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Al Jurdi A, Kotton CN. The Next Outbreak Looms on the Horizon: Measles and Potential Impacts on Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2024; 108:2012-2014. [PMID: 39320451 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al Jurdi
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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2
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Hedin W, Bergman P, Akhirunessa M, Söderholm S, Buggert M, Granberg T, Gredmark-Russ S, Smith CIE, Pettke A, Wahren Borgström E. Severe Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) in a Patient with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia; Treatment with TBE Virus IgG Positive Plasma, Clinical Outcome and T Cell Responses. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:116. [PMID: 38676861 PMCID: PMC11055791 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was treated with TBE virus (TBEV) IgG positive plasma. The patient's clinical response, humoral and cellular immune responses were characterized pre- and post-infection. METHODS ELISA and neutralisation assays were performed on sera and TBEV PCR assay on sera and cerebrospinal fluid. T cell assays were conducted on peripheral blood the patient and five healthy vaccinated controls. RESULTS The patient was admitted to the hospital with headache and fever. He was not vaccinated against TBE but receiving subcutaneous IgG-replacement therapy (IGRT). TBEV IgG antibodies were low-level positive (due to scIGRT), but the TBEV IgM and TBEV neutralisation tests were negative. During hospitalisation his clinical condition deteriorated (Glasgow coma scale 3/15) and he was treated in the ICU with corticosteroids and external ventricular drainage. He was then treated with plasma containing TBEV IgG without apparent side effects. His symptoms improved within a few days and the TBEV neutralisation test converted to positive. Robust CD8+ T cell responses were observed at three and 18-months post-infection, in the absence of B cells. This was confirmed by tetramers specific for TBEV. CONCLUSION TBEV IgG-positive plasma given to an XLA patient with TBE without evident adverse reactions may have contributed to a positive clinical outcome. Similar approaches could offer a promising foundation for researching therapeutic options for patients with humoral immunodeficiencies. Importantly, a robust CD8+ T cell response was observed after infection despite the lack of B cells and indicates that these patients can clear acute viral infections and could benefit from future vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Hedin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mily Akhirunessa
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Söderholm
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Pettke
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emilie Wahren Borgström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Fatly ZA, Betjes MGH, Dik WA, Fouchier RAM, Reinders MEJ, de Weerd AE. Mycophenolate mofetil hampers antibody responses to a broad range of vaccinations in kidney transplant recipients: Results from a randomized controlled study. J Infect 2024; 88:106133. [PMID: 38432583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on various vaccination responses in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial (EudraCT nr.: 2014-001372-66), low immunologically risk kidney transplant recipients were randomized to TAC/MMF or TAC-monotherapy (TACmono), six months post-transplantation. One year after transplantation, in a pre-specified sub-study, recipients were vaccinated against pneumococcus, tetanus and influenza. Blood was sampled before and 21 days after vaccination. Adequate vaccination responses were defined by international criteria. A post-hoc analysis was conducted on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses within the same cohort. RESULTS Seventy-one recipients received pneumococcal and tetanus vaccines (TAC/MMF: n = 37, TACmono: n = 34), with 29 also vaccinated against influenza. When vaccinated, recipients were 60 (54-66) years old, with median eGFR of 54 (44-67) ml/min, tacrolimus trough levels 6.1 (5.4-7.0) ug/L in both groups and TAC/MMF daily MMF dose of 1000 (500-2000) mg. Adequate vaccination responses were: pneumococcal (TAC/MMF 43%, TACmono 74%, p = 0.016), tetanus (TAC/MMF 35%, TACmono 82%, p < 0.0001) and influenza (TAC/MMF 20%, TACmono 71%, p = 0.0092). Only 7% of TAC/MMF responded adequately to all three compared to 36% of TACmono (p = 0.080). Additionally, 40% of TAC/MMF responded inadequately to all three, whereas all TACmono patients responded adequately to at least one vaccination (p = 0.041). Lower SARS-CoV-2 vaccination antibody responses correlated with lower pneumococcal antibody vaccination responses (correlation coefficient: 0.41, p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS MMF on top of tacrolimus severely hampers antibody responses to a broad range of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Al Fatly
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M G H Betjes
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W A Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M E J Reinders
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A E de Weerd
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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5
