1
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Homma F, Lyu J, van der Hoorn RAL. Using AlphaFold Multimer to discover interkingdom protein-protein interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39152709 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Structural prediction by artificial intelligence can be powerful new instruments to discover novel protein-protein interactions, but the community still grapples with the implementation, opportunities and limitations. Here, we discuss and re-analyse our in silico screen for novel pathogen-secreted inhibitors of immune hydrolases to illustrate the power and limitations of structural predictions. We discuss strategies of curating sequences, including controls, and reusing sequence alignments and highlight important limitations caused by different platforms, sequence depth and computing times. We hope these experiences will support similar interactomic screens by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Homma
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Joy Lyu
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
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2
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Gouveia C, Santos RB, Paiva-Silva C, Buchholz G, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. The pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola: a review of evolutionary dynamics, infection strategies and effector molecules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38658826 PMCID: PMC11040782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi in terms of morphology and life cycle, primarily due to convergent evolution. The success of pathogenic oomycetes lies in their ability to adapt and overcome host resistance, occasionally transitioning to new hosts. During plant infection, these organisms secrete effector proteins and other compounds during plant infection, as a molecular arsenal that contributes to their pathogenic success. Genomic sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic studies have revealed highly diverse effector repertoires among different oomycete pathogens, highlighting their adaptability and evolution potential.The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola affects grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) causing the downy mildew disease, with significant economic impact. This disease is devastating in Europe, leading to substantial production losses. Even though Plasmopara viticola is a well-known pathogen, to date there are scarce reviews summarising pathogenicity, virulence, the genetics and molecular mechanisms of interaction with grapevine.This review aims to explore the current knowledge of the infection strategy, lifecycle, effector molecules, and pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola. The recent sequencing of the Plasmopara viticola genome has provided new insights into understanding the infection strategies employed by this pathogen. Additionally, we will highlight the contributions of omics technologies in unravelling the ongoing evolution of this oomycete, including the first in-plant proteome analysis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gouveia
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva-Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an Der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Sueldo DJ, Godson A, Kaschani F, Krahn D, Kessenbrock T, Buscaill P, Schofield CJ, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. Activity-based proteomics uncovers suppressed hydrolases and a neo-functionalised antibacterial enzyme at the plant-pathogen interface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:394-408. [PMID: 36866975 PMCID: PMC10952330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular space of plant tissues contains hundreds of hydrolases that might harm colonising microbes. Successful pathogens may suppress these hydrolases to enable disease. Here, we report the dynamics of extracellular hydrolases in Nicotiana benthamiana upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae. Using activity-based proteomics with a cocktail of biotinylated probes, we simultaneously monitored 171 active hydrolases, including 109 serine hydrolases (SHs), 49 glycosidases (GHs) and 13 cysteine proteases (CPs). The activity of 82 of these hydrolases (mostly SHs) increases during infection, while the activity of 60 hydrolases (mostly GHs and CPs) is suppressed during infection. Active β-galactosidase-1 (BGAL1) is amongst the suppressed hydrolases, consistent with production of the BGAL1 inhibitor by P. syringae. One of the other suppressed hydrolases, the pathogenesis-related NbPR3, decreases bacterial growth when transiently overexpressed. This is dependent on its active site, revealing a role for NbPR3 activity in antibacterial immunity. Despite being annotated as a chitinase, NbPR3 does not possess chitinase activity and contains an E112Q active site substitution that is essential for antibacterial activity and is present only in Nicotiana species. This study introduces a powerful approach to reveal novel components of extracellular immunity, exemplified by the discovery of the suppression of neo-functionalised Nicotiana-specific antibacterial NbPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J. Sueldo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Till Kessenbrock
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
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4
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Daly P, Chen S, Xue T, Li J, Sheikh TMM, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang J, Fitzpatrick DA, McGowan J, Shi X, Deng S, Jiu M, Zhou D, Druzhinina IS, Wei L. Dual-Transcriptomic, Microscopic, and Biocontrol Analyses of the Interaction Between the Bioeffector Pythium oligandrum and the Pythium Soft-Rot of Ginger Pathogen Pythium myriotylum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765872. [PMID: 34867897 PMCID: PMC8637047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is a promising approach to suppress diseases caused by Pythium spp. such as Pythium soft rot of ginger caused by P. myriotylum. Unusually for a single genus, it also includes species that can antagonize Pythium plant pathogens, such as Pythium oligandrum. We investigated if a new isolate of P. oligandrum could antagonize P. myriotylum, what changes occurred in gene expression when P. oligandrum (antagonist) and P. myriotylum (host) interacted, and whether P. oligandrum could control soft-rot of ginger caused by P. myriotylum. An isolate of P. oligandrum, GAQ1, recovered from soil could antagonize P. myriotylum in a plate-based confrontation assay whereby P. myriotylum became non-viable. The loss of viability of P. myriotylum coupled with how P. oligandrum hyphae could coil around and penetrate the hyphae of P. myriotylum, indicated a predatory interaction. We investigated the transcriptional responses of P. myriotylum and P. oligandrum using dual-RNAseq at a stage in the confrontation where similar levels of total transcripts were measured from each species. As part of the transcriptional response of P. myriotylum to the presence of P. oligandrum, genes including a subset of putative Kazal-type protease inhibitors were strongly upregulated along with cellulases, elicitin-like proteins and genes involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. In P. oligandrum, proteases, cellulases, and peroxidases featured prominently in the upregulated genes. The upregulation along with constitutive expression of P. oligandrum proteases appeared to be responded to by the upregulation of putative protease inhibitors from P. myriotylum, suggesting a P. myriotylum defensive strategy. Notwithstanding this P. myriotylum defensive strategy, P. oligandrum had a strong disease control effect on soft-rot of ginger caused by P. myriotylum. The newly isolated strain of P. oligandrum is a promising biocontrol agent for suppressing the soft-rot of ginger. The dual-RNAseq approach highlights responses of P. myriotylum that suggests features of a defensive strategy, and are perhaps another factor that may contribute to the variable success and durability of biological attempts to control diseases caused by Pythium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqiao Chen
