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Weldearegay YB, Brogaard L, Nerlich A, Schaaf D, Heegaard PMH, Valentin-Weigand P. Transcriptional Host Responses to Infection with Streptococcus suis in a Porcine Precision-Cut Lung Slice Model: Between-Strain Differences Suggest Association with Virulence Potential. Pathogens 2023; 13:4. [PMID: 38276150 PMCID: PMC10820225 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a porcine and zoonotic pathogen in the upper respiratory tract, expressing different capsular serotypes and virulence-associated factors. Given its genomic and phenotypic diversity, the virulence potential of S. suis cannot be attributed to a single factor. Since strong inflammatory response is a hallmark of S. suis infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the differences in transcriptional host responses to two serotype 2 and one serotype 9 strains. Both serotypes are frequently found in clinical isolates. We infected porcine precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) with two serotype 2 strains of high (strain S10) and low (strain T15) virulence, and a serotype 9 strain 8067 of moderate virulence. We observed higher expression of inflammation-related genes during early infection with strains T15 and 8067, in contrast to infection with strain 10, whose expression peaked late. In addition, bacterial gene expression from infected PCLSs revealed differences, mainly of metabolism-related and certain virulence-associated bacterial genes amongst these strains. We conclude that the strain- and time-dependent induction of genes involved in innate immune response might reflect clinical outcomes of infection in vivo, implying rapid control of infection with less virulent strains compared to the highly virulent strain S10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenehiwot Berhanu Weldearegay
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (Y.B.W.); (A.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (L.B.); (P.M.H.H.)
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (Y.B.W.); (A.N.); (D.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Schaaf
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (Y.B.W.); (A.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (L.B.); (P.M.H.H.)
- Department of Health Technology, Experimental & Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (Y.B.W.); (A.N.); (D.S.)
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2
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Neila-Ibáñez C, Brogaard L, Pailler-García L, Martínez J, Segalés J, Segura M, Heegaard PMH, Aragon V. Piglet innate immune response to Streptococcus suis colonization is modulated by the virulence of the strain. Vet Res 2021; 52:145. [PMID: 34924012 PMCID: PMC8684544 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of swine involved in arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. Colonization of piglets by S. suis is very common and occurs early in life. The clinical outcome of infection is influenced by the virulence of the S. suis strains and the immunity of the animals. Here, the role of innate immunity was studied in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated intranasally with either virulent S. suis strain 10 (S10) or non-virulent S. suis strain T15. Colonization of the inoculated piglets was confirmed at the end of the study by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Fever (≥40.5 °C) was more prevalent in piglets inoculated with S10 compared to T15 at 4 h after inoculation. During the 3 days of monitoring, no other major clinical signs were detected. Accordingly, only small changes in transcription of genes associated with the antibacterial innate immune response were observed at systemic sites, with S10 inducing an earlier response than T15 in blood. Local inflammatory response to the inoculation, evaluated by transcriptional analysis of selected genes in nasal swabs, was more sustained in piglets inoculated with the virulent S10, as demonstrated by transcription of inflammation-related genes, such as IL1B, IL1A, and IRF7. In contrast, most of the gene expression changes in trachea, lungs, and associated lymph nodes were observed in response to the non-virulent T15 strain. Thus, S. suis colonization in the absence of systemic infection induces an innate immune response in piglets that appears to be related to the virulence potential of the colonizing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Current Affiliation: Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Center for Diagnostics, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Lauer AN, Scholtysik R, Beineke A, Baums CG, Klose K, Valentin-Weigand P, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Klein-Hitpass L, Schwerk C. A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Human and Porcine Choroid Plexus Cells in Response to Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Points to a Role of Hypoxia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639620. [PMID: 33763387 PMCID: PMC7982935 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important opportunistic pathogen, which can cause septicemia and meningitis in pigs and humans. Previous in vivo observations in S. suis-infected pigs revealed lesions at the choroid plexus (CP). In vitro experiments with primary porcine CP epithelial cells (PCPEC) and human CP epithelial papilloma (HIBCPP) cells demonstrated that S. suis can invade and traverse the CP epithelium, and that the CP contributes to the inflammatory response via cytokine expression. Here, next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare global transcriptome profiles of PCPEC and HIBCPP cells challenged with S. suis serotype (ST) 2 infected in vitro, and of pigs infected in