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Xu N, Lu H, Yi X, Peng S, Huang X, Zhang Y, He C. Potential of Alpha-(α)-Solanine as a Natural Inhibitor of Fungus Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Strawberry. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020450. [PMID: 36836807 PMCID: PMC9961337 DOI: 10.3390/life13020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Curvularia trifolii is an important pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spot disease in strawberry and other crops. Increased resistance in pathogenic fungi against chemical fungicides necessitates the search for biological alternatives to control plant fungal diseases. The present study aimed to perform transcriptome and metabolome analysis of C. trifolii fungi. We evaluated the potential of an alkaloid, namely alpha (α)-solanine, to inhibit the growth of Curvularia under in vitro conditions. Furthermore, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of treated C. trifolii was performed to identify the differential genes and metabolites. Results revealed that treatment with α-solanine resulted in the poor growth and development of fungal spores. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 1413 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), among which 340 unigenes were up-regulated, 100 unigenes were down-regulated, and the rest were unaffected in treated samples. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of the genes were related to oxidative stress in the fungus. Additionally, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 455 metabolites, among which the majority of metabolites were related to lipid biosynthesis. The high number of genes related to lipid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species revealed that α-solanine causes oxidative stress in Curvularia, leading to growth inhibition, and can be potentially used as an alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Hunan Edible Fungi, Shuangtang Road No. 107, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xueqian Yi
- Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering, Jiefang Road No. 430, Hengyang 421200, China
| | - Simin Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Changzheng He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Kumar A, Castellano I, Patti FP, Delledonne M, Abdelgawad H, Beemster GTS, Asard H, Palumbo A, Buia MC. Molecular response of Sargassum vulgare to acidification at volcanic CO 2 vents: insights from de novo transcriptomic analysis. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2276-2290. [PMID: 28133853 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is an emerging problem that is expected to impact ocean species to varying degrees. Currently, little is known about its effect on molecular mechanisms induced in fleshy macroalgae. To elucidate genome wide responses to acidification, a transcriptome analysis was carried out on Sargassum vulgare populations growing under acidified conditions at volcanic CO2 vents and compared with populations in a control site. Several transcripts involved in a wide range of cellular and metabolic processes were differentially expressed. No drastic changes were observed in the carbon acquisition processes and RuBisCO level. Moreover, relatively few stress genes, including those for antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock proteins, were affected. Instead, increased expression of transcripts involved in energy metabolism, photosynthetic processes and ion homeostasis suggested that algae increased energy production to maintain ion homeostasis and other cellular processes. Also, an increased allocation of carbon to cell wall and carbon storage was observed. A number of genes encoding proteins involved in cellular signalling, information storage and processing and transposition were differentially expressed between the two conditions. The transcriptional changes of key enzymes were largely confirmed by enzymatic activity measurements. Altogether, the changes induced by acidification indicate an adaptation of growth and development of S. vulgare at the volcanic CO2 vents, suggesting that this fleshy alga exhibits a high plasticity to low pH and can adopt molecular strategies to grow also in future more acidified waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Center of Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Patti
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Center of Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Hamada Abdelgawad
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Center of Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Naples, Italy
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Dassanayake M, Larkin JC. Making Plants Break a Sweat: the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Plant Salt Glands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:406. [PMID: 28400779 PMCID: PMC5368257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a complex trait that poses a grand challenge in developing new crops better adapted to saline environments. Some plants, called recretohalophytes, that have naturally evolved to secrete excess salts through salt glands, offer an underexplored genetic resource for examining how plant development, anatomy, and physiology integrate to prevent excess salt from building up to toxic levels in plant tissue. In this review we examine the structure and evolution of salt glands, salt gland-specific gene expression, and the possibility that all salt glands have originated via evolutionary modifications of trichomes. Salt secretion via salt glands is found in more than 50 species in 14 angiosperm families distributed in caryophyllales, asterids, rosids, and grasses. The salt glands of these distantly related clades can be grouped into four structural classes. Although salt glands appear to have originated independently at least 12 times, they share convergently evolved features that facilitate salt compartmentalization and excretion. We review the structural diversity and evolution of salt glands, major transporters and proteins associated with salt transport and secretion in halophytes, salt gland relevant gene expression regulation, and the prospect for using new genomic and transcriptomic tools in combination with information from model organisms to better understand how salt glands contribute to salt tolerance. Finally, we consider the prospects for using this knowledge to engineer salt glands to increase salt tolerance in model species, and ultimately in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton RougeLA, USA