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Serra A, Marzo N, Pons B, Maduell P, López M, Grancha S. Characterization of antibodies in human immunoglobulin products from different regions worldwide. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:610-616. [PMID: 33524620 PMCID: PMC7844383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The antibody levels against a broad spectrum of pathogens were assessed in commercial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) manufactured from pooled plasma obtained from different global regions. METHODS Twenty-four IVIG commercial lots from eight manufacturers corresponding to 12 brands were analyzed. The plasma was collected in 10 countries/regions. Depending on each pathogen, antibody levels were measured using specific commercial IgG-specific enzyme immunoassay kits or by cell culture neutralization test and guinea pig skin neutralization test. A principal component analysis was performed. RESULTS For polio and diphtheria (reference markers of the US authorities), all IVIGs had relevant titers in accordance with reference levels. IVIGs from Canada, Australia, and the USA were positive for titers against globally distributed pathogens or those under vaccination programs in the developed world (parainfluenza, Epstein-Barr, varicella-zoster, influenza B, parvovirus B19, and measles viruses). IVIG from Taiwan and Hong Kong showed low antibody titers for these pathogens but high titers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IVIG from India had high titers for pathogens frequently found in developing countries (West Nile, dengue, chikungunya, and hepatitis E viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae). IVIGs from Argentina, Spain, Israel, and Czechia showed intermediate antibody concentrations. CONCLUSION The antibody profile in IVIG was greatly influenced by regional characteristics including climate, vaccination programs, and the prevalence of pathogens in the different countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Núria Marzo
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta Pons
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Maduell
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite López
- Grifols, Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain
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Kohlmaier B, Holzmann H, Stiasny K, Leitner M, Zurl C, Strenger V, Kundi M, Zenz W. Effectiveness and Safety of an Intravenous Immune Globulin (IVIG) Preparation in Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Against Measles in Infants. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:762793. [PMID: 34926346 PMCID: PMC8675579 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.762793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Administration of measles virus (MV)-specific IgG as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is known to effectively prevent measles. Since the introduction of active immunization against measles, the levels of MV-specific IgG antibodies in the population have dropped. Therefore, the concentration of MV-specific antibodies in immunoglobulin products derived from human plasma donors has declined as the proportion of vaccinated donors has increased. Literature on the effectiveness of PEP with current available immunoglobulins is limited. Here we examine the effectiveness of 400 mg/kg intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (IgVena®, Kendrion) as PEP in infants during a measles outbreak in Austria, 2019. Methods: After exposure to a highly contagious measles patient, identified infants were evaluated for eligibility for IVIG PEP. Infants were tested for measles maternal antibodies, if the result was expected to be available within 72 h after exposure. IVIG was administered to eligible infants with negative maternal IgG antibody levels (n = 11), infants with protective levels but result beyond 72 h (n = 2) and infants not tested for maternal IgG antibodies (n = 52). Telephone enquiries were made asking for measles infection. Effectiveness was calculated using exact logistic regression. Samples of four out of seven used IVIG batches were tested for MV-neutralizing antibody capacity. Results: In 63 (96.9%) of 65 infants PEP with IVIG was administered. The parents of two infants declined IVIG PEP. None of the infants with IVIG PEP got measles or symptoms suggestive for measles, but both infants who did not receive PEP were infected. Effectiveness of IVIG PEP was calculated to be 99.3% (CI 95%: 88.7-100%). No serious adverse event of IVIG treatment was observed. The investigation on MV-neutralizing antibody capacity showed a geometric mean titer ranging from 10.0 to 12.7 IU/ml, resulting in a 1.57-2.26-fold higher concentration than postulated as minimum level for immunity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the used IVIG preparation provided an at least non-inferior protection rate compared to IVIG preparations derived from donors before the global introduction of standard active immunization against measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Kohlmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Leitner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Zurl
- Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Volker Strenger
- Clinical Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Zenz
- Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Xia M, Luo D, Dong J, Zheng M, Meng G, Wu J, Wei J. Graphene oxide arms oncolytic measles virus for improved effectiveness of cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:408. [PMID: 31533779 PMCID: PMC6749703 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replication-competent oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been proven to be a potent anticancer weapon for clinical therapy. The preexisting neutralizing antibody in patients is a big challenge for oncolytic efficacy of OVs. Graphene oxide sheets (GOS) possess excellent biological compatibility and are easy to decorate for targeted delivery. METHODS We generated PEI-GOS-PEG-FA (Polyethyleneimine-Graphene oxide sheets-Polyethylene glycol-Folic acid). After intravenous injection, the distribution of PEI-GOS-PEG-FA in tumor-bearing mice was visualized by the IVIS Lumina XR system. Then, the oncolytic measles virus (MV-Edm) was coated with PEI-GOS-PEG-FA to form a viral-GOS complex (GOS/MV-Edm). The oncolytic effects of GOS/MV-Edm were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS GOS/MV-Edm exhibited higher infectivity and enhanced oncolysis. In tumor-bearing mice, GOS/MV-Edm had significantly elevated viral replication within the tumor mass, and achieved an improved antitumor effect. Then, we confirmed that GOS/MV-Edm entered cancer cells via the folate receptor instead of CD46, a natural cognate receptor of MV-Edm. GOS/MV-Edm remained the infectivity in murine cells that lack CD46. Finally, we found that GOS/MV-Edm was effectively protected from neutralization in the presence of antiserum both in vitro and in vivo. In passively antiserum immunized tumor-bearing mice, the survival was remarkably improved with intravenous injection of GOS/MV-Edm. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that GOS/MV-Edm displays significantly elevated viral replication within the tumor mass, leading to an improved antitumor effect in solid tumor mouse model. Our study provided a novel strategy to arm OVs for more efficient cancer therapy. That may become a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongjun Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meihong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gang Meng
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jiwu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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8
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Berger M. Antibodies to vaccine antigens in pooled polyclonal human IgG products. Transfusion 2019; 58 Suppl 3:3096-3105. [PMID: 30536430 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune-deficient patients depend on the antibodies in pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparations to remain free from serious infections. The potency of IgG preparations is therefore an ongoing concern. The use of pooled IgG to prevent infection is based on the concept that healthy adults have recovered from infections earlier in life and maintain relatively high antibody titers. In general, vaccine-induced immunity is less robust or long-lasting than immunity after natural infection, and many infectious diseases which were formerly widely prevalent have become much less common due to improved hygiene and vaccines. This raises questions as to the adequacy of protective antibodies in current IgG preparations. This paper reviews available data on antibodies against selected bacterial and virus vaccine antigens in current IgG products. Most products contain sufficient antibody to yield levels above minimal protective concentrations to a broad range of pathogens and toxins. Illustrative examples of effects of vaccines on antibody content of IgG products are also discussed: antibody titers to hepatitis A virus in donor plasma pools in both the US and EU are dropping due to decreased natural infection, but they are still sufficient to provide robust protection. Increasing seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus as a result of immunization suggests that antibody titers against this virus may actually be increasing. Finally, serial studies suggest that pooled IgG provides protection against seasonal influenza viruses despite year-to-year antigenic drift, and is also likely to provide at least some protective antibody against potentially pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Berger
- Global Medical Affairs, CSL Behring, LLC, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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Patel SY, Carbone J, Jolles S. The Expanding Field of Secondary Antibody Deficiency: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30800120 PMCID: PMC6376447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody deficiency or hypogammaglobulinemia can have primary or secondary etiologies. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) is the result of intrinsic genetic defects, whereas secondary antibody deficiency may arise as a consequence of underlying conditions or medication use. On a global level, malnutrition, HIV, and malaria are major causes of secondary immunodeficiency. In this review we consider secondary antibody deficiency, for which common causes include hematological malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or multiple myeloma, and their treatment, protein-losing states, and side effects of a number of immunosuppressive agents and procedures involved in solid organ transplantation. Secondary antibody deficiency is not only much more common than PAD, but is also being increasingly recognized with the wider and more prolonged use of a growing list of agents targeting B cells. SAD may thus present to a broad range of specialties and is associated with an increased risk of infection. Early diagnosis and intervention is key to avoiding morbidity and mortality. Optimizing treatment requires careful clinical and laboratory assessment and may involve close monitoring of risk parameters, vaccination, antibiotic strategies, and in some patients, immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). This review discusses the rapidly evolving list of underlying causes of secondary antibody deficiency, specifically focusing on therapies targeting B cells, alongside recent advances in screening, biomarkers of risk for the development of secondary antibody deficiency, diagnosis, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Y. Patel