vivo. Identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were, amongst others, involved in inflammatory responses and hypoxia. The RNA-seq data were validated via quantitative PCR of selected DEGs. Employing Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), 18, 28, and 21 enriched hallmark gene sets (GSs) were identified for infected HIBCPP cells, PCPEC, and in the CP of pigs suffering from S. suis ST2 meningitis, respectively, of which eight GSs overlapped between the three different sample sets. The majority of these GSs are involved in cellular signaling and pathways, immune response, and development, including inflammatory response and hypoxia. In contrast, suppressed GSs observed during in vitro and in vivo S. suis ST2 infections included those, which were involved in cellular proliferation and metabolic processes. This study suggests that similar cellular processes occur in infected human and porcine CP epithelial cells, especially in terms of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N Lauer
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rene Scholtysik
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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TRIM32 Drives Pathogenesis in Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome and Streptococcus suis Meningitis by Regulating Innate Immune Responses. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00957-19. [PMID: 31988176 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00957-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and meningitis in humans, with high mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of both STSLS and central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by S. suis is not well understood. TRIM32, a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, has been reported to regulate host inflammatory responses. In this study, we showed that TRIM32 deficiency significantly reduced the level of bacteremia and the production of proinflammatory cytokines following severe S. suis infection, protecting infected mice from STSLS. The influence of TRIM32 gene deletion on a range of processes known to be involved in S. suis meningitis was also examined. Both levels of bacterial loads and indications of brain hemorrhage were reduced in infected Trim32- / - mice compared with infected wild-type (WT) controls. We also found that TRIM32 deficiency increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during the early course of S. suis infection, potentially limiting the development of S. suis meningitis. Our results suggest that TRIM32 sensitizes S. suis-induced infection via innate immune response regulation.
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Sun Y, Liu H, Du R, Li S, Qu G, Zhu R, Zhao S, Gu J, Sun C, Feng X, Han W, Lei L. Characteristic Comparison of Meningitis and Non-meningitis of Streptococcus suis in an Experimentally Infected Porcine Model. Inflammation 2018; 41:368-377. [PMID: 29159765 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the differences of meningitis and non-meningitis of Streptococcus suis (SS). In this study, an infected pig model of streptococcal meningitis was established. Compared with the non-meningitis Streptococcus suis group (JZLQ001 group), the meningitis Streptococcus suis group (JZLQ022) exhibited neurological symptoms, such as ataxia and foaming at the mouth, and the brain showed a large area of congestion at 5 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, bacterial counts, white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, and blood glucose in the blood reached a peak and were significantly higher than those of the JZLQ001 group at 3 days p.i. These values then decreased at 5 days p.i. However, the content of total protein in the blood was lower in the JZLQ022 group than that in the JZLQ001 group, and the difference was most significant at 5 days p.i. When neurological symptoms appeared on 5 days p.i., the bacterial counts in the brain in the JZLQ022 group were significantly higher than those in the JZLQ001 group. The levels of cytokines in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were an important indicator of inflammation. By ELISA detection, the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17 in the peripheral blood in the JZLQ022 group were significantly higher than those in the JZLQ001 group at 12 and 24 h and 3 days p.i.; however, TNF-α showed no difference. At 5 days p.i., the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17 in the JZLQ022 group were significantly lower than those in the JZLQ001 group. The results were similar in CSF. HE staining revealed that the JZLQ022 group exhibited neuronophagia and hyperemia in the brain, but no change was found in the JZLQ001 group. A further study investigating the impact of meningitis Streptococcus suis on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity found that the brain tissue content of endogenous IgG in the JZLQ022 group was significantly higher than that in the JZLQ001 group. The present study demonstrated that pigs infected with meningitis and non-meningitis Streptococcus suis exhibit significant differences in immunological aspects such as bacterial counts, WBCs, neutrophils, blood glucose and total protein in the peripheral blood, the secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17, and BBB integrity. These data provide the necessary evidence to better understand SS meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rining Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Yu Y, Qian Y, Du D, Li Q, Xu C, Liu H, Chen M, Yao H, Lu C, Zhang W. Infection and adaption-based proteomic changes of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in a pig model. J Proteomics 2017; 180:41-52. [PMID: 