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Taiqiang Xue
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qimeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Jinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jamie McGowan
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Jinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Ogawa S, Wakatake T, Spallek T, Ishida JK, Sano R, Kurata T, Demura T, Yoshida S, Ichihashi Y, Schaller A, Shirasu K. Subtilase activity in intrusive cells mediates haustorium maturation in parasitic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1381-1394. [PMID: 33793894 PMCID: PMC8133603 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants that infect crops are devastating to agriculture throughout the world. These parasites develop a unique inducible organ called the haustorium that connects the vascular systems of the parasite and host to establish a flow of water and nutrients. Upon contact with the host, the haustorial epidermal cells at the interface with the host differentiate into specific cells called intrusive cells that grow endophytically toward the host vasculature. Following this, some of the intrusive cells re-differentiate to form a xylem bridge (XB) that connects the vasculatures of the parasite and host. Despite the prominent role of intrusive cells in host infection, the molecular mechanisms mediating parasitism in the intrusive cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated differential gene expression in the intrusive cells of the facultative parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum in the family Orobanchaceae by RNA-sequencing of laser-microdissected haustoria. We then used promoter analyses to identify genes that are specifically induced in intrusive cells, and promoter fusions with genes encoding fluorescent proteins to develop intrusive cell-specific markers. Four of the identified intrusive cell-specific genes encode subtilisin-like serine proteases (SBTs), whose biological functions in parasitic plants are unknown. Expression of SBT inhibitors in intrusive cells inhibited both intrusive cell and XB development and reduced auxin response levels adjacent to the area of XB development. Therefore, we propose that subtilase activity plays an important role in haustorium development in P. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takanori Wakatake
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Present address: Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Thomas Spallek
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Juliane K Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Author for communication: , Present address: Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Wang S, Xing R, Wang Y, Shu H, Fu S, Huang J, Paulus JK, Schuster M, Saunders DGO, Win J, Vleeshouwers V, Wang Y, Zheng X, van der Hoorn RAL, Dong S. Cleavage of a pathogen apoplastic protein by plant subtilases activates host immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3424-3439. [PMID: 33251609 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast is a harsh environment in which hydrolytic enzymes, especially proteases, accumulate during pathogen infection. However, the defense functions of most apoplastic proteases remain largely elusive. We show here that a newly identified small cysteine-rich secreted protein PC2 from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans induces immunity in Solanum plants only after cleavage by plant apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases, such as tomato P69B. A minimal 61 amino acid core peptide carrying two key cysteines, conserved widely in most oomycete species, is sufficient for PC2-induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Kazal-like protease inhibitors, such as EPI1, produced by P. infestans prevent PC2 cleavage and dampen PC2 elicited host immunity. This study reveals that cleavage of pathogen proteins to release immunogenic peptides is an important function of plant apoplastic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongkang Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenggui Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Judith K Paulus
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vivianne Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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7
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Rojas-Estevez P, Urbina-Gómez DA, Ayala-Usma DA, Guayazan-Palacios N, Mideros MF, Bernal AJ, Cardenas M, Restrepo S. Effector Repertoire of Phytophthora betacei: In Search of Possible Virulence Factors Responsible for Its Host Specificity. Front Genet 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32582295 PMCID: PMC7295944 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora betacei is an oomycete plant pathogen closely related to Phytophthora infestans. It infects tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) in northern South America, but is, under natural conditions, unable to infect potatoes or tomatoes, the main hosts of its sister species P. infestans. We characterized, and compared the effector repertoires of P. betacei and other Phytophthora species. To this end, we used in silico approaches to predict and describe the repertoire of secreted proteins in Phytophthora species and determine unique and core effectors. P. betacei has the largest proteome and secretome of all Phytophthora species evaluated. We identified between 450 and 1933 candidate effector genes in Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora sojae, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora palmivora, P. infestans, and P. betacei genomes. The P. betacei predicted secretome contains 5653 proteins, 1126 of which are apoplastic effectors and 807cytoplasmic effectors. Genes encoding cytoplasmic effectors include 791 genes with an RxLR domain (the largest number known so far in a Phytophthora species) and 16 with a Crinkler (CRN) domain. We detected homologs of previously described avirulence gene (Avr) present in Phytophthora spp., such as Avr1, Avr3b, Avr4, and Avrblb1, suggesting a high level of effector gene conservation among Phytophthora species. Nonetheless, fewer CRN effectors were obtained in P. betacei compared to all other Phytophthora species analyzed. The comparison between P. infestans and P. betacei effector profiles shows unique features in P. betacei that might be involved in pathogenesis and host preference. Indeed, 402 unique predicted effector genes were detected in P. betacei, corresponding to 197 apoplastic effector genes, 203 RxLR cytoplasmic effector genes, and 2 effector genes with CRN domain. This is the first characterization of the effector profile of P. betacei and the broadest comparison of predicted effector repertoires in the genus Phytophthora following a standardized prediction pipeline. The resultant P. betacei putative effector repertoire provides a reasonable set of proteins whose experimental validation could lead to understand the specific virulence factors responsible for the host specificity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rojas-Estevez