- Clinical Immunology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Carbone
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Napiorkowska-Baran K, Janicki R, Koltan S, Szynkiewicz E, Bartuzi Z. Lifelong immunoglobulin replacement is not always necessary: A case description of a patient with recurrent infections and hypogammaglobulinemia. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419843364. [PMID: 30968707 PMCID: PMC6458662 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419843364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunodeficiency with accompanying infections is an indication for human immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Whether treatment will be lifelong or necessary only temporarily depends on the nature of deficiency: primary (persistent) or secondary (persistent or transient). It is not always easy to distinguish between primary and secondary immunodeficiency, especially in adults. The article presents a case of a 39-year-old patient with anamnesis and medical tests results that suggested primary humoral immunodeficiency. The deficiency was diagnosed for the first time at the age of 38, when the patient was pregnant. The patient was qualified for immunoglobulin G replacement therapy. Clinical improvement was achieved. After the end of pregnancy, systematic improvement in immunological parameters was observed, suggesting the resolution of immunodeficiency. A decision was made to discontinue immunoglobulin replacement. Due to the ability to respond to vaccine, confirmed during diagnosis, preventive vaccines were recommended. There was no recurrence of serious infections. The clinical course finally enabled a diagnosis of secondary immunodeficiency. The presented case shows the importance of an active approach to the diagnostic and therapeutic process, constant assessment of clinical course, monitoring of IgG concentrations, and the awareness that in the situation when we do not have a genetic confirmation of the disease, the diagnosis may change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Napiorkowska-Baran
- Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Janicki
- Hospital of Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Koltan
- Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Szynkiewicz
- Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Matysiak-Klose D, Santibanez S, Schwerdtfeger C, Koch J, von Bernuth H, Hengel H, Littmann M, Terhardt M, Wicker S, Mankertz A, Heininger U. Post-exposure prophylaxis for measles with immunoglobulins revised recommendations of the standing committee on vaccination in Germany. Vaccine 2018; 36:7916-7922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Tsilibary EPC, Souto EP, James LM, Engdahl BE, Georgopoulos AP. Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Neutralizes Adverse Effects of Gulf War Illness (GWI) Serum in Neural Cultures: Paving the Way to Immunotherapy for GWI. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY & NEUROMEDICINE 2018; 3:23-28. [PMID: 31032477 PMCID: PMC6486180 DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2018/5.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic debilitating disease of unknown etiology that affects the brain and has afflicted many veterans of the 1990-91 Gulf War (GW). We showed recently1 that blood serum from patients suffering from GWI exerts detrimental effects on neural cultures, including reduced growth, increased apoptosis, and disruption of neural network function. Remarkably, these adverse effects were prevented by the concomitant addition to the culture of serum from healthy Gulf War (GW) era veterans. We interpreted those findings1 in the context of our hypothesis that GWI is, at least partly, due to circulating pathogenic persistent antigens2, probably coming from vaccines administered to GW veterans who lacked crucial Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class 2 alleles3 and, therefore, could not make antibodies against those antigens; by contrast, healthy GW veterans who received the same vaccines and possessed HLA protection3 made antibodies that neutralized the various antigens. Thus, we hypothesized that the beneficial effect of the healthy serum on preventing the adverse GWI serum effects was due to the presence of antibodies against the persistent antigens. Here we tested this hypothesis by assessing the effect of pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) on ameliorating the GWI adverse effects on neural growth and apoptosis in neuroblastoma N2A cultures. We tested this effect in 14 GWI patients and found that IgG exerted a potent ameliorating effect by inhibiting the reduction in growth and increased apoptosis of GWI serum. These results lend support to our persistent antigen hypothesis1,2 and suggest an immunotherapy approach for treating GWI. This approach is further strengthened by our finding that the severity of GWI neurocognitive/mood (NCM) symptoms was positively correlated with the degree of apoptosis caused by GWI serum on the neural culture, thus validating the relevance of the apoptotic effect to NCM symptomatology. Finally, we used this relation to predict NCM scores based on the reduced apoptosis effected by IgG addition and found a predicted reduction in NCM symptom severity by ~60%. Altogether, these findings point to the possible beneficial use of IgG in treating GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie-Photini C. Tsilibary