29247804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic agent that is responsible for significant economic losses to the porcine industry worldwide. However, most research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms has used in vitro cultures of S. suis, which may not provide an accurate representation of the in vivo biological activities. In this study, 188 differential abundance S. suis proteins were identified in in vivo samples obtained from the blood of the infected pigs. These were compared with in vitro samples by a Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) experiment. Thus, a virulence associated network was established using the enriched differential abundance proteins (obtained via bioinformatics analysis in this study) and the previously reported putative virulence factors associated with in vivo infection. One of the most important up-regulated hubs in this network, adhE (an acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase) was found. Furthermore, knocking out adhE in S. suis serotype 2 strain ZY05719 decreased virulence. Cell culture experiments and far-western blot analysis showed that adhE is involved in adhesion to Caco-2 cells; Hsp60 could be one of the receptors for this protein. SIGNIFICANCE This study is a systematical research to identify in vivo regulated virulence associated proteins of S. suis in pigs. It constructs a network consisting of in vivo infection related factors for the first time to get to know the coordinated actions of a multitude of factors that lead to host pathogenicity and filter the most important hubs. The individual factors that contribute to infection is also identified. A novel differential protein adhE which is one of the most important hubs of this network and is up-regulated in abundance in vivo is found to moonlight as an important adhesion by binding Hsp60 and finally contributes to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dechao Du
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Quan Li
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hanze Liu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mianmian Chen
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huochun Yao
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chengping Lu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine & OIE Swine Streptococcosis Diagnostic Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Kumar V, Yadav S, Soumya N, Kumar R, Babu NK, Singh S. Biochemical and inhibition studies of glutamine synthetase from Leishmania donovani. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Draft Genome Sequence of Hypervirulent and Vaccine Candidate Streptococcus suis Strain SC19. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/3/e01484-16. [PMID: 28104658 PMCID: PMC5255919 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01484-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a zoonotic bacterium found primarily in pigs, has been recognized recently as an emerging pathogen of humans. Herein, we describe the genome of Streptococcus suis strain SC19, a hypervirulent and vaccine candidate strain isolated from a pig amid the 2005 outbreak in China.
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Lipkin E, Strillacci MG, Eitam H, Yishay M, Schiavini F, Soller M, Bagnato A, Shabtay A. The Use of Kosher Phenotyping for Mapping QTL Affecting Susceptibility to Bovine Respiratory Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153423. [PMID: 27077383 PMCID: PMC4831767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle, caused by multiple pathogens that become more virulent in response to stress. As clinical signs often go undetected and various preventive strategies failed, identification of genes affecting BRD is essential for selection for resistance. Selective DNA pooling (SDP) was applied in a genome wide association study (GWAS) to map BRD QTLs in Israeli Holstein male calves. Kosher scoring of lung adhesions was used to allocate 122 and 62 animals to High (Glatt Kosher) and Low (Non-Kosher) resistant groups, respectively. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip according to the Infinium protocol. Moving average of -logP was used to map QTLs and Log drop was used to define their boundaries (QTLRs). The combined procedure was efficient for high resolution mapping. Nineteen QTLRs distributed over 13 autosomes were found, some overlapping previous studies. The QTLRs contain polymorphic functional and expression candidate genes to affect kosher status, with putative immunological and wound healing activities. Kosher phenotyping was shown to be a reliable means to map QTLs affecting BRD morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Lipkin
- Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Harel Eitam
- Department of Ruminant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Moran Yishay
- Department of Ruminant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Morris Soller
- Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Ariel Shabtay