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - David A Urbina-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - David A Ayala-Usma
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota.,Laboratorio de Biología Computacional y Ecología Microbiana, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - Natalia Guayazan-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - Maria Fernanda Mideros
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - Adriana J Bernal
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares de Microorganismos en Agricultura, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - Martha Cardenas
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, Bogota
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8
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Identification and Characterization of ShSPI, a Kazal-Type Elastase Inhibitor from the Venom of Scolopendra Hainanum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120708. [PMID: 31817486 PMCID: PMC6950245 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase is a globular glycoprotein and belongs to the chymotrypsin family. It is involved in several inflammatory cascades on the basis of cleaving the important connective tissue protein elastin, and is strictly regulated to a balance by several endogenous inhibitors. When elastase and its inhibitors are out of balance, severe diseases will develop, especially those involved in the cardiopulmonary system. Much attention has been attracted in seeking innovative elastase inhibitors and various advancements have been taken on clinical trials of these inhibitors. Natural functional peptides from venomous animals have been shown to have anti-protease properties. Here, we identified a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor named ShSPI from the cDNA library of the venom glands of Scolopendra hainanum. ShSPI showed significant inhibitory effects on porcine pancreatic elastase and human neutrophils elastase with Ki values of 225.83 ± 20 nM and 12.61 ± 2 nM, respectively. Together, our results suggest that ShSPI may be an excellent candidate to develop a drug for cardiopulmonary diseases.
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9
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Kumar S, Dhembla C, P H, Sundd M, Patel AK. Differential expression of structural and functional proteins during bean common mosaic virus-host plant interaction. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103812. [PMID: 31669830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), the most common seed-borne pathogen in Phaseolus vulgaris L. is known to cause severe loss in productivity across the globe. In the present study, proteomic analyses were performed for leaf samples from control (healthy) and susceptible BCMV infected plants. The differential expression of proteins was evaluated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Approximately, 1098 proteins were spotted, amongst which 107 proteins were observed to be statistically significant with differential expression. The functional categorization of the differential proteins illustrated that they were involved in biotic/abiotic stress (18%), energy and carbon metabolism (11%), photosynthesis (46%), protein biosynthesis (10%), chaperoning (5%), chlorophyll (5%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (5%). This is the first report on the comparative proteome study of compatible plant-BCMV interactions in P. vulgaris which contributes largely to the understanding of protein-mediated disease resistance/susceptible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chetna Dhembla
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hariprasad P
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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10
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Cabrera-Muñoz A, Valiente PA, Rojas L, Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua M, Pires JR. NMR structure of CmPI-II, a non-classical Kazal protease inhibitor: Understanding its conformational dynamics and subtilisin A inhibition. J Struct Biol 2019; 206:280-294. [PMID: 30930219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases play crucial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Thus, protease inhibitors constitute important tools in the regulation of this interaction. CmPI-II is a Kazal proteinase inhibitor isolated from Cenchritis muricatus that inhibits subtilisin A, trypsin and elastases. Based on sequence analysis it defines a new group of non-classical Kazal inhibitors. Lacking solved 3D structures from this group prevents the straightforward structural comparison with other Kazal inhibitors. The 3D structure of CmPI-II, solved in this work using NMR techniques, shows the typical fold of Kazal inhibitors, but has significant differences in its N-terminal moiety, the disposition of the CysI-CysV disulfide bond and the reactive site loop (RSL) conformation. The high flexibility of its N-terminal region, the RSL, and the α-helix observed in NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, suggest a coupled motion of these regions that could explain CmPI-II broad specificity. The 3D structure of the CmPI-II/subtilisin A complex, obtained by modeling, allows understanding of the energetic basis of the subtilisin A inhibition. The residues at the P2 and P2' positions of the inhibitor RSL were predicted to be major contributors to the binding free energy of the complex, rather than those at the P1 position. Site directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed the Trp14 (P2') contribution to CmPI-II/subtilisin A complex formation. Overall, this work provides the structural determinants for the subtilisin A inhibition by CmPI-II and allows the designing of more specific and potent molecules. In addition, the 3D structure obtained supports the existence of a new group in non-classical Kazal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Cabrera-Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Pedro A Valiente
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laritza Rojas
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Maday Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana-Cuba, Calle 25 No 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - José R Pires