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric P. Souto
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M. James
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian E. Engdahl
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Costa-Carvalho BT, Sullivan KE, Fontes PM, Aimé-Nobre F, Gonzales IGS, Lima ES, Granato C, de Moraes-Pinto MI. Low Rates of Poliovirus Antibodies in Primary Immunodeficiency Patients on Regular Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment. J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:628-634. [PMID: 30006913 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poliovirus has been nearly eliminated as part of a world-wide effort to immunize and contain circulating wild-type polio. Nevertheless, poliovirus has been detected in water supplies and represents a threat to patients with humoral immunodeficiencies where infection can be fatal. To define the risk, we analyzed antibodies to poliovirus 1, 2, and 3 in serum samples collected over a year from patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) on regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement. METHODS Twenty-one patients on regular IVIG replacement therapy were evaluated: Twelve patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID), six with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and three with hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM). Over 1 year, four blood samples were collected from each of these patients immediately before immunoglobulin infusion. One sample of IVIG administered to each patient in the month before blood collection was also evaluated. Poliovirus antibodies were quantified by seroneutralization assay. RESULTS All IVIG samples had detectable antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes. Despite that, only 52.4, 61.9, and 19.0% of patients showed protective antibody titers for poliovirus 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Only two patients (9.5%) had protective antibodies for the three poliovirus serotypes on all samples. Most patients were therefore susceptible to all three poliovirus serotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the need for ongoing vigilance regarding exposure of patients with PID to poliovirus in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz T Costa-Carvalho
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrícia M Fontes
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Aimé-Nobre
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela G S Gonzales
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Lima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Granato
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel de Moraes-Pinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Research Laboratory, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781/9°andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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Melamed IR, Borte M, Trawnicek L, Kobayashi AL, Kobayashi RH, Knutsen A, Gupta S, Smits W, Pituch-Noworolska A, Strach M, Pulka G, Ochs HD, Moy JN. Pharmacokinetics of a novel human intravenous immunoglobulin 10% in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases: Analysis of a phase III, multicentre, prospective, open-label study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018. [PMID: 29522908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy is commonly used to treat patients with primary antibody deficiency. This prospective, open-label, non-randomised, multicentre, phase III trial investigated the pharmacokinetics of a new 10% liquid IVIG product (panzyga®; Octapharma) in 51 patients aged 2-75 years with common variable immunodeficiency (n = 43) or X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (n = 8). Patients were treated with IVIG 10% every 3 (n = 21) or 4 weeks (n = 30) at a dose of 200-800 mg/kg for 12 months. Total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and subclass concentrations approximately doubled from pre- to 15 min post-infusion. The maximum concentration of total IgG (mean ± SD) was 21.82 ± 5.83 g/L in patients treated 3-weekly and 17.42 ± 3.34 g/L in patients treated 4-weekly. Median trough IgG concentrations were nearly constant over the course of the study, remaining between 11.0 and 12.2 g/L for patients on the 3-week schedule and between 8.10 and 8.65 g/L for patients on the 4-week schedule. The median terminal half-life of total IgG was 36.1 (range 18.5-65.9) days, with generally similar values for the IgG subclasses (26.7-38.0 days). Median half-lives for specific antibodies ranged between 21.3 and 51.2 days for anti-cytomegalovirus, anti-Haemophilus influenzae, anti-measles, anti-tetanus toxoid, anti-varicella zoster virus antibodies, and anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae subtype antibodies. Overall, IVIG 10% demonstrated pharmacokinetic properties similar to those of other commercial IVIG 10% preparations and 3- or 4-weekly administration achieved sufficient concentrations of IgG, IgG subclasses, and specific antibodies, exceeding the recommended level needed to effectively prevent serious bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Melamed
- IMMUNOe Research Center, 6801 S. Yosemite street, Centennial, CO 80112, USA.