- Department of Ruminant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Liu J, Tian ZY, Xiao YC, Wang XL, Jin ML, Shi DS. The Role of Porcine Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) in the Inflammation Storm Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151256. [PMID: 26974437 PMCID: PMC4790972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and zoonotic agent. Infection with this highly pathogenic strain can cause streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), characterized by a Th-1 inflammatory cytokine storm, and a high mortality rate. Monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) are known to stimulate Th-1 cell differentiation, but the role of MoDCs in STSLS remains to be elucidated. Methodology and Findings Porcine CD14-positive monocytes, purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were used to generate MoDCs using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Highly pure MoDCs were generated, as proved by their morphology, phenotype analysis, phagocytic ability, and induction of T cells proliferation. The MoDCs were further stimulated by the virulent S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) SC19 strain which triggered a strong release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12. Furthermore, the stimulated MoDCs induced CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells in vitro. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that the porcine MoDCs stimulated by SS2 could release high levels of Th-1 inflammatory cytokines and induce CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells. Hence, it is likely that porcine MoDCs play an important role in the STSLS caused by SS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yun-Cai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mei-Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - De-Shi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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The influence of adiponectin on the transcriptomic profile of porcine luteal cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 16:101-14. [PMID: 26715409 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive functions are closely related to nutritional status. Recent studies suggest that adiponectin may be a hormonal link between them. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine, abundantly expressed in adipose tissues. It plays a dominant role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by stimulating fatty acid oxidation, decreasing plasma triglycerides, and increasing cells' sensitivity to insulin and has direct antiatherosclerotic effects. The hormone is also postulated to play a modulatory role in the regulation of the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DE-genes) in response to adiponectin treatment of porcine luteal ovarian cells. The global expression of genes in the porcine ovary was investigated using the Porcine (V2) Two-color gene expression microarray, 4 × 44 (Agilent, USA). Analysis of the microarray data showed that 701 genes were differentially expressed and 389 genes showed a fold change greater than 1.2 (p < 0.05). Among this number, 186 genes were up-regulated and 203 were down-regulated. The list of DE-genes was used for gene ontology analyses. The biological process list was generated from up-regulated and down-regulated DE-genes. We found that up-regulated products of DE-genes take part in 30 biological processes and down-regulated products in 9. Analysis of the interaction network among DE-genes showed that adiponectin interacts with genes involved in important processes in luteal cells. These results provide a basis for future work describing the detailed interactions and relationships explaining local regulation of adiponectin actions in the ovary of pigs.
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12
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Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137908. [PMID: 26366735 PMCID: PMC4569324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and robustness of the metabolism of bacteria is fundamental for understanding how bacteria evolve and adapt to different environments. In this study, we characterised 121 Streptococcus strains and studied metabolic diversity from a protein domain perspective. Metabolic pathways were described in terms of the promiscuity of domains participating in metabolic pathways that were inferred to be functional. Promiscuity was defined by adapting existing measures based on domain abundance and versatility. The approach proved to be successful in capturing bacterial metabolic flexibility and species diversity, indicating that it can be described in terms of reuse and sharing functional domains in different proteins involved in metabolic activity. Additionally, we showed striking differences among metabolic organisation of the pathogenic serotype 2 Streptococcus suis and other strains.
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Genome-wide identification of allele-specific expression in response to Streptococcus suis 2 infection in two differentially susceptible pig breeds. J Appl Genet 2015; 56:481-491. [PMID: 25737137 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although allele expression imbalance has been recognized in many species, and strongly linked to diseases, no whole transcriptome allele imbalance has been detected in pigs during pathogen infections. The pathogen Streptococcus suis 2 (SS2) causes serious zoonotic disease. Different pig breeds show differential susceptibility/resistance to pathogen infection, but the biological insight is little known. Here we analyzed allele-specific expression (ASE) using the spleen transcriptome of four pigs belonging to two phenotypically different breeds after SS2 infection. The comparative analysis of allele specific SNPs between control and infected animals revealed 882 and 1096 statistically significant differentially expressed allele SNPs (criteria: ratio ≧ 2 or ≦ 0.5) in Landrace and Enshi black pig, respectively. Twenty nine allelically imbalanced SNPs were further verified by Sanger sequencing, and later six SNPs were quantified by pyrosequencing assay. The pyrosequencing results are in agreement with the RNA-seq results, except two SNPs. Looking at the role of ASE in predisposition to diseases, the discovery of causative variants by ASE analysis might help the pig industry in long term to design breeding programs for improving SS2 resistance.