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS / Bloco E - sala 32, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Schaller A, Stintzi A, Rivas S, Serrano I, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB, Martínez D, Guiamét JJ, Sueldo DJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Ramírez V, Vera P. From structure to function - a family portrait of plant subtilases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:901-915. [PMID: 28467631 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 901 I. Introduction 901 II. Biochemistry and structure of plant SBTs 902 III. Phylogeny of plant SBTs and family organization 903 IV. Physiological roles of plant SBTs 905 V. Conclusions and outlook 911 Acknowledgements 912 References 912 SUMMARY: Subtilases (SBTs) are serine peptidases that are found in all three domains of life. As compared with homologs in other Eucarya, plant SBTs are more closely related to archaeal and bacterial SBTs, with which they share many biochemical and structural features. However, in the course of evolution, functional diversification led to the acquisition of novel, plant-specific functions, resulting in the present-day complexity of the plant SBT family. SBTs are much more numerous in plants than in any other organism, and include enzymes involved in general proteolysis as well as highly specific processing proteases. Most SBTs are targeted to the cell wall, where they contribute to the control of growth and development by regulating the properties of the cell wall and the activity of extracellular signaling molecules. Plant SBTs affect all stages of the life cycle as they contribute to embryogenesis, seed development and germination, cuticle formation and epidermal patterning, vascular development, programmed cell death, organ abscission, senescence, and plant responses to their biotic and abiotic environments. In this article we provide a comprehensive picture of SBT structure and function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Susana Rivas
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Irene Serrano
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dana Martínez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Juan J Guiamét
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Pablo Vera
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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12
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Schardon K, Hohl M, Graff L, Pfannstiel J, Schulze W, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Precursor processing for plant peptide hormone maturation by subtilisin-like serine proteinases. Science 2016; 354:1594-1597. [PMID: 27940581 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones that regulate plant growth and development are derived from larger precursor proteins by proteolytic processing. Our study addressed the role of subtilisin-like proteinases (SBTs) in this process. Using tissue-specific expression of proteinase inhibitors as a tool to overcome functional redundancy, we found that SBT activity was required for the maturation of IDA (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION), a peptide signal for the abscission of floral organs in Arabidopsis We identified three SBTs that process the IDA precursor in vitro, and this processing was shown to be required for the formation of mIDA (the mature and bioactive form of IDA) as the endogenous signaling peptide in vivo. Hence, SBTs act as prohormone convertases in plants, and several functionally redundant SBTs contribute to signal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schardon
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Hohl
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucile Graff
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Mass Spectrometry Unit, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waltraud Schulze
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Plant Systems Biology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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13
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Del Campo Milan M, Zuroff L, Jimenez CR, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. Can agrin cerebrospinal fluid concentration be used as an early biomarker for Alzheimer's disease? ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 1:75-80. [PMID: 27239494 PMCID: PMC4876904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective treatments halting Alzheimer's disease (AD) urges the discovery of the earliest possible biomarkers. Agrin is increased in the early stages of AD and is involved in amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation and synaptogenesis. We investigated the potential of agrin as an early AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker. We analyzed the agrin CSF concentration in nondemented controls (n = 20) and those with mild (n = 20) and severe (n = 20) AD. The levels of agrin CSF were not significantly divergent among the different patient groups and did not correlate with the concentration of Aβ42, total tau, phosphorylated tau, or the Mini Mental State Examination scores. However, agrin strongly correlated with age in those with dementia. The results indicate that agrin cannot be used as an early AD CSF biomarker using the current immunoassay. However, our population was relatively young; thus, the correlation between agrin and age suggests that stronger differences in agrin concentrations might be found in older groups with more heterogeneous AD pathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Campo Milan
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leah Zuroff
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cao J, Han X, Zhang T, Yang Y, Huang J, Hu X. Genome-wide and molecular evolution analysis of the subtilase gene family in Vitis vinifera. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1116. [PMID: 25512249 PMCID: PMC4378017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitis vinifera (grape) is one of the most economically significant fruit crops in the world. The availability of the recently released grape genome sequence offers an opportunity to identify and analyze some important gene families in this species. Subtilases are a group of subtilisin-like serine proteases that are involved in many biological processes in plants. However, no comprehensive study incorporating phylogeny, chromosomal location and gene duplication, gene organization, functional divergence, selective pressure and expression profiling has been reported so far for the grape. Results In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the subtilase gene family in V. vinifera was performed. Eighty subtilase genes were identified. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these subtilase genes comprised eight groups. The gene organization is considerably conserved among the groups. Distribution of the subtilase genes is non-random across the chromosomes. A high proportion of these genes are preferentially clustered, indicating that tandem duplications may have contributed significantly to the expansion of the subtilase gene family. Analyses of divergence and adaptive evolution show that while purifying selection may have been the main force driving the evolution of grape subtilases, some of the critical sites responsible for the divergence may have been under positive selection. Further analyses of real-time PCR data suggested that many subtilase genes might be important in the stress response and functional development of plants. Conclusions Tandem duplications as well as purifying and positive selections have contributed to the functional divergence of subtilase genes in V. vinifera. The data may contribute to a better understanding of the grape subtilase gene family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1116) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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15