| | - Michael Borte
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laurenz Trawnicek
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.m.b.H, Oberlaaer Straße 235, 1100 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | - Alan Knutsen
- Saint Louis University, 1 N Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- University of California, C240 Med Sci I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - William Smits
- The Allergy and Asthma Center, 7222 Engle Rd, Fort Wayne, IN 46804, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Strach
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Świętej Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Grazyna Pulka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Świętej Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - James N Moy
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1969 W. Ogden Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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15
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Update: Vaccines in primary immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:474-481. [PMID: 29288077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines were originally developed to prevent or ameliorate infectious disease. As knowledge of immune function and appreciation of immunodeficiency has developed, researchers have used vaccine responses as a tool to characterize the phenotypes of patients exhibiting various syndromes. Thus it has become possible for a clinician to evaluate individual responses to vaccines to interrogate the immunocompetence of their patients. Although there have been many advances in these areas, we still have much to learn about the quantity and quality of humoral and cellular vaccine responses in healthy and immunodeficient subjects and how that knowledge can then be extrapolated to diagnostic purposes. Adverse effects of vaccines have been recognized for many years, especially the occurrence of infections caused by viable vaccine organisms in immunodeficient hosts. Nevertheless, vaccines are essential for disease prevention in immunodeficient patients, just as they are for healthy subjects. Clinicians must understand the appropriate and safe use of vaccines in patients with immunodeficiency. This review highlights some recent advances and ongoing challenges in application of vaccines for the diagnosis and treatment of immunodeficiencies.
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16
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Simão-Gurge R, Costa-Carvalho B, Nobre F, Gonzalez I, de Moraes-Pinto M. Prospective evaluation of Streptococcus pneumoniae serum antibodies in patients with primary immunodeficiency on regular intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:55-62. [PMID: 27480789 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a prospective study that assessed pneumococcal antibody levels in PID patients under intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment using different brands. METHODS Twenty-one patients receiving regular IVIG every 28 days were invited to participate: 12 with common variable immunodeficiency, six with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia and three with hyper-IgM syndrome. One blood sample was collected from each patient just prior to IVIG administration at a three-month time interval during one year. A questionnaire was filled in with patient's demographic data and history of infections during the study period. Streptococcus pneumoniae antibodies against six serotypes (1, 5, 6B, 9V, 14 and 19F) were assessed by ELISA both in patients' serum (trough levels) and in IVIG samples. RESULTS Median total IgG trough serum levels were 7.91g/L (range, 4.59-12.20). All patients had antibody levels above 0.35μg/mL to the six serotypes on all four measurements. However, only 28.6% of patients had pneumococcal antibodies for the six analysed serotypes above 1.3μg/mL on all four evaluations during the one-year period. No correlation was found between IgG trough levels and pneumococcal specific antibodies. Eighteen of the 21 patients (85.7%) had infections at some point during the 12-month follow-up, 62/64 (96.9%) clinically classified in respiratory tract infections, four of which were pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Pneumococcal antibodies are present in a high range of concentrations in sera from PID patients and also in IVIG preparations. Even maintaining a recommended IgG trough level, these patients can be susceptible to these bacteria and that may contribute to recurrent respiratory infections.
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17
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Nobre FA, Gonzalez IGDS, de Moraes-Pinto MI, Costa-Carvalho BT. PROTECTIVE LEVELS OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER ANTIBODY DID NOT EFFECTIVELY PREVENT CHICKENPOX IN AN X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA PATIENT. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:455-7. [PMID: 26603238 PMCID: PMC4660460 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of an eight-year-old boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia who developed mild varicella despite regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. He maintained protective antibody levels against varicella and the previous batches of IVIG that he received had adequate varicella-specific IgG levels. The case illustrates that IVIG may not prevent VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Aimée Nobre
- Departmento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, ; ; ;
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18
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Bonilla FA, Barlan I, Chapel H, Costa-Carvalho BT, Cunningham-Rundles C, de la Morena MT, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Hammarström L, Nonoyama S, Quinti I, Routes JM, Tang MLK, Warnatz K. International Consensus Document (ICON): Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2015; 4:38-59. [PMID: 26563668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isil Barlan
- Marmara University Pendik Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Helen Chapel
- John Radcliffe Hospital and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Children's Medical Center and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - John M Routes
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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