% and 0.17%+/-0.17% vs 5.6%+/-2.1% at weeks 3 and 6, respectively). Importantly, all mouse recipients of porcine c-kit+ BMCs showed durable multilineage chimerism (>19 weeks), whereas no recipients of porcine c-kit- BMCs sustained long-term engraftment. Moreover, porcine HSCs that had engrafted for 19 weeks in the recipients of porcine c-kit+ BMCs gave rise to clonogenic progenitors in vitro and reconstituted porcine hematopoiesis in secondary recipients. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that c-kit is an essential marker of both long-term-repopulating HSCs and progenitor cells with early engraftment capacity.
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Abstract
Dramatic clinical advances indicate that pancreatic islet transplants can reliably restore euglycemia in insulin-dependent patients. However, clinical success actually highlights the pronounced deficiency of allogeneic pancreata available for islet isolation. This pressing issue has revitalized ongoing efforts to develop surrogate donor sources. Xenogeneic donors form a potential alternative tissue source because they can be generated in large numbers and are amenable to genetic engineering. However, there is less understanding of the innate and adaptive immune barriers to islet xenografts relative to those encountered by allografts. Presented evidence indicates that both innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses significantly contribute to islet xenograft rejection. Recent evidence suggests that the capacity to induce tolerance to islet xenografts may not differ markedly from strategies used to induce allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Rayat
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box B-140, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Preffer FI, Dombkowski D, Sykes M, Scadden D, Yang YG. Lineage-negative side-population (SP) cells with restricted hematopoietic capacity circulate in normal human adult blood: immunophenotypic and functional characterization. Stem Cells 2003; 20:417-27. [PMID: 12351812 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.20-5-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Side-population (SP) cells are a recently described rare cell population detected in selected tissues of various mammalian species, but not yet described in the peripheral circulation. In the present study, we have identified for the first time SP cells in lineage-negative adult human blood and have provided an extensive functional and immunophenotypic characterization of these cells. Adult peripheral blood was depleted of mature leukocyte cell types by density gradient and immunomagnetic separation. The SP cell population was identified by its characteristic Hoechst 33342 profile. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed that blood SP cells expressed high levels of CD45, CD59, CD43, CD49d, CD31, and integrin markers and lacked CD34. Highly purified SP cells were put into cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC), long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC), and liquid cell culture assays; repopulating assays were performed utilizing nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Circulating SP cells were shown to exhibit verapamil sensitivity and a low growth rate. LTC-IC, CAFC, and engraftment assays indicated that circulating SP cells had lost the multipotentiality described in murine bone marrow SP cells. However, outgrowth of mature cell types from liquid cell culture suggests the presence of common lymphoid (T and natural killer) and dendritic cell precursor(s) within circulating SP cell populations. The absence of SP cell growth in the LTC-IC, CAFC, and repopulating assays might be intrinsic to the tissue source (marrow versus blood) or species (mouse versus human) tested. Thus, human blood SP cells, although rare, may serve as a source of selected leukocyte progenitor cells. The immunophenotype of circulating SP cells may provide clues to their seeding and homing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic I Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Dooldeniya
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
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Dalmasso AP. Xenogeneic blood transfusion: a chimeric thought or a potential strategy for use in patients with xenogeneic chimerism? Transfusion 2002; 42:1111-3. [PMID: 12430665 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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