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Sénéchal F, Graff L, Surcouf O, Marcelo P, Rayon C, Bouton S, Mareck A, Mouille G, Stintzi A, Höfte H, Lerouge P, Schaller A, Pelloux J. Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASE17 is co-expressed with and processed by SBT3.5, a subtilisin-like serine protease. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1161-75. [PMID: 24665109 PMCID: PMC4195543 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In Arabidopsis thaliana, the degree of methylesterification (DM) of homogalacturonans (HGs), the main pectic constituent of the cell wall, can be modified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). In all organisms, two types of protein structure have been reported for PMEs: group 1 and group 2. In group 2 PMEs, the active part (PME domain, Pfam01095) is preceded by an N-terminal extension (PRO part), which shows similarities to PME inhibitors (PMEI domain, Pfam04043). This PRO part mediates retention of unprocessed group 2 PMEs in the Golgi apparatus, thus regulating PME activity through a post-translational mechanism. This study investigated the roles of a subtilisin-type serine protease (SBT) in the processing of a PME isoform. METHODS Using a combination of functional genomics, biochemistry and proteomic approaches, the role of a specific SBT in the processing of a group 2 PME was assessed together with its consequences for plant development. KEY RESULTS A group 2 PME, AtPME17 (At2g45220), was identified, which was highly co-expressed, both spatially and temporally, with AtSBT3.5 (At1g32940), a subtilisin-type serine protease (subtilase, SBT), during root development. PME activity was modified in roots of knockout mutants for both proteins with consequent effects on root growth. This suggested a role for SBT3.5 in the processing of PME17 in planta. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, it was indeed shown that SBT3.5 can process PME17 at a specific single processing motif, releasing a mature isoform in the apoplasm. CONCLUSIONS By revealing the potential role of SBT3.5 in the processing of PME17, this study brings new evidence of the complexity of the regulation of PMEs in plants, and highlights the need for identifying specific PME-SBT pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Lucile Graff
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP, UPJV, 1-3 Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Bouton
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- IJPB, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 2, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Herman Höfte
- IJPB, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 2, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- EA4358-Glyco-MEV, IFRMP 23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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Kim BY, Lee KS, Zou FM, Wan H, Choi YS, Yoon HJ, Kwon HW, Je YH, Jin BR. Antimicrobial activity of a honeybee (Apis cerana) venom Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor. Toxicon 2013; 76:110-7. [PMID: 24076031 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect-derived Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors exhibit thrombin, elastase, plasmin, proteinase K, or subtilisin A inhibition activity, but so far, no functional roles for bee-derived Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors have been identified. In this study, a bee (Apis cerana) venom Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (AcKTSPI) that acts as a microbial serine protease inhibitor was identified. AcKTSPI contained a single Kazal domain that displayed six conserved cysteine residues and a P1 threonine residue. AcKTSPI was expressed in the venom gland and was present as a 10-kDa peptide in bee venom. Recombinant AcKTSPI Kazal domain (AcKTSPI-Kd) expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells demonstrated inhibitory activity against subtilisin A (Ki 67.03 nM) and proteinase K (Ki 91.53 nM), but not against α-chymotrypsin or trypsin, which implies a role for AcKTSPI as a microbial serine protease inhibitor. However, AcKTSPI-Kd exhibited no detectable inhibitory effects on factor Xa, thrombin, tissue plasminogen activator, or elastase. Additionally, AcKTSPI-Kd bound directly to Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, and Fusarium graminearum but not to Escherichia coli. Consistent with these findings, AcKTSPI-Kd showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and antifungal activity against both plant-pathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi. These findings constitute molecular evidence that AcKTSPI acts as an inhibitor of microbial serine proteases. This paper provides a novel view of the antimicrobial functions of a bee venom Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yeon Kim
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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Sanju S, Thakur A, Siddappa S, Sreevathsa R, Srivastava N, Shukla P, Singh BP. Pathogen virulence of Phytophthora infestans: from gene to functional genomics. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:165-77. [PMID: 24431484 PMCID: PMC3656195 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide. Much of the pathogenic success of P. infestans, the potato late blight agent, relies on its ability to generate large amounts of sporangia from mycelia, which release zoospores that encyst and form infection structures. Until recently, little was known about the molecular basis of oomycete pathogenicity by the avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. To understand the molecular mechanisms interplay in the pathogen and host interactions, knowledge of the genome structure was most important, which is available now after genome sequencing. The mechanism of biotrophic interaction between potato and P. infestans could be determined by understanding the effector biology of the pathogen, which is until now poorly understood. The recent availability of oomycete genome will help in understanding of the signal transduction pathways followed by apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors for translocation into host cell. Finally based on genomics, novel strategies could be developed for effective management of the crop losses due to the late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sanju
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | - Aditi Thakur
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- />National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology, IARI campus, Pusa, New Delhi—12, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- />Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University (Rajasthan), Tonk, India 304022
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- />Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, SHIATS, Naini, Allahabad, India 211007
| | - B. P. Singh
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
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Eigenbrot C, Ultsch M, Lipari MT, Moran P, Lin SJ, Ganesan R, Quan C, Tom J, Sandoval W, van Lookeren Campagne M, Kirchhofer D. Structural and functional analysis of HtrA1 and its subdomains. Structure 2012; 20:1040-50. [PMID: 22578544 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The homotrimeric human serine protease HtrA1 is homologous to bacterial HtrA proteases regarding the trypsin-like catalytic and PDZ domains but differs by the presence of an N-terminal domain with IGFBP and Kazal homology. The crystal structures and SAXS analysis presented herein reveal the rare tandem of IGFBP- and Kazal-like modules, a protease active site that adopts a competent conformation in the absence of substrate or inhibitor and a model for the intact protein in solution. Highly sensitive enzymatic assays and binding studies demonstrate that the N-terminal tandem has no apparent effect on protease activity, and in accordance with the structure-based predictions, neither the IGFBP- nor Kazal-like module retains the function of their prototype proteins. Our structures of the unliganded HtrA1 active site suggest