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14
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Schroyen M, Tuggle CK. Current transcriptomics in pig immunity research. Mamm Genome 2014; 26:1-20. [PMID: 25398484 PMCID: PMC7087981 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Swine performance in the face of disease challenge is becoming progressively more important. To improve the pig’s robustness and resilience against pathogens through selection, a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors in the immune response is required. This review highlights results from the most recent transcriptome research, and the meta-analyses performed, in the context of pig immunity. A technological overview is given including wholegenome microarrays, immune-specific arrays, small-scale high-throughput expression methods, high-density tiling arrays, and next generation sequencing (NGS). Although whole genome microarray techniques will remain complementary to NGS for some time in domestic species, research will transition to sequencing-based methods due to cost-effectiveness and the extra information that such methods provide. Furthermore, upcoming high-throughput epigenomic studies, which will add greatly to our knowledge concerning the impact of epigenetic modifications on pig immune response, are listed in this review. With emphasis on the insights obtained from transcriptomic analyses for porcine immunity, we also discuss the experimental design in pig immunity research and the value of the newly published porcine genome assembly in using the pig as a model for human immune response. We conclude by discussing the importance of establishing community standards to maximize the possibility of integrative computational analyses, such as was clearly beneficial for the human ENCODE project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schroyen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA,
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15
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Transcription analysis on response of porcine alveolar macrophages to co-infection of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Virus Res 2014; 196:60-9. [PMID: 25445346 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is of great concern economically, for swine producers worldwide. Co-infections with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are considered the major causative agents of PRDC, and responsible for mass mortality in pigs. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host factors involved in pathogenesis and persistent infection have not been clearly established because of a lack of information regarding host responses following co-infection. In the current study, high throughput cDNA microarray assays were employed to evaluate host responses of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) to co-infection with highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) and Mhp. A total of 2152 and 1760 genes were identified as being differentially expressed between the control group and PRRSV+Mhp co-infected group at 6 and 15 h post infection, respectively. The DE genes were involved in many vital functional classes, including inflammatory response, immune response, apoptosis, defense response, signal transduction. The pathway analysis demonstrated that the most significant pathways were associated with chemokine signaling pathway, cytokine, TLR, RLR and NLR signaling pathways and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. STRING analysis demonstrated that IL-1β is an integral gene in co-infections with PRRSV and Mhp. The present study is the first to document the response of PAMs to co-infection with HP-PRRSV and Mhp. The observed gene expression profile could help with the screening of potential host agents for reducing the prevalence of co-infections, and to further develop our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis associated with PRRSV and Mhp co-infection in pigs.
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16
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Gaur U, Xiong YY, Luo QP, Yuan FY, Wu HY, Qiao M, Wimmers K, Li K, Mei SQ, Liu GS. Breed-specific transcriptome response of spleen from six to eight week old piglet after infection with Streptococcus suis type 2. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7865-73. [PMID: 25160908 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Different pig breeds have shown differential susceptibility to the pathogen infection; however, molecular mechanisms of the infection susceptibility are not fully understood. Streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen. To identify the genes responsible for infection susceptibility, pigs from two different breeds (Enshi black and Landrace) were inoculated with SS2 and their spleen transcriptome profiles were investigated in the present study. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed from infected versus control pigs in each breed, and then compared between both pig breeds. Enshi black pig showed more DEGs than Landrace (830 vs. 611) and most of these were due to down-regulated genes (543 vs. 387). However some DEGs were uniquely expressed in one breed, some were expressed in opposite direction in both breeds. A number of candidate genes and pathways are identified which might be involved in susceptibility to SS2, for example, MMP9 and Resistin were only significantly expressed in Landrace. NPG3 and PMAP23 were up-regulated in Landrace whereas down-regulated in Enshi black. LENG8 in control Landrace have inherently higher expression than control Enshi black. IGKV6 is down-regulated in Landrace but up-regulated in Enshi black. Overall, the transcriptome profiles are consistent with the clinical signs, i.e. the Enshi black is more susceptible to SS2 infection than Landrace. This is the first study to identify differential gene expression between indigenous and modern commercial pigs after in vivo SS2 infection using RNA-seq. The significant DEGs in splenic profiles between two pig breeds suggested considerable involvement of genetic background in susceptibility to the SS2 infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gaur
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yaoyuan No. 1, Nanhu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430064, China
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17