| | - John C. Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton RougeLA, USA
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Amaradasa BS, Amundsen K. Transcriptome Profiling of Buffalograss Challenged with the Leaf Spot Pathogen Curvularia inaequalis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:715. [PMID: 27252728 PMCID: PMC4879344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides) is a low maintenance U. S. native turfgrass species with exceptional drought, heat, and cold tolerance. Leaf spot caused by Curvularia inaequalis negatively impacts buffalograss visual quality. Two leaf spot susceptible and two resistant buffalograss lines were challenged with C. inaequalis. Samples were collected from treated and untreated leaves when susceptible lines showed symptoms. Transcriptome sequencing was done and differentially expressed genes were identified. Approximately 27 million raw sequencing reads were produced per sample. More than 86% of the sequencing reads mapped to an existing buffalograss reference transcriptome. De novo assembly of unmapped reads was merged with the existing reference to produce a more complete transcriptome. There were 461 differentially expressed transcripts between the resistant and susceptible lines when challenged with the pathogen and 1552 in its absence. Previously characterized defense-related genes were identified among the differentially expressed transcripts. Twenty one resistant line transcripts were similar to genes regulating pattern triggered immunity and 20 transcripts were similar to genes regulating effector triggered immunity. There were also nine up-regulated transcripts in resistance lines which showed potential to initiate systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and three transcripts encoding pathogenesis-related proteins which are downstream products of SAR. This is the first study characterizing changes in the buffalograss transcriptome when challenged with C. inaequalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal S. Amaradasa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, LincolnNE, USA
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, LincolnNE, USA
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Gan L, Di R, Chao Y, Han L, Chen X, Wu C, Yin S. De Novo Transcriptome Analysis for Kentucky Bluegrass Dwarf Mutants Induced by Space Mutation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151768. [PMID: 27010560 PMCID: PMC4807101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is a major cool-season turfgrass requiring frequent mowing. Utilization of cultivars with slow growth is a promising method to decrease mowing frequency. In this study, two dwarf mutant selections of Kentucky bluegrass (A12 and A16) induced by space mutation were analyzed for the differentially expressed genes compared with the wild type (WT) by the high-throughput RNA-Seq technology. 253,909 unigenes were obtained by de novo assembly. 24.20% of the unigenes had a significant level of amino acid sequence identity to Brachypodium distachyon proteins, followed by Hordeum vulgare with 18.72% among the non-redundant (NR) Blastx top hits. Assembled unigenes were associated with 32 pathways using KEGG orthology terms and their respective KEGG maps. Between WT and A16 libraries, 4,203 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, whereas there were 883 DEGs between WT and A12 libraries. Further investigation revealed that the DEG pathways were mainly involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and plant hormone metabolism, which might account for the differences of plant height and leaf blade color between dwarf mutant and WT plants. Our study presents the first comprehensive transcriptomic data and gene function analysis of Poa pratensis L., providing a valuable resource for future studies in plant dwarfing breeding and comparative genome analysis for Pooideae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, United States of America
| | - Yuehui Chao
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liebao Han
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingwu Chen
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuxia Yin
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Transcriptomic variation of hepatopancreas reveals the energy metabolism and biological processes associated with molting in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14015. [PMID: 26369734 PMCID: PMC4570184 DOI: 10.1038/srep14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting is a critical developmental process for crustaceans, yet the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to investigate transcriptomic profiles of the hepatopancreas and identified differentially expressed genes at four molting stages of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). A total of 97,398 transcripts were assembled, with 31,900 transcripts annotated. Transcriptomic comparison revealed 1,189 genes differentially expressed amongst different molting stages. We observed a pattern associated with energy metabolism and physiological responses during a molting cycle. In specific, differentially expressed genes enriched in postmolt were linked to energy consumption whereas genes enriched in intermolt were related to carbohydrates, lipids metabolic and biosynthetic processes. In premolt, a preparation stage for upcoming molting and energy consumption, highly expressed genes were enriched in response to steroid hormone stimulus and immune system development. The expression profiles of twelve functional genes detected via RNA-Seq were corroborated through real-time RT-PCR assay. Together, our results, including assembled transcriptomes, annotated functional elements and enriched differentially expressed genes amongst different molting stages, provide novel insights into the functions of the hepatopancreas in energy metabolism and biological processes pertaining to molting in crustaceans.