two-state equilibrium and a "conformational selection" model, in which substrate binds to the active conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Schaller A, Stintzi A, Graff L. Subtilases - versatile tools for protein turnover, plant development, and interactions with the environment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:52-66. [PMID: 21988125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Subtilases (SBTs) constitute a large family of serine peptidases. They are commonly found in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, with many more SBTs in plants as compared to other organisms. The expansion of the SBT family in plants was accompanied by functional diversification, and novel, plant-specific physiological roles were acquired in the course of evolution. In addition to their contribution to general protein turnover, plant SBTs are involved in the development of seeds and fruits, the manipulation of the cell wall, the processing of peptide growth factors, epidermal development and pattern formation, plant responses to their biotic and abiotic environment, and in programmed cell death. Plant SBTs share many properties with their bacterial and mammalian homologs, but the adoption of specific roles in plant physiology is also reflected in the acquisition of unique biochemical and structural features that distinguish SBTs in plants from those in other organisms. In this article we provide an overview of the earlier literature on the discovery of the first SBTs in plants, and highlight recent findings with respect to their physiological relevance, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Nowicki M, Foolad MR, Nowakowska M, Kozik EU. Potato and Tomato Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans: An Overview of Pathology and Resistance Breeding. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:4-17. [PMID: 30731850 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-11-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nowicki
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology of Vegetable Plants, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Majid R Foolad
- Department of Horticulture and The Intercollege Graduate Degree Programs in Plant Biology and Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Marzena Nowakowska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology of Vegetable Plants, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Elznieta U Kozik
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology of Vegetable Plants, Skierniewice, Poland
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Doehlemann G, Reissmann S, Assmann D, Fleckenstein M, Kahmann R. Two linked genes encoding a secreted effector and a membrane protein are essential for Ustilago maydis-induced tumour formation. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:751-66. [PMID: 21692877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that colonizes living tissue of its host plant maize. Based on transcriptional upregulation during biotrophic development we identified the pit (proteins important for tumours) cluster, a novel gene cluster comprising four genes of which two are predicted to encode secreted effectors. Disruption of the gene cluster abolishes U. maydis-induced tumour formation and this phenotype can be caused by deleting either pit1 encoding a transmembrane protein or pit2 encoding a secreted protein. Pit1 localizes to the fungal plasma membrane at hyphal tips, endosomes and vacuoles while Pit2 is secreted to the biotrophic interface. Both Δpit1 and Δpit2 mutants are able to penetrate maize epidermis and grow intracellularly at sites of infection but fail to spread in the infected leaf. Microarray analysis shows an indistinguishable response of the plant to infection by Δpit1 and Δpit2 mutant strains. Transcriptional activation of maize defence genes in infections with Δpit1/2 mutant strains indicates that the mutants have a defect in suppressing plant immune responses. Our results suggest that the activity of Pit1 and Pit2 during tumour formation might be functionally linked and we discuss possibilities for a putative functional connection of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Doehlemann
- Deparment of Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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Shenoy RT, Thangamani S, Velazquez-Campoy A, Ho B, Ding JL, Sivaraman J. Structural basis for dual-inhibition mechanism of a non-classical Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from horseshoe crab in complex with subtilisin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18838. [PMID: 21541315 PMCID: PMC3082530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. In the innate immune system of invertebrates, multi-domain protease inhibitors are important for the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and antimicrobial activities. Serine protease inhibitors, 9.3-kDa CrSPI isoforms 1 and 2, have been identified from the hepatopancreas of the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. The CrSPIs were biochemically active, especially CrSPI-1, which potently inhibited subtilisin (Ki = 1.43 nM). CrSPI has been grouped with the non-classical Kazal-type inhibitors due to its unusual cysteine distribution. Here we report the crystal structure of CrSPI-1 in complex with subtilisin at 2.6 Å resolution and the results of biophysical interaction studies. The CrSPI-1 molecule has two domains arranged in an extended conformation. These two domains act as heads that independently interact with two separate subtilisin molecules, resulting in the inhibition of subtilisin activity at a ratio of 1:2 (inhibitor to protease). Each subtilisin molecule interacts with the reactive site loop from each domain of CrSPI-1 through a standard canonical binding mode and forms a single ternary complex. In addition, we propose the substrate preferences of each domain of CrSPI-1. Domain 2 is specific towards the bacterial protease subtilisin, while domain 1 is likely to interact with the host protease, Furin. Elucidation of the structure of the CrSPI-1: subtilisin (1∶2) ternary complex increases our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in the innate immune system at the molecular level and provides new strategies for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh T. Shenoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Diputacion General de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JS); (JLD)
| | - J. Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JS); (JLD)