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Bin L, Luping D, Bing S, Zhengyu Y, Maojun L, Zhixin F, Yanna W, Haiyan W, Guoqing S, Kongwang H. Transcription analysis of the porcine alveolar macrophage response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101968. [PMID: 25098731 PMCID: PMC4123846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is considered the major causative agent of porcine respiratory disease complex, occurs worldwide and causes major economic losses to the pig industry. To gain more insights into the pathogenesis of this organism, the high throughput cDNA microarray assays were employed to evaluate host responses of porcine alveolar macrophages to M. hyopneumoniae infection. A total of 1033 and 1235 differentially expressed genes were identified in porcine alveolar macrophages in responses to exposure to M. hyopneumoniae at 6 and 15 hours post infection, respectively. The differentially expressed genes were involved in many vital functional classes, including inflammatory response, immune response, apoptosis, cell adhesion, defense response, signal transduction, protein folding, protein ubiquitination and so on. The pathway analysis demonstrated that the most significant pathways were the chemokine signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (Nod)-like receptor signaling pathway and apoptosis signaling pathway. The reliability of the data obtained from the microarray was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR. The expression kinetics of chemokines was further analyzed. The present study is the first to document the response of porcine alveolar macrophages to M. hyopneumoniae infection. The data further developed our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LB); (HK)
| | - Du Luping
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sun Bing
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhengyu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liu Maojun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhixin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yanna
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wang Haiyan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shao Guoqing
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - He Kongwang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LB); (HK)
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18
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Dawson HD, Loveland JE, Pascal G, Gilbert JGR, Uenishi H, Mann KM, Sang Y, Zhang J, Carvalho-Silva D, Hunt T, Hardy M, Hu Z, Zhao SH, Anselmo A, Shinkai H, Chen C, Badaoui B, Berman D, Amid C, Kay M, Lloyd D, Snow C, Morozumi T, Cheng RPY, Bystrom M, Kapetanovic R, Schwartz JC, Kataria R, Astley M, Fritz E, Steward C, Thomas M, Wilming L, Toki D, Archibald AL, Bed’Hom B, Beraldi D, Huang TH, Ait-Ali T, Blecha F, Botti S, Freeman TC, Giuffra E, Hume DA, Lunney JK, Murtaugh MP, Reecy JM, Harrow JL, Rogel-Gaillard C, Tuggle CK. Structural and functional annotation of the porcine immunome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:332. [PMID: 23676093 PMCID: PMC3658956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The domestic pig is known as an excellent model for human immunology and the two species share many pathogens. Susceptibility to infectious disease is one of the major constraints on swine performance, yet the structure and function of genes comprising the pig immunome are not well-characterized. The completion of the pig genome provides the opportunity to annotate the pig immunome, and compare and contrast pig and human immune systems. RESULTS The Immune Response Annotation Group (IRAG) used computational curation and manual annotation of the swine genome assembly 10.2 (Sscrofa10.2) to refine the currently available automated annotation of 1,369 immunity-related genes through sequence-based comparison to genes in other species. Within these genes, we annotated 3,472 transcripts. Annotation provided evidence for gene expansions in several immune response families, and identified artiodactyl-specific expansions in the cathelicidin and type 1 Interferon families. We found gene duplications for 18 genes, including 13 immune response genes and five non-immune response genes discovered in the annotation process. Manual annotation provided evidence for many new alternative splice variants and 8 gene duplications. Over 1,100 transcripts without porcine sequence evidence were detected using cross-species annotation. We used a functional approach to discover and accurately annotate porcine immune response genes. A co-expression clustering analysis of transcriptomic data from selected experimental infections or immune stimulations of blood, macrophages or lymph nodes identified a large cluster of genes that exhibited a correlated positive response upon infection across multiple pathogens or immune stimuli. Interestingly, this gene cluster (cluster 4) is enriched for known general human immune response genes, yet contains many un-annotated porcine genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the encoded proteins of cluster 4 genes showed that 15% exhibited an accelerated evolution as compared to 4.1% across the entire genome. CONCLUSIONS This extensive annotation dramatically extends the genome-based knowledge of the molecular genetics and structure of a major portion of the porcine immunome. Our complementary functional approach using co-expression during immune response has provided new putative immune response annotation for over 500 porcine genes. Our phylogenetic analysis of this core immunome cluster confirms rapid evolutionary change in this set of genes, and that, as in other species, such genes are important components of the pig's adaptation to pathogen challenge over evolutionary time. These comprehensive and integrated analyses increase the value of the porcine genome sequence and provide important tools for global analyses and data-mining of the porcine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jane E Loveland
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - James GR Gilbert
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katherine M Mann
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Toby Hunt
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Hardy
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Celine Chen
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniel Berman
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clara Amid
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mike Kay
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Lloyd
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Snow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Ryan Pei-Yen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan Bystrom
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ranjit Kataria
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, P.B. 129, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal 132001, (Haryana), India
| | - Matthew Astley
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eric Fritz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Charles Steward
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Thomas
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laurens Wilming
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daisuke Toki
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Blecha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy,INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harrow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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