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Ramm C, Wachholtz M, Amundsen K, Donze T, Heng-Moss T, Twigg P, Palmer NA, Sarath G, Baxendale F. Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses in Response to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1354-62. [PMID: 26470264 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant resistance mechanisms at a molecular level would provide valuable insights into the biological pathways impacted by insect feeding, and help explain specific plant tolerance mechanisms. As a first step in this process, we conducted next-generation sequencing using RNA extracted from chinch bug-tolerant and -susceptible buffalograss genotypes at 7 and 14 d after chinch bug feeding. Sequence descriptions and gene ontology terms were assigned to 1,701 differentially expressed genes. Defense-related transcripts were differentially expressed within the chinch bug-tolerant buffalograss, Prestige, and susceptible buffalograss, 378. Interestingly, four peroxidase transcripts had higher basal expression in tolerant control plants compared with susceptible control plants. Defense-related transcripts, including two peroxidase genes, two catalase genes, several cytochrome P450 transcripts, a glutathione s-transferase, and a WRKY gene were upregulated within the Prestige transcriptome in response to chinch bug feeding. The majority of observed transcripts with oxidoreductase activity, including nine peroxidase genes and a catalase gene, were downregulated in 378 in response to initial chinch bug feeding. The observed difference in transcript expression between these two buffalograss genotypes provides insight into the mechanism(s) of resistance, specifically buffalograss tolerance to chinch bug feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Ramm
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | | | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Teresa Donze
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583.
| | - Paul Twigg
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68449
| | - Nathan A Palmer
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS & Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS & Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Fred Baxendale
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Li W, Qian YQ, Han L, Liu JX, Sun ZY. Identification of suitable reference genes in buffalo grass for accurate transcript normalization under various abiotic stress conditions. Gene 2014; 547:55-62. [PMID: 24914494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a sensitive technique for normalization of the gene expression level of target genes. Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), a warm-season turfgrass with strong abiotic stress resistance, is widely used in North China. Up to now, no work was performed to evaluate the reference genes in buffalograss. In this study, the expression profiles of ten potential reference genes were examined by qRT-PCR in 24 buffalograss samples, which were subjected to a different treatment (salt, osmotic, cold and heat). Three qRT-PCR analysis methods (GeNorm, NormFinder, and Bestkeeper) were used to evaluate the stability of gene expression. The results indicated that DNAJ and β-ACTIN were the optimal reference genes for salt-treated leaves, and the combination of PP2A and GAPDH was better reference genes for PEG-treated leaves. Under cold stress, DNAJ and β-ACTIN showed less variety of expression level in leaves. DNAJ and GAPDH exhibited the most stable expression in heat-treated samples. To sum up, glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-ACTIN, DNAJ-like protein (DNAJ) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were selected as the most stable reference gene among all tested samples. To further validate the suitability of these reference genes, the expression levels of DREB2 (homologs of AtDREB2) were analyzed in parallel. Our results show that the best reference genes differed across different experimental conditions, and these results should enable better normalization and quantification of transcript levels in buffalograss in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Jun-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
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Ghosh Dasgupta M, George BS, Bhatia A, Sidhu OP. Characterization of Withania somnifera leaf transcriptome and expression analysis of pathogenesis-related genes during salicylic acid signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94803. [PMID: 24739900 PMCID: PMC3989240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a valued medicinal plant with pharmaceutical applications. The present study was undertaken to analyze the salicylic acid induced leaf transcriptome of W. somnifera. A total of 45.6 million reads were generated and the de novo assembly yielded 73,523 transcript contig with average transcript contig length of 1620 bp. A total of 71,062 transcripts were annotated and 53,424 of them were assigned GO terms. Mapping of transcript contigs to biological pathways revealed presence of 182 pathways. Seventeen genes representing 12 pathogenesis-related (PR) families were mined from the transcriptome data and their pattern of expression post 17 and 36 hours of salicylic acid treatment was documented. The analysis revealed significant up-regulation of all families of PR genes by 36 hours post treatment except WsPR10. The relative fold expression of transcripts ranged from 1 fold to 6,532 fold. The two families of peroxidases including the lignin-forming anionic peroxidase (WsL-PRX) and suberization-associated anionic peroxidase (WsS-PRX) recorded maximum expression of 377 fold and 6532 fold respectively, while the expression of WsPR10 was down-regulated by 14 fold. Additionally, the most stable reference gene for normalization of qRT-PCR data was also identified. The effect of SA on the accumulation of major secondary metabolites of W. somnifera including withanoside V, withaferin A and withanolide A was also analyzed and an increase in content of all the three metabolites were detected. This is the first report on expression patterns of PR genes during salicylic acid signaling in W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Blessan Santhosh George
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Bhatia
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Om Prakash Sidhu
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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