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Raffaele S, Win J, Cano LM, Kamoun S. Analyses of genome architecture and gene expression reveal novel candidate virulence factors in the secretome of Phytophthora infestans. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:637. [PMID: 21080964 PMCID: PMC3091767 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans is the most devastating pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes. It exhibits high evolutionary potential and rapidly adapts to host plants. The P. infestans genome experienced a repeat-driven expansion relative to the genomes of Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum and shows a discontinuous distribution of gene density. Effector genes, such as members of the RXLR and Crinkler (CRN) families, localize to expanded, repeat-rich and gene-sparse regions of the genome. This distinct genomic environment is thought to contribute to genome plasticity and host adaptation. RESULTS We used in silico approaches to predict and describe the repertoire of P. infestans secreted proteins (the secretome). We defined the "plastic secretome" as a subset of the genome that (i) encodes predicted secreted proteins, (ii) is excluded from genome segments orthologous to the P. sojae and P. ramorum genomes and (iii) is encoded by genes residing in gene sparse regions of P. infestans genome. Although including only ~3% of P. infestans genes, the plastic secretome contains ~62% of known effector genes and shows >2 fold enrichment in genes induced in planta. We highlight 19 plastic secretome genes induced in planta but distinct from previously described effectors. This list includes a trypsin-like serine protease, secreted oxidoreductases, small cysteine-rich proteins and repeat containing proteins that we propose to be novel candidate virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS This work revealed a remarkably diverse plastic secretome. It illustrates the value of combining genome architecture with comparative genomics to identify novel candidate virulence factors from pathogen genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Rimphanitchayakit V, Tassanakajon A. Structure and function of invertebrate Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:377-386. [PMID: 19995574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteinases and proteinase inhibitors are involved in several biological and physiological processes in all multicellular organisms. The proteinase inhibitors function as modulators for controlling the extent of deleterious proteinase activity. The Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (KPIs) in family I1 are among the well-known families of proteinase inhibitors, widely found in mammals, avian and a variety of invertebrates. Like those classical KPIs, the invertebrate KPIs can be single or multiple domain proteins containing one or more Kazal inhibitory domains linked together by peptide spacers of variable length. All invertebrate Kazal domains of about 40-60 amino acids in length share a common structure which is dictated by six conserved cysteine residues forming three intra-domain disulfide cross-links despite the variability of amino acid sequences between the half-cystines. Invertebrate KPIs are strong inhibitors as shown by their extremely high association constant of 10(7)-10(13)M(-1). The inhibitory specificity of a Kazal domain varies widely with a different reactive P(1) amino acid. Different invertebrate KPI domains may arise from gene duplication but several KPI proteins can also be derived from alternative splicing. The invertebrate KPIs function as anticoagulants in blood-sucking animals such as leech, mosquitoes and ticks. Several KPIs are likely involved in protecting host from microbial proteinases while some from the parasitic protozoa help protecting the parasites from the host digestive proteinase enzymes. Silk moths produce KPIs to protect their cocoon from predators and microbial destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichien Rimphanitchayakit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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25
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Li XC, Wang XW, Wang ZH, Zhao XF, Wang JX. A three-domain Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor exhibiting domain inhibitory and bacteriostatic activities from freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:1229-1238. [PMID: 19616577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In crustaceans, Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors in hemolymph are believed to function as regulators of the host-defense reactions or inhibitors against proteinases from microorganisms. In this study, we report a Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor, named hcPcSPI1, from freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We found that hcPcSPI1 is composed of a putative signal peptide, an RGD motif, and three tandem Kazal-type domains with the domain P1 residues L, L and E, respectively. Mainly, hcPcSPI1 was detected in hemocytes as well as in the heart, gills, and intestine at both the mRNA and protein levels. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that hcPcSPI1 in hemocytes was upregulated by the stimulation of Esherichia coli (8099) or became decreased after a white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. In addition, hcPcSPI1 and its three independent domains were overexpressed and purified to explore their potential functions. All four proteins inhibited subtilisin A and proteinase K, but not alpha-chymotypsin or trypsin. Recombinant hcPcSPI1 could firmly attach to Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae; Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis and Staphylococcus aureus; fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyce cerevisiae, and only domain 1 was responsible for the binding to E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, recombinant hcPcSPI1 was also found to possess bacteriostatic activity against the B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis. Domains 2 and 3 contributed mainly to these bacteriostatic activities. All results suggested that hcPcSPI1 might play important roles in the innate immunity of crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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26
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Schornack S, Huitema E, Cano LM, Bozkurt TO, Oliva R, Van Damme M, Schwizer S, Raffaele S, Chaparro-Garcia A, Farrer R, Segretin ME, Bos J, Haas BJ, Zody MC, Nusbaum C, Win J, Thines M, Kamoun S. Ten things to know about oomycete effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:795-803. [PMID: 19849785 PMCID: PMC6640533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Long considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant-microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
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Donpudsa S, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. Domain inhibitory and bacteriostatic activities of the five-domain Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:481-488. [PMID: 18930077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) in multi-cellular organisms are important modulators of proteinase activities in various biological processes. A five-domain Kazal-type SPI SPIPm2 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is presumably involved in innate immune response. The SPIPm2 with the domain P1 residues T, A, E, K and E was isolated from the hemocyte cDNA libraries and found to strongly inhibit subtilisin and elastase, and weakly inhibit trypsin. To unravel further the inhibitory activity of each domain, we subcloned, over-expressed and purified each individual SPI domain. Their inhibitory specificities against trypsin, subtilisin and elastase were determined. Domain 1 was found to be inactive. Domains 2, 3 and 5 inhibited subtilisin. Domain 2 inhibited also elastase. Domain 4 weakly inhibited subtilisin and trypsin. The intact SPIPm2 inhibitor was found to possess bacteriostatic activity against the Bacillus subtilis but not the Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio harveyi 639 and Escherichia coli JM109. Domains 2, 4 and 5 contributed to this bacteriostatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchao Donpudsa
- Shrimp Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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28
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Li Y, Qian YQ, Ma WM, Yang WJ. Inhibition mechanism and the effects of structure on activity of male reproduction-related peptidase inhibitor Kazal-type (MRPINK) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:252-259. [PMID: 18795369 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In our previous reports, a Kazal family serine protease inhibitor, male reproduction-related peptidase inhibitor Kazal-type (MRPINK) has been identified from the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and discovered having an inhibitory effect on the sperm gelatinolytic activity. MRPINK was predicated to inhibit chymotrypsin since it contains leucine and proline at P(1) positions of the two domains, respectively. In this report, recombinant MRPINK was as expected found to specifically inhibit chymotrypsin, but no inhibition was detected against trypsin or thrombin. By the analysis of kinetic tests, the inhibition mechanism of MRPINK was determined to be typical competitive model with K (i) of 354 nM. To elucidate the effects of structure on activity of MRPINK, the mutants (domain-1 only, domain-2 only, MRPINK(P88I), MRPINK(L37K), MRPINK(L37A), and MRPINK(L37G)) were prepared and their inhibitory activities assayed. The results showed that domain-2 was the key contributor to the inhibition of chymotrypsin (K (i) of 416 nM) and P(1) Pro was crucial for the activity. Nevertheless, whether the P(1) amino acid residue was Leu, or even if it was replaced by Lys, Ala, or Gly, domain-1 was ineffective to the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
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29
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Lu X, Lamontagne J, Lu F, Block TM. Tumor-associated protein SPIK/TATI suppresses serine protease dependent cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:483-94. [PMID: 18347987 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease dependent cell apoptosis (SPDCA) is a recently described caspase independent innate apoptotic pathway. It differs from the traditional caspase dependent apoptotic pathway in that serine proteases, not caspases, are critical to the apoptotic process. The mechanism of SPDCA is still unclear and further investigation is needed to determine any role it may play in maintaining cellular homeostasis and development of disease. The current knowledge about this pathway is limited only to the inhibitory effects of some serine protease inhibitors. Synthetic agents such as pefabloc, AEBSF and TPCK can inhibit this apoptotic process in cultured cells. There is little known, however, about biologically active agents available in the cell which can inhibit SPDCA. Here, we show that over-expression of a cellular protein called serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK/TATI/PSTI) results in a significant decrease in cell susceptibility to SPDCA, suggesting that SPIK is an apoptosis inhibitor suppressing this pathway of apoptosis. Previous work has associated SPIK and cancer development, indicating that this finding will help to open the doorway for further study on the mechanism of SPDCA and the role it may play in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyong Lu
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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30
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Bent AF, Mackey D. Elicitors, effectors, and R genes: the new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 45:399-436. [PMID: 17506648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express a suite of effector proteins that often act to suppress these defenses. Plants have evolved other receptors (R proteins) that detect these pathogen effectors and activate strong defenses. Pathogens can subsequently alter or delete their recognized effectors to avoid defense elicitation, at risk of a fitness cost associated with loss of those effectors. Significant research progress is revealing, among other things, mechanisms of MAMP perception, the host defense processes and specific host proteins that pathogen effectors target, the mechanisms of R protein activation, and the ways in which pathogen effector suites and R genes evolve. These findings carry practical ramifications for resistance durability and for future resistance engineering. The present review uses numerous questions to help clarify what we know and to identify areas that are ripe for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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31
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van den Burg HA, Harrison SJ, Joosten MHAJ, Vervoort J, de Wit PJGM. Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 protects fungal cell walls against hydrolysis by plant chitinases accumulating during infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:1420-30. [PMID: 17153926 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance against the leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum is mediated by the tomato Cf proteins which belong to the class of receptor-like proteins and indirectly recognize extracellular avirulence proteins (Avrs) of the fungus. Apart from triggering disease resistance, Avrs are believed to play a role in pathogenicity or virulence of C. fulvum. Here, we report on the avirulence protein Avr4, which is a chitin-binding lectin containing an invertebrate chitin-binding domain (CBM14). This domain is found in many eukaryotes, but has not yet been described in fungal or plant genomes. We found that interaction of Avr4 with chitin is specific, because it does not interact with other cell wall polysaccharides. Avr4 binds to chitin oligomers with a minimal length of three N-acetyl glucosamine residues. In vitro, Avr4 protects chitin against hydrolysis by plant chitinases. Avr4 also binds to chitin in cell walls of the fungi Trichoderma viride and Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli and protects these fungi against normally deleterious concentrations of plant chitinases. In situ fluorescence studies showed that Avr4 also binds to cell walls of C. fulvum during infection of tomato, where it most likely protects the fungus against tomato chitinases, suggesting that Avr4 is a counter-defensive virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrold A van den Burg
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, NL-6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The oomycetes form a phylogenetically distinct group of eukaryotic microorganisms that includes some of the most notorious pathogens of plants. Oomycetes accomplish parasitic colonization of plants by modulating host cell defenses through an array of disease effector proteins. The biology of effectors is poorly understood but tremendous progress has been made in recent years. This review classifies and catalogues the effector secretome of oomycetes. Two classes of effectors target distinct sites in the host plant: Apoplastic effectors are secreted into the plant extracellular space, and cytoplasmic effectors are translocated inside the plant cell, where they target different subcellular compartments. Considering that five species are undergoing genome sequencing and annotation, we are rapidly moving toward genome-wide catalogues of oomycete effectors. Already, it is evident that the effector secretome of pathogenic oomycetes is more complex than expected, with perhaps several hundred proteins dedicated to manipulating host cell structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophien Kamoun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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